period.py

# pylint: disable=E1101,E1103,W0232
from datetime import datetime
import numpy as np
import warnings

from pandas.core import common as com
from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
    is_integer,
    is_float,
    is_integer_dtype,
    is_float_dtype,
    is_scalar,
    is_datetime64_dtype,
    is_datetime64_any_dtype,
    is_period_dtype,
    is_bool_dtype,
    pandas_dtype,
    ensure_object)

import pandas.tseries.frequencies as frequencies
from pandas.tseries.frequencies import get_freq_code as _gfc

from pandas.core.indexes.datetimes import DatetimeIndex, Int64Index, Index
from pandas.core.indexes.datetimelike import DatelikeOps, DatetimeIndexOpsMixin
from pandas.core.tools.datetimes import parse_time_string

from pandas._libs.lib import infer_dtype
from pandas._libs import tslib, index as libindex, Timedelta
from pandas._libs.tslibs.period import (Period, IncompatibleFrequency,
                                        DIFFERENT_FREQ_INDEX,
                                        _validate_end_alias)
from pandas._libs.tslibs import resolution, period

from pandas.core.arrays.period import PeriodArrayMixin
from pandas.core.base import _shared_docs
from pandas.core.indexes.base import _index_shared_docs, ensure_index

from pandas import compat
from pandas.util._decorators import (Appender, Substitution, cache_readonly,
                                     deprecate_kwarg)

import pandas.core.indexes.base as ibase
_index_doc_kwargs = dict(ibase._index_doc_kwargs)
_index_doc_kwargs.update(
    dict(target_klass='PeriodIndex or list of Periods'))


def _wrap_field_accessor(name):
    fget = getattr(PeriodArrayMixin, name).fget

    def f(self):
        result = fget(self)
        return Index(result, name=self.name)

    f.__name__ = name
    f.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
    return property(f)


def dt64arr_to_periodarr(data, freq, tz):
    if data.dtype != np.dtype('M8[ns]'):
        raise ValueError('Wrong dtype: %s' % data.dtype)

    freq = Period._maybe_convert_freq(freq)
    base, mult = _gfc(freq)
    return period.dt64arr_to_periodarr(data.view('i8'), base, tz)

# --- Period index sketch


def _new_PeriodIndex(cls, **d):
    # GH13277 for unpickling
    if d['data'].dtype == 'int64':
        values = d.pop('data')
    return cls._from_ordinals(values=values, **d)


class PeriodIndex(PeriodArrayMixin, DatelikeOps, DatetimeIndexOpsMixin,
                  Int64Index):
    """
    Immutable ndarray holding ordinal values indicating regular periods in
    time such as particular years, quarters, months, etc.

    Index keys are boxed to Period objects which carries the metadata (eg,
    frequency information).

    Parameters
    ----------
    data : array-like (1-dimensional), optional
        Optional period-like data to construct index with
    copy : bool
        Make a copy of input ndarray
    freq : string or period object, optional
        One of pandas period strings or corresponding objects
    start : starting value, period-like, optional
        If data is None, used as the start point in generating regular
        period data.
    periods : int, optional, > 0
        Number of periods to generate, if generating index. Takes precedence
        over end argument
    end : end value, period-like, optional
        If periods is none, generated index will extend to first conforming
        period on or just past end argument
    year : int, array, or Series, default None
    month : int, array, or Series, default None
    quarter : int, array, or Series, default None
    day : int, array, or Series, default None
    hour : int, array, or Series, default None
    minute : int, array, or Series, default None
    second : int, array, or Series, default None
    tz : object, default None
        Timezone for converting datetime64 data to Periods
    dtype : str or PeriodDtype, default None

    Attributes
    ----------
    day
    dayofweek
    dayofyear
    days_in_month
    daysinmonth
    end_time
    freq
    freqstr
    hour
    is_leap_year
    minute
    month
    quarter
    qyear
    second
    start_time
    week
    weekday
    weekofyear
    year

    Methods
    -------
    asfreq
    strftime
    to_timestamp

    Examples
    --------
    >>> idx = pd.PeriodIndex(year=year_arr, quarter=q_arr)

    >>> idx2 = pd.PeriodIndex(start='2000', end='2010', freq='A')

    See Also
    ---------
    Index : The base pandas Index type
    Period : Represents a period of time
    DatetimeIndex : Index with datetime64 data
    TimedeltaIndex : Index of timedelta64 data
    """
    _typ = 'periodindex'
    _attributes = ['name', 'freq']

    # define my properties & methods for delegation
    _other_ops = []
    _bool_ops = ['is_leap_year']
    _object_ops = ['start_time', 'end_time', 'freq']
    _field_ops = ['year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second',
                  'weekofyear', 'weekday', 'week', 'dayofweek',
                  'dayofyear', 'quarter', 'qyear',
                  'days_in_month', 'daysinmonth']
    _datetimelike_ops = _field_ops + _object_ops + _bool_ops
    _datetimelike_methods = ['strftime', 'to_timestamp', 'asfreq']

    _is_numeric_dtype = False
    _infer_as_myclass = True

    _freq = None

    _engine_type = libindex.PeriodEngine

    def __new__(cls, data=None, ordinal=None, freq=None, start=None, end=None,
                periods=None, tz=None, dtype=None, copy=False, name=None,
                **fields):

        valid_field_set = {'year', 'month', 'day', 'quarter',
                           'hour', 'minute', 'second'}

        if not set(fields).issubset(valid_field_set):
            raise TypeError('__new__() got an unexpected keyword argument {}'.
                            format(list(set(fields) - valid_field_set)[0]))

        if periods is not None:
            if is_float(periods):
                periods = int(periods)
            elif not is_integer(periods):
                msg = 'periods must be a number, got {periods}'
                raise TypeError(msg.format(periods=periods))

        if name is None and hasattr(data, 'name'):
            name = data.name

        if dtype is not None:
            dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)
            if not is_period_dtype(dtype):
                raise ValueError('dtype must be PeriodDtype')
            if freq is None:
                freq = dtype.freq
            elif freq != dtype.freq:
                msg = 'specified freq and dtype are different'
                raise IncompatibleFrequency(msg)

        # coerce freq to freq object, otherwise it can be coerced elementwise
        # which is slow
        if freq:
            freq = Period._maybe_convert_freq(freq)

        if data is None:
            if ordinal is not None:
                data = np.asarray(ordinal, dtype=np.int64)
            else:
                data, freq = cls._generate_range(start, end, periods,
                                                 freq, fields)
            return cls._from_ordinals(data, name=name, freq=freq)

        if isinstance(data, PeriodIndex):
            if freq is None or freq == data.freq:  # no freq change
                freq = data.freq
                data = data._ndarray_values
            else:
                base1, _ = _gfc(data.freq)
                base2, _ = _gfc(freq)
                data = period.period_asfreq_arr(data._ndarray_values,
                                                base1, base2, 1)
            return cls._simple_new(data, name=name, freq=freq)

        # not array / index
        if not isinstance(data, (np.ndarray, PeriodIndex,
                                 DatetimeIndex, Int64Index)):
            if is_scalar(data) or isinstance(data, Period):
                cls._scalar_data_error(data)

            # other iterable of some kind
            if not isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
                data = list(data)

            data = np.asarray(data)

        # datetime other than period
        if is_datetime64_dtype(data.dtype):
            data = dt64arr_to_periodarr(data, freq, tz)
            return cls._from_ordinals(data, name=name, freq=freq)

        # check not floats
        if infer_dtype(data) == 'floating' and len(data) > 0:
            raise TypeError("PeriodIndex does not allow "
                            "floating point in construction")

        # anything else, likely an array of strings or periods
        data = ensure_object(data)
        freq = freq or period.extract_freq(data)
        data = period.extract_ordinals(data, freq)
        return cls._from_ordinals(data, name=name, freq=freq)

    @cache_readonly
    def _engine(self):
        return self._engine_type(lambda: self, len(self))

    @classmethod
    def _simple_new(cls, values, name=None, freq=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Values can be any type that can be coerced to Periods.
        Ordinals in an ndarray are fastpath-ed to `_from_ordinals`
        """
        if not is_integer_dtype(values):
            values = np.array(values, copy=False)
            if len(values) > 0 and is_float_dtype(values):
                raise TypeError("PeriodIndex can't take floats")
            return cls(values, name=name, freq=freq, **kwargs)

        return cls._from_ordinals(values, name, freq, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def _from_ordinals(cls, values, name=None, freq=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Values should be int ordinals
        `__new__` & `_simple_new` cooerce to ordinals and call this method
        """
        result = super(PeriodIndex, cls)._from_ordinals(values, freq)

        result.name = name
        result._reset_identity()
        return result

    def _shallow_copy_with_infer(self, values=None, **kwargs):
        """ we always want to return a PeriodIndex """
        return self._shallow_copy(values=values, **kwargs)

    def _coerce_scalar_to_index(self, item):
        """
        we need to coerce a scalar to a compat for our index type

        Parameters
        ----------
        item : scalar item to coerce
        """
        return PeriodIndex([item], **self._get_attributes_dict())

    @Appender(_index_shared_docs['__contains__'])
    def __contains__(self, key):
        if isinstance(key, Period):
            if key.freq != self.freq:
                return False
            else:
                return key.ordinal in self._engine
        else:
            try:
                self.get_loc(key)
                return True
            except Exception:
                return False

    contains = __contains__

    @cache_readonly
    def _int64index(self):
        return Int64Index(self.asi8, name=self.name, fastpath=True)

    @property
    def values(self):
        return self.astype(object).values

    def __array__(self, dtype=None):
        if is_integer_dtype(dtype):
            return self.asi8
        else:
            return self.astype(object).values

    def __array_wrap__(self, result, context=None):
        """
        Gets called after a ufunc. Needs additional handling as
        PeriodIndex stores internal data as int dtype

        Replace this to __numpy_ufunc__ in future version
        """
        if isinstance(context, tuple) and len(context) > 0:
            func = context[0]
            if (func is np.add):
                pass
            elif (func is np.subtract):
                name = self.name
                left = context[1][0]
                right = context[1][1]
                if (isinstance(left, PeriodIndex) and
                        isinstance(right, PeriodIndex)):
                    name = left.name if left.name == right.name else None
                    return Index(result, name=name)
                elif isinstance(left, Period) or isinstance(right, Period):
                    return Index(result, name=name)
            elif isinstance(func, np.ufunc):
                if 'M->M' not in func.types:
                    msg = "ufunc '{0}' not supported for the PeriodIndex"
                    # This should be TypeError, but TypeError cannot be raised
                    # from here because numpy catches.
                    raise ValueError(msg.format(func.__name__))

        if is_bool_dtype(result):
            return result
        # the result is object dtype array of Period
        # cannot pass _simple_new as it is
        return self._shallow_copy(result, freq=self.freq, name=self.name)

    def _to_embed(self, keep_tz=False, dtype=None):
        """
        return an array repr of this object, potentially casting to object
        """

        if dtype is not None:
            return self.astype(dtype)._to_embed(keep_tz=keep_tz)

        return self.astype(object).values

    @property
    def size(self):
        # Avoid materializing self._values
        return self._ndarray_values.size

    @property
    def shape(self):
        # Avoid materializing self._values
        return self._ndarray_values.shape

    @property
    def _formatter_func(self):
        return lambda x: "'%s'" % x

    def asof_locs(self, where, mask):
        """
        where : array of timestamps
        mask : array of booleans where data is not NA

        """
        where_idx = where
        if isinstance(where_idx, DatetimeIndex):
            where_idx = PeriodIndex(where_idx.values, freq=self.freq)

        locs = self._ndarray_values[mask].searchsorted(
            where_idx._ndarray_values, side='right')

        locs = np.where(locs > 0, locs - 1, 0)
        result = np.arange(len(self))[mask].take(locs)

        first = mask.argmax()
        result[(locs == 0) & (where_idx._ndarray_values <
                              self._ndarray_values[first])] = -1

        return result

    @Appender(_index_shared_docs['astype'])
    def astype(self, dtype, copy=True, how='start'):
        dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)
        if is_integer_dtype(dtype):
            return self._int64index.copy() if copy else self._int64index
        elif is_datetime64_any_dtype(dtype):
            tz = getattr(dtype, 'tz', None)
            return self.to_timestamp(how=how).tz_localize(tz)
        elif is_period_dtype(dtype):
            return self.asfreq(freq=dtype.freq)
        return super(PeriodIndex, self).astype(dtype, copy=copy)

    @Substitution(klass='PeriodIndex')
    @Appender(_shared_docs['searchsorted'])
    def searchsorted(self, value, side='left', sorter=None):
        if isinstance(value, Period):
            if value.freq != self.freq:
                msg = DIFFERENT_FREQ_INDEX.format(self.freqstr, value.freqstr)
                raise IncompatibleFrequency(msg)
            value = value.ordinal
        elif isinstance(value, compat.string_types):
            value = Period(value, freq=self.freq).ordinal

        return self._ndarray_values.searchsorted(value, side=side,
                                                 sorter=sorter)

    @property
    def is_all_dates(self):
        return True

    @property
    def is_full(self):
        """
        Returns True if this PeriodIndex is range-like in that all Periods
        between start and end are present, in order.
        """
        if len(self) == 0:
            return True
        if not self.is_monotonic:
            raise ValueError('Index is not monotonic')
        values = self.asi8
        return ((values[1:] - values[:-1]) < 2).all()

    year = _wrap_field_accessor('year')
    month = _wrap_field_accessor('month')
    day = _wrap_field_accessor('day')
    hour = _wrap_field_accessor('hour')
    minute = _wrap_field_accessor('minute')
    second = _wrap_field_accessor('second')
    weekofyear = _wrap_field_accessor('week')
    week = weekofyear
    dayofweek = _wrap_field_accessor('dayofweek')
    weekday = dayofweek
    dayofyear = day_of_year = _wrap_field_accessor('dayofyear')
    quarter = _wrap_field_accessor('quarter')
    qyear = _wrap_field_accessor('qyear')
    days_in_month = _wrap_field_accessor('days_in_month')
    daysinmonth = days_in_month

    @property
    def start_time(self):
        return self.to_timestamp(how='start')

    @property
    def end_time(self):
        return self.to_timestamp(how='end')

    def _mpl_repr(self):
        # how to represent ourselves to matplotlib
        return self.astype(object).values

    def to_timestamp(self, freq=None, how='start'):
        """
        Cast to DatetimeIndex

        Parameters
        ----------
        freq : string or DateOffset, optional
            Target frequency. The default is 'D' for week or longer,
            'S' otherwise
        how : {'s', 'e', 'start', 'end'}

        Returns
        -------
        DatetimeIndex
        """
        how = _validate_end_alias(how)

        end = how == 'E'
        if end:
            if freq == 'B':
                # roll forward to ensure we land on B date
                adjust = Timedelta(1, 'D') - Timedelta(1, 'ns')
                return self.to_timestamp(how='start') + adjust
            else:
                adjust = Timedelta(1, 'ns')
                return (self + 1).to_timestamp(how='start') - adjust

        if freq is None:
            base, mult = _gfc(self.freq)
            freq = frequencies.get_to_timestamp_base(base)
        else:
            freq = Period._maybe_convert_freq(freq)

        base, mult = _gfc(freq)
        new_data = self.asfreq(freq, how)

        new_data = period.periodarr_to_dt64arr(new_data._ndarray_values, base)
        return DatetimeIndex(new_data, freq='infer', name=self.name)

    @property
    def inferred_type(self):
        # b/c data is represented as ints make sure we can't have ambiguous
        # indexing
        return 'period'

    def get_value(self, series, key):
        """
        Fast lookup of value from 1-dimensional ndarray. Only use this if you
        know what you're doing
        """
        s = com.values_from_object(series)
        try:
            return com.maybe_box(self,
                                 super(PeriodIndex, self).get_value(s, key),
                                 series, key)
        except (KeyError, IndexError):
            try:
                asdt, parsed, reso = parse_time_string(key, self.freq)
                grp = resolution.Resolution.get_freq_group(reso)
                freqn = resolution.get_freq_group(self.freq)

                vals = self._ndarray_values

                # if our data is higher resolution than requested key, slice
                if grp < freqn:
                    iv = Period(asdt, freq=(grp, 1))
                    ord1 = iv.asfreq(self.freq, how='S').ordinal
                    ord2 = iv.asfreq(self.freq, how='E').ordinal

                    if ord2 < vals[0] or ord1 > vals[-1]:
                        raise KeyError(key)

                    pos = np.searchsorted(self._ndarray_values, [ord1, ord2])
                    key = slice(pos[0], pos[1] + 1)
                    return series[key]
                elif grp == freqn:
                    key = Period(asdt, freq=self.freq).ordinal
                    return com.maybe_box(self, self._engine.get_value(s, key),
                                         series, key)
                else:
                    raise KeyError(key)
            except TypeError:
                pass

            key = Period(key, self.freq).ordinal
            return com.maybe_box(self, self._engine.get_value(s, key),
                                 series, key)

    @Appender(_index_shared_docs['get_indexer'] % _index_doc_kwargs)
    def get_indexer(self, target, method=None, limit=None, tolerance=None):
        target = ensure_index(target)

        if hasattr(target, 'freq') and target.freq != self.freq:
            msg = DIFFERENT_FREQ_INDEX.format(self.freqstr, target.freqstr)
            raise IncompatibleFrequency(msg)

        if isinstance(target, PeriodIndex):
            target = target.asi8

        if tolerance is not None:
            tolerance = self._convert_tolerance(tolerance, target)
        return Index.get_indexer(self._int64index, target, method,
                                 limit, tolerance)

    def _get_unique_index(self, dropna=False):
        """
        wrap Index._get_unique_index to handle NaT
        """
        res = super(PeriodIndex, self)._get_unique_index(dropna=dropna)
        if dropna:
            res = res.dropna()
        return res

    def get_loc(self, key, method=None, tolerance=None):
        """
        Get integer location for requested label

        Returns
        -------
        loc : int
        """
        try:
            return self._engine.get_loc(key)
        except KeyError:
            if is_integer(key):
                raise

            try:
                asdt, parsed, reso = parse_time_string(key, self.freq)
                key = asdt
            except TypeError:
                pass

            try:
                key = Period(key, freq=self.freq)
            except ValueError:
                # we cannot construct the Period
                # as we have an invalid type
                raise KeyError(key)

            try:
                ordinal = tslib.iNaT if key is tslib.NaT else key.ordinal
                if tolerance is not None:
                    tolerance = self._convert_tolerance(tolerance,
                                                        np.asarray(key))
                return self._int64index.get_loc(ordinal, method, tolerance)

            except KeyError:
                raise KeyError(key)

    def _maybe_cast_slice_bound(self, label, side, kind):
        """
        If label is a string or a datetime, cast it to Period.ordinal according
        to resolution.

        Parameters
        ----------
        label : object
        side : {'left', 'right'}
        kind : {'ix', 'loc', 'getitem'}

        Returns
        -------
        bound : Period or object

        Notes
        -----
        Value of `side` parameter should be validated in caller.

        """
        assert kind in ['ix', 'loc', 'getitem']

        if isinstance(label, datetime):
            return Period(label, freq=self.freq)
        elif isinstance(label, compat.string_types):
            try:
                _, parsed, reso = parse_time_string(label, self.freq)
                bounds = self._parsed_string_to_bounds(reso, parsed)
                return bounds[0 if side == 'left' else 1]
            except Exception:
                raise KeyError(label)
        elif is_integer(label) or is_float(label):
            self._invalid_indexer('slice', label)

        return label

    def _parsed_string_to_bounds(self, reso, parsed):
        if reso == 'year':
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, freq='A')
        elif reso == 'month':
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, month=parsed.month, freq='M')
        elif reso == 'quarter':
            q = (parsed.month - 1) // 3 + 1
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, quarter=q, freq='Q-DEC')
        elif reso == 'day':
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, month=parsed.month, day=parsed.day,
                        freq='D')
        elif reso == 'hour':
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, month=parsed.month, day=parsed.day,
                        hour=parsed.hour, freq='H')
        elif reso == 'minute':
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, month=parsed.month, day=parsed.day,
                        hour=parsed.hour, minute=parsed.minute, freq='T')
        elif reso == 'second':
            t1 = Period(year=parsed.year, month=parsed.month, day=parsed.day,
                        hour=parsed.hour, minute=parsed.minute,
                        second=parsed.second, freq='S')
        else:
            raise KeyError(reso)
        return (t1.asfreq(self.freq, how='start'),
                t1.asfreq(self.freq, how='end'))

    def _get_string_slice(self, key):
        if not self.is_monotonic:
            raise ValueError('Partial indexing only valid for '
                             'ordered time series')

        key, parsed, reso = parse_time_string(key, self.freq)
        grp = resolution.Resolution.get_freq_group(reso)
        freqn = resolution.get_freq_group(self.freq)
        if reso in ['day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second'] and not grp < freqn:
            raise KeyError(key)

        t1, t2 = self._parsed_string_to_bounds(reso, parsed)
        return slice(self.searchsorted(t1.ordinal, side='left'),
                     self.searchsorted(t2.ordinal, side='right'))

    def _convert_tolerance(self, tolerance, target):
        tolerance = DatetimeIndexOpsMixin._convert_tolerance(self, tolerance,
                                                             target)
        if target.size != tolerance.size and tolerance.size > 1:
            raise ValueError('list-like tolerance size must match '
                             'target index size')
        return self._maybe_convert_timedelta(tolerance)

    def insert(self, loc, item):
        if not isinstance(item, Period) or self.freq != item.freq:
            return self.astype(object).insert(loc, item)

        idx = np.concatenate((self[:loc].asi8, np.array([item.ordinal]),
                              self[loc:].asi8))
        return self._shallow_copy(idx)

    def join(self, other, how='left', level=None, return_indexers=False,
             sort=False):
        """
        See Index.join
        """
        self._assert_can_do_setop(other)

        result = Int64Index.join(self, other, how=how, level=level,
                                 return_indexers=return_indexers,
                                 sort=sort)

        if return_indexers:
            result, lidx, ridx = result
            return self._apply_meta(result), lidx, ridx
        return self._apply_meta(result)

    def _assert_can_do_setop(self, other):
        super(PeriodIndex, self)._assert_can_do_setop(other)

        if not isinstance(other, PeriodIndex):
            raise ValueError('can only call with other PeriodIndex-ed objects')

        if self.freq != other.freq:
            msg = DIFFERENT_FREQ_INDEX.format(self.freqstr, other.freqstr)
            raise IncompatibleFrequency(msg)

    def _wrap_union_result(self, other, result):
        name = self.name if self.name == other.name else None
        result = self._apply_meta(result)
        result.name = name
        return result

    def _apply_meta(self, rawarr):
        if not isinstance(rawarr, PeriodIndex):
            rawarr = PeriodIndex._from_ordinals(rawarr, freq=self.freq,
                                                name=self.name)
        return rawarr

    def _format_native_types(self, na_rep=u'NaT', date_format=None, **kwargs):

        values = self.astype(object).values

        if date_format:
            formatter = lambda dt: dt.strftime(date_format)
        else:
            formatter = lambda dt: u'%s' % dt

        if self.hasnans:
            mask = self._isnan
            values[mask] = na_rep
            imask = ~mask
            values[imask] = np.array([formatter(dt) for dt
                                      in values[imask]])
        else:
            values = np.array([formatter(dt) for dt in values])
        return values

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        """Necessary for making this object picklable"""

        if isinstance(state, dict):
            super(PeriodIndex, self).__setstate__(state)

        elif isinstance(state, tuple):

            # < 0.15 compat
            if len(state) == 2:
                nd_state, own_state = state
                data = np.empty(nd_state[1], dtype=nd_state[2])
                np.ndarray.__setstate__(data, nd_state)

                # backcompat
                self._freq = Period._maybe_convert_freq(own_state[1])

            else:  # pragma: no cover
                data = np.empty(state)
                np.ndarray.__setstate__(self, state)

            self._data = data

        else:
            raise Exception("invalid pickle state")

    _unpickle_compat = __setstate__


PeriodIndex._add_comparison_ops()
PeriodIndex._add_numeric_methods_disabled()
PeriodIndex._add_logical_methods_disabled()
PeriodIndex._add_datetimelike_methods()


def pnow(freq=None):
    # deprecation, xref #13790
    warnings.warn("pd.pnow() and pandas.core.indexes.period.pnow() "
                  "are deprecated. Please use Period.now()",
                  FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
    return Period.now(freq=freq)


def period_range(start=None, end=None, periods=None, freq='D', name=None):
    """
    Return a fixed frequency PeriodIndex, with day (calendar) as the default
    frequency

    Parameters
    ----------
    start : string or period-like, default None
        Left bound for generating periods
    end : string or period-like, default None
        Right bound for generating periods
    periods : integer, default None
        Number of periods to generate
    freq : string or DateOffset, default 'D'
        Frequency alias
    name : string, default None
        Name of the resulting PeriodIndex

    Notes
    -----
    Of the three parameters: ``start``, ``end``, and ``periods``, exactly two
    must be specified.

    To learn more about the frequency strings, please see `this link
    <http://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/timeseries.html#offset-aliases>`__.

    Returns
    -------
    prng : PeriodIndex

    Examples
    --------

    >>> pd.period_range(start='2017-01-01', end='2018-01-01', freq='M')
    PeriodIndex(['2017-01', '2017-02', '2017-03', '2017-04', '2017-05',
                 '2017-06', '2017-06', '2017-07', '2017-08', '2017-09',
                 '2017-10', '2017-11', '2017-12', '2018-01'],
                dtype='period[M]', freq='M')

    If ``start`` or ``end`` are ``Period`` objects, they will be used as anchor
    endpoints for a ``PeriodIndex`` with frequency matching that of the
    ``period_range`` constructor.

    >>> pd.period_range(start=pd.Period('2017Q1', freq='Q'),
    ...                 end=pd.Period('2017Q2', freq='Q'), freq='M')
    PeriodIndex(['2017-03', '2017-04', '2017-05', '2017-06'],
                dtype='period[M]', freq='M')
    """
    if com.count_not_none(start, end, periods) != 2:
        raise ValueError('Of the three parameters: start, end, and periods, '
                         'exactly two must be specified')

    return PeriodIndex(start=start, end=end, periods=periods,
                       freq=freq, name=name)