From 356bf90871f9b4e6df2142596a83b7ad52874e03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Younies Mahmoud Date: Thu, 11 Jul 2024 14:13:26 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] update ar.po --- po/ar.po | 7861 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 4194 insertions(+), 3667 deletions(-) diff --git a/po/ar.po b/po/ar.po index 9cf5e19f5e7d..2ed8ccfd1e19 100644 --- a/po/ar.po +++ b/po/ar.po @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-07-09T23:36:46+02:00\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: 2024-07-09 23:37+0200\n" -"Last-Translator: Younies Mahmoud \n" -"Language-Team: Arabic <(nothing)>\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-07-09T12:20:23-07:00\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: \n" +"Last-Translator: \n" +"Language-Team: \n" +"Language: ar\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" -"Language: ar\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/index.md @@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ msgstr "مرحبًا بكم في Comprehensive Rust 🦀" msgid "Running the Course" msgstr "تشغيل الدورة" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Course Structure" msgstr "هيكل الدورة" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts" msgstr "(keyboard shortcuts) اختصارات لوحة المفاتيح" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/translations.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "Translations" msgstr "الترجمات" @@ -51,73 +51,64 @@ msgstr "تشغيل Cargo محليًا" msgid "Day 1: Morning" msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:15 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:52 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:69 src/welcome-day-1.md -#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3.md src/welcome-day-4.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "Welcome" msgstr "مرحبًا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 -#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Hello, World" msgstr "مرحبًا، أيها العالم" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "What is Rust?" msgstr "ما هي Rust؟" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/benefits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Benefits of Rust" msgstr "فوائد Rust" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world.md src/hello-world/playground.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "Playground" msgstr "مكان لتجربة اللغة (playground)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:17 -#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/types-and-values.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md msgid "Types and Values" msgstr "الأنواع والقيم" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/variables.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "Variables" msgstr "المتغيرات" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/values.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Values" msgstr "القيم" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "Arithmetic" -msgstr "" +msgstr "الحساب" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/inference.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "Type Inference" msgstr "استنباط النوع " -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Fibonacci" msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/solution.md:1 -#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:1 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:1 -#: src/references/solution.md:1 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:1 -#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:1 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:1 -#: src/generics/solution.md:1 src/std-types/solution.md:1 -#: src/std-traits/solution.md:1 src/memory-management/solution.md:1 -#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:1 src/borrowing/solution.md:1 -#: src/lifetimes/solution.md:1 src/iterators/solution.md:1 -#: src/modules/solution.md:1 src/testing/solution.md:1 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:1 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/types-and-values/solution.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md +#: src/references/solution.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md +#: src/generics/solution.md src/std-types/solution.md +#: src/std-traits/solution.md src/memory-management/solution.md +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/borrowing/solution.md +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md src/iterators/solution.md src/modules/solution.md +#: src/testing/solution.md src/error-handling/solution.md +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "Solution" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 -#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/control-flow-basics.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md msgid "Control Flow Basics" msgstr "" @@ -125,90 +116,86 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`if` Expressions" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "Loops" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "`for`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md msgid "`loop`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "`break` and `continue`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "Labels" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "Blocks and Scopes" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "Scopes and Shadowing" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "Functions" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "Macros" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics.md -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Collatz Sequence" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 1: Afternoon" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Tuples and Arrays" -msgstr "" +msgstr "الأنواع والقيم" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "Arrays" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Tuples" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "Array Iteration" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "Patterns and Destructuring" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Nested Arrays" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:26 -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/references.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md +#, fuzzy msgid "References" -msgstr "" +msgstr "استنباط النوع " -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/shared.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/shared.md msgid "Shared References" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/exclusive.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exclusive.md msgid "Exclusive References" msgstr "" @@ -216,35 +203,33 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Slices: `&[T]`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/strings.md:5 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/strings.md msgid "Strings" -msgstr "" +msgstr "السلاسل النص او الكتابة (Strings)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references.md src/references/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/references/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Geometry" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md msgid "User-Defined Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Named Structs" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:5 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Tuple Structs" -msgstr "" +msgstr "هيكل الدورة" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md:1 -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "Enums" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Static" msgstr "" @@ -252,126 +237,123 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Const" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "Type Aliases" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types.md -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Elevator Events" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Morning" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:35 -#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md msgid "Pattern Matching" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md src/pattern-matching/match.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "Matching Values" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Destructuring Structs" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Destructuring Enums" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "Let Control Flow" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/pattern-matching/exercise.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Expression Evaluation" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 -#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/methods-and-traits.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md msgid "Methods and Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Methods" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "Implementing Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md msgid "Supertraits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "Associated Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "Deriving" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/methods-and-traits.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Exercise: Generic Logger" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 2: Afternoon" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43 -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/generics.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md msgid "Generics" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md src/generics/generic-functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "Generic Functions" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md src/generics/generic-data.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "Generic Data Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "Generic Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Trait Bounds" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/impl-trait.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "`impl Trait`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "`dyn Trait`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/generics/exercise.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Generic `min`" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:44 -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/std-types.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md msgid "Standard Library Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md src/std-types/std.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/std.md msgid "Standard Library" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md src/std-types/docs.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/docs.md msgid "Documentation" msgstr "" @@ -379,50 +361,51 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`Option`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/result.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "`Result`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:14 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#, fuzzy msgid "`String`" -msgstr "" +msgstr "السلاسل النص او الكتابة (Strings)" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/vec.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/vec.md msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/hashmap.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`HashMap`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types.md src/std-types/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-types/exercise.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Counter" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/std-traits.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md msgid "Standard Library Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/comparisons.md #: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "Comparisons" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/operators.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "Operators" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "`From` and `Into`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/casting.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "Casting" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "`Read` and `Write`" msgstr "" @@ -430,37 +413,36 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`Default`, struct update syntax" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/closures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "Closures" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits.md src/std-traits/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: ROT13" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Morning" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53 -#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/memory-management.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md msgid "Memory Management" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/review.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Review of Program Memory" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Approaches to Memory Management" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/ownership.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "Ownership" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/move.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Move Semantics" msgstr "" @@ -468,8 +450,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`Clone`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copy Types" msgstr "" @@ -477,96 +458,95 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`Drop`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Builder Type" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54 -#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/smart-pointers.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md msgid "Smart Pointers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/box.md:1 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/box.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`Box`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/rc.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "`Rc`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "Owned Trait Objects" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/smart-pointers/exercise.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Binary Tree" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 3: Afternoon" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/borrowing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md msgid "Borrowing" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/shared.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "Borrowing a Value" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/borrowck.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "Borrow Checking" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/examples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/examples.md msgid "Borrow Errors" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "Interior Mutability" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing.md src/borrowing/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Health Statistics" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:62 -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/lifetimes.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md msgid "Lifetimes" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "Lifetime Annotations" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Lifetime Elision" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Struct Lifetimes" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes.md src/lifetimes/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Protobuf Parsing" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 4: Morning" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:70 -#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/iterators.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md msgid "Iterators" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/iterator.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/iterator.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`Iterator`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/intoiterator.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "`IntoIterator`" msgstr "" @@ -574,20 +554,19 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`FromIterator`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators.md src/iterators/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/iterators/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:71 -#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/modules.md src/modules/modules.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/modules.md msgid "Modules" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/filesystem.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/visibility.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Visibility" msgstr "" @@ -595,49 +574,48 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`use`, `super`, `self`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules.md src/modules/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:72 -#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/testing.md src/chromium/testing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/chromium/testing.md msgid "Testing" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Test Modules" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/testing/other.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/other.md msgid "Other Types of Tests" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/testing/lints.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/lints.md msgid "Compiler Lints and Clippy" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing.md src/testing/exercise.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Exercise: Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Day 4: Afternoon" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:79 -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/error-handling.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md msgid "Error Handling" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/panics.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/try.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try.md msgid "Try Operator" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "Try Conversions" msgstr "" @@ -645,7 +623,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`Error` Trait" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`thiserror` and `anyhow`" msgstr "" @@ -653,39 +631,38 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with `Result`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:80 -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/unsafe-rust.md -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Unsafe Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Unsafe" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "Mutable Static Variables" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "Unions" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "Unsafe Functions" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Unsafe Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/unsafe-rust.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: FFI Wrapper" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/android.md msgid "Android" @@ -711,7 +688,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "AIDL" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md msgid "Birthday Service Tutorial" msgstr "" @@ -731,7 +708,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Server" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "Deploy" msgstr "" @@ -739,7 +716,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Client" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "Changing API" msgstr "" @@ -751,35 +728,36 @@ msgstr "" msgid "AIDL Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Primitive Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "Array Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "Sending Objects" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Parcelables" -msgstr "" +msgstr "المتغيرات" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "Sending Files" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/googletest.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "GoogleTest" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/mocking.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "Mocking" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/logging.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/logging.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "Logging" msgstr "" @@ -799,11 +777,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Calling Rust from C" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp.md msgid "With C++" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "The Bridge Module" msgstr "" @@ -811,7 +789,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Rust Bridge" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "Generated C++" msgstr "" @@ -819,23 +797,23 @@ msgstr "" msgid "C++ Bridge" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "Shared Types" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Shared Enums" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "Rust Error Handling" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "C++ Error Handling" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "Additional Types" msgstr "" @@ -855,12 +833,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "With Java" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:155 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:165 -#: src/exercises/android/morning.md src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome.md -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/android/morning.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md src/concurrency/async-exercises.md msgid "Exercises" msgstr "" @@ -880,27 +855,27 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Unsafe Code" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "Depending on Rust Code from Chromium C++" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "Visual Studio Code" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "Exercise" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "`rust_gtest_interop` Library" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "GN Rules for Rust Tests" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "`chromium::import!` Macro" msgstr "" @@ -908,16 +883,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Interoperability with C++" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Example Bindings" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "Limitations of CXX" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "CXX Error Handling" msgstr "" @@ -942,37 +916,35 @@ msgid "Configuring Cargo.toml" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "Configuring `gnrt_config.toml`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "Downloading Crates" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "Generating `gn` Build Rules" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Resolving Problems" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "Build Scripts Which Generate Code" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "Build Scripts Which Build C++ or Take Arbitrary Actions" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "Depending on a Crate" msgstr "" @@ -984,8 +956,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Checking into Chromium Source Code" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md msgid "Keeping Crates Up to Date" msgstr "" @@ -994,12 +965,14 @@ msgid "Bringing It Together - Exercise" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/chromium/solutions.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise Solutions" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Bare Metal: Morning" -msgstr "" +msgstr "اليوم الأول: صباحا" #: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md msgid "`no_std`" @@ -1009,7 +982,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "A Minimal Example" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/no_std.md src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "`alloc`" msgstr "" @@ -1017,7 +990,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Microcontrollers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "Raw MMIO" msgstr "" @@ -1037,15 +1010,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "The Type State Pattern" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "`embedded-hal`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "`probe-rs` and `cargo-embed`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "Debugging" msgstr "" @@ -1053,15 +1026,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Other Projects" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "Compass" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:1 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Solutions" msgstr "" @@ -1073,7 +1044,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Application Processors" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "Getting Ready to Rust" msgstr "" @@ -1097,7 +1068,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "A Better UART Driver" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "Bitflags" msgstr "" @@ -1105,16 +1076,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Multiple Registers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "Driver" msgstr "" #: src/SUMMARY.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Using It" -msgstr "" +msgstr "استخدام Cargo" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/result.md:51 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/error-handling/result.md src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "Exceptions" msgstr "" @@ -1122,23 +1093,23 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Useful Crates" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "`zerocopy`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "`aarch64-paging`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "`tinyvec`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "`spin`" msgstr "" @@ -1154,37 +1125,31 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Concurrency: Morning" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:151 -#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/threads.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md msgid "Threads" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Plain Threads" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads.md -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "Scoped Threads" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:152 -#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/channels.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md msgid "Channels" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "Senders and Receivers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md msgid "Unbounded Channels" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels.md -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "Bounded Channels" msgstr "" @@ -1192,52 +1157,47 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`Send` and `Sync`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "Marker Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "`Send`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "`Sync`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Examples" -msgstr "" +msgstr "(Code Samples) عينات الكود" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:154 -#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md msgid "Shared State" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "`Arc`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "`Mutex`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md:16 -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:23 src/concurrency/shared-state.md -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/memory-management/review.md +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "Example" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:1 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:3 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Dining Philosophers" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker" msgstr "" @@ -1245,79 +1205,70 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:162 -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async.md msgid "Async Basics" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "`async`/`await`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async.md src/concurrency/async/futures.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "Futures" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async.md src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "Runtimes" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Tokio" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:119 -#: src/concurrency/async.md src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:1 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:143 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Tasks" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:163 -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md msgid "Channels and Control Flow" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "Async Channels" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "Join" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "Select" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:164 -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md msgid "Pitfalls" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +#: src/SUMMARY.md msgid "Blocking the Executor" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "`Pin`" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "Async Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:1 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Cancellation" -msgstr "" +msgstr "الترجمات" -#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:1 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:102 +#: src/SUMMARY.md src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Broadcast Chat Application" msgstr "" @@ -1329,7 +1280,6 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Thanks!" msgstr "" -#. Please keep { #glossary } untranslated. #: src/SUMMARY.md src/glossary.md msgid "Glossary" msgstr "" @@ -1475,7 +1425,7 @@ msgid "" "should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3 +#: src/running-the-course.md src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "This page is for the course instructor." msgstr "" @@ -1561,205 +1511,171 @@ msgid "" "google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Rust Fundamentals" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The first four days make up [Rust Fundamentals](../welcome-day-1.md). The " "days are fast paced and we cover a lot of ground!" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:10 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:146 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Course schedule:" -msgstr "" +msgstr "هيكل الدورة" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 1 Morning (2 hours and 5 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:23 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:32 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:41 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:59 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:67 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:77 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:149 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:160 src/welcome-day-1.md -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2.md -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4.md -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md -msgid "Segment" -msgstr "" - -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:23 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:32 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:41 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:59 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:67 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:77 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:149 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:160 src/welcome-day-1.md -#: src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md -#: src/user-defined-types.md src/welcome-day-2.md src/pattern-matching.md -#: src/methods-and-traits.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/generics.md -#: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/welcome-day-3.md -#: src/memory-management.md src/smart-pointers.md -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/borrowing.md src/lifetimes.md -#: src/welcome-day-4.md src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/error-handling.md src/unsafe-rust.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/threads.md -#: src/concurrency/channels.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md -#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -msgid "Duration" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:15 src/welcome-day-1.md -#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/user-defined-types.md src/generics.md src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md -#: src/memory-management.md src/smart-pointers.md src/lifetimes.md -#: src/iterators.md src/modules.md src/testing.md src/error-handling.md -#: src/unsafe-rust.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -msgid "5 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Hello, World](../hello-world.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:153 src/welcome-day-1.md -#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md src/methods-and-traits.md -#: src/modules.md src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/threads.md -#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md -msgid "15 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Types and Values](../types-and-values.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:17 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:71 src/welcome-day-1.md -#: src/welcome-day-4.md -msgid "40 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Control Flow Basics](../control-flow-basics.md) (40 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:21 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 1 Afternoon (2 hours and 35 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:25 src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md -msgid "35 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](../tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:26 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:164 -#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md -#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md -msgid "55 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[References](../references.md) (55 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:62 src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md -#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md -msgid "50 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[User-Defined Types](../user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:30 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 2 Morning (2 hours and 10 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:52 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:69 src/hello-world.md -#: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/tuples-and-arrays.md -#: src/welcome-day-2.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/std-types.md -#: src/welcome-day-3.md src/borrowing.md src/welcome-day-4.md src/modules.md -#: src/testing.md src/error-handling.md -msgid "3 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:35 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:44 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:53 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:79 src/welcome-day-2.md -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md -#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -msgid "1 hour" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Pattern Matching](../pattern-matching.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:39 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Methods and Traits](../methods-and-traits.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 2 Afternoon (3 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:43 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:70 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:72 src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md -#: src/welcome-day-4.md -msgid "45 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Generics](../generics.md) (45 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:155 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:165 -#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md -msgid "1 hour and 10 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Standard Library Types](../std-types.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:48 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Standard Library Traits](../std-traits.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 3 Morning (2 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:57 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Memory Management](../memory-management.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Smart Pointers](../smart-pointers.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 3 Afternoon (1 hour and 55 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:65 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Borrowing](../borrowing.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Lifetimes](../lifetimes.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 4 Morning (2 hours and 40 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:75 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Welcome](../welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Iterators](../iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Modules](../modules.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Testing](../testing.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Day 4 Afternoon (2 hours and 15 minutes, including breaks)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:80 src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md -msgid "1 hour and 5 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Error Handling](../error-handling.md) (1 hour)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:85 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "[Unsafe Rust](../unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Deep Dives" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:87 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "In addition to the 4-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more " "specialized topics:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:90 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Rust in Android" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:92 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using " "Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with " "C, C++, and Java." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:96 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/" "download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://" @@ -1768,18 +1684,18 @@ msgid "" "that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:101 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build " "all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to " "see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:108 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Rust in Chromium" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:110 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The [Rust in Chromium](../chromium.md) deep dive is a half-day course on " "using Rust as part of the Chromium browser. It includes using Rust in " @@ -1787,25 +1703,25 @@ msgid "" "and C++ interoperability." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:115 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "You will need to be able to build Chromium --- a debug, component build is " "[recommended](../chromium/setup.md) for speed but any build will work. " "Ensure that you can run the Chromium browser that you've built." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:119 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Bare-Metal Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:121 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on " "using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and " "application processors are covered." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:125 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]" "(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will " @@ -1813,91 +1729,80 @@ msgid "" "bare-metal.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:130 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "Concurrency in Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:132 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class " "on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:135 +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md msgid "" "You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready " "to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment " "with them:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:147 -msgid "Morning (3 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "{{%course outline Concurrency}}" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:151 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:154 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:162 src/pattern-matching.md -#: src/std-traits.md src/smart-pointers.md src/lifetimes.md src/iterators.md -#: src/testing.md src/error-handling.md src/unsafe-rust.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -msgid "30 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "Format" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:152 -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:163 src/methods-and-traits.md -#: src/std-types.md src/memory-management.md src/borrowing.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -msgid "20 minutes" +#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md +msgid "" +"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " +"questions drive the exploration of Rust!" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:153 src/concurrency/welcome.md -msgid "Send and Sync" +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:158 -msgid "Afternoon (3 hours and 20 minutes, including breaks)" +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid "Arrow-Left" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:170 -msgid "Format" +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid ": Navigate to the previous page." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:172 -msgid "" -"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the " -"questions drive the exploration of Rust!" +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid "Arrow-Right" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3 -msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:" +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid ": Navigate to the next page." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5 -msgid "Arrow-Left: Navigate to the previous page." +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md src/cargo/code-samples.md +msgid "Ctrl + Enter" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6 -msgid "Arrow-Right: Navigate to the next page." +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 -msgid "Ctrl + Enter: Execute the code sample that has focus." +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid "s" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8 -msgid "s: Activate the search bar." +#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md +msgid ": Activate the search bar." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful " "volunteers:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) " "by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github." @@ -1905,7 +1810,7 @@ msgid "" "[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:8 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Chinese (Simplified)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-CN/) " "by [@suetfei](https://github.com/suetfei), [@wnghl](https://github.com/" @@ -1915,7 +1820,7 @@ msgid "" "(https://github.com/nodmp)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:10 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Chinese (Traditional)](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/zh-TW/) " "by [@hueich](https://github.com/hueich), [@victorhsieh](https://github.com/" @@ -1924,7 +1829,7 @@ msgid "" "johnathan79717)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:12 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]" "(https://github.com/CoinEZ), [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/" @@ -1932,7 +1837,7 @@ msgid "" "and [@kantasv](https://github.com/kantasv)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:14 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]" "(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp), " @@ -1940,67 +1845,68 @@ msgid "" "com/namhyung)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:15 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Spanish](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/es/) by [@deavid]" "(https://github.com/deavid)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Ukrainian](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/uk/) by [@git-user-" "cpp](https://github.com/git-user-cpp), [@yaremam](https://github.com/" "yaremam) and [@reta](https://github.com/reta)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:20 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Incomplete Translations" -msgstr "" +msgstr "الترجمات" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:22 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most " "recently updated translations:" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:25 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Arabic](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ar/) by [@younies]" "(https://github.com/younies)" msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:26 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]" "(https://github.com/raselmandol)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:27 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]" "(https://github.com/KookaS), [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen) and " "[@AdrienBaudemont](https://github.com/AdrienBaudemont)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:28 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]" "(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:29 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "[Italian](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/it/) by " "[@henrythebuilder](https://github.com/henrythebuilder) and [@detro](https://" "github.com/detro)." msgstr "" -#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:31 +#: src/running-the-course/translations.md msgid "" "If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://" "github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to " @@ -2018,8 +1924,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/cargo.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Installation" -msgstr "" +msgstr "الترجمات" #: src/cargo.md msgid "**Please follow the instructions on .**" @@ -2058,22 +1965,23 @@ msgid "" "Rust from the official site." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md +#, fuzzy msgid "The Rust Ecosystem" -msgstr "" +msgstr "النظام البيئي ل Rust" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other " "intermediate formats." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to " "download dependencies, usually hosted on , and it will " @@ -2081,7 +1989,7 @@ msgid "" "built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to " "install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust are " @@ -2090,165 +1998,168 @@ msgid "" "and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:26 -#: src/references/exclusive.md:20 src/memory-management/move.md:153 -#: src/error-handling/try.md:53 src/android/setup.md -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:26 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md src/types-and-values/hello-world.md +#: src/references/exclusive.md src/memory-management/move.md +#: src/error-handling/try.md src/android/setup.md +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "Key points:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six " "weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- " "plus they enable new functionality." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes " "\"stable\" every six weeks." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:35 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the " "current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:38 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the " "language." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:41 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for " "your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:44 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for " "different editions." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:47 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through " "`cargo` (most users never do)." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and " "comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but " "not limited to:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "Project/package structure" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:56 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts." "html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:57 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install." "html)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:58 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo " "clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:60 +#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md msgid "" "Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "Code Samples in This Training" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples " "which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier " "and ensures a consistent experience for everyone." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do " "the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you " "how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:15 src/cargo/running-locally.md:46 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "\"Edit me!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19 -msgid "" -"You can use Ctrl + Enter to execute the code when focus is in the " -"text box." +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md +msgid "You can use " +msgstr "" + +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md +msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not " "editable for various reasons:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and " "open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30 +#: src/cargo/code-samples.md msgid "" "The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from " "the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises " "using a local Rust installation or via the Playground." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تشغيل Cargo محليًا" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will " "need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the " @@ -2257,43 +2168,43 @@ msgid "" "latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:16 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards " "compatibility." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of " "the examples in this training:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:21 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:23 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:30 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:41 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For " "example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:50 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:60 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo " "build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/" @@ -2301,14 +2212,14 @@ msgid "" "optimized release build in `target/release/`." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:65 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you " "run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing " "dependencies for you." msgstr "" -#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:73 +#: src/cargo/running-locally.md msgid "" "Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local " "editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal " @@ -2316,8 +2227,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 1" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا" #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" @@ -2332,8 +2244,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Types and type inference." -msgstr "" +msgstr "استنباط النوع " #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "Control flow constructs: loops, conditionals, and so on." @@ -2353,10 +2266,34 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Schedule" msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-1.md src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2.md +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-3.md +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4.md +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md src/concurrency/welcome.md +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "In this session:" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-1.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md +msgid "[Hello, World](./hello-world.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md +msgid "[Types and Values](./types-and-values.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1.md +msgid "[Control Flow Basics](./control-flow-basics.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-1.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 5 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1.md @@ -2410,10 +2347,6 @@ msgid "" "schedule. Feel free to be flexible and adjust as necessary!" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md -msgid "This segment should take about 15 minutes. It contains:" -msgstr "" - #: src/hello-world.md src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md #: src/pattern-matching.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/generics.md @@ -2425,205 +2358,205 @@ msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md src/concurrency/async.md #: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md #: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -msgid "Slide" +msgid "In this segment:" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world.md src/references.md src/user-defined-types.md -#: src/pattern-matching.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/generics.md -#: src/std-types.md src/std-traits.md src/memory-management.md -#: src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md src/lifetimes.md src/modules.md -#: src/unsafe-rust.md src/concurrency/channels.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md -#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md src/concurrency/async.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -msgid "10 minutes" +#: src/hello-world.md +msgid "[What is Rust?](./hello-world/what-is-rust.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/user-defined-types.md -#: src/memory-management.md src/concurrency/channels.md -#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md -msgid "2 minutes" +#: src/hello-world.md +msgid "[Benefits of Rust](./hello-world/benefits.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md +msgid "[Playground](./hello-world/playground.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/hello-world.md src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "This segment should take about 15 minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]" "(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:5 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:6 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:7 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" "Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:9 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:10 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "firmware and boot loaders," msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:13 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "smart displays," msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:14 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "mobile phones," msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "desktops," msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:16 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "servers." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "High flexibility." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:24 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "High level of control." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "" "Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:26 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/what-is-rust.md msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:5 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "_Compile time memory safety_ - whole classes of memory bugs are prevented at " "compile time" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:7 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No uninitialized variables." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:8 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No double-frees." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:9 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No use-after-free." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:10 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No `NULL` pointers." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:12 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No data races between threads." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:13 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No iterator invalidation." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "_No undefined runtime behavior_ - what a Rust statement does is never left " "unspecified" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:17 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Array access is bounds checked." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:18 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:20 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "_Modern language features_ - as expressive and ergonomic as higher-level " "languages" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:22 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Enums and pattern matching." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:23 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Generics." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:24 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "No overhead FFI." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:25 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Zero-cost abstractions." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:26 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Great compiler errors." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:27 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Built-in dependency manager." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:28 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Built-in support for testing." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:29 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:34 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Do not spend much time here. All of these points will be covered in more " "depth later." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:37 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. " "Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:40 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ " "via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't " @@ -2631,7 +2564,7 @@ msgid "" "constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/benefits.md:45 +#: src/hello-world/benefits.md msgid "" "Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory " "safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In " @@ -2639,7 +2572,7 @@ msgid "" "collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/playground.md:3 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "The [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) provides an easy way to " "run short Rust programs, and is the basis for the examples and exercises in " @@ -2647,26 +2580,26 @@ msgid "" "comes with a few handy features:" msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/playground.md:8 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "Under \"Tools\", use the `rustfmt` option to format your code in the " "\"standard\" way." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/playground.md:11 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "Rust has two main \"profiles\" for generating code: Debug (extra runtime " "checks, less optimization) and Release (fewer runtime checks, lots of " "optimization). These are accessible under \"Debug\" at the top." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/playground.md:15 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "If you're interested, use \"ASM\" under \"...\" to see the generated " "assembly code." msgstr "" -#: src/hello-world/playground.md:21 +#: src/hello-world/playground.md msgid "" "As students head into the break, encourage them to open up the playground " "and experiment a little. Encourage them to keep the tab open and try things " @@ -2675,68 +2608,92 @@ msgid "" "assembly." msgstr "" +#: src/types-and-values.md +msgid "[Hello, World](./types-and-values/hello-world.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md +msgid "[Variables](./types-and-values/variables.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md +msgid "[Values](./types-and-values/values.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md +msgid "[Arithmetic](./types-and-values/arithmetic.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md +msgid "[Type Inference](./types-and-values/inference.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/types-and-values.md +msgid "[Exercise: Fibonacci](./types-and-values/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/types-and-values.md src/control-flow-basics.md src/modules.md -msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes. It contains:" +msgid "This segment should take about 40 minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World " "program:" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:8 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "\"Hello 🌍!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "What you see:" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:15 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:18 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:23 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will " "see a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something " "familiar." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:28 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is " "imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:31 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:33 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of " "arguments (no function [overloading](../control-flow-basics/functions.md))." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:36 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers " "from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially " @@ -2744,7 +2701,7 @@ msgid "" "html)." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md:40 +#: src/types-and-values/hello-world.md msgid "" "Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented " "programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, " @@ -2752,164 +2709,164 @@ msgid "" "concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are made with " "`let`:" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:9 src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md:9 -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "\"x: {x}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "// x = 20;\n" " // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:18 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "Uncomment the `x = 20` to demonstrate that variables are immutable by " "default. Add the `mut` keyword to allow changes." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/variables.md:21 +#: src/types-and-values/variables.md msgid "" "The `i32` here is the type of the variable. This must be known at compile " "time, but type inference (covered later) allows the programmer to omit it in " "many cases." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "" "Here are some basic built-in types, and the syntax for literal values of " "each type." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Types" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Literals" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Signed integers" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:8 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Unsigned integers" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Floating point numbers" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`f32`, `f64`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:10 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Unicode scalar values" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`char`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:11 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "Booleans" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:7 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`bool`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`true`, `false`" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "The types have widths as follows:" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide," msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:17 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer," msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:18 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide," msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:19 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:24 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/values.md:26 +#: src/types-and-values/values.md msgid "" "All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So " "`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written " "as `123i64`." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:9 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "\"result: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:16 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen a function other than `main`, but the " "meaning should be clear: it takes three integers, and returns an integer. " "Functions will be covered in more detail later." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:20 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "Arithmetic is very similar to other languages, with similar precedence." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:22 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "What about integer overflow? In C and C++ overflow of _signed_ integers is " "actually undefined, and might do unknown things at runtime. In Rust, it's " "defined." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:26 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "Change the `i32`'s to `i16` to see an integer overflow, which panics " "(checked) in a debug build and wraps in a release build. There are other " @@ -2918,23 +2875,23 @@ msgid "" "a)`." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md:31 +#: src/types-and-values/arithmetic.md msgid "" "In fact, the compiler will detect overflow of constant expressions, which is " "why the example requires a separate function." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:29 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "" "This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on " "constraints given by variable declarations and usages." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:32 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "" "It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not " "of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine " @@ -2943,174 +2900,190 @@ msgid "" "code." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:37 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "" "When nothing constrains the type of an integer literal, Rust defaults to " "`i32`. This sometimes appears as `{integer}` in error messages. Similarly, " "floating-point literals default to `f64`." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/inference.md:46 +#: src/types-and-values/inference.md msgid "// ERROR: no implementation for `{float} == {integer}`\n" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:3 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "" "The Fibonacci sequence begins with `[0,1]`. For n>1, the n'th Fibonacci " "number is calculated recursively as the sum of the n-1'th and n-2'th " "Fibonacci numbers." msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:6 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "" "Write a function `fib(n)` that calculates the n'th Fibonacci number. When " "will this function panic?" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:12 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "// The base case.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:13 src/types-and-values/exercise.md:16 -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:27 -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:31 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "\"Implement this\"" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:15 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md msgid "// The recursive case.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md:22 src/types-and-values/solution.md:14 +#: src/types-and-values/exercise.md src/types-and-values/solution.md msgid "\"fib({n}) = {}\"" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "if Expressions" +msgid "[if Expressions](./control-flow-basics/if.md) (4 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics.md src/pattern-matching.md src/concurrency/async.md -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md -msgid "4 minutes" +#: src/control-flow-basics.md +msgid "[Loops](./control-flow-basics/loops.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md +msgid "" +"[break and continue](./control-flow-basics/break-continue.md) (4 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md +msgid "" +"[Blocks and Scopes](./control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md +msgid "[Functions](./control-flow-basics/functions.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics.md +msgid "[Macros](./control-flow-basics/macros.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/control-flow-basics.md -msgid "break and continue" +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Collatz Sequence](./control-flow-basics/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:1 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "`if` expressions" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/" "if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:11 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"zero!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:13 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"biggish\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:15 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"huge\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:20 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each " "block becomes the value of the `if` expression:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:26 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"small\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:26 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"large\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:27 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "\"number size: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:34 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its " "branch blocks must have the same type. Show what happens if you add `;` " "after `\"small\"` in the second example." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md:38 +#: src/control-flow-basics/if.md msgid "" "When `if` is used in an expression, the expression must have a `;` to " "separate it from the next statement. Remove the `;` before `println!` to see " "the compiler error." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "There are three looping keywords in Rust: `while`, `loop`, and `for`:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:5 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "`while`" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "" "The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-" "expr.html#predicate-loops) works much like in other languages, executing the " "loop body as long as the condition is true." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md:18 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops.md msgid "\"Final x: {x}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" "The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) iterates " "over ranges of values or the items in a collection:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md:13 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "\"elem: {elem}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md:20 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" "Under the hood `for` loops use a concept called \"iterators\" to handle " "iterating over different kinds of ranges/collections. Iterators will be " "discussed in more detail later." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md:23 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/for.md msgid "" "Note that the first `for` loop only iterates to `4`. Show the `1..=5` syntax " "for an inclusive range." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md msgid "" "The [`loop` statement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.loop.html) just " "loops forever, until a `break`." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md:11 +#: src/control-flow-basics/loops/loop.md msgid "\"{i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "" "If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:6 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md msgid "" "If you want to exit any kind of loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions). For " @@ -3118,122 +3091,120 @@ msgid "" "`loop` expression." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md:22 src/std-traits/exercise.md:23 -#: src/std-traits/solution.md:29 src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:95 -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:96 -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:47 src/modules/exercise.md:136 -#: src/modules/solution.md:78 src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:17 -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:59 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue.md src/std-traits/exercise.md +#: src/std-traits/solution.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md src/modules/exercise.md +#: src/modules/solution.md src/android/build-rules/library.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"{}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "" "Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is " "used to break out of nested loops:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md:19 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "\"elements searched: {elements_searched}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md:25 +#: src/control-flow-basics/break-continue/labels.md msgid "" "Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial " "value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike " "`while` and `for` loops)." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "Blocks" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:5 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "" "A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions, enclosed by braces `{}`. " "Each block has a value and a type, which are those of the last expression of " "the block:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:14 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "\"y: {y}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:21 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "" "If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is " "`()`." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md:26 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes.md msgid "" "You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in " "the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "A variable's scope is limited to the enclosing block." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:5 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from " "the same scope:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:11 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"before: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:13 -#: src/generics/exercise.md:18 src/generics/solution.md:20 -#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:7 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:19 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md src/generics/exercise.md +#: src/generics/solution.md src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "\"hello\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:14 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"inner scope: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:17 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:20 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "\"after: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:26 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Show that a variable's scope is limited by adding a `b` in the inner block " "in the last example, and then trying to access it outside that block." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:28 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both " "variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available under " "the same name, depending where you use it in the code." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:31 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md:32 +#: src/control-flow-basics/blocks-and-scopes/scopes.md msgid "" "Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values " "after `.unwrap()`." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:22 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some " "programming languages), then a return type." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:24 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return " "value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression. The `return` " @@ -3241,168 +3212,300 @@ msgid "" "idiomatic at the end of a function (refactor `gcd` to use a `return`)." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:28 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The " "compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Overloading is not supported -- each function has a single implementation." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:31 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Always takes a fixed number of parameters. Default arguments are not " "supported. Macros can be used to support variadic functions." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md:33 +#: src/control-flow-basics/functions.md msgid "" "Always takes a single set of parameter types. These types can be generic, " "which will be covered later." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "Macros are expanded into Rust code during compilation, and can take a " "variable number of arguments. They are distinguished by a `!` at the end. " "The Rust standard library includes an assortment of useful macros." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:7 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`println!(format, ..)` prints a line to standard output, applying formatting " "described in [`std::fmt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:9 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`format!(format, ..)` works just like `println!` but returns the result as a " "string." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:11 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "`dbg!(expression)` logs the value of the expression and returns it." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:12 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`todo!()` marks a bit of code as not-yet-implemented. If executed, it will " "panic." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:14 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "`unreachable!()` marks a bit of code as unreachable. If executed, it will " "panic." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:32 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "\"{n}! = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:39 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "The takeaway from this section is that these common conveniences exist, and " "how to use them. Why they are defined as macros, and what they expand to, is " "not especially critical." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md:43 +#: src/control-flow-basics/macros.md msgid "" "The course does not cover defining macros, but a later section will describe " "use of derive macros." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:3 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Collatz Sequence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture) is " -"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n1 greater than zero:" +"defined as follows, for an arbitrary n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:6 -msgid "" -"If _ni_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _ni_." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "1" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:7 -msgid "If _ni_ is even, then _ni+1 = ni / 2_." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid " greater than zero:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:8 -msgid "" -"If _ni_ is odd, then _ni+1 = 3 * ni + 1_." +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "If _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "i" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ is 1, then the sequence terminates at _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_." +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ is even, then _n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:10 -msgid "For example, beginning with _n1_ = 3:" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "i+1" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:12 -msgid "3 is odd, so _n2_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid " = n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:13 -msgid "10 is even, so _n3_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid " / 2_." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:14 -msgid "5 is odd, so _n4_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ is odd, then _n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:15 -msgid "16 is even, so _n5_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid " = 3 * n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:16 -msgid "8 is even, so _n6_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid " + 1_." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:17 -msgid "4 is even, so _n7_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "For example, beginning with _n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:18 -msgid "2 is even, so _n8_ = 1; and" +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 3:" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:19 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "3 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "2" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 3 * 3 + 1 = 10;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "10 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "3" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 10 / 2 = 5;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "5 is odd, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "4" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 3 * 5 + 1 = 16;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "16 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "5" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 16 / 2 = 8;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "8 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "6" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 8 / 2 = 4;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "4 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "7" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 4 / 2 = 2;" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "2 is even, so _n" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md +msgid "8" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md +msgid "_ = 1; and" +msgstr "" + +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "the sequence terminates." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:21 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md msgid "" "Write a function to calculate the length of the collatz sequence for a given " "initial `n`." msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md:25 src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:4 +#: src/control-flow-basics/exercise.md src/control-flow-basics/solution.md msgid "/// Determine the length of the collatz sequence beginning at `n`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md:20 src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:11 -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:30 +#: src/control-flow-basics/solution.md src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "\"Length: {}\"" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome Back" +msgstr "مرحبًا" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +msgid "[Tuples and Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays.md) (35 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +msgid "[References](./references.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md +msgid "[User-Defined Types](./user-defined-types.md) (50 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-1-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 35 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md +msgid "[Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md +msgid "[Tuples](./tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/tuples-and-arrays.md -msgid "This segment should take about 35 minutes. It contains:" +msgid "[Array Iteration](./tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md:16 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md +msgid "" +"[Patterns and Destructuring](./tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md) (5 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md +msgid "[Exercise: Nested Arrays](./tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays.md +msgid "This segment should take about 35 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) " "elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of " @@ -3411,18 +3514,18 @@ msgid "" "covered later." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md:22 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "Try accessing an out-of-bounds array element. Array accesses are checked at " "runtime. Rust can usually optimize these checks away, and they can be " "avoided using unsafe Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md:26 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md:28 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "The `println!` macro asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format " "parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. " @@ -3431,163 +3534,177 @@ msgid "" "here." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md:33 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/arrays.md msgid "" "Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be " "easier to read." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md:16 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md:18 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md:20 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "" "Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, " "e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md:23 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/tuples.md msgid "" "The empty tuple `()` is referred to as the \"unit type\" and signifies " "absence of a return value, akin to `void` in other languages." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "The `for` statement supports iterating over arrays (but not tuples)." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:19 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "" "This functionality uses the `IntoIterator` trait, but we haven't covered " "that yet." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md:22 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/iteration.md msgid "" "The `assert_ne!` macro is new here. There are also `assert_eq!` and `assert!" "` macros. These are always checked while, debug-only variants like " "`debug_assert!` compile to nothing in release builds." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "When working with tuples and other structured values it's common to want to " "extract the inner values into local variables. This can be done manually by " "directly accessing the inner values:" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:11 -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:21 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "\"left: {left}, right: {right}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:15 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "However, Rust also supports using pattern matching to destructure a larger " "value into its constituent parts:" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:28 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "The patterns used here are \"irrefutable\", meaning that the compiler can " "statically verify that the value on the right of `=` has the same structure " "as the pattern." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:31 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "A variable name is an irrefutable pattern that always matches any value, " "hence why we can also use `let` to declare a single variable." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:33 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "Rust also supports using patterns in conditionals, allowing for equality " "comparison and destructuring to happen at the same time. This form of " "pattern matching will be discussed in more detail later." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md:36 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/destructuring.md msgid "" "Edit the examples above to show the compiler error when the pattern doesn't " "match the value being matched on." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:3 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "Arrays can contain other arrays:" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:9 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "What is the type of this variable?" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:11 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "" "Use an array such as the above to write a function `transpose` which will " "transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:22 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the code below to and implement the " "function. This function only operates on 3x3 matrices." msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:26 src/borrowing/exercise.md:14 -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:51 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/borrowing/exercise.md +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:36 src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:44 -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:17 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:25 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "//\n" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:53 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:34 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "// <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:58 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:39 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "\"matrix: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md:60 src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md:41 +#: src/tuples-and-arrays/exercise.md src/tuples-and-arrays/solution.md msgid "\"transposed: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references.md src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes. It contains:" +#: src/references.md +msgid "[Shared References](./references/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md +msgid "[Exclusive References](./references/exclusive.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md +msgid "[Slices: &\\[T\\]](./references/slices.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/references.md -msgid "Slices: &\\[T\\]" +msgid "[Strings](./references/strings.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:3 +#: src/references.md +msgid "[Exercise: Geometry](./references/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references.md src/smart-pointers.md src/borrowing.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "This segment should take about 55 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A reference provides a way to access another value without taking " "responsibility for the value, and is also called \"borrowing\". Shared " "references are read-only, and the referenced data cannot change." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:20 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A shared reference to a type `T` has type `&T`. A reference value is made " "with the `&` operator. The `*` operator \"dereferences\" a reference, " "yielding its value." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:24 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:" msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:38 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to, and this is a good " "model for students not familiar with pointers: code can use the reference to " @@ -3595,7 +3712,7 @@ msgid "" "course will get into more detail on ownership in day 3." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:43 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "References are implemented as pointers, and a key advantage is that they can " "be much smaller than the thing they point to. Students familiar with C or C+" @@ -3604,20 +3721,20 @@ msgid "" "pointers." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:48 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "Rust does not automatically create references for you - the `&` is always " "required." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:51 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking " "methods (try `r.is_ascii()`). There is no need for an `->` operator like in " "C++." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:54 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "In this example, `r` is mutable so that it can be reassigned (`r = &b`). " "Note that this re-binds `r`, so that it refers to something else. This is " @@ -3625,13 +3742,13 @@ msgid "" "value." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:58 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "A shared reference does not allow modifying the value it refers to, even if " "that value was mutable. Try `*r = 'X'`." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:61 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "" "Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long " "enough. Dangling references cannot occur in safe Rust. `x_axis` would return " @@ -3639,17 +3756,17 @@ msgid "" "returns, so this will not compile." msgstr "" -#: src/references/shared.md:66 +#: src/references/shared.md msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership." msgstr "" -#: src/references/exclusive.md:3 +#: src/references/exclusive.md msgid "" "Exclusive references, also known as mutable references, allow changing the " "value they refer to. They have type `&mut T`." msgstr "" -#: src/references/exclusive.md:22 +#: src/references/exclusive.md msgid "" "\"Exclusive\" means that only this reference can be used to access the " "value. No other references (shared or exclusive) can exist at the same time, " @@ -3658,7 +3775,7 @@ msgid "" "alive." msgstr "" -#: src/references/exclusive.md:27 +#: src/references/exclusive.md msgid "" "Be sure to note the difference between `let mut x_coord: &i32` and `let " "x_coord: &mut i32`. The first one represents a shared reference which can be " @@ -3666,60 +3783,60 @@ msgid "" "reference to a mutable value." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:1 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "Slices" msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:3 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:" msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:18 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:19 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?" msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:24 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending " "indexes in brackets." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:27 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the " "starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are " "identical." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:31 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are " "identical." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:34 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:36 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` " "(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform " "computation on slices of different sizes." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:40 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain " "'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice." msgstr "" -#: src/references/slices.md:43 +#: src/references/slices.md msgid "" "The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but " "the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at " @@ -3728,67 +3845,67 @@ msgid "" "`println`, when the slice is no longer used." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:7 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:" msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:9 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "`&str` is a slice of UTF-8 encoded bytes, similar to `&[u8]`." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:10 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "`String` is an owned buffer of UTF-8 encoded bytes, similar to `Vec`." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:17 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:36 +#: src/references/strings.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"World\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:18 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "\"s1: {s1}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:20 +#: src/references/strings.md +#, fuzzy msgid "\"Hello \"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا، أيها العالم" -#: src/references/strings.md:21 src/references/strings.md:23 -#: src/memory-management/move.md:9 +#: src/references/strings.md src/memory-management/move.md msgid "\"s2: {s2}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:26 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "\"s3: {s3}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:33 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 " "encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals " "(`\"Hello\"`), are stored in the program’s binary." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:37 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "Rust's `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a " "`Vec`, it is owned." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:40 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string " "literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data " "can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:44 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from " "dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:47 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range " "selection. If you select a byte range that is not aligned to character " @@ -3796,7 +3913,7 @@ msgid "" "characters and is preferred over trying to get character boundaries right." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:52 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `std::string_view` from C++, but the " "one that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough " @@ -3804,25 +3921,25 @@ msgid "" "UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)." msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:57 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "Byte strings literals allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:" msgstr "" -#: src/references/strings.md:67 +#: src/references/strings.md msgid "" "Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: " "`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal " "amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:" msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:3 +#: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" "We will create a few utility functions for 3-dimensional geometry, " "representing a point as `[f64;3]`. It is up to you to determine the function " "signatures." msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:7 +#: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" "// Calculate the magnitude of a vector by summing the squares of its " "coordinates\n" @@ -3831,240 +3948,263 @@ msgid "" "// root, like `v.sqrt()`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:15 +#: src/references/exercise.md msgid "" "// Normalize a vector by calculating its magnitude and dividing all of its\n" "// coordinates by that magnitude.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:23 +#: src/references/exercise.md msgid "// Use the following `main` to test your work.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:27 src/references/solution.md:22 +#: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md msgid "\"Magnitude of a unit vector: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:30 src/references/solution.md:25 +#: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?}: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/exercise.md:32 src/references/solution.md:27 +#: src/references/exercise.md src/references/solution.md msgid "\"Magnitude of {v:?} after normalization: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/references/solution.md:4 +#: src/references/solution.md msgid "/// Calculate the magnitude of the given vector.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/references/solution.md:12 +#: src/references/solution.md msgid "" "/// Change the magnitude of the vector to 1.0 without changing its " "direction.\n" msgstr "" +#: src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "[Named Structs](./user-defined-types/named-structs.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "[Tuple Structs](./user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "[Enums](./user-defined-types/enums.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "[Static](./user-defined-types/static.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "[Type Aliases](./user-defined-types/aliases.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/user-defined-types.md +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Elevator Events](./user-defined-types/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/user-defined-types.md src/methods-and-traits.md src/lifetimes.md -msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes. It contains:" +msgid "This segment should take about 50 minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:12 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "\"{} is {} years old\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:16 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:87 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"Peter\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:22 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "\"Avery\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:27 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "\"Jackie\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:35 -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:29 src/pattern-matching/match.md:38 -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:69 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md src/user-defined-types/enums.md +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Key Points:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Structs work like in C or C++." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" "This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of " "structs." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:42 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" "Zero-sized structs (e.g. `struct Foo;`) might be used when implementing a " "trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the " "value itself." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:45 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" "The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are " "not important." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:47 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" "If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the " "struct using a shorthand." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md:49 +#: src/user-defined-types/named-structs.md msgid "" "The syntax `..avery` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the " "old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be " "the last element." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:7 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:14 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "\"({}, {})\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:18 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:25 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:29 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:50 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:14 -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:99 -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:103 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "// ...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:41 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in " "a primitive type, for example:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:43 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:44 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have " "to validate it again at every use: `PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:47 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the " "single field in the newtype." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:49 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or " "for instance using booleans as integers." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:51 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md:52 +#: src/user-defined-types/tuple-structs.md msgid "" "The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different " "variants:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:15 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "// Simple variant\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:16 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "// Tuple variant\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:17 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "// Struct variant\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:22 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "\"On this turn: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:31 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:32 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "`Direction` is a type with variants. There are two values of `Direction`: " "`Direction::Left` and `Direction::Right`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:34 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "`PlayerMove` is a type with three variants. In addition to the payloads, " "Rust will store a discriminant so that it knows at runtime which variant is " "in a `PlayerMove` value." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:37 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "This might be a good time to compare structs and enums:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:38 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one " "with different types of fields (variant payloads)." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:40 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate " "structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were " "all defined in an enum." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:43 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "Rust uses minimal space to store the discriminant." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:44 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "If necessary, it stores an integer of the smallest required size" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:45 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "If the allowed variant values do not cover all bit patterns, it will use " "invalid bit patterns to encode the discriminant (the \"niche " @@ -4072,63 +4212,63 @@ msgid "" "integer or `NULL` for the `None` variant." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:49 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:67 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 " "bytes." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:70 src/user-defined-types/static.md:27 -#: src/memory-management/review.md:51 src/memory-management/move.md:100 -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:57 src/smart-pointers/box.md:85 -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:33 src/error-handling/result.md:46 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md src/user-defined-types/static.md +#: src/memory-management/review.md src/memory-management/move.md +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md src/smart-pointers/box.md +#: src/borrowing/shared.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "More to Explore" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:72 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Rust has several optimizations it can employ to make enums take up less " "space." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:74 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::()` equals " "`size_of::>()`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md:78 +#: src/user-defined-types/enums.md msgid "" "Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look " "like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no " "guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:1 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "`static`" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and " "therefore will not move:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:7 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "\"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:10 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "\"{BANNER}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:14 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual " @@ -4138,74 +4278,74 @@ msgid "" "`const` is generally preferred." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:23 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "`static` is similar to mutable global variables in C++." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:24 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as " "required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:29 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "" "Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be " "`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/static.md:34 +#: src/user-defined-types/static.md msgid "Thread-local data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/const.md:1 +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "`const`" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/const.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "" "Constants are evaluated at compile time and their values are inlined " "wherever they are used:" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/const.md:26 +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "" "According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-" "vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/const.md:28 +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "" "Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate " "`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/const.md:33 +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/const.md:34 +#: src/user-defined-types/const.md msgid "" "It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but " "it is helpful and safer than using a static." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "" "A type alias creates a name for another type. The two types can be used " "interchangeably." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:13 +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "// Aliases are more useful with long, complex types:\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md:23 +#: src/user-defined-types/aliases.md msgid "C programmers will recognize this as similar to a `typedef`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:3 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "" "We will create a data structure to represent an event in an elevator control " "system. It is up to you to define the types and functions to construct " @@ -4213,107 +4353,108 @@ msgid "" "with `{:?}`." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:7 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "" "This exercise only requires creating and populating data structures so that " "`main` runs without errors. The next part of the course will cover getting " "data out of these structures." msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:12 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:4 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "" "/// An event in the elevator system that the controller must react to.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:15 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: add required variants\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:17 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:22 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A direction of travel.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:24 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:39 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car has arrived on the given floor.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:29 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:44 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car doors have opened.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:34 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:49 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car doors have closed.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:39 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:54 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "" "/// A directional button was pressed in an elevator lobby on the given " "floor.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:44 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:59 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A floor button was pressed in the elevator car.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:52 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:67 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"A ground floor passenger has pressed the up button: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:55 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:70 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car has arrived on the ground floor: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:56 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:71 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car door opened: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:58 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:73 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"A passenger has pressed the 3rd floor button: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:61 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:76 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car door closed: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md:62 src/user-defined-types/solution.md:77 +#: src/user-defined-types/exercise.md src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "\"The car has arrived on the 3rd floor: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:7 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A button was pressed.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:10 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car has arrived at the given floor.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:13 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car's doors have opened.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:16 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// The car's doors have closed.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:19 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A floor is represented as an integer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:29 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A user-accessible button.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:33 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A button in the elevator lobby on the given floor.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md:36 +#: src/user-defined-types/solution.md msgid "/// A floor button within the car.\n" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-2.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 2" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا" #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "" @@ -4342,142 +4483,174 @@ msgid "" "Standard library types and traits: a tour of Rust's rich standard library." msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-2.md +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-2.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md +msgid "[Pattern Matching](./pattern-matching.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2.md +msgid "[Methods and Traits](./methods-and-traits.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-2.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 10 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "[Matching Values](./pattern-matching/match.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "" +"[Destructuring Structs](./pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md) (4 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "" +"[Destructuring Enums](./pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md) (4 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "[Let Control Flow](./pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/pattern-matching.md +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Expression Evaluation](./pattern-matching/exercise.md) (30 " +"minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/pattern-matching.md src/std-types.md src/memory-management.md #: src/error-handling.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour. It contains:" +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "The `match` keyword lets you match a value against one or more _patterns_. " "The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:6 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:11 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'x'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:13 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'q'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:13 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Quitting\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:14 src/generics/exercise.md:15 -#: src/generics/solution.md:17 src/std-traits/solution.md:16 -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:60 src/error-handling/exercise.md:75 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:60 src/error-handling/solution.md:75 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/generics/exercise.md +#: src/generics/solution.md src/std-traits/solution.md +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'a'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:14 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'s'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:14 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'w'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:14 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "'d'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:14 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Moving around\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:51 -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:60 src/error-handling/exercise.md:74 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:51 src/error-handling/solution.md:60 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:74 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md +#: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'0'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:15 src/error-handling/exercise.md:51 -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:60 src/error-handling/exercise.md:74 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:51 src/error-handling/solution.md:60 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:74 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md src/error-handling/exercise.md +#: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'9'" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:15 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Number input\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:16 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Lowercase: {key}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:17 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "\"Something else\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:22 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value. The " "expressions _must_ be exhaustive, meaning that it covers every possibility, " "so `_` is often used as the final catch-all case." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:26 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "Match can be used as an expression. Just like `if`, each match arm must have " "the same type. The type is the last expression of the block, if any. In the " "example above, the type is `()`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:30 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "A variable in the pattern (`key` in this example) will create a binding that " "can be used within the match arm." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:33 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "A match guard causes the arm to match only if the condition is true." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:40 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a " "pattern" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:42 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`|` as an `or`" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:43 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:44 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:45 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "`_` is a wild card" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:47 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when " "we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would " "allow." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:49 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. " "An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the " @@ -4485,103 +4658,103 @@ msgid "" "result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/match.md:53 +#: src/pattern-matching/match.md msgid "" "The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern " "with an `|`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "Structs" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "Like tuples, Struct can also be destructured by matching:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:15 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:16 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:17 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:26 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:27 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md msgid "" "The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to " "spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it " "subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "Like tuples, enums can also be destructured by matching:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is " "how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple " "`enum` type:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:18 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:25 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:26 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:31 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first " "arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second " "arm, `msg` is bound to the error message." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:38 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with " "a `match`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:40 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the " "errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now " "inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:43 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern " "matched." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:45 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage " "the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:47 +#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md msgid "" "Save the result of `divide_in_two` in the `result` variable and `match` it " "in a loop. That won't compile because `msg` is consumed when matched. To fix " @@ -4591,38 +4764,36 @@ msgid "" "support older Rust, replace `msg` with `ref msg` in the pattern." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. " "They are used for pattern matching:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:6 -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:10 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`if let` expressions" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:7 -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:32 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`let else` expressions" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:8 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "`while let` expressions" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:12 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-" "expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on " "whether a value matches a pattern:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:22 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"slept for {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:34 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "For the common case of matching a pattern and returning from the function, " "use [`let else`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/" @@ -4630,41 +4801,36 @@ msgid "" "- anything but falling off the end of the block)." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:44 -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:107 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"got None\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:50 -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:111 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"got empty string\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:56 -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:115 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "\"not a hex digit\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:61 -#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:113 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "\"result: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:61 src/generics/trait-bounds.md:16 -#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:87 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:90 -#: src/testing/solution.md:83 src/android/testing.md -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:11 src/android/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md src/generics/trait-bounds.md +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/testing/solution.md +#: src/android/testing.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"foo\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:65 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which " "repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:81 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Here [`String::pop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/string/struct." "String.html#method.pop) returns `Some(c)` until the string is empty, after " @@ -4672,62 +4838,62 @@ msgid "" "all items." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:89 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "if-let" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:91 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make " "it more concise than `match`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:93 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:94 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:96 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "let-else" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:98 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "`if-let`s can pile up, as shown. The `let-else` construct supports " "flattening this nested code. Rewrite the awkward version for students, so " "they can see the transformation." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:102 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "The rewritten version is:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:122 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "while-let" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:124 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value " "matches the pattern." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md:126 +#: src/pattern-matching/let-control-flow.md msgid "" "You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if " "statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `name.pop()`. The " "`while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:3 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "Let's write a simple recursive evaluator for arithmetic expressions." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:5 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "The `Box` type here is a smart pointer, and will be covered in detail later " "in the course. An expression can be \"boxed\" with `Box::new` as seen in the " @@ -4735,7 +4901,7 @@ msgid "" "\"unbox\" it: `eval(*boxed_expr)`." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:10 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "Some expressions cannot be evaluated and will return an error. The standard " "[`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result." @@ -4744,7 +4910,7 @@ msgid "" "later." msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:15 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy and paste the code into the Rust playground, and begin implementing " "`eval`. The final product should pass the tests. It may be helpful to use " @@ -4752,98 +4918,114 @@ msgid "" "temporarily with `#[ignore]`:" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:26 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md msgid "" "If you finish early, try writing a test that results in division by zero or " "integer overflow. How could you handle this with `Result` instead of a panic?" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:30 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:4 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// An operation to perform on two subexpressions.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:38 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:12 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// An expression, in tree form.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:42 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:16 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// An operation on two subexpressions.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:45 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:19 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "/// A literal value\n" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md:104 src/pattern-matching/solution.md:40 -#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:102 +#: src/pattern-matching/exercise.md src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "\"division by zero\"" msgstr "" -#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md:112 +#: src/pattern-matching/solution.md msgid "\"expr: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits.md +msgid "[Methods](./methods-and-traits/methods.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md +msgid "[Traits](./methods-and-traits/traits.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md +msgid "[Deriving](./methods-and-traits/deriving.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits.md +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Generic Logger](./methods-and-traits/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with " "an `impl` block:" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:14 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// No receiver, a static method\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:19 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:24 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:26 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:28 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:32 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// Exclusive ownership of self\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:35 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:40 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "\"Monaco Grand Prix\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:47 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "// race.add_lap(42);\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:51 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "The `self` arguments specify the \"receiver\" - the object the method acts " "on. There are several common receivers for a method:" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:54 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:56 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable " "reference. The object can be used again afterwards." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:58 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The " "method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped " @@ -4851,211 +5033,212 @@ msgid "" "transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:62 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:63 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to " "create constructors which are called `new` by convention." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:71 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:72 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the " "first parameter represents the instance as `self`." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:74 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver " "syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep " "all the implementation code in one predictable place." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:77 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:78 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how " "the struct name could also be used." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:80 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and " "can be used elsewhere in the block." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:82 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to " "refer to individual fields." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:84 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` " "by trying to run `finish` twice." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md:86 +#: src/methods-and-traits/methods.md msgid "" "Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be " "receiver types, such as `Box`." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "" "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:7 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "/// Return a sentence from this pet.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:10 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "/// Print a string to the terminal greeting this pet.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:18 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "" "A trait defines a number of methods that types must have in order to " "implement the trait." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md:21 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits.md msgid "" "In the \"Generics\" segment, next, we will see how to build functionality " "that is generic over all types implementing a trait." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:8 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "\"Oh you're a cutie! What's your name? {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:19 -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:21 src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:22 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Woof, my name is {}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:24 -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:43 src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:35 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md src/generics/dyn-trait.md +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Fido\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:31 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "" "To implement `Trait` for `Type`, you use an `impl Trait for Type { .. }` " "block." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:34 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "" "Unlike Go interfaces, just having matching methods is not enough: a `Cat` " "type with a `talk()` method would not automatically satisfy `Pet` unless it " "is in an `impl Pet` block." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md:38 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/implementing.md msgid "" "Traits may provide default implementations of some methods. Default " "implementations can rely on all the methods of the trait. In this case, " "`greet` is provided, and relies on `talk`." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md msgid "" "A trait can require that types implementing it also implement other traits, " "called _supertraits_. Here, any type implementing `Pet` must implement " "`Animal`." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md:30 -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:44 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Rex\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md:31 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md msgid "\"{} has {} legs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md:37 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/supertraits.md msgid "" "This is sometimes called \"trait inheritance\" but students should not " "expect this to behave like OO inheritance. It just specifies an additional " "requirement on implementations of a trait." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" "Associated types are placeholder types which are supplied by the trait " "implementation." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md:25 -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:30 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "\"{:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md:31 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" "Associated types are sometimes also called \"output types\". The key " "observation is that the implementer, not the caller, chooses this type." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md:34 +#: src/methods-and-traits/traits/associated-types.md msgid "" "Many standard library traits have associated types, including arithmetic " "operators and `Iterator`." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "" "Supported traits can be automatically implemented for your custom types, as " "follows:" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:15 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "// Default trait adds `default` constructor.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:16 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "// Clone trait adds `clone` method.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:17 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "\"EldurScrollz\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:18 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "// Debug trait adds support for printing with `{:?}`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:19 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "\"{:?} vs. {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md:26 +#: src/methods-and-traits/deriving.md msgid "" "Derivation is implemented with macros, and many crates provide useful derive " "macros to add useful functionality. For example, `serde` can derive " "serialization support for a struct using `#[derive(Serialize)]`." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:1 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Exercise: Logger Trait" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تمرين: فيبوناتشي" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:3 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "Let's design a simple logging utility, using a trait `Logger` with a `log` " "method. Code which might log its progress can then take an `&impl Logger`. " @@ -5063,99 +5246,123 @@ msgid "" "production build it would send messages to a log server." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:8 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "However, the `StderrLogger` given below logs all messages, regardless of " "verbosity. Your task is to write a `VerbosityFilter` type that will ignore " "messages above a maximum verbosity." msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:12 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "This is a common pattern: a struct wrapping a trait implementation and " "implementing that same trait, adding behavior in the process. What other " "kinds of wrappers might be useful in a logging utility?" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:20 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:7 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "/// Log a message at the given verbosity level.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:28 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:15 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "\"verbosity={verbosity}: {message}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:33 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:20 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "\"FYI\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:34 src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:21 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "\"Uhoh\"" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md:36 +#: src/methods-and-traits/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: Define and implement `VerbosityFilter`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md:23 +#: src/methods-and-traits/solution.md msgid "/// Only log messages up to the given verbosity level.\n" msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +msgid "[Generics](./generics.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +msgid "[Standard Library Types](./std-types.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md +msgid "[Standard Library Traits](./std-traits.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-2-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 15 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/generics.md src/iterators.md src/testing.md -msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes. It contains:" +#: src/generics.md +msgid "[Generic Functions](./generics/generic-functions.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/generics.md -msgid "impl Trait" +msgid "[Generic Data Types](./generics/generic-data.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/generics.md -msgid "dyn Trait" +msgid "[Trait Bounds](./generics/trait-bounds.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/generics.md -msgid "Exercise: Generic min" +msgid "[impl Trait](./generics/impl-trait.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:3 +#: src/generics.md +msgid "[dyn Trait](./generics/dyn-trait.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md +msgid "[Exercise: Generic min](./generics/exercise.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics.md src/iterators.md src/testing.md +msgid "This segment should take about 45 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "" "Rust supports generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data " "structures (such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:7 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "/// Pick `even` or `odd` depending on the value of `n`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:17 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"picked a number: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"picked a tuple: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"dog\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:18 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "\"cat\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:25 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "" "Rust infers a type for T based on the types of the arguments and return " "value." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:27 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "" "This is similar to C++ templates, but Rust partially compiles the generic " "function immediately, so that function must be valid for all types matching " @@ -5164,98 +5371,98 @@ msgid "" "still considers it invalid. C++ would let you do this." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-functions.md:33 +#: src/generics/generic-functions.md msgid "" "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites. This " "is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had " "hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:3 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:25 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:26 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "\"coords: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:33 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl Point {}`? Isn't that " "redundant?" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:35 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. " "They are independently generic." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:37 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:38 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point { .. }`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:39 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point`, but methods in this " "block will only be available for `Point`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-data.md:42 +#: src/generics/generic-data.md msgid "" "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`. Update the " "code to allow points that have elements of different types, by using two " "type variables, e.g., `T` and `U`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:3 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "" "Traits can also be generic, just like types and functions. A trait's " "parameters get concrete types when it is used." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:12 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "\"Converted from integer: {from}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:18 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "\"Converted from bool: {from}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:25 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "\"{from_int:?}, {from_bool:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:31 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "" "The `From` trait will be covered later in the course, but its [definition in " "the `std` docs](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) is " "simple." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:35 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "" "Implementations of the trait do not need to cover all possible type " "parameters. Here, `Foo::from(\"hello\")` would not compile because there is " "no `From<&str>` implementation for `Foo`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:39 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "" "Generic traits take types as \"input\", while associated types are a kind of " "\"output\" type. A trait can have multiple implementations for different " "input types." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/generic-traits.md:43 +#: src/generics/generic-traits.md msgid "" "In fact, Rust requires that at most one implementation of a trait match for " "any type T. Unlike some other languages, Rust has no heuristic for choosing " @@ -5264,100 +5471,100 @@ msgid "" "html)." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:3 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement " "some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:6 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:12 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "// struct NotClonable;\n" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:18 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "\"{pair:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:25 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Try making a `NonClonable` and passing it to `duplicate`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:27 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "When multiple traits are necessary, use `+` to join them." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:29 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:40 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:41 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:42 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can " "be arbitrary, like `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md:45 +#: src/generics/trait-bounds.md msgid "" "Note that Rust does not (yet) support specialization. For example, given the " "original `duplicate`, it is invalid to add a specialized `duplicate(a: u32)`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:3 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function " "arguments and return values:" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:7 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "// Syntactic sugar for:\n" "// fn add_42_millions>(x: T) -> i32 {\n" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:19 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "\"{many}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:21 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "\"{many_more}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:23 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "\"debuggable: {debuggable:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:30 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name. The " "meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:33 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a " "trait bound." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:36 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that " "implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you " "don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:40 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks " "the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A " @@ -5367,36 +5574,35 @@ msgid "" ">()`." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/impl-trait.md:47 +#: src/generics/impl-trait.md msgid "" "What is the type of `debuggable`? Try `let debuggable: () = ..` to see what " "the error message shows." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:3 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "" "In addition to using traits for static dispatch via generics, Rust also " "supports using them for type-erased, dynamic dispatch via trait objects:" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:27 src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:28 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Miau!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:30 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "// Uses generics and static dispatch.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:33 src/generics/dyn-trait.md:38 -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:38 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"Hello, who are you? {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:35 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "// Uses type-erasure and dynamic dispatch.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:56 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "" "Generics, including `impl Trait`, use monomorphization to create a " "specialized instance of the function for each different type that the " @@ -5406,7 +5612,7 @@ msgid "" "use." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:62 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "" "When using `dyn Trait`, it instead uses dynamic dispatch through a [virtual " "method table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_method_table) (vtable). " @@ -5414,14 +5620,14 @@ msgid "" "regardless of what type of `Pet` is passed in." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:67 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "" "When using `dyn Trait`, the trait object needs to be behind some kind of " "indirection. In this case it's a reference, though smart pointer types like " "`Box` can also be used (this will be demonstrated on day 3)." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:71 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "" "At runtime, a `&dyn Pet` is represented as a \"fat pointer\", i.e. a pair of " "two pointers: One pointer points to the concrete object that implements " @@ -5433,74 +5639,85 @@ msgid "" "this." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md:79 +#: src/generics/dyn-trait.md msgid "" "A `dyn Trait` is considered to be \"type-erased\", because we no longer have " "compile-time knowledge of what the concrete type is." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:3 +#: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "" "In this short exercise, you will implement a generic `min` function that " "determines the minimum of two values, using the [`Ord`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/stable/std/cmp/trait.Ord.html) trait." msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:8 +#: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: implement the `min` function used in `main`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:15 src/generics/solution.md:17 -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:60 src/error-handling/exercise.md:75 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:60 src/error-handling/solution.md:75 +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'z'" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:16 src/generics/solution.md:18 +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "'7'" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:16 src/generics/solution.md:18 +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "'1'" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:18 src/generics/solution.md:20 +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "\"goodbye\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:19 src/generics/solution.md:21 +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "\"bat\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:19 src/generics/solution.md:21 +#: src/generics/exercise.md src/generics/solution.md msgid "\"armadillo\"" msgstr "" -#: src/generics/exercise.md:26 +#: src/generics/exercise.md msgid "" "Show students the [`Ord`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/cmp/trait.Ord." "html) trait and [`Ordering`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/cmp/enum." "Ordering.html) enum." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types.md src/std-types/option.md:1 -msgid "Option" +#: src/std-types.md +msgid "[Standard Library](./std-types/std.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types.md src/std-types/result.md:1 src/error-handling.md -msgid "Result" +#: src/std-types.md +msgid "[Documentation](./std-types/docs.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types.md src/std-types/string.md:1 -msgid "String" +#: src/std-types.md +msgid "[Option](./std-types/option.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md +msgid "[Result](./std-types/result.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md +msgid "[String](./std-types/string.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types.md +msgid "[Vec](./std-types/vec.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/std-types.md -msgid "Vec" +msgid "[HashMap](./std-types/hashmap.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/std-types.md -msgid "HashMap" +msgid "[Exercise: Counter](./std-types/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/std-types.md @@ -5509,64 +5726,64 @@ msgid "" "documentation pages, highlighting some of the more common methods." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/std.md:3 +#: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common " "types used by Rust libraries and programs. This way, two libraries can work " "together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/std.md:7 +#: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, " "`alloc` and `std`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/std.md:10 +#: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on " "`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/std.md:12 +#: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, " "`Box` and `Arc`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/std.md:14 +#: src/std-types/std.md msgid "" "Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:3 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "Rust comes with extensive documentation. For example:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:5 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "All of the details about [loops](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/reference/" "expressions/loop-expr.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:7 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "Primitive types like [`u8`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/primitive." "u8.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:9 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "Standard library types like [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" "option/enum.Option.html) or [`BinaryHeap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/" "std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:13 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "In fact, you can document your own code:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:16 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second " "argument.\n" @@ -5574,7 +5791,7 @@ msgid "" "/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:27 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are " "automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]" @@ -5582,103 +5799,111 @@ msgid "" "idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:32 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "To document an item from inside the item (such as inside a module), use `//!" "` or `/*! .. */`, called \"inner doc comments\":" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:36 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "//! This module contains functionality relating to divisibility of " "integers.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/docs.md:42 +#: src/std-types/docs.md msgid "" "Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at ." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:3 +#: src/std-types/option.md +msgid "Option" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "We have already seen some use of `Option`. It stores either a value of " "type `T` or nothing. For example, [`String::find`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/string/struct.String.html#method.find) returns an `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:10 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "\"Löwe 老虎 Léopard Gepardi\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:11 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "'é'" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:12 src/std-types/option.md:15 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "\"find returned {position:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:14 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "'Z'" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:16 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "\"Character not found\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:23 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "`Option` is widely used, not just in the standard library." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:24 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "`unwrap` will return the value in an `Option`, or panic. `expect` is similar " "but takes an error message." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:26 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "You can panic on None, but you can't \"accidentally\" forget to check for " "None." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:28 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "It's common to `unwrap`/`expect` all over the place when hacking something " "together, but production code typically handles `None` in a nicer fashion." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/option.md:30 +#: src/std-types/option.md msgid "" "The niche optimization means that `Option` often has the same size in " "memory as `T`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:3 +#: src/std-types/result.md +msgid "Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` is similar to `Option`, but indicates the success or failure of an " "operation, each with a different enum variant. It is generic: `Result` " "where `T` is used in the `Ok` variant and `E` appears in the `Err` variant." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:12 src/error-handling/result.md:11 +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"diary.txt\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:17 src/error-handling/result.md:16 +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"Dear diary: {contents} ({bytes} bytes)\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:19 src/error-handling/result.md:18 +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"Could not read file content\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:23 src/error-handling/result.md:22 +#: src/std-types/result.md src/error-handling/result.md msgid "\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:32 +#: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the " "developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the " @@ -5686,72 +5911,76 @@ msgid "" "called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:36 +#: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it " "is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions " "that help functional-style programming." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/result.md:39 +#: src/std-types/result.md msgid "" "`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on " "Day 4." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:3 +#: src/std-types/string.md +#, fuzzy +msgid "String" +msgstr "السلاسل النص او الكتابة (Strings)" + +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is a " "growable UTF-8 encoded string:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:8 src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:35 -#: src/memory-management/review.md:23 src/memory-management/review.md:58 -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:32 src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:9 src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:26 +#: src/std-types/string.md src/std-traits/read-and-write.md +#: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "\"Hello\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:9 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:13 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "'!'" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:14 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:16 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"🇨🇭\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:17 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:21 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call " "all `str` methods on a `String`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:30 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when " "you know how much data you want to push to the string." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:32 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be " "different from its length in characters)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:34 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a " "`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due " @@ -5759,58 +5988,58 @@ msgid "" "unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:37 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or " "`String`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:39 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "When a type implements `Deref`, the compiler will let you " "transparently call methods from `T`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:41 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "We haven't discussed the `Deref` trait yet, so at this point this mostly " "explains the structure of the sidebar in the documentation." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:43 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String` implements `Deref` which transparently gives it " "access to `str`'s methods." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:45 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1;`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:46 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the " "operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but " "with some extra guarantees." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:49 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:50 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, " "out-of-bounds." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:52 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character " "boundaries or not." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/string.md:54 +#: src/std-types/string.md msgid "" "Many types can be converted to a string with the [`to_string`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html#tymethod.to_string) method. " @@ -5819,146 +6048,145 @@ msgid "" "string." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:3 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard " "resizable heap-allocated buffer:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:9 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:14 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:16 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "// Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:19 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "// Retain only the even elements.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:21 src/std-types/vec.md:25 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "\"{v3:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:23 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "// Remove consecutive duplicates.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:29 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "`Vec` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/" "struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice " "methods on a `Vec`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:38 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data " "it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't " "need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:41 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "Notice how `Vec` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` " "explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established " "during the first `push` call." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:44 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it " "supports adding initial elements to the vector." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:46 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. " "Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will " "remove the last element." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/vec.md:49 +#: src/std-types/vec.md msgid "" "Slices are covered on day 3. For now, students only need to know that a " "value of type `Vec` gives access to all of the documented slice methods, too." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:3 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:10 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:11 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:12 src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Pride and Prejudice\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:14 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Les Misérables\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:16 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:21 src/std-types/hashmap.md:29 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:23 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"{book}: {count} pages\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:24 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"{book} is unknown.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:28 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "// Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:34 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"{page_counts:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:41 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:42 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the " "hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert " "the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:48 src/std-types/hashmap.md:60 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:51 src/std-types/hashmap.md:61 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "\"The Hunger Games\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:54 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:55 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-" @@ -5966,26 +6194,26 @@ msgid "" "us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:65 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-" "value tuples." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:67 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "We are showing `HashMap`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make " "examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, " "but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:70 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still " "compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/hashmap.md:73 +#: src/std-types/hashmap.md msgid "" "This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::" "collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the " @@ -5993,7 +6221,7 @@ msgid "" "to the `keys` method." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:3 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise you will take a very simple data structure and make it " "generic. It uses a [`std::collections::HashMap`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" @@ -6001,70 +6229,88 @@ msgid "" "have been seen and how many times each one has appeared." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:9 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "" "The initial version of `Counter` is hard coded to only work for `u32` " "values. Make the struct and its methods generic over the type of value being " "tracked, that way `Counter` can track any type of value." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:13 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md msgid "" "If you finish early, try using the [`entry`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "stable/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html#method.entry) method to halve the " "number of hash lookups required to implement the `count` method." msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:20 src/std-types/solution.md:6 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "" "/// Counter counts the number of times each value of type T has been seen.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:27 src/std-types/solution.md:13 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "/// Create a new Counter.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:34 src/std-types/solution.md:18 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "/// Count an occurrence of the given value.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:43 src/std-types/solution.md:23 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "/// Return the number of times the given value has been seen.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:59 src/std-types/solution.md:39 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"saw {} values equal to {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:63 src/std-types/exercise.md:65 -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:43 -#: src/std-types/solution.md:45 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"apple\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:64 src/std-types/solution.md:44 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"orange\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-types/exercise.md:66 src/std-types/solution.md:46 +#: src/std-types/exercise.md src/std-types/solution.md msgid "\"got {} apples\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes. It contains:" +#: src/std-traits.md +msgid "[Comparisons](./std-traits/comparisons.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md +msgid "[Operators](./std-traits/operators.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/std-traits.md -msgid "From and Into" +msgid "[From and Into](./std-traits/from-and-into.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/std-traits.md -msgid "Read and Write" +msgid "[Casting](./std-traits/casting.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/std-traits.md -msgid "Default, struct update syntax" +msgid "[Read and Write](./std-traits/read-and-write.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md +msgid "[Default, struct update syntax](./std-traits/default.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md +msgid "[Closures](./std-traits/closures.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md +msgid "[Exercise: ROT13](./std-traits/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/std-traits.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 10 minutes" msgstr "" #: src/std-traits.md @@ -6077,125 +6323,125 @@ msgstr "" msgid "This section is long. Take a break midway through." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "These traits support comparisons between values. All traits can be derived " "for types containing fields that implement these traits." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:6 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "`PartialEq` and `Eq`" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:8 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`PartialEq` is a partial equivalence relation, with required method `eq` and " "provided method `ne`. The `==` and `!=` operators will call these methods." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`Eq` is a full equivalence relation (reflexive, symmetric, and transitive) " "and implies `PartialEq`. Functions that require full equivalence will use " "`Eq` as a trait bound." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:27 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "`PartialOrd` and `Ord`" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:29 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`PartialOrd` defines a partial ordering, with a `partial_cmp` method. It is " "used to implement the `<`, `<=`, `>=`, and `>` operators." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:49 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "`Ord` is a total ordering, with `cmp` returning `Ordering`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:54 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "`PartialEq` can be implemented between different types, but `Eq` cannot, " "because it is reflexive:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md:69 +#: src/std-traits/comparisons.md msgid "" "In practice, it's common to derive these traits, but uncommon to implement " "them." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:30 src/memory-management/drop.md:48 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Discussion points:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:32 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful?" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading " "the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for " "`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:36 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the " "method?" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:38 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but " "associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementer of a " "trait." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/operators.md:41 +#: src/std-traits/operators.md msgid "" "You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, " "i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From." "html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to " "facilitate type conversions:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:11 src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:15 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is " "automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:30 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get " "`Into` implementation too." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md:32 +#: src/std-traits/from-and-into.md msgid "" "When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be " "converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. " @@ -6203,32 +6449,32 @@ msgid "" "implement `Into`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "Rust has no _implicit_ type conversions, but does support explicit casts " "with `as`. These generally follow C semantics where those are defined." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:9 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "\"as u16: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:10 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "\"as i16: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:11 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "\"as u8: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:15 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "The results of `as` are _always_ defined in Rust and consistent across " "platforms. This might not match your intuition for changing sign or casting " "to a smaller type -- check the docs, and comment for clarity." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:19 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "Casting with `as` is a relatively sharp tool that is easy to use " "incorrectly, and can be a source of subtle bugs as future maintenance work " @@ -6238,7 +6484,7 @@ msgid "" "was in the high bits)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:25 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "For infallible casts (e.g. `u32` to `u64`), prefer using `From` or `Into` " "over `as` to confirm that the cast is in fact infallible. For fallible " @@ -6246,124 +6492,124 @@ msgid "" "that fit differently from those that don't." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:33 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "Consider taking a break after this slide." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "" "`as` is similar to a C++ static cast. Use of `as` in cases where data might " "be lost is generally discouraged, or at least deserves an explanatory " "comment." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/casting.md:38 +#: src/std-traits/casting.md msgid "This is common in casting integers to `usize` for use as an index." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "" "Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and " "[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can " "abstract over `u8` sources:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:14 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:15 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"lines in slice: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:18 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"lines in file: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:23 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "" "Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets " "you abstract over `u8` sinks:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:30 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md:37 +#: src/std-traits/read-and-write.md msgid "\"Logged: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:1 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "The `Default` Trait" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait " "produces a default value for a type." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:18 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"John Smith\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:24 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"{default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:27 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"Y is set!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:28 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:31 src/lifetimes/exercise.md:197 -#: src/lifetimes/solution.md:196 +#: src/std-traits/default.md src/lifetimes/exercise.md +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"{:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:38 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:39 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to " "their default values." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:41 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:42 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. " "`0`, `\"\"`, etc)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:44 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "The partial struct initialization works nicely with default." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:45 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "The Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and " "provides convenience methods that use it." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/default.md:47 +#: src/std-traits/default.md msgid "" "The `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-" "with-struct-update-syntax)." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, " "they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn." @@ -6371,87 +6617,86 @@ msgid "" "[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:10 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"Calling function on {input}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:16 src/std-traits/closures.md:17 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"add_3: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:24 src/std-traits/closures.md:25 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"accumulate: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:28 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"multiply_sum: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:35 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or " "perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times " "concurrently." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:38 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it " "multiple times, but not concurrently." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:41 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It " "might consume captured values." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:44 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. " "I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can " "use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:48 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "When you define a function that takes a closure, you should take `FnOnce` if " "you can (i.e. you call it once), or `FnMut` else, and last `Fn`. This allows " "the most flexibility for the caller." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:52 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "In contrast, when you have a closure, the most flexible you can have is `Fn` " "(it can be passed everywhere), then `FnMut`, and lastly `FnOnce`." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:55 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. " "`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:58 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "" "By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` " "keyword makes them capture by value." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:63 src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:93 -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:94 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "\"{} {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:67 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"Hi\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/closures.md:68 +#: src/std-traits/closures.md msgid "\"Greg\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:3 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "In this example, you will implement the classic [\"ROT13\" cipher](https://" "en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13). Copy this code to the playground, and " @@ -6459,32 +6704,32 @@ msgid "" "ensure the result is still valid UTF-8." msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:15 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "// Implement the `Read` trait for `RotDecoder`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:20 src/std-traits/exercise.md:33 -#: src/std-traits/solution.md:26 src/std-traits/solution.md:39 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md src/std-traits/solution.md msgid "\"Gb trg gb gur bgure fvqr!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:36 src/std-traits/solution.md:42 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md src/std-traits/solution.md msgid "\"To get to the other side!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/exercise.md:55 +#: src/std-traits/exercise.md msgid "" "What happens if you chain two `RotDecoder` instances together, each rotating " "by 13 characters?" msgstr "" -#: src/std-traits/solution.md:16 +#: src/std-traits/solution.md msgid "'A'" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-3.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 3" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا" #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "Today, we will cover:" @@ -6500,73 +6745,111 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Smart pointers: standard library pointer types." msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-3.md +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-3.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md +msgid "[Memory Management](./memory-management.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3.md +msgid "[Smart Pointers](./smart-pointers.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-3.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 20 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management.md src/memory-management/clone.md:1 -msgid "Clone" +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Review of Program Memory](./memory-management/review.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/memory-management.md -msgid "Drop" +msgid "" +"[Approaches to Memory Management](./memory-management/approaches.md) (10 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Ownership](./memory-management/ownership.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Move Semantics](./memory-management/move.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Clone](./memory-management/clone.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Copy Types](./memory-management/copy-types.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Drop](./memory-management/drop.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management.md +msgid "[Exercise: Builder Type](./memory-management/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Programs allocate memory in two ways:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:5 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:6 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:7 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:8 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:9 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Great memory locality." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:11 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:12 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:13 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:14 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "No guarantee of memory locality." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:18 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically " "sized data, the actual string, on the heap:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:44 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and " "length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:47 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap " "allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/" @@ -6574,21 +6857,21 @@ msgid "" "[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:53 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` Rust. However, you should " "point out that this is rightfully unsafe!" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:59 src/testing/unit-tests.md:15 +#: src/memory-management/review.md src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "' '" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:60 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "\"world\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:61 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "" "// DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n" " // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead " @@ -6596,76 +6879,76 @@ msgid "" " // undefined behavior.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/review.md:66 +#: src/memory-management/review.md msgid "\"capacity = {capacity}, ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:5 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:6 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Programmer decides when to allocate or free heap memory." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:7 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Programmer must determine whether a pointer still points to valid memory." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:8 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Studies show, programmers make mistakes." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:9 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, " "Haskell, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:11 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "A runtime system ensures that memory is not freed until it can no longer be " "referenced." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:13 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Typically implemented with reference counting, garbage collection, or RAII." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:15 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "Rust offers a new mix:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:17 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory " "management." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:20 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:25 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "This slide is intended to help students coming from other languages to put " "Rust in context." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:28 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "C must manage heap manually with `malloc` and `free`. Common errors include " "forgetting to call `free`, calling it multiple times for the same pointer, " "or dereferencing a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:32 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "C++ has tools like smart pointers (`unique_ptr`, `shared_ptr`) that take " "advantage of language guarantees about calling destructors to ensure memory " @@ -6673,7 +6956,7 @@ msgid "" "tools and create similar bugs to C." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Java, Go, and Python rely on the garbage collector to identify memory that " "is no longer reachable and discard it. This guarantees that any pointer can " @@ -6681,7 +6964,7 @@ msgid "" "GC has a runtime cost and is difficult to tune properly." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/approaches.md:42 +#: src/memory-management/approaches.md msgid "" "Rust's ownership and borrowing model can, in many cases, get the performance " "of C, with alloc and free operations precisely where they are required -- " @@ -6691,64 +6974,64 @@ msgid "" "(not covered in this class)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" "All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error " "to use a variable outside its scope:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:20 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" "We say that the variable _owns_ the value. Every Rust value has precisely " "one owner at all times." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:23 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" "At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed. A " "destructor can run here to free up resources." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/ownership.md:29 +#: src/memory-management/ownership.md msgid "" "Students familiar with garbage-collection implementations will know that a " "garbage collector starts with a set of \"roots\" to find all reachable " "memory. Rust's \"single owner\" principle is a similar idea." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:7 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "\"Hello!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:10 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:14 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:15 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:18 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Before move to `s2`:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "After move to `s2`:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -6772,122 +7055,122 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:58 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function " "parameter. This transfers ownership:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:63 src/memory-management/clone.md:8 +#: src/memory-management/move.md src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "\"Hello {name}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:67 src/memory-management/clone.md:12 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:57 +#: src/memory-management/move.md src/memory-management/clone.md +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"Alice\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:69 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// say_hello(name);\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:76 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by " "value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:79 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated " "to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies " "are aggressively optimized away." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:83 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:85 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:87 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "In the `say_hello` example:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:89 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. " "Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:91 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the " "`say_hello` function." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:93 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and " "if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:95 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name." "clone()`)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:97 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move " "semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:102 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Defensive Copies in Modern C++" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:104 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:107 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "\"Cpp\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:108 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "// Duplicate the data in s1.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:111 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:112 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:114 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "Before copy-assignment:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:130 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "After copy-assignment:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:155 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "C++ has made a slightly different choice than Rust. Because `=` copies data, " "the string data has to be cloned. Otherwise we would get a double-free when " "either string goes out of scope." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:159 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "C++ also has [`std::move`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move), " "which is used to indicate when a value may be moved from. If the example had " @@ -6896,109 +7179,113 @@ msgid "" "programmer is allowed to keep using `s1`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/move.md:164 +#: src/memory-management/move.md msgid "" "Unlike Rust, `=` in C++ can run arbitrary code as determined by the type " "which is being copied or moved." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/clone.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/clone.md +msgid "Clone" +msgstr "" + +#: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "Sometimes you _want_ to make a copy of a value. The `Clone` trait " "accomplishes this." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/clone.md:21 +#: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "The idea of `Clone` is to make it easy to spot where heap allocations are " "occurring. Look for `.clone()` and a few others like `vec!` or `Box::new`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/clone.md:24 +#: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "It's common to \"clone your way out\" of problems with the borrow checker, " "and return later to try to optimize those clones away." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/clone.md:27 +#: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "`clone` generally performs a deep copy of the value, meaning that if you e." "g. clone an array, all of the elements of the array are cloned as well." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/clone.md:30 +#: src/memory-management/clone.md msgid "" "The behavior for `clone` is user-defined, so it can perform custom cloning " "logic if needed." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:18 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:34 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:35 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:40 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:42 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on " "arbitrary objects." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:44 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:45 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by " "implementing the `Clone` trait." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:47 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:49 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "In the above example, try the following:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:51 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` " "is not a `Copy` type." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:53 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the " "`println!` for `p1`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:55 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md:59 +#: src/memory-management/copy-types.md msgid "" "Shared references are `Copy`/`Clone`, mutable references are not. This is " "because rust requires that mutable references be exclusive, so while it's " @@ -7006,70 +7293,69 @@ msgid "" "reference would violate Rust's borrowing rules." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:1 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "The `Drop` Trait" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop." "html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:13 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Dropping {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:18 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:85 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:121 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"a\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:20 src/android/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"b\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:22 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"c\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:23 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"d\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:24 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Exiting block B\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:26 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Exiting block A\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:29 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "\"Exiting main\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:36 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Note that `std::mem::drop` is not the same as `std::ops::Drop::drop`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Values are automatically dropped when they go out of scope." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:38 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "When a value is dropped, if it implements `std::ops::Drop` then its `Drop::" "drop` implementation will be called." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:40 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "All its fields will then be dropped too, whether or not it implements `Drop`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:41 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "`std::mem::drop` is just an empty function that takes any value. The " "significance is that it takes ownership of the value, so at the end of its " @@ -7077,175 +7363,187 @@ msgid "" "values earlier than they would otherwise go out of scope." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:45 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "This can be useful for objects that do some work on `drop`: releasing locks, " "closing files, etc." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:50 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:51 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "" "Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the " "block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/drop.md:53 +#: src/memory-management/drop.md msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:3 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "" "In this example, we will implement a complex data type that owns all of its " "data. We will use the \"builder pattern\" to support building a new value " "piece-by-piece, using convenience functions." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:7 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "Fill in the missing pieces." msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:22 src/memory-management/solution.md:16 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// A representation of a software package.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:34 src/memory-management/solution.md:28 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "" "/// Return a representation of this package as a dependency, for use in\n" " /// building other packages.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"1\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:40 src/memory-management/solution.md:37 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "" "/// A builder for a Package. Use `build()` to create the `Package` itself.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:46 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"2\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:49 src/memory-management/solution.md:52 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Set the package version.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:55 src/memory-management/solution.md:58 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Set the package authors.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:57 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"3\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:60 src/memory-management/solution.md:64 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Add an additional dependency.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:62 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"4\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:65 src/memory-management/solution.md:70 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "/// Set the language. If not set, language defaults to None.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:67 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md msgid "\"5\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"base64\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:76 src/memory-management/solution.md:82 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"0.13\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:77 src/memory-management/solution.md:83 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"base64: {base64:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"log\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:79 src/memory-management/solution.md:85 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"0.4\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:80 src/memory-management/solution.md:86 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"log: {log:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:81 src/memory-management/solution.md:87 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"serde\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:82 src/memory-management/solution.md:88 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"djmitche\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:83 src/memory-management/solution.md:89 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"4.0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/exercise.md:87 src/memory-management/solution.md:93 +#: src/memory-management/exercise.md src/memory-management/solution.md msgid "\"serde: {serde:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/memory-management/solution.md:45 -msgid "\"0.1\"" +#: src/memory-management/solution.md +msgid "\"0.1\"" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md +msgid "[Box" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md +msgid "](./smart-pointers/box.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/smart-pointers.md +msgid "[Rc](./smart-pointers/rc.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/smart-pointers.md -msgid "Box" +msgid "[Owned Trait Objects](./smart-pointers/trait-objects.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/smart-pointers.md -msgid "Rc" +msgid "[Exercise: Binary Tree](./smart-pointers/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned " "pointer to data on the heap:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:9 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"five: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:26 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "`Box` implements `Deref`, which means that you can [call " "methods from `T` directly on a `Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/" "trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:30 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:35 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "/// A non-empty list: first element and the rest of the list.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:37 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "/// An empty list.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:44 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"{list:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:48 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -7267,43 +7565,43 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:64 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be " "not null." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:66 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:67 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust " "compiler wants to know an exact size." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:69 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large " "amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` " "so only the pointer is moved." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:73 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the " "`List`, the compiler would not be able to compute a fixed size for the " "struct in memory (the `List` would be of infinite size)." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:77 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and " "just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:80 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. We get " "the message \"recursive without indirection\", because for data recursion, " @@ -7311,18 +7609,18 @@ msgid "" "storing the value directly." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:87 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "Niche Optimization" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:89 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "Though `Box` looks like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, it cannot be empty/null. " "This makes `Box` one of the types that allow the compiler to optimize " "storage of some enums." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:93 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "" "For example, `Option>` has the same size, as just `Box`, because " "compiler uses NULL-value to discriminate variants instead of using explicit " @@ -7330,99 +7628,99 @@ msgid "" "#representation)):" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:103 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"Just box\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:105 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"Optional box\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:111 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"Size of just_box: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:112 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"Size of optional_box: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/box.md:113 +#: src/smart-pointers/box.md msgid "\"Size of none: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-" "counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data " "from multiple places:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:13 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "\"a: {a}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:14 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "\"b: {b}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:18 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded " "context." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:19 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang." "org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:30 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there " "are references." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:32 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:33 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and " "increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally " "be ignored when looking for performance issues in code." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:36 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") " "and returns a mutable reference." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:38 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md:39 +#: src/smart-pointers/rc.md msgid "" "`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create " "cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`)." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "We previously saw how trait objects can be used with references, e.g `&dyn " "Pet`. However, we can also use trait objects with smart pointers like `Box` " "to create an owned trait object: `Box`." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:43 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:45 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "```bob\n" " Stack Heap\n" @@ -7482,25 +7780,25 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:80 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it " "impossible to have things like `Vec` in the example above." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:82 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that " "implements `Pet`." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:84 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "In the example, `pets` is allocated on the stack and the vector data is on " "the heap. The two vector elements are _fat pointers_:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:86 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "A fat pointer is a double-width pointer. It has two components: a pointer to " "the actual object and a pointer to the [virtual method table](https://en." @@ -7508,17 +7806,17 @@ msgid "" "implementation of that particular object." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:89 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "" "The data for the `Dog` named Fido is the `name` and `age` fields. The `Cat` " "has a `lives` field." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md:91 +#: src/smart-pointers/trait-objects.md msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:3 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "" "A binary tree is a tree-type data structure where every node has two " "children (left and right). We will create a tree where each node stores a " @@ -7526,74 +7824,102 @@ msgid "" "values, and all nodes in N's right subtree will contain larger values." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:8 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "Implement the following types, so that the given tests pass." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:10 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "" "Extra Credit: implement an iterator over a binary tree that returns the " "values in order." msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:14 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:5 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "/// A node in the binary tree.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:21 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:13 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "/// A possibly-empty subtree.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:25 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:17 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "" "/// A container storing a set of values, using a binary tree.\n" "///\n" "/// If the same value is added multiple times, it is only stored once.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:51 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md msgid "// Implement `new`, `insert`, `len`, and `has` for `Subtree`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md:66 src/smart-pointers/solution.md:105 +#: src/smart-pointers/exercise.md src/smart-pointers/solution.md msgid "// not a unique item\n" msgstr "" -#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md:89 src/android/testing/googletest.md:11 +#: src/smart-pointers/solution.md src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"bar\"" msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md +msgid "[Borrowing](./borrowing.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md +msgid "[Lifetimes](./lifetimes.md) (50 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-3-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 1 hour and 55 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md +msgid "[Borrowing a Value](./borrowing/shared.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md +msgid "[Borrow Checking](./borrowing/borrowck.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md +msgid "[Borrow Errors](./borrowing/examples.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md +msgid "[Interior Mutability](./borrowing/interior-mutability.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/borrowing.md +msgid "[Exercise: Health Statistics](./borrowing/exercise.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" "As we saw before, instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, " "you can let a function _borrow_ the value:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:24 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:25 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:30 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" "This slide is a review of the material on references from day 1, expanding " "slightly to include function arguments and return values." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:35 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "Notes on stack returns and inlining:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:37 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" "Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can " "eliminate the copy operation, by inlining the call to add into main. Change " @@ -7605,13 +7931,13 @@ msgid "" "the same when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:63 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" "The Rust compiler can do automatic inlining, that can be disabled on a " "function level with `#[inline(never)]`." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/shared.md:65 +#: src/borrowing/shared.md msgid "" "Once disabled, the printed address will change on all optimization levels. " "Looking at Godbolt or Playground, one can see that in this case, the return " @@ -7619,46 +7945,46 @@ msgid "" "the point will be returned in 2 registers (eax and edx)." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "Rust's _borrow checker_ puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values. " "For a given value, at any time:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:6 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "You can have one or more shared references to the value, _or_" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:7 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "You can have exactly one exclusive reference to the value." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:29 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "Note that the requirement is that conflicting references not _exist_ at the " "same point. It does not matter where the reference is dereferenced." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:31 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through " "`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:33 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` " "to make the code compile." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:35 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before " "the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow " "checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:38 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "The exclusive reference constraint is quite strong. Rust uses it to ensure " "that data races do not occur. Rust also _relies_ on this constraint to " @@ -7666,7 +7992,7 @@ msgid "" "cached in a register for the lifetime of that reference." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md:42 +#: src/borrowing/borrowck.md msgid "" "The borrow checker is designed to accommodate many common patterns, such as " "taking exclusive references to different fields in a struct at the same " @@ -7674,81 +8000,80 @@ msgid "" "this often results in \"fighting with the borrow checker.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/examples.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/examples.md msgid "" "As a concrete example of how these borrowing rules prevent memory errors, " "consider the case of modifying a collection while there are references to " "its elements:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/examples.md:12 +#: src/borrowing/examples.md msgid "\"{elem}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/examples.md:16 +#: src/borrowing/examples.md msgid "Similarly, consider the case of iterator invalidation:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/examples.md:30 +#: src/borrowing/examples.md msgid "" "In both of these cases, modifying the collection by pushing new elements " "into it can potentially invalidate existing references to the collection's " "elements if the collection has to reallocate." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "In some situations, it's necessary to modify data behind a shared (read-" "only) reference. For example, a shared data structure might have an internal " "cache, and wish to update that cache from read-only methods." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:7 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "The \"interior mutability\" pattern allows exclusive (mutable) access behind " "a shared reference. The standard library provides several ways to do this, " "all while still ensuring safety, typically by performing a runtime check." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:11 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:17 -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:43 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "// Note that `cell` is NOT declared as mutable.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:24 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "// This triggers an error at runtime.\n" " // let other = cell.borrow();\n" " // println!(\"{}\", *other);\n" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:29 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "\"{cell:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:33 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:35 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`Cell` wraps a value and allows getting or setting the value, even with a " "shared reference to the `Cell`. However, it does not allow any references to " "the value. Since there are no references, borrowing rules cannot be broken." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:54 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "The main thing to take away from this slide is that Rust provides _safe_ " "ways to modify data behind a shared reference. There are a variety of ways " "to ensure that safety, and `RefCell` and `Cell` are two of them." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:58 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`RefCell` enforces Rust's usual borrowing rules (either multiple shared " "references or a single exclusive reference) with a runtime check. In this " @@ -7756,71 +8081,86 @@ msgid "" "succeed." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:63 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "The extra block in the `RefCell` example is to end the borrow created by the " "call to `borrow_mut` before we print the cell. Trying to print a borrowed " "`RefCell` just shows the message `\"{borrowed}\"`." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:67 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "`Cell` is a simpler means to ensure safety: it has a `set` method that takes " "`&self`. This needs no runtime check, but requires moving values, which can " "have its own cost." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md:71 +#: src/borrowing/interior-mutability.md msgid "" "Both `RefCell` and `Cell` are `!Sync`, which means `&RefCell` and `&Cell` " "can't be passed between threads. This prevents two threads trying to access " "the cell at once." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:3 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" "You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, " "you need to keep track of users' health statistics." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:6 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" "You'll start with a stubbed function in an `impl` block as well as a `User` " "struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out method on the " "`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block." msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:10 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "method:" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:45 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md msgid "" "\"Update a user's statistics based on measurements from a visit to the " "doctor\"" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:50 src/borrowing/exercise.md:56 -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:60 src/borrowing/solution.md:52 -#: src/borrowing/solution.md:58 src/borrowing/solution.md:62 -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:44 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:15 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"Bob\"" msgstr "" -#: src/borrowing/exercise.md:51 src/borrowing/solution.md:53 +#: src/borrowing/exercise.md src/borrowing/solution.md msgid "\"I'm {} and my age is {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:3 +#: src/lifetimes.md +msgid "" +"[Lifetime Annotations](./lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/lifetimes.md +msgid "[Lifetime Elision](./lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/lifetimes.md +msgid "[Struct Lifetimes](./lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/lifetimes.md +msgid "[Exercise: Protobuf Parsing](./lifetimes/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "A reference has a _lifetime_, which must not \"outlive\" the value it refers " "to. This is verified by the borrow checker." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:6 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "The lifetime can be implicit - this is what we have seen so far. Lifetimes " "can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`. Lifetimes start with " @@ -7828,28 +8168,28 @@ msgid "" "`Point` which is valid for at least the lifetime `a`\"." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:11 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime " "yourself. Explicit lifetime annotations create constraints where there is " "ambiguity; the compiler verifies that there is a valid solution." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:15 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "Lifetimes become more complicated when considering passing values to and " "returning values from functions." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:36 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "// What is the lifetime of p3?\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:37 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "\"p3: {p3:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:44 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "In this example, the compiler does not know what lifetime to infer for `p3`. " "Looking inside the function body shows that it can only safely assume that " @@ -7858,26 +8198,26 @@ msgid "" "values." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:50 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "Add `'a` appropriately to `left_most`:" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:56 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "This says, \"given p1 and p2 which both outlive `'a`, the return value lives " "for at least `'a`." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md:59 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-annotations.md msgid "" "In common cases, lifetimes can be elided, as described on the next slide." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:1 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:3 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, " "but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple " @@ -7885,44 +8225,44 @@ msgid "" "inference -- it is just a syntactic shorthand." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:8 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Each argument which does not have a lifetime annotation is given one." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:9 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "If there is only one argument lifetime, it is given to all un-annotated " "return values." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:11 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "If there are multiple argument lifetimes, but the first one is for `self`, " "that lifetime is given to all un-annotated return values." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:53 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "In this example, `cab_distance` is trivially elided." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:55 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "The `nearest` function provides another example of a function with multiple " "references in its arguments that requires explicit annotation." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:58 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "Try adjusting the signature to \"lie\" about the lifetimes returned:" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:64 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "This won't compile, demonstrating that the annotations are checked for " "validity by the compiler. Note that this is not the case for raw pointers " "(unsafe), and this is a common source of errors with unsafe Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md:68 +#: src/lifetimes/lifetime-elision.md msgid "" "Students may ask when to use lifetimes. Rust borrows _always_ have " "lifetimes. Most of the time, elision and type inference mean these don't " @@ -7931,60 +8271,60 @@ msgid "" "just work with owned data by cloning values where necessary." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:1 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:3 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:10 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"Bye {text}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:14 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:17 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "// erase(text);\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:18 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"{fox:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:19 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "\"{dog:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:26 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data " "underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of " "`Highlight` that uses that data." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:29 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), " "the borrow checker throws an error." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:31 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This " "can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them " "somewhat harder to use." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:34 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md:35 +#: src/lifetimes/struct-lifetimes.md msgid "" "Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime " "annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime " @@ -7992,7 +8332,7 @@ msgid "" "of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:3 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you will build a parser for the [protobuf binary encoding]" "(https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/). Don't worry, it's " @@ -8000,7 +8340,7 @@ msgid "" "slices of data. The underlying data itself is never copied." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:8 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "Fully parsing a protobuf message requires knowing the types of the fields, " "indexed by their field numbers. That is typically provided in a `proto` " @@ -8008,11 +8348,11 @@ msgid "" "statements in functions that get called for each field." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:13 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "We'll use the following proto:" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:28 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "A proto message is encoded as a series of fields, one after the next. Each " "is implemented as a \"tag\" followed by the value. The tag contains a field " @@ -8020,7 +8360,7 @@ msgid "" "defining how the payload should be determined from the byte stream." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:33 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "Integers, including the tag, are represented with a variable-length encoding " "called VARINT. Luckily, `parse_varint` is defined for you below. The given " @@ -8028,21 +8368,21 @@ msgid "" "to parse a message into a series of calls to those callbacks." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:38 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "What remains for you is to implement the `parse_field` function and the " "`ProtoMessage` trait for `Person` and `PhoneNumber`." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:44 src/lifetimes/solution.md:4 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A wire type as seen on the wire.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:46 src/lifetimes/solution.md:6 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// The Varint WireType indicates the value is a single VARINT.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:48 src/lifetimes/solution.md:8 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "//I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" " /// The Len WireType indicates that the value is a length represented as " @@ -8050,94 +8390,94 @@ msgid "" " /// VARINT followed by exactly that number of bytes.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:52 src/lifetimes/solution.md:12 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// The I32 WireType indicates that the value is precisely 4 bytes in\n" " /// little-endian order containing a 32-bit signed integer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:57 src/lifetimes/solution.md:17 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A field's value, typed based on the wire type.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:61 src/lifetimes/solution.md:21 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "//I64(i64), -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:66 src/lifetimes/solution.md:26 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// A field, containing the field number and its value.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:81 src/lifetimes/solution.md:41 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "//1 => WireType::I64, -- not needed for this exercise\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:84 src/lifetimes/solution.md:44 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid wire type: {value}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:92 src/lifetimes/solution.md:52 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Expected string to be a `Len` field\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:94 src/lifetimes/solution.md:54 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid string\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:99 src/lifetimes/solution.md:59 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Expected bytes to be a `Len` field\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:106 src/lifetimes/solution.md:66 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Expected `u64` to be a `Varint` field\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:114 src/lifetimes/solution.md:74 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Expected `i32` to be an `I32` field\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:119 src/lifetimes/solution.md:79 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// Parse a VARINT, returning the parsed value and the remaining bytes.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:124 src/lifetimes/solution.md:84 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Not enough bytes for varint\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:127 src/lifetimes/solution.md:87 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "// This is the last byte of the VARINT, so convert it to\n" " // a u64 and return it.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:137 src/lifetimes/solution.md:97 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// More than 7 bytes is invalid.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:138 src/lifetimes/solution.md:98 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Too many bytes for varint\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:140 src/lifetimes/solution.md:100 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// Convert a tag into a field number and a WireType.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:148 src/lifetimes/solution.md:107 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "/// Parse a field, returning the remaining bytes\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:154 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "\"Based on the wire type, build a Field, consuming as many bytes as " "necessary.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:156 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "\"Return the field, and any un-consumed bytes.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:158 src/lifetimes/solution.md:138 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "" "/// Parse a message in the given data, calling `T::add_field` for each field " "in\n" @@ -8146,11 +8486,11 @@ msgid "" "/// The entire input is consumed.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:185 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "// TODO: Implement ProtoMessage for Person and PhoneNumber.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md:204 +#: src/lifetimes/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise there are various cases where protobuf parsing might fail, " "e.g. if you try to parse an `i32` when there are fewer than 4 bytes left in " @@ -8159,25 +8499,26 @@ msgid "" "encountered. On day 4 we'll cover error handling in Rust in more detail." msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/solution.md:119 +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"len not a valid `usize`\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/solution.md:121 src/lifetimes/solution.md:128 +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected EOF\"" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/solution.md:131 +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// Unwrap error because `value` is definitely 4 bytes long.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/lifetimes/solution.md:172 src/lifetimes/solution.md:182 +#: src/lifetimes/solution.md msgid "// skip everything else\n" msgstr "" #: src/welcome-day-4.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Day 4" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا" #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "" @@ -8205,25 +8546,46 @@ msgid "" "Unsafe Rust: the escape hatch when you can't express yourself in safe Rust." msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-4.md +msgid "[Welcome](./welcome-day-4.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md +msgid "[Iterators](./iterators.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md +msgid "[Modules](./modules.md) (40 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4.md +msgid "[Testing](./testing.md) (45 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-4.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 40 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" msgstr "" #: src/iterators.md -msgid "Iterator" +msgid "[Iterator](./iterators/iterator.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/iterators.md -msgid "IntoIterator" +msgid "[IntoIterator](./iterators/intoiterator.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators.md src/iterators/fromiterator.md:1 -msgid "FromIterator" +#: src/iterators.md +msgid "[FromIterator](./iterators/fromiterator.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators.md +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Iterator Method Chaining](./iterators/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/iterator.md:3 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "" "The [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " "trait supports iterating over values in a collection. It requires a `next` " @@ -8231,11 +8593,11 @@ msgid "" "`Iterator`, and you can implement it yourself, too:" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/iterator.md:27 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "\"fib({i}): {n}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/iterator.md:35 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming " "operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is " @@ -8244,7 +8606,7 @@ msgid "" "implementations." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/iterator.md:40 +#: src/iterators/iterator.md msgid "" "`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by " "collection types such as `Vec` and references to them such as `&Vec` " @@ -8252,7 +8614,7 @@ msgid "" "vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:3 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an " "iterator. The related trait [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" @@ -8260,47 +8622,47 @@ msgid "" "It is used automatically by the `for` loop." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:49 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "\"point = {x}, {y}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:57 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Click through to the docs for `IntoIterator`. Every implementation of " "`IntoIterator` must declare two types:" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:60 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "`Item`: the type to iterate over, such as `i8`," msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:61 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:63 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same " "`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option`" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:66 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "The example iterates over all combinations of x and y coordinates." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:68 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Try iterating over the grid twice in `main`. Why does this fail? Note that " "`IntoIterator::into_iter` takes ownership of `self`." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:71 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "Fix this issue by implementing `IntoIterator` for `&Grid` and storing a " "reference to the `Grid` in `GridIter`." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md:74 +#: src/iterators/intoiterator.md msgid "" "The same problem can occur for standard library types: `for e in " "some_vector` will take ownership of `some_vector` and iterate over owned " @@ -8308,60 +8670,64 @@ msgid "" "over references to elements of `some_vector`." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:3 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md +msgid "FromIterator" +msgstr "" + +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) " "lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/" "std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:9 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "\"prime_squares: {prime_squares:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:16 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "`Iterator` implements" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:25 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "There are two ways to specify `B` for this method:" msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:27 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "With the \"turbofish\": `some_iterator.collect::()`, as " "shown. The `_` shorthand used here lets Rust infer the type of the `Vec` " "elements." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:29 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "With type inference: `let prime_squares: Vec<_> = some_iterator.collect()`. " "Rewrite the example to use this form." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md:32 +#: src/iterators/fromiterator.md msgid "" "There are basic implementations of `FromIterator` for `Vec`, `HashMap`, etc. " "There are also more specialized implementations which let you do cool things " "like convert an `Iterator>` into a `Result, E>`." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/exercise.md:3 +#: src/iterators/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you will need to find and use some of the provided methods " "in the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) " "trait to implement a complex calculation." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/exercise.md:6 +#: src/iterators/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the following code to and make the tests " "pass. Use an iterator expression and `collect` the result to construct the " "return value." msgstr "" -#: src/iterators/exercise.md:11 src/iterators/solution.md:4 +#: src/iterators/exercise.md src/iterators/solution.md msgid "" "/// Calculate the differences between elements of `values` offset by " "`offset`,\n" @@ -8370,239 +8736,260 @@ msgid "" "/// Element `n` of the result is `values[(n+offset)%len] - values[n]`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules.md src/modules/paths.md:1 -msgid "use, super, self" +#: src/modules.md +msgid "[Modules](./modules/modules.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md +msgid "[Filesystem Hierarchy](./modules/filesystem.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md +msgid "[Visibility](./modules/visibility.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:3 +#: src/modules.md +msgid "[use, super, self](./modules/paths.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules.md +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Modules for a GUI Library](./modules/exercise.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:5 +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:10 +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "\"In the foo module\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:16 +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "\"In the bar module\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:29 +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "" "Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that " "describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:31 +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "" "Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and " "a library crate compiles to a library." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/modules.md:33 +#: src/modules/modules.md msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden." "rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/" "vegetables.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:13 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "The `crate` root is in:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:18 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc " "comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a " "module." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:22 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant " "germination\n" "//! implementation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "// Re-export types from this module.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:28 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "/// Sow the given seed packets.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:33 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:43 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of " "`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:46 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod." "rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:49 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler " "directive:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:62 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "\"some/path.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/filesystem.md:66 +#: src/modules/filesystem.md msgid "" "This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module " "in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:3 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:5 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:6 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:7 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all " "the descendants of `foo`." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:13 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::private\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:17 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::public\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:22 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::inner::private\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:26 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "\"outer::inner::public\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:40 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:42 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope " "of public visibility." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:45 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-" "privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:47 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:48 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/visibility.md:49 +#: src/modules/visibility.md msgid "" "In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of " "its descendants)." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:3 +#: src/modules/paths.md +msgid "use, super, self" +msgstr "" + +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You " "will typically see something like this at the top of each module:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:11 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "Paths" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:13 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:15 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "As a relative path:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:16 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module," msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:17 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:19 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "As an absolute path:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:20 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate," msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:21 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:26 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "It is common to \"re-export\" symbols at a shorter path. For example, the " "top-level `lib.rs` in a crate might have" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:36 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "making `DiskStorage` and `NetworkStorage` available to other crates with a " "convenient, short path." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:39 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "For the most part, only items that appear in a module need to be `use`'d. " "However, a trait must be in scope to call any methods on that trait, even if " @@ -8611,268 +8998,279 @@ msgid "" "`use std::io::Read`." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/paths.md:45 +#: src/modules/paths.md msgid "" "The `use` statement can have a wildcard: `use std::io::*`. This is " "discouraged because it is not clear which items are imported, and those " "might change over time." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:3 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "In this exercise, you will reorganize a small GUI Library implementation. " "This library defines a `Widget` trait and a few implementations of that " "trait, as well as a `main` function." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:7 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "It is typical to put each type or set of closely-related types into its own " "module, so each widget type should get its own module." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:10 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Cargo Setup" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:12 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "The Rust playground only supports one file, so you will need to make a Cargo " "project on your local filesystem:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:21 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "Edit the resulting `src/main.rs` to add `mod` statements, and add additional " "files in the `src` directory." msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:24 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Source" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:26 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "Here's the single-module implementation of the GUI library:" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:30 src/modules/solution.md:36 +#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "/// Natural width of `self`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:33 src/modules/solution.md:39 +#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "/// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:36 src/modules/solution.md:42 +#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "/// Draw the widget on standard output.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:40 src/modules/solution.md:46 +#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "\"{buffer}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:88 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "// Add 4 paddings for borders\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:100 +#: src/modules/exercise.md msgid "" "// TODO: Change draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use " "the\n" " // ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/exercise.md:102 src/modules/exercise.md:108 -#: src/modules/solution.md:165 src/modules/solution.md:171 +#: src/modules/exercise.md src/modules/solution.md msgid "\"+-{:-. Then use\n" " // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n" msgstr "" -#: src/modules/solution.md:177 +#: src/modules/solution.md msgid "// ---- src/main.rs ----\n" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1 +#: src/testing.md +msgid "[Test Modules](./testing/unit-tests.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md +msgid "[Other Types of Tests](./testing/other.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md +msgid "[Compiler Lints and Clippy](./testing/lints.md) (3 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing.md +msgid "[Exercise: Luhn Algorithm](./testing/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Unit Tests" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:7 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:9 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "" "Tests are marked with `#[test]`. Unit tests are often put in a nested " "`tests` module, using `#[cfg(test)]` to conditionally compile them only when " "building tests." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:37 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md +#, fuzzy msgid "\"Hello World\"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا، أيها العالم" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:42 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:43 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:48 +#: src/testing/unit-tests.md msgid "Run the tests in the playground in order to show their results." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:3 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "Integration Tests" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:5 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:7 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:10 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "// tests/my_library.rs\n" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:19 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:21 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "Documentation Tests" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:23 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:26 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "" "/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n" "///\n" @@ -8883,293 +9281,319 @@ msgid "" "/// ```\n" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:38 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:39 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:40 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "" "Adding `#` in the code will hide it from the docs, but will still compile/" "run it." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/other.md:42 +#: src/testing/other.md msgid "" "Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?" "version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/lints.md:3 +#: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "The Rust compiler produces fantastic error messages, as well as helpful " "built-in lints. [Clippy](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/) provides even " "more lints, organized into groups that can be enabled per-project." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/lints.md:14 +#: src/testing/lints.md msgid "\"X probably fits in a u16, right? {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/lints.md:21 +#: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "Run the code sample and examine the error message. There are also lints " "visible here, but those will not be shown once the code compiles. Switch to " "the Playground site to show those lints." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/lints.md:25 +#: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "After resolving the lints, run `clippy` on the playground site to show " "clippy warnings. Clippy has extensive documentation of its lints, and adds " "new lints (including default-deny lints) all the time." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/lints.md:29 +#: src/testing/lints.md msgid "" "Note that errors or warnings with `help: ...` can be fixed with `cargo fix` " "or via your editor." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:3 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Luhn Algorithm" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:5 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used " "to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and " "does the following to validate the credit card number:" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:9 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject numbers with fewer than two digits." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:11 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number " "`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:14 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "After doubling a digit, sum the digits if the result is greater than 9. So " "doubling `7` becomes `14` which becomes `1 + 4 = 5`." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:17 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:19 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:21 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "The provided code provides a buggy implementation of the luhn algorithm, " "along with two basic unit tests that confirm that most of the algorithm is " "implemented correctly." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:25 +#: src/testing/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the code below to and write additional " "tests to uncover bugs in the provided implementation, fixing any bugs you " "find." msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:57 src/testing/solution.md:69 +#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:58 src/testing/solution.md:70 +#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:59 src/testing/solution.md:71 +#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"7992 7398 713\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:64 src/testing/solution.md:76 +#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:65 src/testing/solution.md:77 +#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/exercise.md:66 src/testing/solution.md:78 +#: src/testing/exercise.md src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:4 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "// This is the buggy version that appears in the problem.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:27 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "// This is the solution and passes all of the tests below.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:56 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"1234 5678 1234 5670\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:58 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"yes\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:59 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"no\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:84 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"foo 0 0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:90 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" \"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:91 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" \"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:92 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" \"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:97 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\"0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/testing/solution.md:102 +#: src/testing/solution.md msgid "\" 0 0 \"" msgstr "" +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md +msgid "[Error Handling](./error-handling.md) (1 hour)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md +msgid "[Unsafe Rust](./unsafe-rust.md) (1 hour and 5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/welcome-day-4-afternoon.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 2 hours and 15 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling.md -msgid "Error Trait" +msgid "[Panics](./error-handling/panics.md) (3 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/error-handling.md -msgid "thiserror and anyhow" +msgid "[Result](./error-handling/result.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling.md src/error-handling/exercise.md:1 -msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +#: src/error-handling.md +msgid "[Try Operator](./error-handling/try.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md +msgid "[Try Conversions](./error-handling/try-conversions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md +msgid "[Error Trait](./error-handling/error.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"[thiserror and anyhow](./error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling.md +msgid "" +"[Exercise: Rewriting with Result](./error-handling/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Rust handles fatal errors with a \"panic\"." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:10 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"v[100]: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:15 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Runtime failures like failed bounds checks can panic" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:17 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Assertions (such as `assert!`) panic on failure" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:18 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "Purpose-specific panics can use the `panic!` macro." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:19 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "A panic will \"unwind\" the stack, dropping values just as if the functions " "had returned." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:21 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:26 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be " "caught:" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:32 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"No problem here!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:33 src/error-handling/panics.md:38 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"{result:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:36 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "\"oh no!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:42 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "Catching is unusual; do not attempt to implement exceptions with " "`catch_unwind`!" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:44 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "" "This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single " "request crashes." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/panics.md:46 +#: src/error-handling/panics.md msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "Our primary mechanism for error handling in Rust is the [`Result`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/result/enum.Result.html) enum, which we briefly " "saw when discussing standard library types." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:33 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "`Result` has two variants: `Ok` which contains the success value, and `Err` " "which contains an error value of some kind." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:36 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "Whether or not a function can produce an error is encoded in the function's " "type signature by having the function return a `Result` value." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:39 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "Like with `Option`, there is no way to forget to handle an error: You cannot " "access either the success value or the error value without first pattern " @@ -9179,18 +9603,18 @@ msgid "" "proper error handling is being skipped." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:48 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "It may be helpful to compare error handling in Rust to error handling " "conventions that students may be familiar with from other programming " "languages." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:53 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "Many languages use exceptions, e.g. C++, Java, Python." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:55 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "In most languages with exceptions, whether or not a function can throw an " "exception is not visible as part of its type signature. This generally means " @@ -9198,32 +9622,32 @@ msgid "" "not." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:60 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "Exceptions generally unwind the call stack, propagating upward until a `try` " "block is reached. An error originating deep in the call stack may impact an " "unrelated function further up." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "Error Numbers" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:66 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "Some languages have functions return an error number (or some other error " "value) separately from the successful return value of the function. Examples " "include C and Go." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/result.md:70 +#: src/error-handling/result.md msgid "" "Depending on the language it may be possible to forget to check the error " "value, in which case you may be accessing an uninitialized or otherwise " "invalid success value." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Runtime errors like connection-refused or file-not-found are handled with " "the `Result` type, but matching this type on every call can be cumbersome. " @@ -9231,42 +9655,42 @@ msgid "" "turn the common" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:15 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "into the much simpler" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:21 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:42 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:43 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:65 -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:36 +#: src/error-handling/try.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"config.dat\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:44 src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:66 +#: src/error-handling/try.md src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "\"username or error: {username:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:51 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "Simplify the `read_username` function to use `?`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:55 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:56 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty " "file, file with username." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try.md:58 +#: src/error-handling/try.md msgid "" "Note that `main` can return a `Result<(), E>` as long as it implements `std::" "process::Termination`. In practice, this means that `E` implements `Debug`. " @@ -9274,36 +9698,36 @@ msgid "" "on error." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously " "indicated:" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:10 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "works the same as" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:19 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the " "type returned by the function. This makes it easy to encapsulate errors into " "higher-level errors." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:42 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "\"IO error: {e}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:43 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "\"Found no username in {path}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:64 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "//std::fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:73 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "The `?` operator must return a value compatible with the return type of the " "function. For `Result`, it means that the error types have to be compatible. " @@ -9312,31 +9736,31 @@ msgid "" "same type or if `ErrorOuter` implements `From`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:79 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "A common alternative to a `From` implementation is `Result::map_err`, " "especially when the conversion only happens in one place." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:82 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "There is no compatibility requirement for `Option`. A function returning " "`Option` can use the `?` operator on `Option` for arbitrary `T` and " "`U` types." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md:86 +#: src/error-handling/try-conversions.md msgid "" "A function that returns `Result` cannot use `?` on `Option` and vice versa. " "However, `Option::ok_or` converts `Option` to `Result` whereas `Result::ok` " "turns `Result` into `Option`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:1 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "Dynamic Error Types" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "" "Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing " "our own enum covering all the different possibilities. The `std::error::" @@ -9344,29 +9768,29 @@ msgid "" "error." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 src/error-handling/error.md:21 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"count.dat\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:20 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"1i3\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:22 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"Count: {count}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:23 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "\"Error: {err}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:31 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "" "The `read_count` function can return `std::io::Error` (from file operations) " "or `std::num::ParseIntError` (from `String::parse`)." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:34 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "" "Boxing errors saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle " "different error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not " @@ -9375,7 +9799,7 @@ msgid "" "message somewhere." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/error.md:40 +#: src/error-handling/error.md msgid "" "Make sure to implement the `std::error::Error` trait when defining a custom " "error type so it can be boxed. But if you need to support the `no_std` " @@ -9384,101 +9808,105 @@ msgid "" "issues/103765) only." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "The [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) and [`anyhow`](https://docs.rs/" "anyhow/) crates are widely used to simplify error handling." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:7 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`thiserror` is often used in libraries to create custom error types that " "implement `From`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:9 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`anyhow` is often used by applications to help with error handling in " "functions, including adding contextual information to your errors." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:19 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Found no username in {0}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:25 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Failed to open {path}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:27 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Failed to read\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:35 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "//fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:37 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Username: {username}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:38 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "\"Error: {err:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:46 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`thiserror`" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:48 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "The `Error` derive macro is provided by `thiserror`, and has lots of useful " "attributes to help define error types in a compact way." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:50 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "The `std::error::Error` trait is derived automatically." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:51 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "The message from `#[error]` is used to derive the `Display` trait." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:53 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`anyhow`" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:55 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box`. As such " "it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but " "is widely used in applications." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:58 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "`anyhow::Result` is a type alias for `Result`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:59 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:60 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result` may be familiar to Go " "developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, " "error)` from Go." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md:63 +#: src/error-handling/thiserror-and-anyhow.md msgid "" "`anyhow::Context` is a trait implemented for the standard `Result` and " "`Option` types. `use anyhow::Context` is necessary to enable `.context()` " "and `.with_context()` on those types." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:3 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md +msgid "Exercise: Rewriting with Result" +msgstr "" + +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "" "The following implements a very simple parser for an expression language. " "However, it handles errors by panicking. Rewrite it to instead use idiomatic " @@ -9486,156 +9914,184 @@ msgid "" "use `thiserror` and `anyhow`." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:8 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "" "HINT: start by fixing error handling in the `parse` function. Once that is " "working correctly, update `Tokenizer` to implement " "`Iterator>` and handle that in the parser." msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:15 src/error-handling/solution.md:9 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// An arithmetic operator.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:22 src/error-handling/solution.md:16 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A token in the expression language.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:30 src/error-handling/solution.md:24 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// An expression in the expression language.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:34 src/error-handling/solution.md:28 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A reference to a variable.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:36 src/error-handling/solution.md:30 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A literal number.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:38 src/error-handling/solution.md:32 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "/// A binary operation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:60 src/error-handling/solution.md:60 -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:75 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'_'" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:76 src/error-handling/solution.md:76 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'+'" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:77 src/error-handling/solution.md:77 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "'-'" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:78 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "\"Unexpected character {c}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:88 src/error-handling/solution.md:87 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected end of input\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:92 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "\"Invalid 32-bit integer'\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:96 src/error-handling/exercise.md:106 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md msgid "\"Unexpected token {tok:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:98 src/error-handling/solution.md:110 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "// Look ahead to parse a binary operation if present.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:114 src/error-handling/solution.md:127 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"10+foo+20-30\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/exercise.md:115 src/error-handling/solution.md:128 +#: src/error-handling/exercise.md src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"{expr:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:42 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected character '{0}' in input\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:85 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Tokenizer error: {0}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:89 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Unexpected token {0:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/error-handling/solution.md:91 +#: src/error-handling/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid number\"" msgstr "" #: src/unsafe-rust.md -msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes. It contains:" +msgid "[Unsafe](./unsafe-rust/unsafe.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "" +"[Dereferencing Raw Pointers](./unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "[Mutable Static Variables](./unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "[Unions](./unsafe-rust/unions.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "[Unsafe Functions](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md) (5 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "[Unsafe Traits](./unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "[Exercise: FFI Wrapper](./unsafe-rust/exercise.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust.md +msgid "This segment should take about 1 hour and 5 minutes" +msgstr "" + +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "The Rust language has two parts:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are " "violated." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:8 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "We saw mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know what " "Unsafe Rust is." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be " "carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Dereference raw pointers." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:17 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Access `union` fields." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see " "[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-" "unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md:29 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe.md msgid "" "Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers " "have turned off some compiler safety features and have to write correct code " @@ -9643,15 +10099,15 @@ msgid "" "rules." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:7 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"careful!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:12 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are guaranteed to\n" " // be non-null and properly aligned, the objects underlying the " @@ -9661,19 +10117,19 @@ msgid "" " // concurrently through any other pointers.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"r1 is: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"uhoh\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "\"r2 is: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:23 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "// NOT SAFE. DO NOT DO THIS.\n" " /*\n" @@ -9683,82 +10139,83 @@ msgid "" " */" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:35 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write " "a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it " "satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:39 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be " "[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:42 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "The pointer must be non-null." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:43 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single " "allocated object)." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:45 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "The object must not have been deallocated." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:46 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:47 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object " "must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:50 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md:52 +#: src/unsafe-rust/dereferencing.md msgid "" "The \"NOT SAFE\" section gives an example of a common kind of UB bug: `*r1` " "has the `'static` lifetime, so `r3` has type `&'static String`, and thus " "outlives `s`. Creating a reference from a pointer requires _great care_." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md +#, fuzzy msgid "\"Hello, world!\"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا، أيها العالم" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable " "static variables:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:20 src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:29 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: There are no other threads which could be accessing `COUNTER`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:31 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:39 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "The program here is safe because it is single-threaded. However, the Rust " "compiler is conservative and will assume the worst. Try removing the " @@ -9766,36 +10223,36 @@ msgid "" "mutate a static from multiple threads." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md:44 +#: src/unsafe-rust/mutable-static.md msgid "" "Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases " "where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a " "heap allocator or working with some C APIs." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "\"int: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "\"bool: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:15 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "// Undefined behavior!\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "" "Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They " "are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unions.md msgid "" "If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want " "[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn." @@ -9803,62 +10260,55 @@ msgid "" "crates/zerocopy) crate." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:3 src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:76 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:5 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions " "you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:9 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:91 -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:41 src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:9 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:15 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:30 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:29 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:38 -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:8 -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:21 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:19 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:24 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:23 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:43 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md src/android/interoperability/with-c.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"C\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:14 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"🗻∈🌏\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: The indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of the\n" " // string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:19 -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:20 -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:21 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"emoji: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"char count: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:26 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: `abs` doesn't deal with pointers and doesn't have any safety\n" " // requirements.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:29 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:32 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "// Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n" " // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n" @@ -9866,18 +10316,17 @@ msgid "" " // emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:43 -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:88 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:45 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular " "conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:49 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n" "///\n" @@ -9886,15 +10335,15 @@ msgid "" "/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:64 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "// SAFETY: ...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:69 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "\"a = {}, b = {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:78 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "`get_unchecked`, like most `_unchecked` functions, is unsafe, because it can " "create UB if the range is incorrect. `abs` is incorrect for a different " @@ -9904,19 +10353,19 @@ msgid "" "undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:85 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:90 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "We wouldn't actually use pointers for a `swap` function - it can be done " "safely with references." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md:93 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-functions.md msgid "" "Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an " "`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. " @@ -9924,212 +10373,207 @@ msgid "" "edition." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:1 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation " "must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:6 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something " "like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:12 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "/// ...\n" "/// # Safety\n" "/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:26 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "// SAFETY: `u32` has a defined representation and no padding.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:34 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining " "the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:37 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "" "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more " "complicated." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md:39 +#: src/unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:1 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:3 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function " "interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` " "functions you would use from C to read the names of files in a directory." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:7 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:10 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:11 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:13 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/" "ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the " "exercise:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Encoding" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Use" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "UTF-8" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:18 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Text processing in Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "NUL-terminated" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:19 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Communicating with C functions" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and " "[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "OS-specific" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:20 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "Communicating with the OS" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:22 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "You will convert between all these types:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:24 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:25 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions," msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:26 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` " "character," msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:28 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some " "unknown data\"," msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:30 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]" "(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it," msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:33 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to " "return it and call `readdir` again." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:36 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very " "useful chapter about FFI." msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:47 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "" "Copy the code below to and fill in the missing " "functions and methods:" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:56 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:69 -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:80 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:6 -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:19 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:30 -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"macos\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:59 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:9 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:66 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:16 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t and\n" " // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n" " // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:79 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:29 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:94 src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:102 -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:44 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:52 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"x86_64\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:97 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:47 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section on\n" " // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n" @@ -10140,103 +10584,102 @@ msgid "" "PowerPC.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:103 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:53 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"readdir$INODE64\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:121 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:71 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n" " // otherwise return Err with a message.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:130 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md msgid "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:137 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:105 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// Call closedir as needed.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:143 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:116 -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:44 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\".\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md:144 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:117 +#: src/unsafe-rust/exercise.md src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"files: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:74 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Invalid path: {err}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:75 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:78 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Could not open {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:88 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n" " // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:92 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// We have reached the end of the directory.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:95 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n" " // terminated.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:107 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "// SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:109 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Could not close {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:128 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"no-such-directory\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:136 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:151 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"Non UTF-8 character in path\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:140 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"..\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"foo.txt\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:147 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"The Foo Diaries\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"bar.png\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:148 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:155 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"crab.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md:149 +#: src/unsafe-rust/solution.md msgid "\"//! Crab\\n\"" msgstr "" @@ -10439,50 +10882,50 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Fun fact: Data from Star Trek is a Soong-type Android." msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "Rust Binaries" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "" "Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, " "create the following files:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:10 src/android/build-rules/binary.md:11 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "\"hello_rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:12 src/android/build-rules/library.md:19 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md #: src/android/logging.md msgid "\"src/main.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:19 src/android/build-rules/library.md:37 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "//! Rust demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:20 src/android/build-rules/library.md:41 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:23 src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:9 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "\"Hello from Rust!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29 +#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust\n" @@ -10491,76 +10934,76 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "Rust Libraries" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android." msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below," msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "" "`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]" "(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/" "crates/)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:17 src/android/build-rules/library.md:18 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"hello_rust_with_dep\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:21 src/android/build-rules/library.md:28 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"libgreetings\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:22 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"libtextwrap\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:24 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "// Need this to avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:29 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"greetings\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:30 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:28 src/android/testing.md -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:39 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md src/android/testing.md +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"src/lib.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:51 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "//! Greeting library.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:52 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "/// Greet `name`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:55 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61 +#: src/android/build-rules/library.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m hello_rust_with_dep\n" @@ -10584,203 +11027,202 @@ msgstr "" msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/birthday-service.md msgid "" "To illustrate how to use Rust with Binder, we're going to walk through the " "process of creating a Binder interface. We're then going to both implement " "the described service and write client code that talks to that service." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "AIDL Interfaces" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:5 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:6 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:8 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:9 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:8 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "/** Birthday service interface. */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:10 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:11 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "/** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:15 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:19 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:20 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:23 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "// Rust is not enabled by default\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md:32 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/interface.md msgid "" "Note that the directory structure under the `aidl/` directory needs to match " "the package name used in the AIDL file, i.e. the package is `com.example." "birthdayservice` and the file is at `aidl/com/example/IBirthdayService.aidl`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "Generated Service API" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "Binder generates a trait corresponding to the interface definition. trait to " "talk to the service." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:16 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "_Generated trait_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:24 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "Your service will need to implement this trait, and your client will use " "this trait to talk to the service." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:29 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "The generated bindings can be found at `out/soong/.intermediates//`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:31 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "Point out how the generated function signature, specifically the argument " "and return types, correspond the interface definition." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md:33 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service-bindings.md msgid "" "`String` for an argument results in a different Rust type than `String` as a " "return type." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "Service Implementation" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:5 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:10 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:18 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:16 -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:57 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:23 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:28 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:31 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:27 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:38 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"libbirthdayservice\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:29 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:13 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"birthdayservice\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:31 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:36 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:39 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:32 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:37 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:40 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"libbinder_rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:39 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "" "Point out the path to the generated `IBirthdayService` trait, and explain " "why each of the segments is necessary." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md:41 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/service.md msgid "" "TODO: What does the `binder::Interface` trait do? Are there methods to " "override? Where source?" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "AIDL Server" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:8 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "//! Birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:14 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "/// Entry point for birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:23 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"Failed to register service\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:32 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:33 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"birthday_server\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:34 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "\"src/server.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:40 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:42 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "// To avoid dynamic link error.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:46 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "The process for taking a user-defined service implementation (in this case " "the `BirthdayService` type, which implements the `IBirthdayService`) and " @@ -10789,11 +11231,11 @@ msgid "" "another language. Explain to students why each step is necessary." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:52 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "Create an instance of your service type (`BirthdayService`)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:53 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "Wrap the service object in corresponding `Bn*` type (`BnBirthdayService` in " "this case). This type is generated by Binder and provides the common Binder " @@ -10802,23 +11244,23 @@ msgid "" "`BirthdayService` within the generated `BnBinderService`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:58 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "Call `add_service`, giving it a service identifier and your service object " "(the `BnBirthdayService` object in the example)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md:60 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/server.md msgid "" "Call `join_thread_pool` to add the current thread to Binder's thread pool " "and start listening for connections." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_server\n" @@ -10829,64 +11271,62 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md:12 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md:22 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/deploy.md msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "AIDL Client" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:5 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:29 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:12 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "/// Call the birthday service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:23 -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:54 -#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:32 -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:20 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md src/android/aidl/types/objects.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:25 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "// Call the service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:27 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"{msg}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:35 -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"birthday_client\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "\"src/client.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:46 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:48 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:50 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m birthday_client\n" @@ -10896,20 +11336,20 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:62 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "`Strong` is the trait object representing the service " "that the client has connected to." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:64 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "`Strong` is a custom smart pointer type for Binder. It handles both an in-" "process ref count for the service trait object, and the global Binder ref " "count that tracks how many processes have a reference to the object." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:67 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "Note that the trait object that the client uses to talk to the service uses " "the exact same trait that the server implements. For a given Binder " @@ -10917,203 +11357,204 @@ msgid "" "server use." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md:71 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/client.md msgid "" "Use the same service identifier used when registering the service. This " "should ideally be defined in a common crate that both the client and server " "can depend on." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "" "Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients " "specify a list of lines for the birthday card:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:16 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "This results in an updated trait definition for `IBirthdayService`:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:31 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "" "Note how the `String[]` in the AIDL definition is translated as a " "`&[String]` in Rust, i.e. that idiomatic Rust types are used in the " "generated bindings wherever possible:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:34 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "`in` array arguments are translated to slices." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:35 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "`out` and `inout` args are translated to `&mut Vec`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-definition.md msgid "Return values are translated to returning a `Vec`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "Updating Client and Service" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "Update the client and server code to account for the new API." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:20 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "'\\n'" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:36 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "\"Habby birfday to yuuuuu\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:37 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "\"And also: many more\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md:44 +#: src/android/aidl/example-service/changing-implementation.md msgid "" "TODO: Move code snippets into project files where they'll actually be built?" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types.md:1 +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "Working With AIDL Types" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "AIDL types translate into the appropriate idiomatic Rust type:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) to idiomatic Rust types." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types.md:6 +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "Collection types like slices, `Vec`s and string types are supported." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types.md:7 +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "" "References to AIDL objects and file handles can be sent between clients and " "services." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types.md:9 +#: src/android/aidl/types.md msgid "File handles and parcelables are fully supported." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Primitive types map (mostly) idiomatically:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "AIDL Type" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:5 src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:7 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Rust Type" -msgstr "" +msgstr "النظام البيئي ل Rust" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Note" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:7 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`boolean`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:8 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`byte`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:8 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`i8`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:8 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Note that bytes are signed." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:9 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`u16`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:9 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "Note the usage of `u16`, NOT `u32`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:10 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`int`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:10 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`i32`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`long`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`i64`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:12 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`float`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:12 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`f32`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:13 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`double`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md:13 +#: src/android/aidl/types/primitives.md msgid "`f64`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "" "The array types (`T[]`, `byte[]`, and `List`) get translated to the " "appropriate Rust array type depending on how they are used in the function " "signature:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:7 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "Position" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:9 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`in` argument" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:9 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`&[T]`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:10 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`out`/`inout` argument" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:10 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "`&mut Vec`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "Return" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:11 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`Vec`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:15 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "" "In Android 13 or higher, fixed-size arrays are supported, i.e. `T[N]` " "becomes `[T; N]`. Fixed-size arrays can have multiple dimensions (e.g. " @@ -11121,114 +11562,112 @@ msgid "" "as array types." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md:18 +#: src/android/aidl/types/arrays.md msgid "Arrays in parcelable fields always get translated to `Vec`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "AIDL objects can be sent either as a concrete AIDL type or as the type-" "erased `IBinder` interface:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:6 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayInfoProvider." "aidl**:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:17 -#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:16 -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:6 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl**:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:23 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "/** The same thing, but using a binder object. */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:26 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "/** The same thing, but using `IBinder`. */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:31 -#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:27 -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:15 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "**birthday_service/src/client.rs**:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:34 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "/// Rust struct implementing the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:56 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "// Create a binder object for the `IBirthdayInfoProvider` interface.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:62 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "// Send the binder object to the service.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:65 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "// Perform the same operation but passing the provider as an `SpIBinder`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md:72 +#: src/android/aidl/types/objects.md msgid "" "Note the usage of `BnBirthdayInfoProvider`. This serves the same purpose as " "`BnBirthdayService` that we saw previously." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md msgid "Binder for Rust supports sending parcelables directly:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:5 +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md msgid "" "**birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/BirthdayInfo.aidl**:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md:22 +#: src/android/aidl/types/parcelables.md msgid "/** The same thing, but with a parcelable. */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:3 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "Files can be sent between Binder clients/servers using the " "`ParcelFileDescriptor` type:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:10 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "/** The same thing, but loads info from a file. */" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:22 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "// Open a file and put the birthday info in it.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:23 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"/data/local/tmp/birthday.info\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:24 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"{name}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:25 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"{years}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:27 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "// Create a `ParcelFileDescriptor` from the file and send it.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:33 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "**birthday_service/src/lib.rs**:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:41 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "// Convert the file descriptor to a `File`. `ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps\n" " // an `OwnedFd`, which can be cloned and then used to create a " @@ -11236,18 +11675,18 @@ msgid "" " // object.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:48 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "\"Invalid file handle\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:64 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "`ParcelFileDescriptor` wraps an `OwnedFd`, and so can be created from a " "`File` (or any other type that wraps an `OwnedFd`), and can be used to " "create a new `File` handle on the other side." msgstr "" -#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md:67 +#: src/android/aidl/types/file-descriptor.md msgid "" "Other types of file descriptors can be wrapped and sent, e.g. TCP, UDP, and " "UNIX sockets." @@ -11283,7 +11722,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"leftpad_test\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:116 +#: src/android/testing.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"general-tests\"" msgstr "" @@ -11339,41 +11778,41 @@ msgid "" "recursively in nested modules." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:3 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "The [GoogleTest](https://docs.rs/googletest/) crate allows for flexible test " "assertions using _matchers_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:11 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"baz\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:12 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "\"xyz\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:16 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "If we change the last element to `\"!\"`, the test fails with a structured " "error message pin-pointing the error:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:37 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "GoogleTest is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this " "example in a local environment. Use `cargo add googletest` to quickly add it " "to an existing Cargo project." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:41 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "The `use googletest::prelude::*;` line imports a number of [commonly used " "macros and types](https://docs.rs/googletest/latest/googletest/prelude/index." "html)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:44 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "This just scratches the surface, there are many builtin matchers. Consider " "going through the first chapter of [\"Advanced testing for Rust " @@ -11383,44 +11822,44 @@ msgid "" "macros, its matchers and its overall philosophy." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:51 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "A particularly nice feature is that mismatches in multi-line strings are " "shown as a diff:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:57 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" " Rust's strong typing guides the way,\\n\\\n" " Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:62 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "\"Memory safety found,\\n\\\n" " Rust's silly humor guides the way,\\n\\\n" " Secure code you'll write.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:69 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "shows a color-coded diff (colors not shown here):" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/googletest.md:86 +#: src/android/testing/googletest.md msgid "" "The crate is a Rust port of [GoogleTest for C++](https://google.github.io/" "googletest/)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:3 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "For mocking, [Mockall](https://docs.rs/mockall/) is a widely used library. " "You need to refactor your code to use traits, which you can then quickly " "mock:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:27 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Mockall is the recommended mocking library in Android (AOSP). There are " "other [mocking libraries available on crates.io](https://crates.io/keywords/" @@ -11429,7 +11868,7 @@ msgid "" "easy to get a mock implementation of a given trait." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:33 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Note that mocking is somewhat _controversial_: mocks allow you to completely " "isolate a test from its dependencies. The immediate result is faster and " @@ -11437,7 +11876,7 @@ msgid "" "wrongly and return output different from what the real dependencies would do." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:38 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "If at all possible, it is recommended that you use the real dependencies. As " "an example, many databases allow you to configure an in-memory backend. This " @@ -11445,28 +11884,28 @@ msgid "" "and will automatically clean up after themselves." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:43 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Similarly, many web frameworks allow you to start an in-process server which " "binds to a random port on `localhost`. Always prefer this over mocking away " "the framework since it helps you test your code in the real environment." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:47 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Mockall is not part of the Rust Playground, so you need to run this example " "in a local environment. Use `cargo add mockall` to quickly add Mockall to an " "existing Cargo project." msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:51 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "Mockall has a lot more functionality. In particular, you can set up " "expectations which depend on the arguments passed. Here we use this to mock " "a cat which becomes hungry 3 hours after the last time it was fed:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/testing/mocking.md:69 +#: src/android/testing/mocking.md msgid "" "You can use `.times(n)` to limit the number of times a mock method can be " "called to `n` --- the mock will automatically panic when dropped if this " @@ -11523,8 +11962,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "\"Something went wrong!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/logging.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:99 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:72 +#: src/android/logging.md src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:" msgstr "" @@ -11562,160 +12001,153 @@ msgid "" "_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "Interoperability with C" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" "Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. " "Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "// SAFETY: `abs` doesn't have any safety requirements.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "\"{x}, {abs_x}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:21 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" "We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/" "safe-ffi-wrapper.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "" "This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for " "production." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:27 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md msgid "We will look at better options next." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Using Bindgen" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) " "tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "First create a small C library:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:23 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:50 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:26 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"+--------------\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:27 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:28 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:109 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:39 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:63 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:40 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday.c\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this " "example):" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:59 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:75 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:60 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"birthday_bindgen\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:61 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday_wrapper.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:62 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"bindings\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:73 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"print_birthday_card\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:74 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"main.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:82 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "//! Bindgen demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:89 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: The pointer we pass is valid because it came from a Rust\n" " // reference, and the `name` it contains refers to `name` above which " @@ -11725,7 +12157,7 @@ msgid "" " // after it returns.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:101 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m print_birthday_card\n" @@ -11735,102 +12167,99 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:107 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:113 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:115 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"libbirthday_bindgen_test\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:114 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\":libbirthday_bindgen\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:118 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:119 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "\"none\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:118 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md msgid "// Generated file, skip linting\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "Calling Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "//! Rust FFI demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "/// Analyze the numbers.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:17 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"x ({x}) is smallest!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:19 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:41 -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:68 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"libanalyze_ffi\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:42 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze_ffi\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:43 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:53 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:66 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"analyze_numbers\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:67 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "\"main.c\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:74 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "" "```shell\n" "m analyze_numbers\n" @@ -11840,82 +12269,82 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:82 +#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md msgid "" "`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol " "will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = " "\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md msgid "" "The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe " "interoperability between Rust and C++." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md msgid "The overall approach looks like this:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" "CXX relies on a description of the function signatures that will be exposed " "from each language to the other. You provide this description using extern " "blocks in a Rust module annotated with the `#[cxx::bridge]` attribute macro." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "\"org::blobstore\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "// Shared structs with fields visible to both languages.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:17 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "// Rust types and signatures exposed to C++.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:18 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:6 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:7 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:6 -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:9 -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:10 -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "\"Rust\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:24 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "// C++ types and signatures exposed to Rust.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:25 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:7 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:6 -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "\"C++\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:26 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "\"include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:40 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "The bridge is generally declared in an `ffi` module within your crate." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:41 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" "From the declarations made in the bridge module, CXX will generate matching " "Rust and C++ type/function definitions in order to expose those items to " "both languages." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:44 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "" "To view the generated Rust code, use [cargo-expand](https://github.com/" "dtolnay/cargo-expand) to view the expanded proc macro. For most of the " @@ -11923,33 +12352,33 @@ msgid "" "(though this doesn't apply for Android projects)." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md:47 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/bridge.md msgid "To view the generated C++ code, look in `target/cxxbridge`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "Rust Bridge Declarations" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "// Opaque type\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "// Method on `MyType`\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "// Free function\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:28 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" "Items declared in the `extern \"Rust\"` reference items that are in scope in " "the parent module." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md:30 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-bridge.md msgid "" "The CXX code generator uses your `extern \"Rust\"` section(s) to produce a C+" "+ header file containing the corresponding C++ declarations. The generated " @@ -11957,48 +12386,48 @@ msgid "" "except with a .rs.h file extension." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/generated-cpp.md msgid "Results in (roughly) the following C++:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "C++ Bridge Declarations" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:20 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "Results in (roughly) the following Rust:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:30 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$new_blobstore_client\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:39 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "\"org$blobstore$cxxbridge1$BlobstoreClient$put\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:56 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "" "The programmer does not need to promise that the signatures they have typed " "in are accurate. CXX performs static assertions that the signatures exactly " "correspond with what is declared in C++." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md:59 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-bridge.md msgid "" "`unsafe extern` blocks allow you to declare C++ functions that are safe to " "call from Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "// A=1, J=11, Q=12, K=13\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "Only C-like (unit) enums are supported." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-types.md msgid "" "A limited number of traits are supported for `#[derive()]` on shared types. " "Corresponding functionality is also generated for the C++ code, e.g. if you " @@ -12006,15 +12435,15 @@ msgid "" "corresponding C++ type." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:15 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Generated Rust:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:33 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "Generated C++:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md:46 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/shared-enums.md msgid "" "On the Rust side, the code generated for shared enums is actually a struct " "wrapping a numeric value. This is because it is not UB in C++ for an enum " @@ -12022,48 +12451,48 @@ msgid "" "Rust representation needs to have the same behavior." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "\"fallible1 requires depth > 0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:16 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "\"Success!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" "Rust functions that return `Result` are translated to exceptions on the C++ " "side." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" "The exception thrown will always be of type `rust::Error`, which primarily " "exposes a way to get the error message string. The error message will come " "from the error type's `Display` impl." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md:27 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/rust-result.md msgid "" "A panic unwinding from Rust to C++ will always cause the process to " "immediately terminate." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "\"example/include/example.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "\"Error: {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:22 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "" "C++ functions declared to return a `Result` will catch any thrown exception " "on the C++ side and return it as an `Err` value to the calling Rust function." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md:24 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/cpp-exception.md msgid "" "If an exception is thrown from an extern \"C++\" function that is not " "declared by the CXX bridge to return `Result`, the program calls C++'s `std::" @@ -12071,140 +12500,141 @@ msgid "" "through a `noexcept` C++ function." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "C++ Type" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:5 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::String`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`&str`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:6 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Str`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md +#, fuzzy msgid "`CxxString`" -msgstr "" +msgstr "السلاسل النص او الكتابة (Strings)" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`std::string`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`&[T]`/`&mut [T]`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Slice`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Box`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`UniquePtr`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`std::unique_ptr`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`rust::Vec`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`CxxVector`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "`std::vector`" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:16 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "These types can be used in the fields of shared structs and the arguments " "and returns of extern functions." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "Note that Rust's `String` does not map directly to `std::string`. There are " "a few reasons for this:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:20 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "`std::string` does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant that `String` requires." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:21 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "The two types have different layouts in memory and so can't be passed " "directly between languages." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/type-mapping.md msgid "" "`std::string` requires move constructors that don't match Rust's move " "semantics, so a `std::string` can't be passed by value to Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:1 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:1 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "Building in Android" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Create a `cc_library_static` to build the C++ library, including the CXX " "generated header and source file." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:8 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"libcxx_test_cpp\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "\"cxx_test.cpp\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:11 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "\"cxx-bridge-header\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:12 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_header\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:14 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:19 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"libcxx_test_bridge_code\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:20 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Point out that `libcxx_test_bridge_header` and `libcxx_test_bridge_code` are " "the dependencies for the CXX-generated C++ bindings. We'll show how these " "are setup on the next slide." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Note that you also need to depend on the `cxx-bridge-header` library in " "order to pull in common CXX definitions." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md:25 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-cpp.md msgid "" "Full docs for using CXX in Android can be found in [the Android docs]" "(https://source.android.com/docs/setup/build/rust/building-rust-modules/" @@ -12213,150 +12643,147 @@ msgid "" "instructions again in the future." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "Create two genrules: One to generate the CXX header, and one to generate the " "CXX source file. These are then used as inputs to the `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "// Generate a C++ header containing the C++ bindings\n" "// to the Rust exported functions in lib.rs.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:11 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:20 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"cxxbridge\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:12 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) --header > $(out)\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:13 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:22 -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"lib.rs\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:14 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"lib.rs.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:16 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "// Generate the C++ code that Rust calls into.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:21 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"$(location cxxbridge) $(in) > $(out)\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:23 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "\"lib.rs.cc\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:29 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "The `cxxbridge` tool is a standalone tool that generates the C++ side of the " "bridge module. It is included in Android and available as a Soong tool." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md:31 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-cpp-genrules.md msgid "" "By convention, if your Rust source file is `lib.rs` your header file will be " "named `lib.rs.h` and your source file will be named `lib.rs.cc`. This naming " "convention isn't enforced, though." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "" "Create a `rust_binary` that depends on `libcxx` and your `cc_library_static`." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:7 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"cxx_test\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md:9 +#: src/android/interoperability/cpp/android-build-rust.md msgid "\"libcxx\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "Interoperability with Java" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "" "Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en." "wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/" "jni/) allows you to create a compatible library." msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:8 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:10 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:13 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:18 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:21 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"system\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:27 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"Hello, {input}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:33 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:63 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:37 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:70 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"libhello_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:38 -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:53 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"hello_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:40 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"libjni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:44 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "We then call this function from Java:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:46 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:67 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "\"helloworld_jni\"" msgstr "" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:68 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +#, fuzzy msgid "\"HelloWorld.java\"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا، أيها العالم" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:69 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md +#, fuzzy msgid "\"HelloWorld\"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا، أيها العالم" -#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:74 +#: src/android/interoperability/java.md msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:" msgstr "" @@ -12782,11 +13209,11 @@ msgid "" "tests, some of which we'll use later." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:1 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "Including `unsafe` Rust Code" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:3 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "" "Unsafe Rust code is forbidden in `rust_static_library` by default --- it " "won't compile. If you need unsafe Rust code, add `allow_unsafe = true` to " @@ -12794,7 +13221,7 @@ msgid "" "necessary.)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md:7 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/unsafe.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" @@ -12810,11 +13237,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:3 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "Simply add the above target to the `deps` of some Chromium C++ target." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md:5 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/depending.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "import(\"//build/rust/rust_static_library.gni\")\n" @@ -12831,107 +13258,107 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:3 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Types are elided in Rust code, which makes a good IDE even more useful than " "for C++. Visual Studio code works well for Rust in Chromium. To use it," msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:6 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Ensure your VSCode has the `rust-analyzer` extension, not earlier forms of " "Rust support" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:8 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "`gn gen out/Debug --export-rust-project` (or equivalent for your output " "directory)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:10 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "`ln -s out/Debug/rust-project.json rust-project.json`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:16 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "A demo of some of the code annotation and exploration features of rust-" "analyzer might be beneficial if the audience are naturally skeptical of IDEs." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:19 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "The following steps may help with the demo (but feel free to instead use a " "piece of Chromium-related Rust that you are most familiar with):" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:22 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "Open `components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:23 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Place the cursor over the `QrCode::new` call (around line 26) in " "\\`qr_code_generator_ffi_glue.rs" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:25 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **show documentation** (typical bindings: vscode = ctrl k i; vim/CoC = " "K)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:27 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **go to definition** (typical bindings: vscode = F12; vim/CoC = g d). " "(This will take you to `//third_party/rust/.../qr_code-.../src/lib.rs`.)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:29 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **outline** and navigate to the `QrCode::with_bits` method (around line " "164; the outline is in the file explorer pane in vscode; typical vim/CoC " "bindings = space o)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:32 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "Demo **type annotations** (there are quite a few nice examples in the " "`QrCode::with_bits` method)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md:35 +#: src/chromium/build-rules/vscode.md msgid "" "It may be worth pointing out that `gn gen ... --export-rust-project` will " "need to be rerun after editing `BUILD.gn` files (which we will do a few " "times throughout the exercises in this session)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:1 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "Build rules exercise" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:3 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "In your Chromium build, add a new Rust target to `//ui/base/BUILD.gn` " "containing:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:13 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "**Important**: note that `no_mangle` here is considered a type of unsafety " "by the Rust compiler, so you'll need to allow unsafe code in your `gn` " "target." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:16 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Add this new Rust target as a dependency of `//ui/base:base`. Declare this " "function at the top of `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` (later, we'll " "see how this can be automated by bindings generation tools):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:24 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Call this function from somewhere in `ui/base/resource/resource_bundle.cc` - " "we suggest the top of `ResourceBundle::MaybeMangleLocalizedString`. Build " @@ -12939,50 +13366,50 @@ msgid "" "times." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:28 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "If you use VSCode, now set up Rust to work well in VSCode. It will be useful " "in subsequent exercises. If you've succeeded, you will be able to use right-" "click \"Go to definition\" on `println!`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:32 -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:48 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Where to find help" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:34 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "The options available to the [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://" "source.chromium.org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/" "rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:35 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Information about [`#[no_mangle]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/" "abi.html#the-no_mangle-attribute)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:36 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Information about [`extern \"C\"`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword." "extern.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:37 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "Information about gn's [`--export-rust-project`](https://gn.googlesource.com/" "gn/+/main/docs/reference.md#compilation-database) switch" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:38 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "[How to install rust-analyzer in VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/" "languages/rust)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:44 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "This example is unusual because it boils down to the lowest-common-" "denominator interop language, C. Both C++ and Rust can natively declare and " @@ -12990,14 +13417,14 @@ msgid "" "Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:48 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "`allow_unsafe = true` is required here because `#[no_mangle]` might allow " "Rust to generate two functions with the same name, and Rust can no longer " "guarantee that the right one is called." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md:52 +#: src/exercises/chromium/build-rules.md msgid "" "If you need a pure Rust executable, you can also do that using the " "`rust_executable` gn template." @@ -13072,35 +13499,35 @@ msgid "" "functionality may benefit from separate tests authored in Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:3 +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" "The [`rust_gtest_interop`](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/" "main/testing/rust_gtest_interop/README.md) library provides a way to:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:5 +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" "Use a Rust function as a `gtest` testcase (using the `#[gtest(...)]` " "attribute)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:7 +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "" "Use `expect_eq!` and similar macros (similar to `assert_eq!` but not " "panicking and not terminating the test when the assertion fails)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md:10 +#: src/chromium/testing/rust-gtest-interop.md msgid "Example:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:3 +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "The simplest way to build Rust `gtest` tests is to add them to an existing " "test binary that already contains tests authored in C++. For example:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:6 +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "test(\"ui_base_unittests\") {\n" @@ -13111,13 +13538,13 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:14 +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "Authoring Rust tests in a separate `static_library` also works, but requires " "manually declaring the dependency on the support libraries:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md:17 +#: src/chromium/testing/build-gn.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib_unittests\") {\n" @@ -13138,7 +13565,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:3 +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" "After adding `:my_rust_lib` to GN `deps`, we still need to learn how to " "import and use `my_rust_lib` from `my_rust_lib_unittest.rs`. We haven't " @@ -13148,15 +13575,15 @@ msgid "" "from the automatically-imported `chromium` crate:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:12 +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "\"//ui/base:my_rust_lib\"" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:18 +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "Under the covers the macro expands to something similar to:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:26 +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" "More information can be found in [the doc comment](https://source.chromium." "org/chromium/chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/chromium_prelude/" @@ -13164,7 +13591,7 @@ msgid "" "third_party&ss=chromium%2Fchromium%2Fsrc) of the `chromium::import` macro." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md:31 +#: src/chromium/testing/chromium-import-macro.md msgid "" "`rust_static_library` supports specifying an explicit name via `crate_name` " "property, but doing this is discouraged. And it is discouraged because the " @@ -13173,34 +13600,34 @@ msgid "" "covered in a later section) use short crate names." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:1 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Testing exercise" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:3 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Time for another exercise!" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:5 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "In your Chromium build:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:7 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "" "Add a testable function next to `hello_from_rust`. Some suggestions: adding " "two integers received as arguments, computing the nth Fibonacci number, " "summing integers in a slice, etc." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:10 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Add a separate `..._unittest.rs` file with a test for the new function." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:11 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Add the new tests to `BUILD.gn`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md:12 +#: src/exercises/chromium/testing.md msgid "Build the tests, run them, and verify that the new test works." msgstr "" @@ -13276,25 +13703,25 @@ msgid "" "terminate a string)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:3 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" "CXX requires that the whole C++/Rust boundary is declared in `cxx::bridge` " "modules inside `.rs` source code." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:16 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "\"example/include/blobstore.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:24 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "// Definitions of Rust types and functions go here\n" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:30 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Point out:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:32 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" "Although this looks like a regular Rust `mod`, the `#[cxx::bridge]` " "procedural macro does complex things to it. The generated code is quite a " @@ -13302,23 +13729,23 @@ msgid "" "`ffi` in your code." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:36 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Native support for C++'s `std::unique_ptr` in Rust" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:37 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Native support for Rust slices in C++" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:38 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Calls from C++ to Rust, and Rust types (in the top part)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:39 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "Calls from Rust to C++, and C++ types (in the bottom part)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md:41 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/example-bindings.md msgid "" "**Common misconception**: It _looks_ like a C++ header is being parsed by " "Rust, but this is misleading. This header is never interpreted by Rust, but " @@ -13326,35 +13753,35 @@ msgid "" "compilers." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:3 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "By far the most useful page when using CXX is the [type reference](https://" "cxx.rs/bindings.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:5 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "CXX fundamentally suits cases where:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:7 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "Your Rust-C++ interface is sufficiently simple that you can declare all of " "it." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:8 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "You're using only the types natively supported by CXX already, for example " "`std::unique_ptr`, `std::string`, `&[u8]` etc." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:11 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "It has many limitations --- for example lack of support for Rust's `Option` " "type." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:14 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "These limitations constrain us to using Rust in Chromium only for well " "isolated \"leaf nodes\" rather than for arbitrary Rust-C++ interop. When " @@ -13363,75 +13790,75 @@ msgid "" "enough." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:26 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "You should also discuss some of the other sticky points with CXX, for " "example:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:28 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "" "Its error handling is based around C++ exceptions (given on the next slide)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md:29 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/limitations-of-cxx.md msgid "Function pointers are awkward to use." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:3 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "CXX's [support for `Result`](https://cxx.rs/binding/result.html) relies " "on C++ exceptions, so we can't use that in Chromium. Alternatives:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:6 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "The `T` part of `Result` can be:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:7 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Returned via out parameters (e.g. via `&mut T`). This requires that `T` can " "be passed across the FFI boundary - for example `T` has to be:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:9 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "A primitive type (like `u32` or `usize`)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:10 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "A type natively supported by `cxx` (like `UniquePtr`) that has a suitable " "default value to use in a failure case (_unlike_ `Box`)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:12 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Retained on the Rust side, and exposed via reference. This may be needed " "when `T` is a Rust type, which cannot be passed across the FFI boundary, and " "cannot be stored in `UniquePtr`." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:16 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "The `E` part of `Result` can be:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:17 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Returned as a boolean (e.g. `true` representing success, and `false` " "representing failure)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md:19 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling.md msgid "" "Preserving error details is in theory possible, but so far hasn't been " "needed in practice." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:1 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "CXX Error Handling: QR Example" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:3 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "The QR code generator is [an example](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:components/qr_code_generator/qr_code_generator_ffi_glue." @@ -13440,11 +13867,11 @@ msgid "" "be passed across the FFI boundary:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:8 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "\"qr_code_generator\"" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:23 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "Students may be curious about the semantics of the `out_qr_size` output. " "This is not the size of the vector, but the size of the QR code (and " @@ -13452,7 +13879,7 @@ msgid "" "the vector)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:27 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "It may be worth pointing out the importance of initializing `out_qr_size` " "before calling into the Rust function. Creation of a Rust reference that " @@ -13460,42 +13887,42 @@ msgid "" "when only the act of dereferencing such memory results in UB)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md:32 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-qr.md msgid "" "If students ask about `Pin`, then explain why CXX needs it for mutable " "references to C++ data: the answer is that C++ data can’t be moved around " "like Rust data, because it may contain self-referential pointers." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:1 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "CXX Error Handling: PNG Example" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:3 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "A prototype of a PNG decoder illustrates what can be done when the " "successful result cannot be passed across the FFI boundary:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:7 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "\"gfx::rust_bindings\"" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:10 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "/// This returns an FFI-friendly equivalent of `Result,\n" " /// ()>`.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:14 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::ResultOfPngReader` type.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:21 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "/// C++ bindings for the `crate::png::PngReader` type.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:32 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "`PngReader` and `ResultOfPngReader` are Rust types --- objects of these " "types cannot cross the FFI boundary without indirection of a `Box`. We " @@ -13503,7 +13930,7 @@ msgid "" "to store Rust objects by value." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md:37 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/error-handling-png.md msgid "" "This example illustrates that even though CXX doesn't support arbitrary " "generics nor templates, we can still pass them across the FFI boundary by " @@ -13513,18 +13940,18 @@ msgid "" "`as_mut`)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:1 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "Using cxx in Chromium" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:3 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "In Chromium, we define an independent `#[cxx::bridge] mod` for each leaf-" "node where we want to use Rust. You'd typically have one for each " "`rust_static_library`. Just add" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:7 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "cxx_bindings = [ \"my_rust_file.rs\" ]\n" @@ -13533,21 +13960,21 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:13 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "to your existing `rust_static_library` target alongside `crate_root` and " "`sources`." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:16 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "C++ headers will be generated at a sensible location, so you can just" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:19 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "\"ui/base/my_rust_file.rs.h\"" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:22 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "You will find some utility functions in `//base` to convert to/from Chromium " "C++ types to CXX Rust types --- for example [`SpanToRustSlice`](https://" @@ -13555,11 +13982,11 @@ msgid "" "l=21)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:27 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "Students may ask --- why do we still need `allow_unsafe = true`?" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:29 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "The broad answer is that no C/C++ code is \"safe\" by the normal Rust " "standards. Calling back and forth to C/C++ from Rust may do arbitrary things " @@ -13570,7 +13997,7 @@ msgid "" "binary can cause unexpected behavior from Rust's perspective." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md:36 +#: src/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp/using-cxx-in-chromium.md msgid "" "The narrow answer lies in the diagram at the top of [this page](../" "interoperability-with-cpp.md) --- behind the scenes, CXX generates Rust " @@ -13578,151 +14005,151 @@ msgid "" "previous section." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:1 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Exercise: Interoperability with C++" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:3 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Part one" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:5 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "In the Rust file you previously created, add a `#[cxx::bridge]` which " "specifies a single function, to be called from C++, called " "`hello_from_rust`, taking no parameters and returning no value." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:8 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Modify your previous `hello_from_rust` function to remove `extern \"C\"` and " "`#[no_mangle]`. This is now just a standard Rust function." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:10 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Modify your `gn` target to build these bindings." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:11 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "In your C++ code, remove the forward-declaration of `hello_from_rust`. " "Instead, include the generated header file." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:13 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Build and run!" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:15 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Part two" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:17 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "It's a good idea to play with CXX a little. It helps you think about how " "flexible Rust in Chromium actually is." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:20 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Some things to try:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:22 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Call back into C++ from Rust. You will need:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:23 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "An additional header file which you can `include!` from your `cxx::bridge`. " "You'll need to declare your C++ function in that new header file." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:25 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "An `unsafe` block to call such a function, or alternatively specify the " "`unsafe` keyword in your `#[cxx::bridge]` [as described here](https://cxx.rs/" "extern-c++.html#functions-and-member-functions)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:27 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "You may also need to `#include \"third_party/rust/cxx/v1/crate/include/cxx." "h\"`" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:29 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Pass a C++ string from C++ into Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:30 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Pass a reference to a C++ object into Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:31 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Intentionally get the Rust function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" "bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:33 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Intentionally get the C++ function signatures mismatched from the `#[cxx::" "bridge]`, and get used to the errors you see." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:35 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Pass a `std::unique_ptr` of some type from C++ into Rust, so that Rust can " "own some C++ object." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:37 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Create a Rust object and pass it into C++, so that C++ owns it. (Hint: you " "need a `Box`)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:39 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Declare some methods on a C++ type. Call them from Rust." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:40 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Declare some methods on a Rust type. Call them from C++." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:42 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Part three" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:44 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "Now you understand the strengths and limitations of CXX interop, think of a " "couple of use-cases for Rust in Chromium where the interface would be " "sufficiently simple. Sketch how you might define that interface." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:50 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "The [`cxx` binding reference](https://cxx.rs/bindings.html)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:51 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "The [`rust_static_library` gn template](https://source.chromium.org/chromium/" "chromium/src/+/main:build/rust/rust_static_library.gni;l=16)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:57 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "Some of the questions you may encounter:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:59 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "I'm seeing a problem initializing a variable of type X with type Y, where X " "and Y are both function types. This is because your C++ function doesn't " "quite match the declaration in your `cxx::bridge`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md:62 +#: src/exercises/chromium/interoperability-with-cpp.md msgid "" "I seem to be able to freely convert C++ references into Rust references. " "Doesn't that risk UB? For CXX's _opaque_ types, no, because they are zero-" @@ -13746,12 +14173,14 @@ msgid "C++ library" msgstr "" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Rust crate" -msgstr "" +msgstr "النظام البيئي ل Rust" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Build system" -msgstr "" +msgstr "النظام البيئي ل Rust" #: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates.md msgid "Lots" @@ -13813,11 +14242,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "How to audit its source code for sufficient safety." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "Configuring the `Cargo.toml` file to add crates" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "Chromium has a single set of centrally-managed direct crate dependencies. " "These are managed through a single [`Cargo.toml`](https://source.chromium." @@ -13825,7 +14254,7 @@ msgid "" "toml):" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:6 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[dependencies]\n" @@ -13836,7 +14265,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:14 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "As with any other `Cargo.toml`, you can specify [more details about the " "dependencies](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/specifying-" @@ -13844,53 +14273,53 @@ msgid "" "that you wish to enable in the crate." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md:18 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-cargo-toml.md msgid "" "When adding a crate to Chromium, you'll often need to provide some extra " "information in an additional file, `gnrt_config.toml`, which we'll meet next." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "Alongside `Cargo.toml` is [`gnrt_config.toml`](https://source.chromium.org/" "chromium/chromium/src/+/main:third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/gnrt_config." "toml). This contains Chromium-specific extensions to crate handling." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:6 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "If you add a new crate, you should specify at least the `group`. This is one " "of:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:15 -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "For instance," msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:22 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "Depending on the crate source code layout, you may also need to use this " "file to specify where its `LICENSE` file(s) can be found." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md:25 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md msgid "" "Later, we'll see some other things you will need to configure in this file " "to resolve problems." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "A tool called `gnrt` knows how to download crates and how to generate `BUILD." "gn` rules." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:6 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "To start, download the crate you want like this:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "Although the `gnrt` tool is part of the Chromium source code, by running " "this command you will be downloading and running its dependencies from " @@ -13898,75 +14327,75 @@ msgid "" "decision." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:17 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "This `vendor` command may download:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:19 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "Your crate" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:20 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "Direct and transitive dependencies" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:21 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "New versions of other crates, as required by `cargo` to resolve the complete " "set of crates required by Chromium." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md:24 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/downloading-crates.md msgid "" "Chromium maintains patches for some crates, kept in `//third_party/rust/" "chromium_crates_io/patches`. These will be reapplied automatically, but if " "patching fails you may need to take manual action." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "Once you've downloaded the crate, generate the `BUILD.gn` files like this:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:9 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "Now run `git status`. You should find:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:11 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "At least one new crate source code in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/" "vendor`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "At least one new `BUILD.gn` in `third_party/rust//v`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "An appropriate `README.chromium`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:17 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "The \"major semver version\" is a [Rust \"semver\" version number](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/semver.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:19 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "Take a close look, especially at the things generated in `third_party/rust`." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md:23 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/generating-gn-build-rules.md msgid "" "Talk a little about semver --- and specifically the way that in Chromium " "it's to allow multiple incompatible versions of a crate, which is " "discouraged but sometimes necessary in the Cargo ecosystem." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "" "If your build fails, it may be because of a `build.rs`: programs which do " "arbitrary things at build time. This is fundamentally at odds with the " @@ -13974,81 +14403,76 @@ msgid "" "to maximize parallelism and repeatability of builds." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:8 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "" "Some `build.rs` actions are automatically supported; others require action:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "build script effect" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Supported by our gn templates" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:10 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Work required by you" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Checking rustc version to configure features on and off" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Yes" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:12 -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "None" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Checking platform or CPU to configure features on and off" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Generating code" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:14 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Yes - specify in `gnrt_config.toml`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Building C/C++" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "No" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:15 -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Patch around it" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:16 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "Arbitrary other actions" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md:18 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems.md msgid "" "Fortunately, most crates don't contain a build script, and fortunately, most " "build scripts only do the top two actions." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "If `ninja` complains about missing files, check the `build.rs` to see if it " "writes source code files." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:6 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "If so, modify [`gnrt_config.toml`](../configuring-gnrt-config-toml.md) to " "add `build-script-outputs` to the crate. If this is a transitive dependency, " @@ -14057,7 +14481,7 @@ msgid "" "file:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:11 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[crate.unicode-linebreak]\n" @@ -14066,14 +14490,14 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md:17 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-generate-code.md msgid "" "Now rerun [`gnrt.py -- gen`](../generating-gn-build-rules.md) to regenerate " "`BUILD.gn` files to inform ninja that this particular output file is input " "to subsequent build steps." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "" "Some crates use the [`cc`](https://crates.io/crates/cc) crate to build and " "link C/C++ libraries. Other crates parse C/C++ using [`bindgen`](https://" @@ -14082,19 +14506,19 @@ msgid "" "very specific in expressing relationships between build actions." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:8 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "So, your options are:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:10 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "Avoid these crates" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:11 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "Apply a patch to the crate." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/resolving-problems/build-scripts-which-take-arbitrary-actions.md msgid "" "Patches should be kept in `third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io/patches/" "` - see for example the [patches against the `cxx` crate](https://" @@ -14103,18 +14527,18 @@ msgid "" "`gnrt` each time it upgrades the crate." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" "Once you've added a third-party crate and generated build rules, depending " "on a crate is simple. Find your `rust_static_library` target, and add a " "`dep` on the `:lib` target within your crate." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:7 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "Specifically," msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:9 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" "```bob\n" " +------------+ +----------------------+\n" @@ -14124,7 +14548,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md:17 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/depending-on-a-crate.md msgid "" "```gn\n" "rust_static_library(\"my_rust_lib\") {\n" @@ -14135,11 +14559,11 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "Auditing Third Party Crates" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Adding new libraries is subject to Chromium's standard [policies](https://" "chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/rust." @@ -14149,18 +14573,18 @@ msgid "" "Rust code can have limited negative side effects. How should you review it?" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:9 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Over time Chromium aims to move to a process based around [cargo vet]" "(https://mozilla.github.io/cargo-vet/)." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:11 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Meanwhile, for each new crate addition, we are checking for the following:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:13 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Understand why each crate is used. What's the relationship between crates? " "If the build system for each crate contains a `build.rs` or procedural " @@ -14168,11 +14592,11 @@ msgid "" "is normally built?" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:17 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "Check each crate seems to be reasonably well maintained" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:18 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Use `cd third-party/rust/chromium_crates_io; cargo audit` to check for known " "vulnerabilities (first you'll need to `cargo install cargo-audit`, which " @@ -14180,65 +14604,65 @@ msgid "" "cargo.md))" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:21 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Ensure any `unsafe` code is good enough for the [Rule of Two](https://" "chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/security/rule-of-2." "md#unsafe-code-in-safe-languages)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:22 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "Check for any use of `fs` or `net` APIs" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:23 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "Read all the code at a sufficient level to look for anything out of place " "that might have been maliciously inserted. (You can't realistically aim for " "100% perfection here: there's often just too much code.)" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md:27 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/reviews-and-audits.md msgid "" "These are just guidelines --- work with reviewers from `security@chromium." "org` to work out the right way to become confident of the crate." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:1 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "Checking Crates into Chromium Source Code" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "`git status` should reveal:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:5 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "Crate code in `//third_party/rust/chromium_crates_io`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:6 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "Metadata (`BUILD.gn` and `README.chromium`) in `//third_party/rust//" "`" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:9 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "Please also add an `OWNERS` file in the latter location." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:11 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "You should land all this, along with your `Cargo.toml` and `gnrt_config." "toml` changes, into the Chromium repo." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:14 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "**Important**: you need to use `git add -f` because otherwise `.gitignore` " "files may result in some files being skipped." msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md:17 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/checking-in.md msgid "" "As you do so, you might find presubmit checks fail because of non-inclusive " "language. This is because Rust crate data tends to include names of git " @@ -14246,7 +14670,7 @@ msgid "" "you may need to run:" msgstr "" -#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md:3 +#: src/chromium/adding-third-party-crates/keeping-up-to-date.md msgid "" "As the OWNER of any third party Chromium dependency, you are [expected to " "keep it up to date with any security fixes](https://chromium.googlesource." @@ -14255,7 +14679,7 @@ msgid "" "still your responsibility just as it is for any other third party dependency." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:3 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "Add [uwuify](https://crates.io/crates/uwuify) to Chromium, turning off the " "crate's [default features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/" @@ -14263,7 +14687,7 @@ msgid "" "shipping Chromium, but won't be used to handle untrustworthy input." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:7 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "(In the next exercise we'll use uwuify from Chromium, but feel free to skip " "ahead and do that now if you like. Or, you could create a new " @@ -14271,53 +14695,53 @@ msgid "" "+/main:build/rust/rust_executable.gni) which uses `uwuify`)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:13 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "Students will need to download lots of transitive dependencies." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:15 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "The total crates needed are:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:17 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`instant`," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:18 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`lock_api`," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:19 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`parking_lot`," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:20 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`parking_lot_core`," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:21 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`redox_syscall`," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:22 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`scopeguard`," msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:23 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`smallvec`, and" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:24 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "`uwuify`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:26 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "If students are downloading even more than that, they probably forgot to " "turn off the default features." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md:29 +#: src/exercises/chromium/third-party.md msgid "" "Thanks to [Daniel Liu](https://github.com/Daniel-Liu-c0deb0t) for this crate!" msgstr "" @@ -14432,8 +14856,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا بكم في Comprehensive Rust 🦀" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "" @@ -14450,8 +14875,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/bare-metal.md +#, fuzzy msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?" -msgstr "" +msgstr "ما هي Rust؟" #: src/bare-metal.md msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers." @@ -14484,7 +14910,7 @@ msgid "" "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:33 +#: src/bare-metal.md src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "On MacOS:" msgstr "" @@ -14588,84 +15014,84 @@ msgstr "" msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "A minimal `no_std` program" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "This will compile to an empty binary." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "" "Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to " "avoid an error about `eh_personality`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md msgid "" "Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to " "define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and " "some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc." "rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "// SAFETY: `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "// Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "// Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:31 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "\"A string\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy " "system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or " "hook into your existing allocator." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. " "in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:42 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have " "exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in " "the top-level binary crate." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "" "`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` " "crate is linked in so we get its panic handler." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47 +#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point." msgstr "" @@ -14691,101 +15117,100 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" "Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try " "turning on an LED on our micro:bit:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "// GPIO peripheral offsets\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "// PIN_CNF fields\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:34 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:21 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "// Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:37 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:59 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: The pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and no\n" " // aliases exist.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:56 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:39 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "// Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:72 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md msgid "" "GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 " "to the first row." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:75 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:44 -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "Run the example with:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "Peripheral Access Crates" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust " "wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/" "pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by " "silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, " "descriptions, addresses and so on." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects " "which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated " "crates." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:57 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md msgid "" "If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin " "pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "HAL crates" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" "[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-" "implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around " @@ -14793,72 +15218,72 @@ msgid "" "(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "// Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" "`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md msgid "" "HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various " "STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "Board support crates" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" "Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific " "board for convenience." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:31 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" "In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, " "and a bit of initialisation." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:33 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "" "The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the " "microcontroller itself." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:35 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "The type state pattern" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "// let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "// pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:33 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can " "exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:35 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you " "can’t keep use the old instance afterwards." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, " "the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into " @@ -14867,39 +15292,39 @@ msgid "" "caught at compile time." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:42 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "" "You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but " "not vice-versa." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a " "number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "GPIO" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "PWM" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "Delay timers" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "I2C and SPI buses and devices" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "Similar traits for byte streams (e.g. UARTs), CAN buses and RNGs and broken " "out into [`embedded-io`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-io), [`embedded-" @@ -14907,66 +15332,66 @@ msgid "" "crates.io/crates/rand_core) respectively." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/" "awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an " "accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI device instance." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "The traits cover using the peripherals but not initialising or configuring " "them, as initialisation and configuration is usually highly platform-" "specific." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other " "platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "[`embedded-hal-async`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal-async) provides " "async versions of the traits." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md msgid "" "[`embedded-hal-nb`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal-nb) provides " "another approach to non-blocking I/O, based on the [`nb`](https://crates.io/" "crates/nb) crate." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, " "like OpenOCD but better integrated." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "SWD (Serial Wire Debug) and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft DAP (Debug Adapter Protocol) server" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "Cargo integration" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log RTT " "(Real Time Transfers) output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed." "toml` file in your project directory." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is " "an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the " @@ -14974,141 +15399,141 @@ msgid "" "on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link " "is a range from SEGGER." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin " "Serial Wire Debug." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you " "want to." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-" "adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any " "supported microcontroller." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:31 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md msgid "" "RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug " "host and the target through a number of ringbuffers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "_Embed.toml_:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "On gLinux or Debian:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:43 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md msgid "In GDB, try running:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Other projects" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit " "support" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, " "unprivileged drivers, IPC" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs." "github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "It doesn't include any HALs." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for " "scheduling rather than a proper kernel." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "Cortex-M only." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md msgid "" "FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing " "applications." @@ -15126,18 +15551,18 @@ msgid "" "morning.md) provided." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a " "serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or " "use the buttons somehow." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:7 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "Hints:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:9 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/" "latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" @@ -15145,112 +15570,112 @@ msgid "" "org/hardware/)." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:14 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:15 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::i2c::" "I2c` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/" "microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/" "struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:22 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi." "com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for " "this exercise." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `compass` directory for the following files." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:29 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:22 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_src/main.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:71 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:393 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_Cargo.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:93 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "_Embed.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:109 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1000 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_.cargo/config.toml_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:122 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:130 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "" "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:138 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:34 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Configure serial port.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:42 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Use the system timer as a delay provider.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:45 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:46 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Setting up IMU...\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:64 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Set up display and timer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:71 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"Ready.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:74 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "// Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:82 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "\"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:120 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md msgid "" "// If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all " "LEDs\n" @@ -15283,12 +15708,12 @@ msgid "" "hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "```armasm\n" ".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n" @@ -15364,13 +15789,13 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, " "zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the " "object file which containing statically allocated variables which are " @@ -15379,19 +15804,19 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:84 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and " "the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If " "we don't:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:88 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-" "unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " @@ -15399,7 +15824,7 @@ msgid "" "is not necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:92 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " @@ -15410,7 +15835,7 @@ msgid "" "not VA or IPA.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:99 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which " "identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB " @@ -15418,86 +15843,86 @@ msgid "" "memory layout that QEMU uses." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:103 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about " "later." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:105 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md msgid "" "All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 " "(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to " "modify `entry.S` accordingly." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "Inline assembly" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with " "Rust code. For example, to make an HVC (hypervisor call) to tell the " "firmware to power off the system:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do anything\n" " // with memory.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"hvc #0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w1\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w2\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w3\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w4\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w5\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w6\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:31 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "\"w7\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:40 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/" "smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:45 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of " "functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is " "implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:48 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the " "inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use " @@ -15505,13 +15930,13 @@ msgid "" "contents of the registers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:52 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because " "it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:54 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally " "used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. " @@ -15521,71 +15946,71 @@ msgid "" "special except make sure it doesn't change these registers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:60 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "Never hold a reference." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate " "reference." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent " "the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the " "compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just " "written, and not bother actually reading memory." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but " "this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to " "dereference it." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md msgid "" "Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the " "struct." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "Let's write a UART driver" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:17 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "/// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" @@ -15599,29 +16024,29 @@ msgid "" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:29 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "/// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:31 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:34 src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:46 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: We know that the base address points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:37 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:33 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// Write to the TX buffer.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:37 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is " "because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety " @@ -15631,53 +16056,53 @@ msgid "" "necessary preconditions." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:61 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but " "`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every " "place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:64 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md msgid "" "This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving " "the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller " "number of places." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "More traits" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more " "traits too." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:17 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: `Uart` just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our " "`Uart` type." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "A better UART driver" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "" "The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding " @@ -15686,229 +16111,212 @@ msgid "" "structured way." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "Offset" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "Register name" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "Width" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x00" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "DR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "12" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x04" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "RSR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10 -msgid "4" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x18" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "FR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "9" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x20" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "ILPR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 -msgid "8" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x24" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "IBRD" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "16" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x28" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "FBRD" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 -msgid "6" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x2c" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "LCR_H" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x30" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "CR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x34" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "IFLS" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x38" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "IMSC" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "11" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x3c" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "RIS" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x40" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "MIS" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x44" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "ICR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "0x48" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "DMACR" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22 -msgid "3" -msgstr "" - -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "" "The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for " "working with bitflags." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Flags from the UART flag register.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Clear to send.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Data set ready.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:18 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Data carrier detect.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:20 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// UART busy transmitting data.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:22 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Receive FIFO is empty.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is full.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Receive FIFO is full.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "/// Ring indicator.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:38 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md msgid "" "The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along " "with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "Multiple registers" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "" "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:43 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md msgid "" "[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-" "representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, " @@ -15917,143 +16325,139 @@ msgid "" "(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:30 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:56 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: We know that self.registers points to the control registers\n" " // of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:41 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "/// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been\n" " /// received.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:47 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: We know that self.registers points to the control\n" " // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "// TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:65 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md msgid "" "Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual " "fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Using it" -msgstr "" +msgstr "استخدام Cargo" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" "Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, " "and echo incoming bytes." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:19 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:18 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:33 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:25 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:24 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device, and\n" " // nothing else accesses that address range.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:29 -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:35 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "b'\\r'" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:36 -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "b'\\n'" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:38 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "b'q'" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:44 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "\"Bye!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" "As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` " "function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker " "notes there for details." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:54 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "" "It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]" "(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the " "`Log` trait." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "\"[{}] {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:35 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "/// Initialises UART logger.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:48 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md msgid "" "The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling " "`set_logger`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:38 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:115 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"{info}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md msgid "" "Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/" "examples`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of " "exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with " @@ -16062,23 +16466,23 @@ msgid "" "calling into Rust code:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:68 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current " "EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:70 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't " "expect any of them to actually happen." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:72 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md msgid "" "We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or " "less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync." @@ -16088,55 +16492,55 @@ msgid "" "it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "\"coreboot without the C\"" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-" "raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, " "exception handling, page tables" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not " "necessarily a good example to copy for production code." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are " "enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with " "`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler " @@ -16144,7 +16548,7 @@ msgid "" "necessarily the case in general." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:23 +#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md msgid "" "If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The " "problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, " @@ -16165,84 +16569,84 @@ msgid "" "programming." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides " "traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other " "types." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:42 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), " "but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by " "DMA, or sent over some external interface." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:48 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is " "valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because " "`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not " "all byte patterns are valid." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:53 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:54 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets " "you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System " "Architecture." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:14 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:16 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:21 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should " "be straightforward to add." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android." "com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/" "pvmfw/)." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md msgid "" "There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware " "or under QEMU." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "" "[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) " "is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can " @@ -16254,18 +16658,18 @@ msgid "" "space for PCI BARs:" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:30 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md msgid "" "Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/" "allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate " "dependency.)" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" "Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without " "heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides " @@ -16274,48 +16678,48 @@ msgid "" "and panics if you try to use more than are allocated." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:25 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" "`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for " "initialisation." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` " "are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or " "interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based " "equivalents of many of these primitives." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:27 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, " "`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:29 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some " "useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to " "`spin::once::Once`." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:31 +#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md msgid "" "The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline." msgstr "" @@ -16328,11 +16732,11 @@ msgid "" "to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "vmbase" msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" "For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android." "googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/" @@ -16340,13 +16744,13 @@ msgid "" "build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:24 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" "The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` " "entry point." msgstr "" -#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:26 +#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md msgid "" "The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a " "PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns." @@ -16362,207 +16766,202 @@ msgid "" "afternoon.md) provided." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "RTC driver" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/" "documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, " "you should write a driver for it." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the " "[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given " "time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:11 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by " "the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://" "docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:14 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:15 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::" "wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and " "look in the `rtc` directory for the following files." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "" "_src/exceptions.rs_ (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of " "the exercise):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:156 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_src/logger.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:216 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_src/pl011.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:419 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_build.rs_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:456 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_entry.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:606 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_exceptions.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:792 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_idmap.S_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:842 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_image.ld_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:954 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "_Makefile_ (you shouldn't need to change this):" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1011 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`." msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "_main.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:29 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:36 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:38 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:49 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:51 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n" " // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n" " // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:57 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device, and\n" " // nothing else accesses that address range.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:62 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"RTC: {time}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:70 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:73 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:91 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Waiting for {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:75 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:83 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:96 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:104 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:87 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:108 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "\"Finished waiting\"" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:89 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "// Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:121 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "_pl031.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:128 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Data register\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:130 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Match register\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:132 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Load register\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:134 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Control register\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:137 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:140 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Raw Interrupt Status\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:143 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Masked Interrupt Status\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:146 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Interrupt Clear Register\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:150 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:158 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n" " /// given base address.\n" @@ -16576,35 +16975,30 @@ msgid "" " /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:170 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Reads the current RTC value.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:172 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:180 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:188 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:199 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:211 -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:218 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: We know that self.registers points to the control registers\n" " // of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:177 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n" " /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:185 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or " "not\n" " /// the interrupt is enabled.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:194 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n" " ///\n" @@ -16612,7 +17006,7 @@ msgid "" " /// interrupt is masked.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:205 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "/// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n" " ///\n" @@ -16621,19 +17015,20 @@ msgid "" " /// interrupt is disabled.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:216 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "/// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:223 +#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md msgid "" "// SAFETY: `Rtc` just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n" "// accessed from any context.\n" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/welcome.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust" -msgstr "" +msgstr "مرحبًا بكم في Comprehensive Rust 🦀" #: src/concurrency/welcome.md msgid "" @@ -16648,10 +17043,30 @@ msgid "" "you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime." msgstr "" +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "[Threads](./concurrency/threads.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "[Channels](./concurrency/channels.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "[Send and Sync](./concurrency/send-sync.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "[Shared State](./concurrency/shared-state.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome.md +msgid "[Exercises](./concurrency/sync-exercises.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency/welcome.md src/concurrency/welcome-async.md msgid "" "Including 10 minute breaks, this session should take about 3 hours and 20 " -"minutes. It contains:" +"minutes" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/welcome.md @@ -16671,285 +17086,309 @@ msgid "" "to read later) save us from multi-threading issues." msgstr "" +#: src/concurrency/threads.md +msgid "[Plain Threads](./concurrency/threads/plain.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/threads.md +msgid "[Scoped Threads](./concurrency/threads/scoped.md) (15 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency/threads.md src/concurrency/shared-state.md #: src/concurrency/async.md -msgid "This segment should take about 30 minutes. It contains:" +msgid "This segment should take about 30 minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "\"Count in thread: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:18 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "\"Main thread: {i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:25 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:26 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Rust thread APIs look not too different from e.g. C++ ones." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Run the example." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:34 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "5ms timing is loose enough that main and spawned threads stay mostly in " "lockstep." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Notice that the program ends before the spawned thread reaches 10!" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "This is because main ends the program and spawned threads do not make it " "persist." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:39 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Compare to pthreads/C++ std::thread/boost::thread if desired." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "How do we wait around for the spawned thread to complete?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "[`thread::spawn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html) " "returns a `JoinHandle`. Look at the docs." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "`JoinHandle` has a [`.join()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/struct." "JoinHandle.html#method.join) method that blocks." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:45 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for " "the thread to finish and have the program count all the way to 10." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:48 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Now what if we want to return a value?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:49 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Look at docs again:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:50 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "[`thread::spawn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/fn.spawn.html)'s " "closure returns `T`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:51 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "`JoinHandle` [`.join()`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/struct." "JoinHandle.html#method.join) returns `thread::Result`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:53 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the " "returned value." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:56 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Ok, what about the other case?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:57 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread. Note that this doesn't panic `main`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:58 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "Access the panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/any/index.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:60 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Now we can return values from threads! What about taking inputs?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:61 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Capture something by reference in the thread closure." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:62 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "An error message indicates we must move it." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:63 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "Move it in, see we can compute and then return a derived value." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:65 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "If we want to borrow?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:66 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "" "Main kills child threads when it returns, but another function would just " "return and leave them running." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:68 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "That would be stack use-after-return, which violates memory safety!" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md:69 +#: src/concurrency/threads/plain.md msgid "How do we avoid this? see next slide." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:20 +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "" "However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/" "fn.scope.html) for this:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "" "The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all " "the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/threads/scoped.md msgid "" "Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one " "thread, or immutably by any number of threads." msgstr "" +#: src/concurrency/channels.md +msgid "" +"[Senders and Receivers](./concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md) (10 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md +msgid "[Unbounded Channels](./concurrency/channels/unbounded.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/channels.md +msgid "[Bounded Channels](./concurrency/channels/bounded.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency/channels.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md -msgid "This segment should take about 20 minutes. It contains:" +msgid "This segment should take about 20 minutes" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "" "Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender` and a `Receiver`. The two " "parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:15 -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:16 -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:20 +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "\"Received: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:27 +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "" "`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` " "implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does " "not." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md:30 +#: src/concurrency/channels/senders-receivers.md msgid "" "`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the " "counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:16 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"Message {i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:17 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:19 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: done\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:24 -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "\"Main: got {msg}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the " "channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there " "is nobody who reads from the channel." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) " "if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md msgid "" "A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". " "Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `recv`." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md -msgid "Send" +msgid "[Marker Traits](./concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "[Send](./concurrency/send-sync/send.md) (2 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md +msgid "[Sync](./concurrency/send-sync/sync.md) (2 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/send-sync.md -msgid "Sync" +msgid "[Examples](./concurrency/send-sync/examples.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across threads? The answer is in " "two traits:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:6 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" "[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` " "is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:8 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" "[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` " "is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" "`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../../unsafe-rust/unsafe-traits.md). " "The compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they " @@ -16957,57 +17396,57 @@ msgid "" "when you know it is valid." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "" "One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-" "safety properties." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/marker-traits.md msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) " "if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" "The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will " "run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one " "thread and deallocate it in another." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:14 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md msgid "" "As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from " "a single thread." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "" "A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) " "if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "More precisely, the definition is:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:15 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "" "This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is " "thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it " "across threads." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md msgid "" "This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across " "multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization " @@ -17016,158 +17455,160 @@ msgid "" "be accessed from any thread safely." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Send + Sync`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`String`, `Option`, `Vec`, `Box`, ..." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Arc`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Mutex`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`mpsc::Sender`: As of 1.72.0." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:13 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:15 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are " "`Send + Sync`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:18 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Send + !Sync`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:20 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. " "Typically because of interior mutability:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`mpsc::Receiver`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`Cell`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`RefCell`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`!Send + Sync`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "`MutexGuard`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on " "the thread which created them." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "`!Send + !Sync`" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "`Rc`: each `Rc` has a reference to an `RcBox`, which contains a non-" "atomic reference count." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40 +#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md msgid "" "`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency " "considerations." msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared-state.md -msgid "Arc" +msgid "[Arc](./concurrency/shared-state/arc.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/shared-state.md +msgid "[Mutex](./concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md) (15 minutes)" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/shared-state.md -msgid "Mutex" +msgid "[Example](./concurrency/shared-state/example.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" "[`Arc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared " "read-only access via `Arc::clone`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:21 -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:17 -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:46 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "\"v: {v:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:30 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" "`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` " "that uses atomic operations." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" "`Arc` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` " "and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:34 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" "`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but " "after that the use of the `T` is free." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "" "Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect " "them." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/arc.md msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "[`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures " "mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only " @@ -17175,51 +17616,50 @@ msgid "" "mutability)):" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:12 -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "\"v: {:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "Notice how we have a [`impl Sync for Mutex`](https://doc.rust-" "lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket " "implementation." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element --- the " "protected data." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the " "protected data." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex` by taking the lock. The " "`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:39 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "`Mutex` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` " "implements `Send`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "A read-write lock counterpart: `RwLock`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/mutex.md msgid "" "If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes " "\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an " @@ -17228,51 +17668,67 @@ msgid "" "You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:6 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "Possible solution:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:50 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "Notable parts:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:52 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" "`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are " "orthogonal." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:54 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" "Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state " "between threads." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:56 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" "`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another " "thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md:58 +#: src/concurrency/shared-state/example.md msgid "" "Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as " "possible." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +msgid "" +"[Dining Philosophers](./concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md) " +"(20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +msgid "" +"[Multi-threaded Link Checker](./concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md) " +"(20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises.md +msgid "[Solutions](./concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has " "their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish " @@ -17284,102 +17740,102 @@ msgid "" "down both forks." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:13 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) " "for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill " "out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:28 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "// left_fork: ...\n" " // right_fork: ...\n" " // thoughts: ...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:36 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:22 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:31 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:41 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Pick up forks...\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:42 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:31 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:38 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:51 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"{} is eating...\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:44 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:59 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Socrates\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:44 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:59 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Hypatia\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:44 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:59 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Plato\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:44 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:59 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Aristotle\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:44 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:59 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Pythagoras\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:51 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:48 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:63 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Create forks\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:53 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:50 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:67 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Create philosophers\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:55 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "// Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:57 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:54 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:95 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Output their thoughts\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:61 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:65 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -17389,7 +17845,7 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It " "should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It " @@ -17397,7 +17853,7 @@ msgid "" "until all pages have been validated." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:8 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/" "reqwest/). You will also need a way to find links, we can use [`scraper`]" @@ -17405,22 +17861,22 @@ msgid "" "we will use [`thiserror`](https://docs.rs/thiserror/)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the " "`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:25 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:29 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -17437,110 +17893,110 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://" "www.google.org/`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:45 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:57 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:93 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"request error: {0}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:59 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:95 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"bad http response: {0}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:70 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:106 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Checking {:#}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:88 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:124 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"href\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:95 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:131 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: {err}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:104 -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:241 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"https://www.google.org\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:107 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "\"Links: {links:#?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:108 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:113 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:121 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a " "channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md:123 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/link-checker.md msgid "" "Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google." "org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up " "being blocked by the site." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:27 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"{} is trying to eat\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:51 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" "// To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n" " // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n" " // either of them.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:75 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"{thought}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:80 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Link Checker" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:150 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" "/// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:158 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" "/// Mark the given page as visited, returning false if it had already\n" " /// been visited.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:184 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:225 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Got crawling error: {:#}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md:243 +#: src/concurrency/sync-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\"" msgstr "" @@ -17581,65 +18037,94 @@ msgid "" "resolution are hidden." msgstr "" +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "[Async Basics](./concurrency/async.md) (30 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "" +"[Channels and Control Flow](./concurrency/async-control-flow.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "[Pitfalls](./concurrency/async-pitfalls.md) (55 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/welcome-async.md +msgid "[Exercises](./concurrency/async-exercises.md) (1 hour and 10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async.md +msgid "[async/await](./concurrency/async/async-await.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async.md +msgid "[Futures](./concurrency/async/futures.md) (4 minutes)" +msgstr "" + #: src/concurrency/async.md -msgid "async/await" +msgid "[Runtimes](./concurrency/async/runtimes.md) (10 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async.md +msgid "[Tasks](./concurrency/async/tasks.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential " "code:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:10 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "\"Count is: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:28 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long " "running operation or any real concurrency in it!" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "What is the return type of an async call?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:34 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return " "type with a future." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the " "compiler on how to use the returned future." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:40 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread " "until the provided future has run to completion." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. " "Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md:46 +#: src/concurrency/async/async-await.md msgid "" "`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are " "introduced later)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a " "trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be " @@ -17647,7 +18132,7 @@ msgid "" "doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but " "uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the " @@ -17655,76 +18140,76 @@ msgid "" "joining to it." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:27 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function " "to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the " "links to show the implementations in the docs." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async " "code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:39 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an " "event occurs." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/async/futures.md msgid "" "`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into " "that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain " "valid after an `.await`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a " "_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust " "does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of " "functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://" "github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:10 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes " "a basic runtime in `async::task`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:14 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]" "(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-" "async/src/lib.rs) already has one." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust " "playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting " "async things can't run in the playground." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md:25 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes.md msgid "" "Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O " "operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS " @@ -17732,66 +18217,66 @@ msgid "" "used." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Tokio provides:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:14 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "\"Count in task: {i}!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "\"Main task: {i}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:32 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:34 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "**Further exploration:**" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:40 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "" "Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async " "cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait " "until it finishes." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:44 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md:46 +#: src/concurrency/async/runtimes/tokio.md msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:5 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" "A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make " "progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` " @@ -17800,153 +18285,164 @@ msgid "" "and an I/O operation." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "\"127.0.0.1:0\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:17 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "\"listening on port {}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "\"connection from {addr:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:25 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "b\"Who are you?\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:25 src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:28 -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "\"socket error\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:30 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:40 -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" "Try connecting to it with a TCP connection tool like [nc](https://www.unix." "com/man-page/linux/1/nc/) or [telnet](https://www.unix.com/man-page/linux/1/" "telnet/)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:46 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" "Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with " "a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:49 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" "This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a " "closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, " "similar to an `async fn`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md:53 +#: src/concurrency/async/tasks.md msgid "" "Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling " "using `?`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +msgid "" +"[Async Channels](./concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md) (10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +msgid "[Join](./concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md) (4 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow.md +msgid "[Select](./concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" "Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:13 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "\"Received {count} pings so far.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "\"ping_handler complete\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "\"Failed to send ping.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:25 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "\"Sent {} pings so far.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:29 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:36 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" "Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the " "[morning class](../channels.md)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" "The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that " "implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient " "for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md:47 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/channels.md msgid "" "What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to " "combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control " "flow." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" "A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns " "a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in " "JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:21 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "\"https://google.com\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:22 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "\"https://httpbin.org/ip\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:23 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "\"https://play.rust-lang.org/\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:24 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "\"BAD_URL\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:39 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" "For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but " "you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is " "currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" "The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would " "cause your program to stall." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md:46 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/join.md msgid "" "You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all " "requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a " @@ -17955,7 +18451,7 @@ msgid "" "demonstrates `join!`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and " "responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise." @@ -17963,7 +18459,7 @@ msgid "" "FIRST_COMPLETED)`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:8 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, " "each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When a `future` is ready, " @@ -17972,27 +18468,27 @@ msgid "" "of the `select!` macro." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:40 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Felix\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:40 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Failed to send cat.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:44 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Failed to send dog.\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:49 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Failed to receive winner\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:51 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "\"Winner is {winner:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:58 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. " "`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick " @@ -18000,25 +18496,25 @@ msgid "" "that take 500ms." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:63 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed " "to receive only one `send`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:66 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts " "of futures." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:69 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. " "It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md:72 +#: src/concurrency/async-control-flow/select.md msgid "" "An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but " "this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide." @@ -18033,14 +18529,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md -msgid "Pin" +msgid "" +"[Blocking the Executor](./concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md) " +"(10 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "[Pin](./concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "" +"[Async Traits](./concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md) (5 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls.md +msgid "" +"[Cancellation](./concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md) (20 minutes)" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "Blocking the executor" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that " "CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from " @@ -18048,39 +18560,39 @@ msgid "" "possible." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:14 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "\"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:19 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "\"current_thread\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:30 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than " "concurrently." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This " "makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-" "threaded flavor." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:39 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual " "thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most " "executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is " @@ -18090,27 +18602,27 @@ msgid "" "situations." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:48 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/blocking-executor.md msgid "" "Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause " "another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Async blocks and functions return types implementing the `Future` trait. The " "type returned is the result of a compiler transformation which turns local " "variables into data stored inside the future." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Some of those variables can hold pointers to other local variables. Because " "of that, the future should never be moved to a different memory location, as " "it would invalidate those pointers." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:11 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "To prevent moving the future type in memory, it can only be polled through a " "pinned pointer. `Pin` is a wrapper around a reference that disallows all " @@ -18118,95 +18630,95 @@ msgid "" "location." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:20 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n" "// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:28 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// Pretend to work.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:38 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"failed to send response\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:45 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:52 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"failed to send on work queue\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:53 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"failed waiting for response\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:62 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:70 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically " "call `select!` in a loop." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:73 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your " "time with it." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:76 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to " "the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:79 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:90 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the " "`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::" "pin`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:104 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every " "iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset " "`timeout_fut` every time it expires:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:119 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently " "stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, " "but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:123 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that " "will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:126 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "Data that contains pointers to itself is called self-referential. Normally, " "the Rust borrow checker would prevent self-referential data from being " @@ -18215,21 +18727,21 @@ msgid "" "borrow checker." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:132 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "`Pin` is a wrapper around a reference. An object cannot be moved from its " "place using a pinned pointer. However, it can still be moved through an " "unpinned pointer." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md:136 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/pin.md msgid "" "The `poll` method of the `Future` trait uses `Pin<&mut Self>` instead of " "`&mut Self` to refer to the instance. That's why it can only be called on a " "pinned pointer." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Async methods in traits are were stabilized only recently, in the 1.75 " "release. This required support for using return-position `impl Trait` (RPIT) " @@ -18237,46 +18749,46 @@ msgid "" "= ...>`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:7 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "However, even with the native support today there are some pitfalls around " "`async fn` and RPIT in traits:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:10 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Return-position impl Trait captures all in-scope lifetimes (so some patterns " "of borrowing cannot be expressed)" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:13 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Traits whose methods use return-position `impl trait` or `async` are not " "`dyn` compatible." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:16 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "If we do need `dyn` support, the crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-" "trait/latest/async_trait/) provides a workaround through a macro, with some " "caveats:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:46 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "\"running all sleepers..\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:50 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "\"slept for {}ms\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:68 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to " "achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:71 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and " "probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of " @@ -18285,13 +18797,13 @@ msgid "" "digging deeper." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md:77 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/async-traits.md msgid "" "Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of " "time and adding it to the Vec." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called " "_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to " @@ -18299,107 +18811,122 @@ msgid "" "example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:35 -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:102 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"not UTF-8\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:51 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"hi\\nthere\\n\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:57 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "\"tick!\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:73 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API " "documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:76 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs " "error-handling)." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:79 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "The example loses parts of the string." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:81 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are " "dropped." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:84 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by making `buf` part of the " "struct:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:98 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "// prefix buf and bytes with self.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:108 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval." "html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a " "tick has been 'delivered'." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:112 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either " "returns or doesn't read data." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md:115 +#: src/concurrency/async-pitfalls/cancellation.md msgid "" "[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait." "AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ " "cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:1 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "" +"[Dining Philosophers](./concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md) " +"(20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "" +"[Broadcast Chat Application](./concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md) (30 " +"minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises.md +msgid "[Solutions](./concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md) (20 minutes)" +msgstr "" + +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "Dining Philosophers --- Async" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "See [dining philosophers](concurrency/sync-exercises/dining-philosophers.md) " "for a description of the problem." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:6 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-" "locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/" "main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:37 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:29 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Keep trying until we have both forks\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:52 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:85 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Make them think and eat\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:58 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. " "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:63 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -18413,17 +18940,17 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:73 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "" "Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module " "from the `tokio` crate." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md:79 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/dining-philosophers.md msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded?" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:3 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast " "chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and " @@ -18432,7 +18959,7 @@ msgid "" "that it receives to all the clients." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:9 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/" "sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]" @@ -18440,15 +18967,15 @@ msgid "" "and the server." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:12 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:14 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "_Cargo.toml_:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:18 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "```toml\n" "[package]\n" @@ -18465,49 +18992,49 @@ msgid "" "```" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:31 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "The required APIs" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:33 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and " "[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/). Spend a few minutes " "to familiarize yourself with the API." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:37 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "[StreamExt::next()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/stream/" "trait.StreamExt.html#method.next) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:39 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/" "trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebSocketStream`: for " "asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:41 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines." "html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the " "standard input." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:43 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/" "struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:45 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Two binaries" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:47 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main." "rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one " @@ -18518,81 +19045,81 @@ msgid "" "targets.html#binaries))." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:54 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/" "bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as " "described below." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:58 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:104 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "_src/bin/server.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:77 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:124 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "// TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:85 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:154 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:86 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:155 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"listening on port 2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:90 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:159 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"New connection from {addr:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:93 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:162 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:102 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:171 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "_src/bin/client.rs_:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:116 -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:183 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:129 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Running the binaries" -msgstr "" +msgstr "تشغيل الدورة" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:131 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Run the server with:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:137 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "and the client with:" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:145 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:146 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a " "continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts " "them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:149 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:150 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently " "performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and " @@ -18600,56 +19127,56 @@ msgid "" "displaying them for the user." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md:154 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/chat-app.md msgid "" "Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all " "clients, but the sender of the message." msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:35 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" "// If we didn't get the left fork, drop the right fork if we\n" " // have it and let other tasks make progress.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:42 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" "// If we didn't get the right fork, drop the left fork and let\n" " // other tasks make progress.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:54 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// The locks are dropped here\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:82 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:97 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Here is a thought: {thought}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:122 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:126 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "" "// A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) receiving\n" " // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n" " // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:135 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"From client {addr:?} {text:?}\"" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:190 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "// Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n" msgstr "" -#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md:197 +#: src/concurrency/async-exercises/solutions.md msgid "\"From server: {}\"" msgstr "" @@ -18674,7 +19201,6 @@ msgid "" "the English original." msgstr "" -#. Please add the English term in italic after your translated term. Also, please keep the hard line breaks to ensure a nice formatting. #: src/glossary.md msgid "" "allocate: \n" @@ -19294,8 +19820,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #: src/credits.md +#, fuzzy msgid "Rust on Exercism" -msgstr "" +msgstr "النظام البيئي ل Rust" #: src/credits.md msgid ""