debug_printf.cpp

/* Copyright (c) 2020-2021 The Khronos Group Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2020-2021 Valve Corporation
 * Copyright (c) 2020-2021 LunarG, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * Author: Tony Barbour <tony@lunarg.com>
 */

#include "debug_printf.h"
#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"
#include "spirv-tools/instrument.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include "layer_chassis_dispatch.h"
#include "sync_utils.h"
#include "cmd_buffer_state.h"

static const VkShaderStageFlags kShaderStageAllRayTracing =
    VK_SHADER_STAGE_ANY_HIT_BIT_NV | VK_SHADER_STAGE_CALLABLE_BIT_NV | VK_SHADER_STAGE_CLOSEST_HIT_BIT_NV |
    VK_SHADER_STAGE_INTERSECTION_BIT_NV | VK_SHADER_STAGE_MISS_BIT_NV | VK_SHADER_STAGE_RAYGEN_BIT_NV;

// Convenience function for reporting problems with setting up Debug Printf.
template <typename T>
void DebugPrintf::ReportSetupProblem(T object, const char *const specific_message) const {
    LogError(object, "UNASSIGNED-DEBUG-PRINTF ", "Detail: (%s)", specific_message);
}

// Turn on necessary device features.
void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreateDevice(VkPhysicalDevice gpu, const VkDeviceCreateInfo *create_info,
                                            const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkDevice *pDevice,
                                            void *modified_create_info) {
    DispatchGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(gpu, &supported_features);
    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures features = {};
    features.vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics = true;
    features.fragmentStoresAndAtomics = true;
    UtilPreCallRecordCreateDevice(gpu, reinterpret_cast<safe_VkDeviceCreateInfo *>(modified_create_info), supported_features,
                                  features);
}

// Perform initializations that can be done at Create Device time.
void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCreateDevice(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, const VkDeviceCreateInfo *pCreateInfo,
                                             const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkDevice *pDevice, VkResult result) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordCreateDevice(physicalDevice, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDevice, result);

    ValidationObject *device_object = GetLayerDataPtr(get_dispatch_key(*pDevice), layer_data_map);
    ValidationObject *validation_data = GetValidationObject(device_object->object_dispatch, this->container_type);
    DebugPrintf *device_debug_printf = static_cast<DebugPrintf *>(validation_data);
    device_debug_printf->physicalDevice = physicalDevice;
    device_debug_printf->device = *pDevice;

    const char *size_string = getLayerOption("khronos_validation.printf_buffer_size");
    device_debug_printf->output_buffer_size = *size_string ? atoi(size_string) : 1024;

    std::string verbose_string = getLayerOption("khronos_validation.printf_verbose");
    transform(verbose_string.begin(), verbose_string.end(), verbose_string.begin(), ::tolower);
    device_debug_printf->verbose = verbose_string.length() ? !verbose_string.compare("true") : false;

    std::string stdout_string = getLayerOption("khronos_validation.printf_to_stdout");
    transform(stdout_string.begin(), stdout_string.end(), stdout_string.begin(), ::tolower);
    device_debug_printf->use_stdout = stdout_string.length() ? !stdout_string.compare("true") : false;
    if (getenv("DEBUG_PRINTF_TO_STDOUT")) device_debug_printf->use_stdout = true;

    if (device_debug_printf->phys_dev_props.apiVersion < VK_API_VERSION_1_1) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Debug Printf requires Vulkan 1.1 or later.  Debug Printf disabled.");
        device_debug_printf->aborted = true;
        return;
    }

    if (!supported_features.fragmentStoresAndAtomics || !supported_features.vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device,
                           "Debug Printf requires fragmentStoresAndAtomics and vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics.  "
                           "Debug Printf disabled.");
        device_debug_printf->aborted = true;
        return;
    }

    if (enabled[gpu_validation]) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device,
                           "Debug Printf cannot be enabled when gpu assisted validation is enabled.  "
                           "Debug Printf disabled.");
        device_debug_printf->aborted = true;
        return;
    }

    std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding> bindings;
    VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding binding = {3, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER, 1,
                                            VK_SHADER_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS | VK_SHADER_STAGE_MESH_BIT_NV |
                                                VK_SHADER_STAGE_TASK_BIT_NV | VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT |
                                                kShaderStageAllRayTracing,
                                            NULL};
    bindings.push_back(binding);
    UtilPostCallRecordCreateDevice(pCreateInfo, bindings, device_debug_printf, device_debug_printf->phys_dev_props);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordDestroyDevice(VkDevice device, const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator) {
    UtilPreCallRecordDestroyDevice(this);
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordDestroyDevice(device, pAllocator);
    // State Tracker can end up making vma calls through callbacks - don't destroy allocator until ST is done
    if (vmaAllocator) {
        vmaDestroyAllocator(vmaAllocator);
    }
    desc_set_manager.reset();
}

// Modify the pipeline layout to include our debug descriptor set and any needed padding with the dummy descriptor set.
void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreatePipelineLayout(VkDevice device, const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo *pCreateInfo,
                                                    const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipelineLayout *pPipelineLayout,
                                                    void *cpl_state_data) {
    if (aborted) {
        return;
    }

    create_pipeline_layout_api_state *cpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_pipeline_layout_api_state *>(cpl_state_data);

    if (cpl_state->modified_create_info.setLayoutCount >= adjusted_max_desc_sets) {
        std::ostringstream strm;
        strm << "Pipeline Layout conflict with validation's descriptor set at slot " << desc_set_bind_index << ". "
             << "Application has too many descriptor sets in the pipeline layout to continue with debug printf. "
             << "Not modifying the pipeline layout. "
             << "Instrumented shaders are replaced with non-instrumented shaders.";
        ReportSetupProblem(device, strm.str().c_str());
    } else {
        UtilPreCallRecordCreatePipelineLayout(cpl_state, this, pCreateInfo);
    }
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCreatePipelineLayout(VkDevice device, const VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo *pCreateInfo,
                                                     const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipelineLayout *pPipelineLayout,
                                                     VkResult result) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordCreatePipelineLayout(device, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pPipelineLayout, result);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Unable to create pipeline layout.  Device could become unstable.");
        aborted = true;
    }
}

// Free the device memory and descriptor set associated with a command buffer.
void DebugPrintf::ResetCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
    if (aborted) {
        return;
    }
    auto debug_printf_buffer_list = GetBufferInfo(commandBuffer);
    for (const auto &buffer_info : debug_printf_buffer_list) {
        vmaDestroyBuffer(vmaAllocator, buffer_info.output_mem_block.buffer, buffer_info.output_mem_block.allocation);
        if (buffer_info.desc_set != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
            desc_set_manager->PutBackDescriptorSet(buffer_info.desc_pool, buffer_info.desc_set);
        }
    }
    command_buffer_map.erase(commandBuffer);
}

// Just gives a warning about a possible deadlock.
bool DebugPrintf::PreCallValidateCmdWaitEvents(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t eventCount, const VkEvent *pEvents,
                                               VkPipelineStageFlags srcStageMask, VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask,
                                               uint32_t memoryBarrierCount, const VkMemoryBarrier *pMemoryBarriers,
                                               uint32_t bufferMemoryBarrierCount,
                                               const VkBufferMemoryBarrier *pBufferMemoryBarriers, uint32_t imageMemoryBarrierCount,
                                               const VkImageMemoryBarrier *pImageMemoryBarriers) const {
    if (srcStageMask & VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT) {
        ReportSetupProblem(commandBuffer,
                           "CmdWaitEvents recorded with VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT set. "
                           "Debug Printf waits on queue completion. "
                           "This wait could block the host's signaling of this event, resulting in deadlock.");
    }
    return false;
}

bool DebugPrintf::PreCallValidateCmdWaitEvents2KHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t eventCount, const VkEvent *pEvents,
                                                   const VkDependencyInfoKHR *pDependencyInfos) const {
    VkPipelineStageFlags2KHR srcStageMask = 0;

    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < eventCount; i++) {
        auto stage_masks = sync_utils::GetGlobalStageMasks(pDependencyInfos[i]);
        srcStageMask = stage_masks.src;
    }

    if (srcStageMask & VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT) {
        ReportSetupProblem(commandBuffer,
                           "CmdWaitEvents2KHR recorded with VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT set. "
                           "Debug Printf waits on queue completion. "
                           "This wait could block the host's signaling of this event, resulting in deadlock.");
    }
    return false;
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreateGraphicsPipelines(VkDevice device, VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                       const VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo *pCreateInfos,
                                                       const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                       void *cgpl_state_data) {
    std::vector<safe_VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo> new_pipeline_create_infos;
    create_graphics_pipeline_api_state *cgpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_graphics_pipeline_api_state *>(cgpl_state_data);
    UtilPreCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, cgpl_state->pipe_state,
                                       &new_pipeline_create_infos, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, this);
    cgpl_state->printf_create_infos = new_pipeline_create_infos;
    cgpl_state->pCreateInfos = reinterpret_cast<VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo *>(cgpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreateComputePipelines(VkDevice device, VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                      const VkComputePipelineCreateInfo *pCreateInfos,
                                                      const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                      void *ccpl_state_data) {
    std::vector<safe_VkComputePipelineCreateInfo> new_pipeline_create_infos;
    auto *ccpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_compute_pipeline_api_state *>(ccpl_state_data);
    UtilPreCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, ccpl_state->pipe_state,
                                       &new_pipeline_create_infos, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, this);
    ccpl_state->printf_create_infos = new_pipeline_create_infos;
    ccpl_state->pCreateInfos = reinterpret_cast<VkComputePipelineCreateInfo *>(ccpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreateRayTracingPipelinesNV(VkDevice device, VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                           const VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoNV *pCreateInfos,
                                                           const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                           void *crtpl_state_data) {
    std::vector<safe_VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoCommon> new_pipeline_create_infos;
    auto *crtpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_ray_tracing_pipeline_api_state *>(crtpl_state_data);
    UtilPreCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, crtpl_state->pipe_state,
                                       &new_pipeline_create_infos, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_NV, this);
    crtpl_state->printf_create_infos = new_pipeline_create_infos;
    crtpl_state->pCreateInfos = reinterpret_cast<VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoNV *>(crtpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR(VkDevice device, VkDeferredOperationKHR deferredOperation,
                                                            VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                            const VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoKHR *pCreateInfos,
                                                            const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                            void *crtpl_state_data) {
    std::vector<safe_VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoCommon> new_pipeline_create_infos;
    auto *crtpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_ray_tracing_pipeline_khr_api_state *>(crtpl_state_data);
    UtilPreCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, crtpl_state->pipe_state,
                                       &new_pipeline_create_infos, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, this);
    crtpl_state->printf_create_infos = new_pipeline_create_infos;
    crtpl_state->pCreateInfos = reinterpret_cast<VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoKHR *>(crtpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCreateGraphicsPipelines(VkDevice device, VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                        const VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo *pCreateInfos,
                                                        const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                        VkResult result, void *cgpl_state_data) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, pipelineCache, count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator,
                                                                  pPipelines, result, cgpl_state_data);
    create_graphics_pipeline_api_state *cgpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_graphics_pipeline_api_state *>(cgpl_state_data);
    UtilCopyCreatePipelineFeedbackData(count, pCreateInfos, cgpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
    UtilPostCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, this);
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCreateComputePipelines(VkDevice device, VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                       const VkComputePipelineCreateInfo *pCreateInfos,
                                                       const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                       VkResult result, void *ccpl_state_data) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordCreateComputePipelines(device, pipelineCache, count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines,
                                                                 result, ccpl_state_data);
    create_compute_pipeline_api_state *ccpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_compute_pipeline_api_state *>(ccpl_state_data);
    UtilCopyCreatePipelineFeedbackData(count, pCreateInfos, ccpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
    UtilPostCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE, this);
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCreateRayTracingPipelinesNV(VkDevice device, VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                            const VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoNV *pCreateInfos,
                                                            const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                            VkResult result, void *crtpl_state_data) {
    auto *crtpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_ray_tracing_pipeline_khr_api_state *>(crtpl_state_data);
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordCreateRayTracingPipelinesNV(device, pipelineCache, count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator,
                                                                      pPipelines, result, crtpl_state_data);
    UtilCopyCreatePipelineFeedbackData(count, pCreateInfos, crtpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
    UtilPostCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_NV, this);
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR(VkDevice device, VkDeferredOperationKHR deferredOperation,
                                                             VkPipelineCache pipelineCache, uint32_t count,
                                                             const VkRayTracingPipelineCreateInfoKHR *pCreateInfos,
                                                             const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkPipeline *pPipelines,
                                                             VkResult result, void *crtpl_state_data) {
    auto *crtpl_state = reinterpret_cast<create_ray_tracing_pipeline_khr_api_state *>(crtpl_state_data);
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordCreateRayTracingPipelinesKHR(
        device, deferredOperation, pipelineCache, count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, result, crtpl_state_data);
    UtilCopyCreatePipelineFeedbackData(count, pCreateInfos, crtpl_state->printf_create_infos.data());
    UtilPostCallRecordPipelineCreations(count, pCreateInfos, pAllocator, pPipelines, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR, this);
}

// Remove all the shader trackers associated with this destroyed pipeline.
void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordDestroyPipeline(VkDevice device, VkPipeline pipeline, const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator) {
    for (auto it = shader_map.begin(); it != shader_map.end();) {
        if (it->second.pipeline == pipeline) {
            it = shader_map.erase(it);
        } else {
            ++it;
        }
    }
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordDestroyPipeline(device, pipeline, pAllocator);
}
// Call the SPIR-V Optimizer to run the instrumentation pass on the shader.
bool DebugPrintf::InstrumentShader(const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo *pCreateInfo, std::vector<unsigned int> &new_pgm,
                                   uint32_t *unique_shader_id) {
    if (aborted) return false;
    if (pCreateInfo->pCode[0] != spv::MagicNumber) return false;

    // Load original shader SPIR-V
    uint32_t num_words = static_cast<uint32_t>(pCreateInfo->codeSize / 4);
    new_pgm.clear();
    new_pgm.reserve(num_words);
    new_pgm.insert(new_pgm.end(), &pCreateInfo->pCode[0], &pCreateInfo->pCode[num_words]);

    // Call the optimizer to instrument the shader.
    // Use the unique_shader_module_id as a shader ID so we can look up its handle later in the shader_map.
    // If descriptor indexing is enabled, enable length checks and updated descriptor checks
    using namespace spvtools;
    spv_target_env target_env = PickSpirvEnv(api_version, (device_extensions.vk_khr_spirv_1_4 != kNotEnabled));
    spvtools::ValidatorOptions val_options;
    AdjustValidatorOptions(device_extensions, enabled_features, val_options);
    spvtools::OptimizerOptions opt_options;
    opt_options.set_run_validator(true);
    opt_options.set_validator_options(val_options);
    Optimizer optimizer(target_env);
    const spvtools::MessageConsumer debug_printf_console_message_consumer =
        [this](spv_message_level_t level, const char *, const spv_position_t &position, const char *message) -> void {
        switch (level) {
            case SPV_MSG_FATAL:
            case SPV_MSG_INTERNAL_ERROR:
            case SPV_MSG_ERROR:
                this->LogError(this->device, "UNASSIGNED-Debug-Printf", "Error during shader instrumentation: line %zu: %s",
                               position.index, message);
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
    };
    optimizer.SetMessageConsumer(debug_printf_console_message_consumer);
    optimizer.RegisterPass(CreateInstDebugPrintfPass(desc_set_bind_index, unique_shader_module_id));
    bool pass = optimizer.Run(new_pgm.data(), new_pgm.size(), &new_pgm, opt_options);
    if (!pass) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Failure to instrument shader.  Proceeding with non-instrumented shader.");
    }
    *unique_shader_id = unique_shader_module_id++;
    return pass;
}
// Create the instrumented shader data to provide to the driver.
void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCreateShaderModule(VkDevice device, const VkShaderModuleCreateInfo *pCreateInfo,
                                                  const VkAllocationCallbacks *pAllocator, VkShaderModule *pShaderModule,
                                                  void *csm_state_data) {
    create_shader_module_api_state *csm_state = reinterpret_cast<create_shader_module_api_state *>(csm_state_data);
    bool pass = InstrumentShader(pCreateInfo, csm_state->instrumented_pgm, &csm_state->unique_shader_id);
    if (pass) {
        csm_state->instrumented_create_info.pCode = csm_state->instrumented_pgm.data();
        csm_state->instrumented_create_info.codeSize = csm_state->instrumented_pgm.size() * sizeof(unsigned int);
    }
}

vartype vartype_lookup(char intype) {
    switch (intype) {
        case 'd':
        case 'i':
            return varsigned;
            break;

        case 'f':
        case 'F':
        case 'a':
        case 'A':
        case 'e':
        case 'E':
        case 'g':
        case 'G':
            return varfloat;
            break;

        case 'u':
        case 'x':
        case 'o':
        default:
            return varunsigned;
            break;
    }
}

std::vector<DPFSubstring> DebugPrintf::ParseFormatString(const std::string format_string) {
    const char types[] = {'d', 'i', 'o', 'u', 'x', 'X', 'a', 'A', 'e', 'E', 'f', 'F', 'g', 'G', 'v', '\0'};
    std::vector<DPFSubstring> parsed_strings;
    size_t pos = 0;
    size_t begin = 0;
    size_t percent = 0;

    while (begin < format_string.length()) {
        DPFSubstring substring;

        // Find a percent sign
        pos = percent = format_string.find_first_of('%', pos);
        if (pos == std::string::npos) {
            // End of the format string   Push the rest of the characters
            substring.string = format_string.substr(begin, format_string.length());
            substring.needs_value = false;
            parsed_strings.push_back(substring);
            break;
        }
        pos++;
        if (format_string[pos] == '%') {
            pos++;
            continue;  // %% - skip it
        }
        // Find the type of the value
        pos = format_string.find_first_of(types, pos);
        if (pos == format_string.npos) {
            // This really shouldn't happen with a legal value string
            pos = format_string.length();
        } else {
            char tempstring[32];
            int count = 0;
            std::string specifier = {};

            if (format_string[pos] == 'v') {
                // Vector must be of size 2, 3, or 4
                // and format %v<size><type>
                specifier = format_string.substr(percent, pos - percent);
                count = atoi(&format_string[pos + 1]);
                pos += 2;

                // skip v<count>, handle long
                specifier.push_back(format_string[pos]);
                if (format_string[pos + 1] == 'l') {
                    specifier.push_back('l');
                    pos++;
                }

                // Take the preceding characters, and the percent through the type
                substring.string = format_string.substr(begin, percent - begin);
                substring.string += specifier;
                substring.needs_value = true;
                substring.type = vartype_lookup(specifier.back());
                parsed_strings.push_back(substring);

                // Continue with a comma separated list
                sprintf(tempstring, ", %s", specifier.c_str());
                substring.string = tempstring;
                for (int i = 0; i < (count - 1); i++) {
                    parsed_strings.push_back(substring);
                }
            } else {
                // Single non-vector value
                if (format_string[pos + 1] == 'l') pos++;  // Save long size
                substring.string = format_string.substr(begin, pos - begin + 1);
                substring.needs_value = true;
                substring.type = vartype_lookup(format_string[pos]);
                parsed_strings.push_back(substring);
            }
            begin = pos + 1;
        }
    }
    return parsed_strings;
}

std::string DebugPrintf::FindFormatString(std::vector<unsigned int> pgm, uint32_t string_id) {
    std::string format_string;
    SHADER_MODULE_STATE shader;
    shader.words = pgm;
    if (shader.words.size() > 0) {
        for (const auto &insn : shader) {
            if (insn.opcode() == spv::OpString) {
                uint32_t offset = insn.offset();
                if (pgm[offset + 1] == string_id) {
                    format_string = reinterpret_cast<char *>(&pgm[offset + 2]);
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return format_string;
}

// GCC and clang don't like using variables as format strings in sprintf.
// #pragma GCC is recognized by both compilers
#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic push
#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-security"
#endif

void snprintf_with_malloc(std::stringstream &shader_message, DPFSubstring substring, size_t needed, void *values) {
    char *buffer = static_cast<char *>(malloc((needed + 1) * sizeof(char)));  // Add 1 for terminator
    if (substring.longval) {
        snprintf(buffer, needed, substring.string.c_str(), substring.longval);
    } else if (!substring.needs_value) {
        snprintf(buffer, needed, substring.string.c_str());
    } else {
        switch (substring.type) {
            case varunsigned:
                needed = snprintf(buffer, needed, substring.string.c_str(), *static_cast<uint32_t *>(values) - 1);
                break;

            case varsigned:
                needed = snprintf(buffer, needed, substring.string.c_str(), *static_cast<int32_t *>(values) - 1);
                break;

            case varfloat:
                needed = snprintf(buffer, needed, substring.string.c_str(), *static_cast<float *>(values) - 1);
                break;
        }
    }
    shader_message << buffer;
    free(buffer);
}

void DebugPrintf::AnalyzeAndGenerateMessages(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer, VkQueue queue, DPFBufferInfo &buffer_info,
                                             uint32_t operation_index, uint32_t *const debug_output_buffer) {
    // Word         Content
    //    0         Size of output record, including this word
    //    1         Shader ID
    //    2         Instruction Position
    //    3         Stage Ordinal
    //    4         Stage - specific Info Word 0
    //    5         Stage - specific Info Word 1
    //    6         Stage - specific Info Word 2
    //    7         Printf Format String Id
    //    8         Printf Values Word 0 (optional)
    //    9         Printf Values Word 1 (optional)
    uint32_t expect = debug_output_buffer[0];
    if (!expect) return;

    uint32_t index = 1;
    while (debug_output_buffer[index]) {
        std::stringstream shader_message;
        VkShaderModule shader_module_handle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        VkPipeline pipeline_handle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
        std::vector<unsigned int> pgm;

        DPFOutputRecord *debug_record = reinterpret_cast<DPFOutputRecord *>(&debug_output_buffer[index]);
        // Lookup the VkShaderModule handle and SPIR-V code used to create the shader, using the unique shader ID value returned
        // by the instrumented shader.
        auto it = shader_map.find(debug_record->shader_id);
        if (it != shader_map.end()) {
            shader_module_handle = it->second.shader_module;
            pipeline_handle = it->second.pipeline;
            pgm = it->second.pgm;
        }
        // Search through the shader source for the printf format string for this invocation
        auto format_string = FindFormatString(pgm, debug_record->format_string_id);
        // Break the format string into strings with 1 or 0 value
        auto format_substrings = ParseFormatString(format_string);
        void *values = static_cast<void *>(&debug_record->values);
        const uint32_t static_size = 1024;
        // Sprintf each format substring into a temporary string then add that to the message
        for (auto &substring : format_substrings) {
            char temp_string[static_size];
            size_t needed = 0;
            std::vector<std::string> format_strings = { "%ul", "%lu", "%lx" };
            size_t ul_pos = 0;
            bool print_hex = true;
            for (auto ul_string : format_strings) {
                ul_pos = substring.string.find(ul_string);
                if (ul_pos != std::string::npos) {
                    if (ul_string == "%lu") print_hex = false;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (ul_pos != std::string::npos) {
                // Unsigned 64 bit value
                substring.longval = *static_cast<uint64_t *>(values);
                values = static_cast<uint64_t *>(values) + 1;
                if (print_hex) {
                    substring.string.replace(ul_pos + 1, 2, PRIx64);
                } else {
                    substring.string.replace(ul_pos + 1, 2, PRIu64);
                }
                needed = snprintf(temp_string, static_size, substring.string.c_str(), substring.longval);
            } else {
                if (substring.needs_value) {
                    switch (substring.type) {
                        case varunsigned:
                            needed = snprintf(temp_string, static_size, substring.string.c_str(), *static_cast<uint32_t *>(values));
                            break;

                        case varsigned:
                            needed = snprintf(temp_string, static_size, substring.string.c_str(), *static_cast<int32_t *>(values));
                            break;

                        case varfloat:
                            needed = snprintf(temp_string, static_size, substring.string.c_str(), *static_cast<float *>(values));
                            break;
                    }
                    values = static_cast<uint32_t *>(values) + 1;
                } else {
                    needed = snprintf(temp_string, static_size, substring.string.c_str());
                }
            }

            if (needed < static_size) {
                shader_message << temp_string;
            } else {
                // Static buffer not big enough for message, use malloc to get enough
                snprintf_with_malloc(shader_message, substring, needed, values);
            }
        }

        if (verbose) {
            std::string stage_message;
            std::string common_message;
            std::string filename_message;
            std::string source_message;
            UtilGenerateStageMessage(&debug_output_buffer[index], stage_message);
            UtilGenerateCommonMessage(report_data, command_buffer, &debug_output_buffer[index], shader_module_handle,
                                      pipeline_handle, buffer_info.pipeline_bind_point, operation_index, common_message);
            UtilGenerateSourceMessages(pgm, &debug_output_buffer[index], true, filename_message, source_message);
            if (use_stdout) {
                std::cout << "UNASSIGNED-DEBUG-PRINTF " << common_message.c_str() << " " << stage_message.c_str() << " "
                          << shader_message.str().c_str() << " " << filename_message.c_str() << " " << source_message.c_str();
            } else {
                LogInfo(queue, "UNASSIGNED-DEBUG-PRINTF", "%s %s %s %s%s", common_message.c_str(), stage_message.c_str(),
                        shader_message.str().c_str(), filename_message.c_str(), source_message.c_str());
            }
        } else {
            if (use_stdout) {
                std::cout << shader_message.str();
            } else {
                // Don't let LogInfo process any '%'s in the string
                LogInfo(device, "UNASSIGNED-DEBUG-PRINTF", "%s", shader_message.str().c_str());
            }
        }
        index += debug_record->size;
    }
    if ((index - 1) != expect) {
        LogWarning(device, "UNASSIGNED-DEBUG-PRINTF",
                   "WARNING - Debug Printf message was truncated, likely due to a buffer size that was too small for the message");
    }
    memset(debug_output_buffer, 0, 4 * (debug_output_buffer[0] + 1));
}

#if defined(__GNUC__)
#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#endif

bool DebugPrintf::CommandBufferNeedsProcessing(VkCommandBuffer command_buffer) {
    bool buffers_present = false;
    auto cb_node = GetCBState(command_buffer);
    if (GetBufferInfo(cb_node->commandBuffer()).size()) {
        buffers_present = true;
    }
    for (const auto *secondaryCmdBuffer : cb_node->linkedCommandBuffers) {
        if (GetBufferInfo(secondaryCmdBuffer->commandBuffer()).size()) {
            buffers_present = true;
        }
    }
    return buffers_present;
}

void DebugPrintf::ProcessCommandBuffer(VkQueue queue, VkCommandBuffer command_buffer) {
    auto cb_node = GetCBState(command_buffer);
    UtilProcessInstrumentationBuffer(queue, cb_node, this);
    for (auto *secondary_cmd_buffer : cb_node->linkedCommandBuffers) {
        UtilProcessInstrumentationBuffer(queue, secondary_cmd_buffer, this);
    }
}

// Issue a memory barrier to make GPU-written data available to host.
// Wait for the queue to complete execution.
// Check the debug buffers for all the command buffers that were submitted.
void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordQueueSubmit(VkQueue queue, uint32_t submitCount, const VkSubmitInfo *pSubmits, VkFence fence,
                                            VkResult result) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordQueueSubmit(queue, submitCount, pSubmits, fence, result);

    if (aborted || (result != VK_SUCCESS)) return;
    bool buffers_present = false;
    // Don't QueueWaitIdle if there's nothing to process
    for (uint32_t submit_idx = 0; submit_idx < submitCount; submit_idx++) {
        const VkSubmitInfo *submit = &pSubmits[submit_idx];
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < submit->commandBufferCount; i++) {
            buffers_present |= CommandBufferNeedsProcessing(submit->pCommandBuffers[i]);
        }
    }
    if (!buffers_present) return;

    UtilSubmitBarrier(queue, this);

    DispatchQueueWaitIdle(queue);

    for (uint32_t submit_idx = 0; submit_idx < submitCount; submit_idx++) {
        const VkSubmitInfo *submit = &pSubmits[submit_idx];
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < submit->commandBufferCount; i++) {
            ProcessCommandBuffer(queue, submit->pCommandBuffers[i]);
        }
    }
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordQueueSubmit2KHR(VkQueue queue, uint32_t submitCount, const VkSubmitInfo2KHR *pSubmits,
                                                VkFence fence, VkResult result) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PostCallRecordQueueSubmit2KHR(queue, submitCount, pSubmits, fence, result);

    if (aborted || (result != VK_SUCCESS)) return;
    bool buffers_present = false;
    // Don't QueueWaitIdle if there's nothing to process
    for (uint32_t submit_idx = 0; submit_idx < submitCount; submit_idx++) {
        const auto *submit = &pSubmits[submit_idx];
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < submit->commandBufferInfoCount; i++) {
            buffers_present |= CommandBufferNeedsProcessing(submit->pCommandBufferInfos[i].commandBuffer);
        }
    }
    if (!buffers_present) return;

    UtilSubmitBarrier(queue, this);

    DispatchQueueWaitIdle(queue);

    for (uint32_t submit_idx = 0; submit_idx < submitCount; submit_idx++) {
        const VkSubmitInfo2KHR *submit = &pSubmits[submit_idx];
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < submit->commandBufferInfoCount; i++) {
            ProcessCommandBuffer(queue, submit->pCommandBufferInfos[i].commandBuffer);
        }
    }
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDraw(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t vertexCount, uint32_t instanceCount,
                                       uint32_t firstVertex, uint32_t firstInstance) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndexed(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t indexCount, uint32_t instanceCount,
                                              uint32_t firstIndex, int32_t vertexOffset, uint32_t firstInstance) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirect(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset, uint32_t count,
                                               uint32_t stride) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndexedIndirect(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                      uint32_t count, uint32_t stride) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDispatch(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t x, uint32_t y, uint32_t z) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDispatchIndirect(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDispatchBase(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t baseGroupX, uint32_t baseGroupY,
                                               uint32_t baseGroupZ, uint32_t groupCountX, uint32_t groupCountY,
                                               uint32_t groupCountZ) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDispatchBaseKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t baseGroupX, uint32_t baseGroupY,
                                                  uint32_t baseGroupZ, uint32_t groupCountX, uint32_t groupCountY,
                                                  uint32_t groupCountZ) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirectCountKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                       VkBuffer countBuffer, VkDeviceSize countBufferOffset, uint32_t maxDrawCount,
                                                       uint32_t stride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirectCountKHR(commandBuffer, buffer, offset, countBuffer, countBufferOffset,
                                                                 maxDrawCount, stride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirectCount(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                    VkBuffer countBuffer, VkDeviceSize countBufferOffset, uint32_t maxDrawCount,
                                                    uint32_t stride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirectCount(commandBuffer, buffer, offset, countBuffer, countBufferOffset,
                                                              maxDrawCount, stride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCountKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                              VkBuffer countBuffer, VkDeviceSize countBufferOffset,
                                                              uint32_t maxDrawCount, uint32_t stride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCountKHR(commandBuffer, buffer, offset, countBuffer,
                                                                        countBufferOffset, maxDrawCount, stride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCount(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                           VkBuffer countBuffer, VkDeviceSize countBufferOffset,
                                                           uint32_t maxDrawCount, uint32_t stride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndexedIndirectCount(commandBuffer, buffer, offset, countBuffer, countBufferOffset,
                                                                     maxDrawCount, stride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirectByteCountEXT(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t instanceCount,
                                                           uint32_t firstInstance, VkBuffer counterBuffer,
                                                           VkDeviceSize counterBufferOffset, uint32_t counterOffset,
                                                           uint32_t vertexStride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawIndirectByteCountEXT(commandBuffer, instanceCount, firstInstance, counterBuffer,
                                                                     counterBufferOffset, counterOffset, vertexStride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawMeshTasksNV(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t taskCount, uint32_t firstTask) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawMeshTasksNV(commandBuffer, taskCount, firstTask);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawMeshTasksIndirectNV(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                          uint32_t drawCount, uint32_t stride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawMeshTasksIndirectNV(commandBuffer, buffer, offset, drawCount, stride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdDrawMeshTasksIndirectCountNV(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize offset,
                                                               VkBuffer countBuffer, VkDeviceSize countBufferOffset,
                                                               uint32_t maxDrawCount, uint32_t stride) {
    ValidationStateTracker::PreCallRecordCmdDrawMeshTasksIndirectCountNV(commandBuffer, buffer, offset, countBuffer,
                                                                         countBufferOffset, maxDrawCount, stride);
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS);
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdTraceRaysNV(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer raygenShaderBindingTableBuffer,
                                              VkDeviceSize raygenShaderBindingOffset, VkBuffer missShaderBindingTableBuffer,
                                              VkDeviceSize missShaderBindingOffset, VkDeviceSize missShaderBindingStride,
                                              VkBuffer hitShaderBindingTableBuffer, VkDeviceSize hitShaderBindingOffset,
                                              VkDeviceSize hitShaderBindingStride, VkBuffer callableShaderBindingTableBuffer,
                                              VkDeviceSize callableShaderBindingOffset, VkDeviceSize callableShaderBindingStride,
                                              uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_NV);
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCmdTraceRaysNV(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer raygenShaderBindingTableBuffer,
                                               VkDeviceSize raygenShaderBindingOffset, VkBuffer missShaderBindingTableBuffer,
                                               VkDeviceSize missShaderBindingOffset, VkDeviceSize missShaderBindingStride,
                                               VkBuffer hitShaderBindingTableBuffer, VkDeviceSize hitShaderBindingOffset,
                                               VkDeviceSize hitShaderBindingStride, VkBuffer callableShaderBindingTableBuffer,
                                               VkDeviceSize callableShaderBindingOffset, VkDeviceSize callableShaderBindingStride,
                                               uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t depth) {
    CMD_BUFFER_STATE *cb_state = GetCBState(commandBuffer);
    cb_state->hasTraceRaysCmd = true;
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdTraceRaysKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                               const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pRaygenShaderBindingTable,
                                               const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pMissShaderBindingTable,
                                               const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pHitShaderBindingTable,
                                               const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pCallableShaderBindingTable, uint32_t width,
                                               uint32_t height, uint32_t depth) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR);
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCmdTraceRaysKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                                const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pRaygenShaderBindingTable,
                                                const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pMissShaderBindingTable,
                                                const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pHitShaderBindingTable,
                                                const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pCallableShaderBindingTable, uint32_t width,
                                                uint32_t height, uint32_t depth) {
    CMD_BUFFER_STATE *cb_state = GetCBState(commandBuffer);
    cb_state->hasTraceRaysCmd = true;
}

void DebugPrintf::PreCallRecordCmdTraceRaysIndirectKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                                       const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pRaygenShaderBindingTable,
                                                       const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pMissShaderBindingTable,
                                                       const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pHitShaderBindingTable,
                                                       const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pCallableShaderBindingTable,
                                                       VkDeviceAddress indirectDeviceAddress) {
    AllocateDebugPrintfResources(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_KHR);
}

void DebugPrintf::PostCallRecordCmdTraceRaysIndirectKHR(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer,
                                                        const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pRaygenShaderBindingTable,
                                                        const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pMissShaderBindingTable,
                                                        const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pHitShaderBindingTable,
                                                        const VkStridedDeviceAddressRegionKHR *pCallableShaderBindingTable,
                                                        VkDeviceAddress indirectDeviceAddress) {
    CMD_BUFFER_STATE *cb_state = GetCBState(commandBuffer);
    cb_state->hasTraceRaysCmd = true;
}

void DebugPrintf::AllocateDebugPrintfResources(const VkCommandBuffer cmd_buffer, const VkPipelineBindPoint bind_point) {
    if (bind_point != VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS && bind_point != VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_COMPUTE &&
        bind_point != VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_RAY_TRACING_NV) {
        return;
    }
    VkResult result;

    if (aborted) return;

    std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> desc_sets;
    VkDescriptorPool desc_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
    result = desc_set_manager->GetDescriptorSets(1, &desc_pool, debug_desc_layout, &desc_sets);
    assert(result == VK_SUCCESS);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Unable to allocate descriptor sets.  Device could become unstable.");
        aborted = true;
        return;
    }

    VkDescriptorBufferInfo output_desc_buffer_info = {};
    output_desc_buffer_info.range = output_buffer_size;

    auto cb_node = GetCBState(cmd_buffer);
    if (!cb_node) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Unrecognized command buffer");
        aborted = true;
        return;
    }

    // Allocate memory for the output block that the gpu will use to return values for printf
    DPFDeviceMemoryBlock output_block = {};
    VkBufferCreateInfo buffer_info = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO};
    buffer_info.size = output_buffer_size;
    buffer_info.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT;
    VmaAllocationCreateInfo alloc_info = {};
    alloc_info.usage = VMA_MEMORY_USAGE_GPU_TO_CPU;
    result = vmaCreateBuffer(vmaAllocator, &buffer_info, &alloc_info, &output_block.buffer, &output_block.allocation, nullptr);
    if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Unable to allocate device memory.  Device could become unstable.");
        aborted = true;
        return;
    }

    // Clear the output block to zeros so that only printf values from the gpu will be present
    uint32_t *data;
    result = vmaMapMemory(vmaAllocator, output_block.allocation, reinterpret_cast<void **>(&data));
    if (result == VK_SUCCESS) {
        memset(data, 0, output_buffer_size);
        vmaUnmapMemory(vmaAllocator, output_block.allocation);
    }

    auto desc_writes = LvlInitStruct<VkWriteDescriptorSet>();
    const uint32_t desc_count = 1;

    // Write the descriptor
    output_desc_buffer_info.buffer = output_block.buffer;
    output_desc_buffer_info.offset = 0;

    desc_writes.descriptorCount = 1;
    desc_writes.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER;
    desc_writes.pBufferInfo = &output_desc_buffer_info;
    desc_writes.dstSet = desc_sets[0];
    desc_writes.dstBinding = 3;
    DispatchUpdateDescriptorSets(device, desc_count, &desc_writes, 0, NULL);

    const auto lv_bind_point = ConvertToLvlBindPoint(bind_point);
    const auto *pipeline_state = cb_node->lastBound[lv_bind_point].pipeline_state;
    if (pipeline_state) {
        if (pipeline_state->pipeline_layout->set_layouts.size() <= desc_set_bind_index) {
            DispatchCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd_buffer, bind_point, pipeline_state->pipeline_layout->layout(), desc_set_bind_index, 1,
                                          desc_sets.data(), 0, nullptr);
        }
        // Record buffer and memory info in CB state tracking
        GetBufferInfo(cmd_buffer).emplace_back(output_block, desc_sets[0], desc_pool, bind_point);
    } else {
        ReportSetupProblem(device, "Unable to find pipeline state");
        vmaDestroyBuffer(vmaAllocator, output_block.buffer, output_block.allocation);
        aborted = true;
        return;
    }
}