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Lesson_07_Grammar.md

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Lesson 7Youtube

7.1 N(tool/means) で V

The particle で indicates a method or means used for an action.

はしべます。 I eat with chopsticks.

ほんで レポートを きます。 I am going to write the report in Japanese.

7.2 'Word/Sentence' は 〜なんですか

This question is used to ask how to say a word or sentence in another language.

「ありがとう」は えいなんですか。 What's 'Arigato' in English? …… 「Thank you」です。 …… It's 'thank you'.

「Thank you」は ほんなんですか。 What's 'Thank you' in Japanese? …… 「ありがとう」です。 …… It's 'ありがとう'.

7.3 N1(person) に N2 を あげます, etc

Verbs like あげます, かします and おしえます indicate imparting things or information, so they must be used with a noun saying to whom those things or information are imparted. The particle に is used to denote the recipient.

[わたしは]むらさんに はなを あげました。 I gave Ms.Kimura some flowers.

[わたしは]イーさんに ほんしました。 I lent Ms.Lee a book.

[わたしは]やまさんに えいおしえます。 I teach Mr.Yamada English.

7.4 N1(person) に N2 を もらいます, etc

Verbs like もらいます, かります and ならいます indicate receiving things or information, so they are used with a noun indicating the person from whom those things or information are received. The particle に is used to denote that person.

[わたしは]やまさんに はなを もらいました。 I received some flowers from Mr.Yamada.

[わたしは]カリナさんに CDを りました。 I borrowed a CD from Karina.

[わたしは]ワンさんに ちゅうごくならいます。 I'm learning Chinese from Mr.Wang.

[Note] から can be used instead of に in this sentence pattern. から is always used when receiving something from an organization such as a company or school rather than a person.

[わたしは]やまさんから はなを もらいました。 I received some flowers from Mr.Yamada.

ぎんこうから おかねりました。 I borrowed some money from the bank.

7.5 もう V ました

もう means 'already' and is used with V ました. In this case, V ました means that the action has been completed.

The answer to the question もう V ましたか as to whether an action has been completed or not is:

  • はい、もう V ました if in the affirmative (i.e. the action has been completed).
  • いいえ、V て いません (see Lesson 31) or いいえ、まだです if in the negative (i.e. the action has not been completed).
  • いいえ、V ませんでした is not used in that case, since this means that something was not done in the past, rather than that something has not been completed in the present.

もう もつおくりましたか。 Have you sent the baggage yet? …… はい、[もう]おくりました。 …… Yes, I have [sent it]. …… いいえ、まだ おくって いません。 …… No, I haven't sent it yet. (See Lesson 31.) …… いいえ、まだです。 …… No, not yet.

7.6 Omission of particles

Particles are often omitted in informal speech when the relationships between the parts of speech before and after them are obvious.

この スプーン[は]、すてきですね。 This is a lovely spoon, isn't it?

コーヒー[を]、もう 一杯いっぱい いかがですか。 Would you like another cup of coffee? (See Lesson 8.)