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Encyclopedia.html
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Encyclopedia</span></h1>
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<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">This article is about the type of reference work. For other uses, see <a href="Encyclopedia_(disambiguation)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_(disambiguation)" title="Encyclopedia (disambiguation)">Encyclopedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style="">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div style="width: 52px;"><a href="File3ATranslation_to_english_arrow.svg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Translation_to_english_arrow.svg" class="image" title="link ="><img alt="link =" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" width="50" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" /></a></div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be expanded with text translated from the <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" class="extiw" title="de:Enzyklopädie">corresponding article</a> in the <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:">German Wikipedia</a></b>. <i><small>(January 2013)</small></i></span>
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;">
<div class="NavHead" style="font-weight:bold; background:transparent; text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left"><span class="mbox-text-span"><small>Click [show] on the right to read important instructions before translating.</small></span></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="font-weight:normal; background-color:transparent; text-align:left;">
<ul>
<li><span class="mbox-text-span"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translate.google.com/translate?&u=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnzyklop%C3%A4die&sl=de&tl=en" >View</a> a machine-translated version of the German article.</span></li>
<li><span class="mbox-text-span">Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</span></li>
<li><span class="mbox-text-span">Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</span></li>
<li><span class="mbox-text-span">After translating, <code>{{Translated|de|Enzyklopädie}}</code> must be added to the <a href="Talk3AEncyclopedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Encyclopedia" title="Talk:Encyclopedia">talk page</a> to ensure <a href="Wikipedia3ACopying_within_Wikipedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright compliance</a>.</span></li>
<li><span class="mbox-text-span">For more guidance, see <a href="Wikipedia3ATranslation" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<span class="mbox-text-span"> </span></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<i><a href="Brockhaus_Enzyklop$C3$A4die" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></i></div>
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</div>
<p>An <b>encyclopedia</b> (<a href="American_and_British_English_differences" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences" title="American and British English differences" class="mw-redirect">also spelled</a> <b>encyclopaedia</b> or <b>encyclopædia</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="Reference_work" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> – a <a href="Compendium" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compendium" title="Compendium">compendium</a> holding a summary of <a href="Information" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> from either all branches of <a href="Knowledge" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> or a particular branch of knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Encyclopedias are divided into <a href="Article_(publishing)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a> or entries, which are usually accessed <a href="Alphabetical_order" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetically</a> by article name.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most <a href="Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus on <a href="Linguistics" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> information about <a href="Word" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, encyclopedia articles focus on <a href="Fact" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">factual</a> information to cover the thing or concept for which the article name stands.<sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHEL22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHEL22-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years; the oldest still in existence, <i><a href="Naturalis_Historia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia" class="mw-redirect">Naturalis Historia</a></i>, was written in <a href="Circa" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">ca.</a> AD 77 by <a href="Pliny_the_Elder.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17th century. Historically, some encyclopedias were contained in one <a href="Volume" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a>, but some, such as the <i><a href="Encyclop$C3$A6dia_Britannica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> or the world´s largest <i><a href="Enciclopedia_universal_ilustrada_europeo-americana" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_universal_ilustrada_europeo-americana" title="Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana">Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana</a></i>, became huge multi-volume works. Some modern encyclopedias, such as <a href="Wikipedia.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, are electronic and are often freely available.</p>
<p>The word <i><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopaedia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a></i> comes from the <a href="Koine_Greek" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> from <a href="Greek_language" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> and is <a href="List_of_Greek_words_with_English_derivatives" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_words_with_English_derivatives" title="List of Greek words with English derivatives">transliterated</a> <i>enkyklios paideia</i>, meaning "general education": <i>enkyklios</i> (ἐγκύκλιος), meaning "circular, recurrent, required regularly, general"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> + <i>paideia</i> (παιδεία), meaning "education, rearing of a child",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> but it was reduced to a single word due to an error<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> by copyists of Latin manuscripts. Together, the phrase literally translates as "complete instruction" or "complete knowledge".</p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div class="Bug6200">Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.</div>
<div class="templatequotecite">—<a href="Denis_Diderot" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></div>
</blockquote>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
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<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_times"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient times</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Renaissance"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">18th–19th centuries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">20th century</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Twenty-first_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Twenty-first century</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h2>
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<div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" webstripperwas="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" /></div>
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<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for verification</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit" >improve this article</a> by <a href="Help3AIntroduction_to_referencing/1.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="Template3ACitation_needed" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="Wikipedia3AVerifiability.html#Burden_of_evidence" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(June 2010)</i></small> </span></td>
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<p>The modern encyclopedia was developed from the <a href="Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content <a href="Expert" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">experts</a>, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of <a href="Words" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words" title="Words" class="mw-redirect">words</a> and their <a href="Definitions" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions" title="Definitions" class="mw-redirect">definitions</a>. <a href="Synonym" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonymous</a> words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited <a href="Information" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>, <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Analysis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Analysis">analysis</a> or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in <a href="Understanding" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a> the meaning, significance or limitations of a <a href="Term_(language)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_(language)" title="Term (language)" class="mw-redirect">term</a>, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader about its own veracity. In the terms of <a href="Aristotle.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="Modes_of_persuasion" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes_of_persuasion" title="Modes of persuasion">Modes of persuasion</a>, a dictionary should persuade the reader through <i><a href="Logos" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a></i> (conveying only appropriate emotions); it will be expected to have a lack of <a href="Pathos" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a> (it should not stir up irrelevant emotions), and to have little <a href="Ethos" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a> except that of the dictionary itself.</p>
<p>To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically non linguistic, and covers not a word, but a <i>subject or <a href="List_of_academic_disciplines" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" title="List of academic disciplines">discipline</a></i>. As well as defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article is able to treat it in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many <a href="Map" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a> and <a href="Illustration" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a>, as well as <a href="Bibliography" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a> and <a href="Statistics" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>.</p>
<p>Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:</p>
<ul>
<li>Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> and German <i><a href="Brockhaus_Enzyklop$C3$A4die" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus</a></i> are well-known examples). General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and <a href="Gazetteer" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteers</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the <i><a href="Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i> or <i><a href="Encyclopaedia_Judaica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>.</li>
<li>Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of <a href="Medicine" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="Philosophy.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, or <a href="Law" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the <a href="Target_audience" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>. (For example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html" >Medical encyclopedia</a> produced by A.D.A.M., Inc. for the U.S. <a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.)</li>
<li>Some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the <a href="Alphabetical_order" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical</a> method (consisting of a number of separate articles, organised in alphabetical order), or organization by <a href="Hierarchy" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> categories. The former method is today the most common by far, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer previously unimaginable capabilities for search, <a href="Subject_indexing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_indexing" title="Subject indexing">indexing</a> and <a href="Cross_reference" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_reference" title="Cross reference" class="mw-redirect">cross reference</a>. The <a href="Epigraph_(literature)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> from <a href="Horace" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> on the title page of the 18th century <i>Encyclopédie</i> suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."</li>
<li>As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, they have had an ever-increasing effect on the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as <a href="Everything2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything2" title="Everything2">Everything2</a>, <a href="Encarta" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>, <a href="H2g2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a>, and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as <a href="Information_retrieval" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> becomes simpler.</li>
</ul>
<p>Some works entitled "dictionaries" are actually similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the <i><a href="Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>, the <i><a href="Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>, and <i><a href="Black$27s_Law_Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a></i>). The <i><a href="Macquarie_Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>,</i> Australia's national dictionary, became an <a href="Encyclopedic_dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">encyclopedic dictionary</a> after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.</p>
<p>There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide <a href="Linguistics" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the thing for which those words stand.<sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHEL22_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHEL22-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.<sup id="cite_ref-bejoint_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bejoint-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appears in dictionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLei_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLei-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bejoint31_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejoint31-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bejoint31_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejoint31-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.<sup id="cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bejoint31_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bejoint31-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="History_of_encyclopedias" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_encyclopedias" title="History of encyclopedias">History of encyclopedias</a></div>
<p>Encyclopedias have progressed from the beginning of history in written form, through medieval and modern times in print, and most recently, displayed on computer and distributed via computer networks.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient times">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</span></h3>
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<i>Naturalis Historiæ</i>, 1669 edition, title page</div>
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<p>One of the earliest encyclopedic works to have survived to modern times is the <i><a href="Naturalis_Historia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia" class="mw-redirect">Naturalis Historia</a></i> of <a href="Pliny_the_Elder.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, a <a href="Ancient_Rome" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> statesman living in the 1st century AD. He compiled a work of 37 chapters covering natural history, architecture, medicine, geography, geology, and all aspects of the world around him. He stated in the preface that he had compiled 20,000 facts from 2000 works by over 200 authors, and added many others from his own experience. The work was published around AD 77-79, although he probably never finished proofing the work before his death in the eruption of <a href="Vesuvius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesuvius" title="Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect">Vesuvius</a> in AD 79.<sup id="cite_ref-naturalis_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturalis-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</span></h3>
<p><a href="Saint_Isidore_of_Seville" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Isidore_of_Seville" title="Saint Isidore of Seville" class="mw-redirect">Saint Isidore of Seville</a>, one of the greatest scholars of the early Middle Ages, is widely recognized as being the author of the first known encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, the <a href="Etymologiae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a> or <i>Origines</i> (around 630), in which he compiled a sizable portion of the learning available at his time, both ancient and modern. The encyclopedia has 448 chapters in 20 volumes, and is valuable because of the quotes and fragments of texts by other authors that would have been lost had they not been collected by Saint Isidore.</p>
<p>The most popular encyclopedia of the <a href="Carolingian" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian" title="Carolingian" class="mw-redirect">Carolingian</a> Age was the <i>De universo</i> or <i>De rerum naturis</i> by <a href="Rabanus_Maurus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>, written about 830, which was based on <i>Etymologiae</i>.</p>
<p>The <a href="Historiography_of_early_Islam" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">early Muslim compilations of knowledge</a> in the Middle Ages included many comprehensive works. Around year 960, the <a href="Brethren_of_Purity" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a> of <a href="Basra" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> were engaged in their <a href="Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a>. Notable works include <a href="Al-Razi" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Razi" title="Al-Razi" class="mw-redirect">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a>'s encyclopedia of science, the <a href="Mutazilite" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilite" title="Mutazilite" class="mw-redirect">Mutazilite</a> <a href="Al-Kindi" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a>'s prolific output of 270 books, and <a href="Ibn_Sina" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina" class="mw-redirect">Ibn Sina</a>'s medical encyclopedia, which was a standard reference work for centuries. Also notable are works of <a href="Universal_history" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_history" title="Universal history">universal history</a> (or sociology) from <a href="Asharite" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharite" title="Asharite" class="mw-redirect">Asharites</a>, <a href="Al-Tabri" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabri" title="Al-Tabri" class="mw-redirect">al-Tabri</a>, <a href="Masudi" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masudi" title="Masudi" class="mw-redirect">al-Masudi</a>, <a href="Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Tabari</a>'s <i><a href="History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i>, <a href="Ibn_Rustah" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Rustah" title="Ibn Rustah" class="mw-redirect">Ibn Rustah</a>, <a href="Ali_ibn_al-Athir" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">al-Athir</a>, and <a href="Ibn_Khaldun" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, whose <a href="The_Muqadimmah" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muqadimmah" title="The Muqadimmah" class="mw-redirect">Muqadimmah</a> contains cautions regarding trust in written records that remain wholly applicable today.</p>
<p>The enormous encyclopedic work in China of the <i><a href="Four_Great_Books_of_Song" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Books_of_Song" title="Four Great Books of Song">Four Great Books of Song</a></i>, compiled by the 11th century AD during the early <a href="Song_Dynasty" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the <i><a href="Prime_Tortoise_of_the_Record_Bureau" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Tortoise_of_the_Record_Bureau" title="Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau">Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau</a></i>, amounted to 9.4 million <a href="Chinese_characters" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> in 1,000 written volumes.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renaissance">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance">Renaissance</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbcaption">Anatomy in <i>Margarita Philosophica</i>, 2013</div>
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<p>These works were all hand copied and thus rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive, and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it.<sup id="cite_ref-dotma_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dotma-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>During <a href="Renaissance" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> the creation of <a href="Printing" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every scholar could have his or her own copy. The <i>De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</i> by Giorgio Valla was posthumously printed in 1501 by <a href="Aldo_Manuzio" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Manuzio" title="Aldo Manuzio" class="mw-redirect">Aldo Manuzio</a> in <a href="Venice" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. This work followed the traditional scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on mathematics (firstly by <a href="Archimedes" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>), newly discovered and translated. The <i>Margarita Philosophica</i> by <a href="Gregor_Reisch" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Reisch" title="Gregor Reisch">Gregor Reisch</a>, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the seven liberal arts.</p>
<p>The term encyclopaedia was coined by 15th century humanists who misread copies of their texts of <a href="Pliny_the_Elder.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and <a href="Quintilian" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, and combined the two Greek words "<i>enkyklios paideia</i>" into one word. The phrase <i>enkyklios paideia</i> (ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία) was used by Plutarch and the Latin word Enciclopedia came from him.<br />
The first work titled in this way was the <i>Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio</i> written by <a href="Johannes_Aventinus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Aventinus" title="Johannes Aventinus">Johannes Aventinus</a> in 1517.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The English physician and philosopher, Sir <a href="Thomas_Browne" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> used the word 'encyclopaedia' in 1646 in the preface <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo1.html" >to the reader</a> to define his <a href="Pseudodoxia_Epidemica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemica" title="Pseudodoxia Epidemica">Pseudodoxia Epidemica</a>, a major work of the 17th scientific revolution. Browne structured his encyclopaedia upon the time-honoured schemata of the Renaissance, the so-called 'scale of creation' which ascends through the mineral, vegetable, animal, human, planetary and cosmological worlds. <i>Pseudodoxia Epidemica</i> was a European best-seller, translated into French, Dutch and German as well as Latin it went through no less than five editions, each revised and augmented, the last edition appearing in 1672.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th–19th centuries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries">18th–19th centuries</span></h3>
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<a href="Encyclop$C3$A9die" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>, 1773</div>
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<p>The beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century encyclopedists. However, <a href="Ephraim_Chambers" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers</a>' <i><a href="Cyclopaedia,_or_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopaedia,_or_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" class="mw-redirect">Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1728), and the <i><a href="Encyclop$C3$A9die" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> of Diderot and D'Alembert (1751 onwards), as well as <i><a href="Encyclop$C3$A6dia_Britannica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> and the <i><a href="Brockhaus_encyclopedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_encyclopedia" title="Brockhaus encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect">Conversations-Lexikon</a></i>, were the first to realize the form we would recognize today, with a comprehensive scope of topics, discussed in depth and organized in an accessible, systematic method. Chambers, in 1728, followed the earlier lead of John Harris's <i><a href="Lexicon_Technicum" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon_Technicum" title="Lexicon Technicum">Lexicon Technicum</a></i> of 1704 and later editions (see also below); this work was by its title and content "A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves".</p>
<p>During the 19th and early 20th century, many smaller or less developed languages saw their first encyclopedias, using French, German, and English role models. While encyclopedias in larger languages, having large markets that could support a large editorial staff, churned out new 20-volume works in a few years and new editions with brief intervals, such publication plans often spanned a decade or more in smaller languages.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</span></h3>
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1913 advertisement for <i><a href="Encyclop$C3$A6dia_Britannica" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, the oldest and one of the largest contemporary English encyclopedias.</div>
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<p>Popular and affordable encyclopedias such as <a href="Harmsworth$27s_Universal_Encyclopaedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmsworth%27s_Universal_Encyclopaedia" title="Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia">Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia</a> and the <a href="Children$27s_Encyclopaedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Encyclopaedia" title="Children's Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect">Children's Encyclopaedia</a> appeared in the early 1920s.</p>
<p>In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were <i><a href="World_Book" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book" title="World Book" class="mw-redirect">World Book</a></i> and <i><a href="Funk_and_Wagnalls" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_and_Wagnalls" title="Funk and Wagnalls" class="mw-redirect">Funk and Wagnalls</a></i>.</p>
<p>The second half of the 20th century also saw the proliferation of specialized encyclopedias that compiled topics in specific fields. This trend has continued. Encyclopedias of at least one volume in size now exist for most if not all <a href="Academic_discipline" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline" class="mw-redirect">academic disciplines</a>, including, typically, such narrow topics such as <a href="Bioethics" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a> and <a href="African_American_history" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_history" title="African American history" class="mw-redirect">African American history</a>.</p>
<p>By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on <a href="CD-ROM" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> for use with personal computers. <a href="Microsoft" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <i><a href="Encarta" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a></i>, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</span></h3>
<p>On-line encyclopedias offer the additional advantage of being dynamic: new information can be presented almost immediately, rather than waiting for the next release of a static format, as with a disk- or paper-based publication. The 21st century has seen the dominance of <a href="Wiki.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> as popular encyclopedias, including <a href="Wikipedia.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> among many others.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2>
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Title page of "<i>Lucubrationes</i>..." 1541 edition, the first book to use the word encyclopedia in the title</div>
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<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences#Simplification of ae and oe</a></div>
<p>The word "encyclopaedia" comes from mistaken<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ancient_Greek" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Classical Greek</a> <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">"ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία"</span>, transliterated "enkyklios paideia"; "enkyklios" (<i>ἐγκύκλιος</i>), meaning "circular, recurrent, required regularly, general" + "paideia" (<i>παιδεία</i>), meaning "education". Together, the phrase literally translates as "common knowledge" or "general knowledge". Copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, "enkuklopaedia", with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the New Latin word "encyclopaedia", which in turn came into English. Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1517 by Johannes Avenarius: <i>Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio</i>, and in 1541 by <a href="Joachimus_Fortius_Ringelbergius" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachimus_Fortius_Ringelbergius" title="Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius" class="mw-redirect">Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius</a>, <i>Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia</i> (<a href="Basel" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, 1541). The word <i>encyclopaedia</i> was first used as a noun in the title of his book by the Croatian encyclopedist <a href="Paul_Skali$C4$87" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Skali%C4%87" title="Paul Skalić" class="mw-redirect">Pavao Skalić</a> in his <i>Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon</i> (Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Basel, 1559).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ADisputed_statement" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement" class="mw-redirect"><span title="The material near this tag may not be factual or accurate. (September 2009)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata">– <a href="Talk3AEncyclopedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Encyclopedia" title="Talk:Encyclopedia">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup> One of the oldest vernacular uses was by <a href="Fran$C3$A7ois_Rabelais" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a> in his <i>Pantagruel</i> in 1532.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix <i>-p(a)edia</i>, e.g., <a href="Banglapedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglapedia" title="Banglapedia">Banglapedia</a> (on matters relevant for Bengal).</p>
<p>In British usage, the spellings <i>encyclopedia</i> and <i>encyclopaedia</i> are both current.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the latter spelling is considered more "proper" by British speakers, the former is becoming increasingly common in British English, in part due to the spread of American English. In American usage, only the former is commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> The spelling <i>encyclopædia</i>—with the <i><a href="$C3$86" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></i> <a href="Ligature_(typography)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" title="Ligature (typography)" class="mw-redirect">ligature</a>—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> and others. The <i><a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (1989) records <i>encyclopædia</i> and <i>encyclopaedia</i> as equal alternatives (in that order), and notes the <i>æ</i> would be obsolete except that it is preserved in works that have Latin titles. <i><a href="Webster$27s_Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</a></i> (1997–2002) features <i>encyclopedia</i> as the main headword and <i>encyclopaedia</i> as a minor variant. In addition, <i>cyclopedia</i> and <i>cyclopaedia</i> are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="File3ABooks-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" width="32" height="28" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Portal3ALiterature" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="File3ANuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" width="28" height="28" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Portal3AEducation" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></td>
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<div style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Bibliography_of_encyclopedias" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias" title="Bibliography of encyclopedias">Bibliography of encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="Biographical_dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="Fictitious_entry" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entry</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_science_and_technology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology" title="History of science and technology">History of science and technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Lexicography" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li>
<li><a href="Library_science.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Library_science" title="Library science">Library science</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_encyclopedias" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias" title="List of encyclopedias">List of encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a href="Thesaurus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/search?q=encyclopaedia" >"encyclopaedia"</a> (online). <a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED.com), <a href="Oxford_University_Press" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2012-02-18</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=encyclopaedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dencyclopaedia&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28OED.com%29%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm" >"Encyclopedia."</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm" >the original</a> on 2007-08-03.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.rcc.edu%2Friverside%2Fglossaryoflibraryterms.htm%23e&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DOLencyclopedia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedia_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory; Gregory James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia" ><i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i></a>. Routledge. p. 48. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-415-14143-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5">0-415-14143-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=48&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26pg%3DPA49%26dq%3D%2522encyclopedic%2Bdictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+R.+R.+K.&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bejoint-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bejoint_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Béjoint, Henri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30" ><i>Modern Lexicography</i></a>, pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. <a href="Special3ABookSources/0198299516" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198299516" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-829951-6</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia" >"Encyclopaedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2010</span>. "An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English</i> that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F186603%2Fencyclopaedia&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DOLei-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLei_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hartmann, R. R. K.; Gregory James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia" ><i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i></a>. Routledge. p. 49. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-415-14143-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5">0-415-14143-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2010</span>. "In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26pg%3DPA49%26dq%3D%2522encyclopedic%2Bdictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+R.+R.+K.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OHEL22-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OHEL22_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHEL22_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC&printsec=frontcover&q" ><i>The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-415-14143-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5">0-415-14143-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 17, 2010</span>. "An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnhnVF9Or_wMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26q&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+English+Lexicography%2C+Volume+I&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Cowie%2C+Anthony+Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gkuklopaidei%2Fa" >Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus project</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1" >Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία</a>, Quintilian, <i>Institutio Oratoria</i>, 1.10.1, at Perseus project</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios" >Ἐγκύκλιος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus project</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa" >Παιδεία</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, at Perseus project</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to some accounts such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/encyclopedia" >American Heritage Dictionary</a> copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkuklopaedia,</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text" ><i>Encyclopédie.</i></a> University of Michigan Library:Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DOLencyclopedicdefinition-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOLencyclopedicdefinition_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory; Gregory James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia" >"Encyclopedic definition"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i> (Routledge): 48–49. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-415-14143-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5">0-415-14143-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2010</span>. "Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=48%E2%80%9349&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26pg%3DPA49%26dq%3D%2522encyclopedic%2Bdictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia&rft.atitle=Encyclopedic+definition&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+definition&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+R.+R.+K.&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bejoint31-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bejoint31_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejoint31_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bejoint31_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Béjoint, Henri (2000). <i>Modern Lexicography</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 31. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-19-829951-6" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829951-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829951-6">0-19-829951-6</a>. "The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=31&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9joint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.btitle=Modern+Lexicography&rft.isbn=0-19-829951-6&rft.au=B%C3%A9joint%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-naturalis-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naturalis_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naturalis Historia</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.D. Wightman (1953), <i>The Growth of Scientific Ideas</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dotma-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dotma_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Encyclopedia" in <i><a href="Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257023810258996" >"Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued"</a>. MSN Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/guide_page_FAQ/FAQ.html" >the original</a> on 2009-10-31.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Important+Notice%3A+MSN+Encarta+to+be+Discontinued&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fguide_page_FAQ%2FFAQ.html&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><i>The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Volume I A-O</i>. Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 861.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.btitle=The+Compact+Edition+of+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+Volume+I+A-O&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1971&rft.pages=861&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bert Roest (1997). "Compilation as Theme and Praxis in Franciscan Universal Chronicles". In Peter Binkley. <i>Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second Comers Congress, Groningen, 1 – July 4, 1996</i>. BRILL. pp. 213. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/90-04-10830-0" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10830-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10830-0">90-04-10830-0</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Sorcha Carey (2003). "Two Strategies of Encyclopaedism". <i>Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-19-925913-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925913-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925913-5">0-19-925913-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=17&rft.atitle=Pliny%27s+Catalogue+of+Culture%3A+Art+and+Empire+in+the+Natural+History&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sorcha+Carey&rft.isbn=0-19-925913-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.btitle=Two+Strategies+of+Encyclopaedism&rft.au=Sorcha+Carey&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?title=21st&query=encyclopaedia" >"encyclopaedia"</a>, Chambers Reference Online; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/results/?view=dict&field-12668446=encyclopaedia&branch=13842570&textsearchtype=exact&sortorder=score%2Cname" >"encyclopaedia"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since May 2011" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ALink_rot" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup>, AskOxford.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/97/E0129700.html" >"encyclopaedia"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since May 2011" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ALink_rot" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup>, Bartleby.com; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopaedia" >"Encyclopaedia"</a>, Merriam Webster.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=encyclopedia&searchmode=none" >EtymologyOnline</a></li>
<li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia" >"Encyclopaedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F186603%2Fencyclopaedia&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.genre=book&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Béjoint, Henri (2000). <i>Modern Lexicography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-19-829951-6" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829951-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829951-6">0-19-829951-6</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9joint&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Modern+Lexicography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-829951-6&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2000&rft.au=B%C3%A9joint%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Bergenholtz, H., Nielsen, S., Tarp, S., ed. (2009). <i>Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow</i>. Peter Lang. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-3-03911-799-4" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-799-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-799-4">978-3-03911-799-4</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-799-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2009&rft.btitle=Lexicography+at+a+Crossroads%3A+Dictionaries+and+Encyclopedias+Today%2C+Lexicographical+Tools+Tomorrow&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Blom, Phillip (2004). <i>Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History</i>. New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-1-4039-6895-1" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6895-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6895-1">978-1-4039-6895-1</a>. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57669780" >57669780</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=New+York%3B+Basingstoke&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.btitle=Enlightening+the+World%3A+Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C+the+Book+that+Changed+the+Course+of+History&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6895-1&rft.au=Blom%2C+Phillip&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57669780&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Collison, Robert Lewis (1966). <i>Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages</i> (2nd ed.). New York, London: Hafner. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220101699" >220101699</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lewis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedias%3A+Their+History+Throughout+the+Ages&rft.aulast=Collison&rft.pub=Hafner&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Collison%2C+Robert+Lewis&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220101699&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC&printsec=frontcover&q" ><i>The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-415-14143-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5">0-415-14143-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved August 17, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DnhnVF9Or_wMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26q&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+English+Lexicography%2C+Volume+I&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.au=Cowie%2C+Anthony+Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Darnton, Robert (1979). <i>The business of enlightenment : a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800</i>. Cambridge: Belknap Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-674-08785-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-08785-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-08785-2">0-674-08785-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Darnton&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.btitle=The+business+of+enlightenment+%3A+a+publishing+history+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A9die%2C+1775%E2%80%931800&rft.isbn=0-674-08785-2&rft.au=Darnton%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory; Gregory James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=49NZ12icE-QC&pg=PA49&dq=%22encyclopedic+dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia" ><i>Dictionary of Lexicography</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-415-14143-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14143-5">0-415-14143-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved July 27, 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D49NZ12icE-QC%26pg%3DPA49%26dq%3D%2522encyclopedic%2Bdictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia%26q%3D%2522encyclopedic%2520dictionary%2522%252Bencyclopedia&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=R.+R.+K.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Lexicography&rft.isbn=0-415-14143-5&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+R.+R.+K.&rft.au=James%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1981). <i>Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie</i>. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7294-0256-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0256-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0256-9">978-0-7294-0256-9</a>. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10645788" >10645788</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Voltaire+Foundation&rft.isbn=978-0-7294-0256-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1981&rft.btitle=Notable+encyclopedias+of+the+seventeenth+and+eighteenth+centuries%3A+nine+predecessors+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A9die&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10645788&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Kafker, Frank A., ed. (1994). <i>Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie</i>. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7294-0467-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0467-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0467-9">978-0-7294-0467-9</a>. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30787125" >30787125</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Voltaire+Foundation&rft.isbn=978-0-7294-0467-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1994&rft.btitle=Notable+encyclopedias+of+the+late+eighteenth+century%3A+eleven+successors+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A9die&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Oxford&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30787125&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Needham, Joseph (1986). "Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic". <i>Science and Civilization in China</i>. 5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3">978-0-521-30358-3</a>. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59245877" >59245877</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Taipei&rft.volume=5+%E2%80%93+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology&rft.atitle=Science+and+Civilization+in+China&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Part+7%2C+Military+Technology%3B+the+Gunpowder+Epic&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&rft.pub=Caves+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Needham%2C+Joseph&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59245877&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation journal"><a href="Roy_Rosenzweig" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig, Roy</a> (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42" >"Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past"</a>. <i>Journal of American History</i> <b>93</b> (1): 117–46. <a href="Digital_object_identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4486062" >10.2307/4486062</a>. <a href="International_Standard_Serial_Number" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-2314" >1945-2314</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Rosenzweig&rft.volume=93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchnm.gmu.edu%2Fessays-on-history-new-media%2Fessays%2F%3Fessayid%3D42&rft.atitle=Can+History+Be+Open+Source%3F+Wikipedia+and+the+Future+of+the+Past&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=117%E2%80%9346&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=June+2006&rft.issn=1945-2314&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.issue=1&rft.btitle=Can+History+Be+Open+Source%3F+Wikipedia+and+the+Future+of+the+Past&rft.au=Rosenzweig%2C+Roy&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4486062&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Walsh, S. Padraig (1968). <i>Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967</i>. New York: Bowker. p. 270. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/577541" >577541</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=270&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=S.+Padraig&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.btitle=Anglo-American+general+encyclopedias%3A+a+historical+bibliography%2C+1703%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=Bowker&rft.au=Walsh%2C+S.+Padraig&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F577541&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Yeo, Richard R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521651913" ><i>Encyclopaedic visions : scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture</i></a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-521-65191-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65191-2">978-0-521-65191-2</a>. <a href="OCLC" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45828872" >45828872</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fcatalogue%2Fcatalogue.asp%3Fisbn%3D0521651913&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+visions+%3A+scientific+dictionaries+and+enlightenment+culture&rft.aulast=Yeo&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65191-2&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Richard+R.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45828872&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopedias" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" webstripperwas="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Look up <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopaedia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:encyclopedic">encyclopedic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <i><b><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Encyclopedias" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindupedia.com/" >Hindupedia</a>, encyclopedia of Hindu Dharma</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.search.com/search?channel=19&cat=63" >CNET's encyclopedia meta-search</a> (includes Wikipedia)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html" >Encyclopaedia and Hypertext</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html" >Internet Accuracy Project</a> – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text" >Encyclopedia</a> – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original <a href="Encyclop$C3$A9die" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html" >De expetendis et fugiendis rebus</a> – First Renaissance encyclopedia</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinesciencedictionary.net/" >Science Dictionary</a> – Online Comprehensive Science Encyclopedia</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html" >Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-3118_7-6378998.html" >Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips</a> – <a href="CNET" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> article</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm" >Encyclopedias online</a> University of Wisconsin – Stout listing by category</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/HistSciTech/subcollections/CyclopaediaAbout.shtml" >Chambers' <i>Cyclopaedia</i></a>, 1728, with the 1753 supplement</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse" ><i>Encyclopædia Americana</i></a>, 1851, <a href="Francis_Lieber" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a> ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/" ><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/" ><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, 11th ed., 1911, at the LoveToKnow site.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteslist.vkhoria.co.in/search/label/Encyclopedia/" ><i>Encyclopedia Sites list</i></a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="15" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" /> Texts on Wikisource:
<ul>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cyclopædia">Cyclopædia</a>". <i><a href="Collier$27s_Encyclopedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.jtitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Encyclop%C3%A6dia" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Encyclopædia">Encyclopædia</a>". <i><a href="Encyclopedia_Americana" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Encyclop%C3%A6dia" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Encyclopædia">Encyclopædia</a>". <i><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.jtitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Encyclopaedia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a>". <i><a href="Encyclop$C3$A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.date=1911&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.edition=11th&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/E" class="extiw" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/E">Encyclopædia</a>". <i><a href="The_Nuttall_Encyclop$C3$A6dia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. 1907.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.jtitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Encyclop%C3%A6dia" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Encyclopædia">Encyclopædia</a>". <i><a href="New_International_Encyclopedia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.jtitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation encyclopaedia">"<a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Cyclopædia">Cyclopædia</a>". <i><a href="The_American_Cyclop$C3$A6dia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The American Cyclopædia" class="mw-redirect">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.jtitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Encyclopedia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span id="interwiki-zh-classical-ga"></span> <span id="interwiki-de-fa"></span> <span id="interwiki-hy-fa"></span></p>
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<li class="interwiki-gan"><a href="http://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-gu"><a href="http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6" title="જ્ઞાનકોશ" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hak"><a href="http://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-kh%C3%B4-chhi%C3%B2n-s%C3%BB" title="Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">Hak-kâ-fa</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="백과사전" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-haw"><a href="http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puke_noi%E2%80%98i_k%C5%AB%E2%80%98ikena" title="Puke noi‘i kū‘ikena" lang="haw" hreflang="haw">Hawai`i</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hy"><a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հանրագիտարան" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hi"><a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="विश्वज्ञानकोष" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hsb"><a href="http://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedija" title="Encyklopedija" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hr"><a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-io"><a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedio" title="Enciklopedio" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ilo"><a href="http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bpy"><a href="http://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7" title="বিশ্বকোষ" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-id"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ia"><a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-os"><a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-is"><a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C3%A6%C3%B0ior%C3%B0ab%C3%B3k" title="Alfræðiorðabók" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-he"><a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-jv"><a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88nsiklop%C3%A9dhi" title="Ènsiklopédhi" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kl"><a href="http://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Encyklopædi" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-krc"><a href="http://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ka"><a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-csb"><a href="http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedij%C3%B4" title="Encyklopedijô" lang="csb" hreflang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kk"><a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-kw"><a href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhoniador" title="Godhoniador" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sw"><a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamusi_elezo" title="Kamusi elezo" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ht"><a href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedi" title="Ansiklopedi" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ku"><a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%C3%AEkloped%C3%AE" title="Ensîklopedî" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lad"><a href="http://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedya" title="Ansiklopedya" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lbe"><a href="http://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe">Лакку</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lo"><a href="http://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ສາລານຸກົມ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ltg"><a href="http://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%86ciklopedeja" title="Eņciklopedeja" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-la"><a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia" title="Encyclopaedia" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lv"><a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklop%C4%93dija" title="Enciklopēdija" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lb"><a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklopedie" title="Enzyklopedie" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lt"><a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-li"><a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopedie" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-lmo"><a href="http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclupedia" title="Enciclupedia" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklop%C3%A9dia" title="Enciklopédia" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mk"><a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mg"><a href="http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-pahalalana" title="Raki-pahalalana" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ml"><a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="വിജ്ഞാനകോശം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mt"><a href="http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C4%8Biklopedija" title="Enċiklopedija" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mr"><a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6" title="ज्ञानकोश" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-xmf"><a href="http://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-arz"><a href="http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87" title="موسوعه" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mzn"><a href="http://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="فرهنگنومه" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-min"><a href="http://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mwl"><a href="http://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anciclop%C3%A9dia" title="Anciclopédia" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mn"><a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нэвтэрхий толь" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-my"><a href="http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စွယ်စုံကျမ်း" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nah"><a href="http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93ntlamatiliz%C4%81moxtli" title="Cēntlamatilizāmoxtli" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedie" title="Encyclopedie" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="http://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensyklopedie" title="Ensyklopedie" lang="nds-nl" hreflang="nds-nl">Nedersaksies</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ne"><a href="http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="विश्वकोष" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="百科事典" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ce"><a href="http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Энциклопеди" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-no"><a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedi" title="Encyklopedi" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nn"><a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikon" title="Leksikon" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-oc"><a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A8dia" title="Enciclopèdia" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-mhr"><a href="http://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Энциклопедий" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-or"><a href="http://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7" title="ଜ୍ଞାନକୋଷ" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-uz"><a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopediya" title="Ensiklopediya" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pnb"><a href="http://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="انسائیکلوپیڈیا" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pap"><a href="http://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia" title="Ensiklopedia" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ps"><a href="http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89" title="پوهنغونډ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-km"><a href="http://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ប្រជុំវីជ្ជា" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tpi"><a href="http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensaiklopedia" title="Ensaiklopedia" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-nds"><a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia" title="Encyklopedia" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pnt"><a href="http://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εγκυκλοπαίδεια" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclop%C3%A9dia" title="Enciclopédia" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ksh"><a href="http://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohkixel" title="Nohkixel" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ro"><a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedie" title="Enciclopedie" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-rue"><a href="http://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енціклопедія" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sah"><a href="http://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sa"><a href="http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="विश्वकोशः" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sc"><a href="http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia" title="Enciclopedia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sco"><a href="http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia" title="Encyclopaedia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-stq"><a href="http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Enzyklopädie" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sq"><a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedia" title="Enciklopedia" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-scn"><a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nciclupid%C3%ACa" title="Nciclupidìa" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-si"><a href="http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E2%80%8D" title="විශ්වකෝෂය" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A9dia" title="Encyklopédia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-cu"><a href="http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%B7%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-szl"><a href="http://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yncyklopedyjo" title="Yncyklopedyjo" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-so"><a href="http://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ckb"><a href="http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئینسایکڵۆپیدیا" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sr"><a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sh"><a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija" title="Enciklopedija" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-su"><a href="http://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsiklop%C3%A9di" title="Énsiklopédi" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietosanakirja" title="Tietosanakirja" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppslagsverk" title="Uppslagsverk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tl"><a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலைக்களஞ்சியம்" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="http://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ngeclopedije" title="'Ngeclopedije" lang="roa-tara" hreflang="roa-tara">Tarandíne</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tt"><a href="http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энциклопедия" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-te"><a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వము" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-th"><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="สารานุกรม" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tg"><a href="http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энсиклопедия" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiklopedi" title="Ansiklopedi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Енциклопедія" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ur"><a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="دائرۃ المعارف" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-vec"><a href="http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/En%C3%A7iclopedia" title="Ençiclopedia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-vi"><a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ch_khoa_to%C3%A0n_th%C6%B0" title="Bách khoa toàn thư" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-wa"><a href="http://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eciclopedeye" title="Eciclopedeye" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="http://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-war"><a href="http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensayklopedya" title="Ensayklopedya" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-wo"><a href="http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbulang" title="Jimbulang" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-wuu"><a href="http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="百科全书" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ts"><a href="http://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopediya" title="Encyclopediya" lang="ts" hreflang="ts">Xitsonga</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-yi"><a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ענציקלאפעדיע" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="http://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encikluoped%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Encikluopedėjė" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="百科全书" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li>
<li class="wbc-editpage"><a href="http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5292" title="Edit interlanguage links">Edit links</a></li>
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