-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathCrow.html
1287 lines (1259 loc) · 186 KB
/
Crow.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">
<head>
<title>Crow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.22wmf1" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit" />
<link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png" webstripperwas="//en.wikipedia.org/apple-touch-icon.png" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<link rel="copyright" href="creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/index.html" webstripperwas="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php.11.css" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cteahouse%7Cext.wikihiero%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmw.PopUpMediaTransform%7Cskins.vector&only=styles&skin=vector&*" />
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php.12.css" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*" />
<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}
/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:d11e4771671c2d6cdedf7c90d8131cd5 */</style>
<script src="//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Crow","wgTitle":"Crow","wgCurRevisionId":551619569,"wgArticleId":1315210,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with Latin language external links","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2011","Articles with 'species' microformats","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011","Articles with hAudio microformats","Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2013","Pages in non-existent country centric categories","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012","Articles containing Japanese language text","Corvus","Talking birds","Scavengers"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Crow","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgVectorEnabledModules":{"collapsiblenav":true,"collapsibletabs":true,"editwarning":true,"expandablesearch":false,"footercleanup":true,"sectioneditlinks":false,"experiments":true},"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"templateEditor":false,"templates":false,"preview":false,"previewDialog":false,"publish":false,"toc":false},"wgArticleFeedbackv5Permissions":{"aft-reader":false,"aft-member":false,"aft-editor":false,"aft-monitor":false,"aft-administrator":false,"aft-oversighter":false},"wgVisualEditor":{"isPageWatched":false,"enableSectionEditLinks":false,"reportProblemURL":"http://parsoid.wmflabs.org/_bugs/","enableExperimentalCode":false},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgGuidedTourHelpGuiderUrl":"Help:Guided tours/guider","wgGuidedTourTestWikitextDescription":"A guider in your on-wiki tour can contain wikitext using onShow and parseDescription. Use it to create a wikilink to the \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Help:Guided_tours\" title=\"Help:Guided tours\"\u003EGuided tours documentation\u003C/a\u003E. Or an external link \u003Ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://github.com/tychay/mwgadget.GuidedTour\"\u003Eto GitHub\u003C/a\u003E, for instance.","wgMFPhotoUploadEndpoint":"//commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php","wgUseFormatCookie":{"name":"mf_mobileFormat","duration":-1,"path":"/","domain":"en.wikipedia.org"},"wgStopMobileRedirectCookie":{"name":"stopMobileRedirect","duration":30,"domain":".wikipedia.org","path":"/"},"wgMFPhotoUploadAppendToDesc":"{{Uploaded from Mobile|platform=Web|version=}}\n{{subst:unc}}","wgImagesDisabled":false,"wgMFMode":"stable","wgIsPageEditable":true,"wgPreferredVariant":"en","wgMFLoginHandshakeUrl":"//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:LoginHandshake?useformat=mobile","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","Geo":{"city":"","country":""},"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia"});
}</script><script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":1,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":0,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":false,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":4,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":1,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,"watchlistdays":3
,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"flaggedrevssimpleui":1,"flaggedrevsstable":0,"flaggedrevseditdiffs":true,"flaggedrevsviewdiffs":false,"vector-simplesearch":1,"useeditwarning":1,"vector-collapsiblenav":1,"usebetatoolbar":1,"usebetatoolbar-cgd":1,"aftv5-last-filter":null,"wikilove-enabled":1,"echo-subscriptions-web-page-review":true,"echo-subscriptions-email-page-review":true,"ep_showtoplink":false,"ep_bulkdelorgs":false,"ep_bulkdelcourses":true,"ep_showdyk":true,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs100":false,"searchNs101":false,"searchNs108":false,"searchNs109":
false,"searchNs446":false,"searchNs447":false,"searchNs710":false,"searchNs711":false,"searchNs828":false,"searchNs829":false,"gadget-teahouse":1,"gadget-ReferenceTooltips":1,"gadget-HotCat":1,"gadget-DRN-wizard":1,"gadget-charinsert":1,"gadget-mySandbox":1});},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});},{},{});
/* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:f01864140ec2ba42468570048b875f39 */
}</script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.vector.footerCleanup","ext.wikimediaShopLink.core","ext.postEdit","wikibase.client.init","ext.centralNotice.bannerController"]);
}</script>
<script src="//bits.wikimedia.org/geoiplookup"></script><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en.wikipedia.org/w/static-1.22wmf1/skins/vector/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Crow skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout">
<div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>
<div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>
<!-- content -->
<div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
<!-- sitenotice -->
<div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>
<!-- /sitenotice -->
<!-- firstHeading -->
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Crow</span></h1>
<!-- /firstHeading -->
<!-- bodyContent -->
<div id="bodyContent">
<!-- tagline -->
<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
<!-- /tagline -->
<!-- subtitle -->
<div id="contentSub"></div>
<!-- /subtitle -->
<!-- jumpto -->
<div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
</div>
<!-- /jumpto -->
<!-- bodycontent -->
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">For other uses, see <a href="Crow_(disambiguation)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_(disambiguation)" title="Crow (disambiguation)">Crow (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)">Crow</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="File3ACorvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/260px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/260px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG" width="260" height="193" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/390px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG/520px-Corvus_brachyrhynchos_30196.JPG 2x" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="American_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crow" title="American Crow">American Crow</a> (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)"><a href="Biological_classification.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification">Scientific classification</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><span class="kingdom" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Animal.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:</td>
<td><span class="phylum" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Chordate.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:</td>
<td><span class="class" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Bird.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:</td>
<td><span class="order" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Passerine.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">Passeriformes</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:</td>
<td><span class="family" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:</td>
<td><span class="genus" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><b>Corvus</b></i></span><br />
<small><a href="Carolus_Linnaeus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</small></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p><b>Crows</b> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="Help3AIPA_for_English" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="Help3AIPA_for_English" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'k' in 'kind'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="Help3AIPA_for_English" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'r' in 'rye'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">r</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="Help3AIPA_for_English" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'bode'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">oʊ</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="Help3AIPA_for_English" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> form the <a href="Genus.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Corvus</b></i> in the family <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a>. Ranging in size from the relatively small <a href="Dove" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove" title="Dove" class="mw-redirect">pigeon</a>-size <a href="Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">jackdaws</a> (<a href="Eurasian_Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Jackdaw" title="Eurasian Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">Eurasian</a> and <a href="Daurian_Jackdaw.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Daurian_Jackdaw" title="Daurian Jackdaw">Daurian</a>) to the <a href="Common_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven" title="Common Raven">Common Raven</a> of the <a href="Holarctic" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holarctic" title="Holarctic">Holarctic</a> region and <a href="Thick-billed_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-billed_Raven" title="Thick-billed Raven">Thick-billed Raven</a> of the highlands of <a href="Ethiopia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, the 40 or so members of this genus occur on all temperate <a href="Continent" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> except for <a href="South_America" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, and several islands. In Europe the word "crow" is used to refer to the <a href="Carrion_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_Crow" title="Carrion Crow">Carrion Crow</a> or the <a href="Hooded_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_Crow" title="Hooded Crow">Hooded Crow</a>, while in North America it is used for the <a href="American_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crow" title="American Crow">American Crow</a> or the <a href="Northwestern_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Crow" title="Northwestern Crow">Northwestern Crow</a>.</p>
<p>The crow genus makes up a third of the species in the <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a> family. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from the corvid stock, which had evolved in Australia. The <a href="Collective_noun" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective name</a> for a group of crows is a <i>flock</i> or a <i>murder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Recent research has found some crow species capable of not only <a href="Tool_use_by_animals" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals" title="Tool use by animals">tool use</a> but also tool construction<sup id="cite_ref-Winkler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkler-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> and meta-tool use. Crows are now considered to be among the world's most <a href="Animal_cognition" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">intelligent</a> animals<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> with an <a href="Encephalization_quotient" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalization_quotient" title="Encephalization quotient">encephalization quotient</a> approaching that of some apes. The <a href="Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">Jackdaw</a> and the <a href="European_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Magpie" title="European Magpie" class="mw-redirect">European Magpie</a> have been found to have a <a href="Nidopallium" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidopallium" title="Nidopallium">nidopallium</a> approximately the same relative size as the functionally equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees and humans, and significantly larger than is found in the <a href="Gibbon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Evolutionary_history_and_systematics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Evolutionary history and systematics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Species"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Species</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Behavior"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Behavior</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Calls"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Calls</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Intelligence"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Intelligence</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Diet"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Life_span_and_disease"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Life span and disease</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Conservation_status"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Conservation status</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Hunting"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hunting</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#As_a_food_supplement"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">As a food supplement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_human_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In human culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Myth_and_spirituality"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Myth and spirituality</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3AFlying_Crow.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flying_Crow.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flying_Crow.jpg/220px-Flying_Crow.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flying_Crow.jpg/220px-Flying_Crow.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flying_Crow.jpg/330px-Flying_Crow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flying_Crow.jpg/440px-Flying_Crow.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3AFlying_Crow.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flying_Crow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
in flight</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3ARaven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg/220px-Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg/220px-Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg/330px-Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg/440px-Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ARaven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raven_scavenging_on_a_dead_shark.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="Jungle_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Crow" title="Jungle Crow">Jungle Crow</a> (<i>Corvus macrorhynchos</i>) scavenging on a dead shark at a beach in <a href="Kumamoto,_Japan" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumamoto,_Japan" title="Kumamoto, Japan" class="mw-redirect">Kumamoto, Japan</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p><i>Corvus</i> species are all black or black with little white or gray plumage. They are stout with strong bills and legs. The sexes are not very different in appearance.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history and systematics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_history_and_systematics">Evolutionary history and systematics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate further">Further information: <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a></div>
<p>Crows are believed to have <a href="Evolution" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> in central <a href="Asia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and radiated out into <a href="North_America" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="Africa" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="Europe" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="Australia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</p>
<p>The latest evidence<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>regarding the crow's evolution indicates descent within the Australasian family Corvidae. However, the branch that would produce the modern groups such as <a href="Jays" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jays" title="Jays" class="mw-redirect">jays</a>, <a href="Magpies" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpies" title="Magpies" class="mw-redirect">magpies</a> and large predominantly black <i>Corvus</i> had left <a href="Australasia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> and were concentrated in <a href="Asia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> by the time the Corvus evolved. <i>Corvus</i> has since re-entered Australia (relatively recently) and produced five species with one recognized sub-species.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>The genus was originally described by <a href="Carolus_Linnaeus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect">Linnaeus</a> in his 18th-century work <i><a href="Systema_Naturae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> The name is derived from the <a href="Latin_(language)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_(language)" title="Latin (language)" class="mw-redirect">Latin</a> <i>corvus</i> meaning "raven".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="Type_species" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> is the <a href="Common_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven" title="Common Raven">Common Raven</a> <i>(Corvus corax)</i>; others named in the same work include the <a href="Carrion_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_Crow" title="Carrion Crow">Carrion Crow</a> <i>(C. corone)</i>, the <a href="Hooded_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_Crow" title="Hooded Crow">Hooded Crow</a> <i>(C. cornix)</i>, the <a href="Rook_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">Rook</a> <i>(C. frugilegus)</i>, and the <a href="Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">Jackdaw</a> <i>(C. monedula)</i>. The genus was originally broader, as the <a href="Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">Magpie</a> was designated <i>C. pica</i> before being moved later into a genus of its own. There are now considered to be at least 42 <a href="Extant_taxon" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species in this genus, and at least 14 <a href="Extinct" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct" title="Extinct" class="mw-redirect">extinct</a> species have been described.</p>
<p>There is not a good systematic approach to the genus at present. In general, it is assumed that the species from a geographical area are more closely related to each other than to other lineages, but this is not necessarily correct. For example, while the Carrion/Collared/House Crow complex is certainly closely related to each other, the situation is not at all clear regarding the Australian/Melanesian species. Furthermore, as many species are similar in appearance, determining actual range and characteristics can be very difficult, such as in Australia where the five (possibly six) species are almost identical in appearance.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3AJackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_(552502080).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/File:Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_(552502080).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_$28552502080$29.jpg/220px-Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_$28552502080$29.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_%28552502080%29.jpg/220px-Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_%28552502080%29.jpg" width="220" height="198" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_%28552502080%29.jpg/330px-Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_%28552502080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_%28552502080%29.jpg/440px-Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_%28552502080%29.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3AJackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_(552502080).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/File:Jackdaw_-_up_close_and_personal_(552502080).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Closeup of the upper body of a <a href="Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">Jackdaw</a> (<i>Corvus monedula</i>)</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="Fossil_record" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record" class="mw-redirect">fossil record</a> of crows is rather dense in Europe, but the relationships among most prehistoric species are not clear.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Species">Species</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="List_of_Corvus_species" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Corvus_species" title="List of Corvus species">List of Corvus species</a></div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behavior">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Behavior">Behavior</span></h2>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Calls">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Calls">Calls</span></h3>
<table class="metadata mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" /></div>
</div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="line-height:1.1em;">
<div class="haudio">
<div style="padding:2px 0;" class="fn"><a href="File3ACorvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" title="File:Corvus brachyrhynchos call.ogg">Corvus brachyrhynchos call</a></div>
<div style="padding-right:4px;">
<div class="mediaContainer" style="position:relative;display:block;width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_1" style="width:220px;height:23px" poster="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/icons/fileicon-ogg.png" controls="" preload="none" class="kskin" data-durationhint="8.0457142857143" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Corvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (79 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="78873"></source>Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br />
You can <a href="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Corvus_brachyrhynchos_call.ogg" >download the clip</a> or <a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download" >download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</audio></div>
</div>
<div style="padding:2px 0 0 0;" class="description">Call of Corvus brachyrhynchos (<a href="American_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crow" title="American Crow">American Crow</a>)</div>
</div>
<hr /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="line-height:1.1em;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><i>Problems listening to this file? See <a href="Wikipedia3AMedia_help" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">media help</a>.</i></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Crows make a wide variety of calls or vocalizations. Crows have also been observed to respond to calls of other species; this behavior is, it is presumed, learned because it varies regionally. Crows' vocalizations are complex and poorly understood. Some of the many vocalizations that crows make are a "Koww", usually echoed back and forth between birds; a series of "Kowws" in discrete units; a long caw followed by a series of short caws (usually made when a bird takes off from a perch); an echo-like "eh-aw" sound; and more. These vocalizations vary by species, and within each species they vary regionally. In many species, the pattern and number of the numerical vocalizations have been observed to change in response to events in the surroundings (i.e. arrival or departure of crows).</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intelligence">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Intelligence">Intelligence</span></h3>
<p>As a group, crows show remarkable examples of intelligence. Natural history books from the 18th century recount an often-repeated, but unproven anecdote of "counting crows" — specifically a crow whose ability to count to five (or four in some versions) is established through a logic trap set by a farmer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Crows and ravens often score very highly on intelligence tests. Certain <a href="Species.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> top the <a href="Avian_IQ" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_IQ" title="Avian IQ" class="mw-redirect">avian IQ</a> scale.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Wild hooded crows in Israel have learned to use bread crumbs for bait-fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Crows will engage in a kind of mid-air <a href="Jousting" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>, or air-"<a href="Game_of_chicken" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_chicken" title="Game of chicken" class="mw-redirect">chicken</a>" to establish pecking order. Crows have been found to engage in feats such as sports,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> tool use, the ability to hide and store food across seasons, <a href="Episodic-like_memory" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic-like_memory" title="Episodic-like memory">episodic-like memory</a>, and the ability to use individual experience in predicting the behavior of environmental conspecifics.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>One species, the <a href="New_Caledonian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_Crow" title="New Caledonian Crow">New Caledonian Crow</a>, has also been intensively studied recently because of its ability to manufacture and use its own <a href="Tool" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> in the day-to-day search for food. These tools include "knives" cut from stiff leaves and stiff stalks of grass.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Another skill involves dropping tough nuts into a trafficked street and waiting for a car to crush them open.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> On October 5, 2007, researchers from the <a href="University_of_Oxford" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="England" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, presented data acquired by mounting tiny video cameras on the tails of New Caledonian Crows. It turned out that they use a larger variety of tools than previously known, plucking, smoothing, and bending twigs and grass stems to procure a variety of foodstuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Crows in <a href="Queensland" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="Australia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, have learned how to eat the toxic <a href="Cane_toad" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toad" title="Cane toad">cane toad</a> by flipping the cane toad on its back and violently stabbing the throat where the skin is thinner, allowing the crow to access the non-toxic innards; their long beaks ensure that all of the innards can be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Crows have demonstrated the ability to distinguish individual humans by recognizing facial features.<sup id="cite_ref-Nijhuis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nijhuis-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</span></h2>
<p>Crows are omnivorous, and their diet is very diverse. They will eat almost anything, including other birds, fruits, nuts, mollusks, earthworms, seeds, frogs, eggs, nestlings, mice and carrion. The origin of placing scarecrows in grain fields resulted from the crow’s incessant damaging and scavenging, although crows assist farmers by eating insects otherwise attracted to their crops.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life span and disease">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life_span_and_disease">Life span and disease</span></h2>
<p>Crows reach sexual maturity around the age of 3 years for females and 5 years for males. Some crows may live to the age of 20, and the oldest known American crow in the wild was almost 30 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> The oldest captive crow documented died at age 59.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The American crow is highly susceptible to the recently introduced North American strain of <a href="West_Nile_virus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> American crows typically die within one week of acquiring the disease and very few survive exposure.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conservation status">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="File3ACorvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg/220px-Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg/220px-Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg" width="220" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg/330px-Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg/440px-Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ACorvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corvus_hawaiiensis_in_grass.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The <a href="Hawaiian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Crow" title="Hawaiian Crow">Hawaiian Crow</a> or <i>ʻalala</i> (<i>Corvus hawaiiensis</i>) is nearly <a href="Extinct" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct" title="Extinct" class="mw-redirect">extinct</a>; only a few dozen birds survive in captivity. The Hawaiian Crow is listed as "extinct in the wild" by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Two species of crow have been listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: The <a href="Hawaiian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Crow" title="Hawaiian Crow">Hawaiian Crow</a> and the <a href="Mariana_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Crow" title="Mariana Crow">Mariana Crow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="American_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crow" title="American Crow">American Crow</a>, despite having its population reduced by 45% since 1999 by the <a href="West_Nile_virus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_Virus" title="West Nile Virus" class="mw-redirect">West Nile Virus</a>, is considered a <a href="Least_Concern" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern" title="Least Concern">Species of Least Concern</a>.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hunting">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hunting">Hunting</span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" style="">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image">
<div style="width: 52px;"><img alt="Globe icon." src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="48" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" /></div>
</td>
<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="Wikipedia3AWikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit" >improve this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="Talk3ACrow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Crow" title="Talk:Crow">talk page</a>.</span> <small><i>(March 2013)</i></small> </span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>There is no bag limit when crows are taken during the "crow hunting season." According to the US <i>Code of Federal Regulations,</i> crows may be taken without a permit in certain circumstances. <a href="United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">USFWS</a> 50 <a href="Code_of_Federal_Regulations" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">CFR</a> 21.43 (Depredation order for blackbirds, cowbirds, grackles, crows and magpies) states that a Federal permit is not required to control these birds "when found committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance," provided that</p>
<ul>
<li>none of the birds killed or their parts are sold or offered for sale,</li>
<li>anyone exercising the privileges granted by this section shall permit any Federal or State game agent free and unrestricted access over the premises where the operations have been or are conducted and will provide them with whatever information required by the officer, and</li>
<li>nothing in the section authorizes the killing of such birds contrary to any State laws and that the person needs to possess whatever permit may be required by the State.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a food supplement">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_food_supplement">As a food supplement</span></h2>
<p>Crows were hunted for survival by <a href="Curonians" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, a Baltic tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> when common food was exhausted and the landscape changed so that farming was not as productive during the 18th and 19th centuries. Fishermen supplemented their diet by gathering coastal bird eggs and preserving crow meat by salting and smoking it. It became a traditional food for poor folk and is documented in a poem, <i><a href="The_Seasons_(poem)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seasons_(poem)" title="The Seasons (poem)">The Seasons</a></i> by <a href="Kristijonas_Donelaitis" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristijonas_Donelaitis" title="Kristijonas Donelaitis">K. Donelatis</a>. After the non-hunting policy was lifted by the Prussian government in 1721-1724 and alternative food supplies increased, the practice was forgotten. The tradition reemerged after World War I; it was common to find butchered crows in market places, which were sought after and bought by townsfolk. The hunted crows were not the local, but the migrating ones — each year during the spring and autumn crows migrated via the <a href="Curonian_Spit" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</a> between Finland and the rest of Europe. In 1943 the government even issued a hunting quota for such activities. Crows were usually caught by attracting them with smoked fish or grains soaked in spirit and catching them with nets. It was a job for the elderly or young who were unable to go to sea to fish, and it was common to catch 150 to 200 birds during a hunting day.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In human culture">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="In_human_culture">In human culture</span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Cultural depictions of ravens</a></div>
<p>The <a href="Common_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven" title="Common Raven">Common Raven</a> and <a href="Carrion_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_Crow" title="Carrion Crow">Carrion Crow</a> have been blamed for killing weak lambs and are often seen eating freshly dead corpses probably killed by other means. The Australian raven has been documented chasing, attacking and seriously injuring lambs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="Rook_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">Rooks</a> have been blamed for eating grain in the UK and <a href="Brown-necked_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-necked_Raven" title="Brown-necked Raven">Brown-necked Raven</a> for raiding date crops in desert countries.<sup id="cite_ref-CotW83_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CotW83-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In Auburn, New York, (USA), 25,000 to 50,000 American Crows (C. brachyrhynchos) have taken to roosting in the small city's large trees during winter since around 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2003, a controversial, organized crow hunt proved ineffective at reducing their numbers and the problem (concerns for public health and the sheer noise of so many crows) continues.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>At a <a href="TED_(conference)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">Technology Entertainment Design conference</a> in March 2008, <a href="Joshua_Klein" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Klein" title="Joshua Klein">Joshua Klein</a> presented the potential use of a <a href="Vending_machine" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a> for crows. He suggested the crows could be trained to pick up <a href="Waste" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> and the vending machine would be designed to give a reward in exchange for the trash.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Crows have been shown to have the ability to visually recognize individual humans, and to transmit information about "bad" humans by squawking.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Myth and spirituality">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Myth_and_spirituality">Myth and spirituality</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="Raven_in_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_in_mythology" title="Raven in mythology" class="mw-redirect">Raven in mythology</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="File3AThe-Twa-Corbies.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Twa-Corbies.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/170px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/170px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg" width="170" height="231" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/255px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The-Twa-Corbies.jpg/340px-The-Twa-Corbies.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3AThe-Twa-Corbies.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The-Twa-Corbies.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i>The Twa Corbies</i> by <a href="Arthur_Rackham" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In <a href="Irish_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>, crows are associated with <a href="Morrigan" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrigan" title="Morrigan" class="mw-redirect">Morrigan</a>, the goddess of war and death.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The god <a href="Bran_the_Blessed" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran_the_Blessed" title="Bran the Blessed">Bran the Blessed</a> -whose name means 'crow' or 'raven'- is associated with corvids and death; tradition holds that Bran's severed head is buried under the <a href="Tower_of_London" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, facing France- a possible genesis for the practice of keeping ravens in the Tower, said to protect the fortunes of Britain. In <a href="Cornish_folklore" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_folklore" title="Cornish folklore">Cornish folklore</a>, crows -<a href="Magpies" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpies" title="Magpies" class="mw-redirect">magpies</a> particularly- are associated with death and the 'otherworld', and proscribes respectful greeting. The origin of 'counting crows' as <a href="Augury" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augury" title="Augury" class="mw-redirect">augury</a> is British; however, the British version rather is to 'count magpies' – their black and white <a href="Pied" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied" title="Pied">pied</a> colouring alluding to the realms of the living and dead.</p>
<p>In <a href="Norse_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="Huginn_and_Muninn" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huginn_and_Muninn" title="Huginn and Muninn">Huginn and Muninn</a> are a pair of <a href="Common_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven" title="Common Raven">ravens</a> that range the entire world, <a href="Midgard" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Midgard</a>, bringing the god <a href="Odin" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> information.</p>
<p>In <a href="Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a>, <a href="Crow_(Australian_Aboriginal_mythology)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_(Australian_Aboriginal_mythology)" title="Crow (Australian Aboriginal mythology)">Crow</a> is a <a href="Trickster" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>, <a href="Culture_hero" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a>, and ancestral being. Legends relating to Crow have been observed in various Aboriginal language groups and cultures across Australia; these commonly include stories relating to Crow's role in the theft of fire, the origin of death, and the killing of Eagle's son.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="File3ACorbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg/170px-Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg/170px-Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg" width="170" height="524" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg/255px-Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg/340px-Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3ACorbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corbeau_branche_Kyo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i>Crow on a branch</i>, <a href="Maruyama_$C5$8Ckyo" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruyama_%C5%8Ckyo" title="Maruyama Ōkyo">Maruyama Ōkyo</a> (1733–1795)</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a href="Chaldean_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_mythology" title="Chaldean mythology" class="mw-redirect">Chaldean myth</a> the <i><a href="Epic_of_Gilgamesh" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, <a href="Utnapishtim" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utnapishtim" title="Utnapishtim">Utnapishtim</a> releases a <a href="Dove" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove" title="Dove" class="mw-redirect">dove</a> and raven to find land; however, the dove merely circles and returns. Only then does Utnapishtim send forth the raven, which does not return, and Utnapishtim concludes the raven has found land.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>According to Ovid's Metamorphoses, in <a href="Greek_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the god <a href="Apollo" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> became enraged when the crow exposed his lover <a href="Coronis_(Greek_mythology)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronis_(Greek_mythology)" title="Coronis (Greek mythology)" class="mw-redirect">Coronis'</a> tryst with a mortal, his ire transmuting the crow's feathers from white to black.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In the <i><a href="Contents_and_stories_of_the_Yoga_Vasistha" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contents_and_stories_of_the_Yoga_Vasistha" title="Contents and stories of the Yoga Vasistha">Story of Bhusunda</a></i>, a chapter of the <i><a href="Yoga_Vasistha" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i>, a very old sage in the form of a crow, Bhusunda, recalls a succession of epochs in the earth's history, as described in <a href="Hindu_cosmology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a>. He survived several destructions, living on a <a href="Kalpavriksha" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpavriksha" title="Kalpavriksha">wish-fulfilling tree</a> on <a href="Mount_Meru" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-hindu-zoro_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-hindu-zoro-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> Crows are also considered ancestors in Hindiusm and during <a href="$C5$9Ar$C4$81ddha" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a> the practice of offering food or pinda to crows is still in vogue.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Crows are mentioned often in <a href="Buddhism" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, especially Tibetan disciplines. The Dharmapala (protector of the Dharma) <a href="Mahakala" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala" class="mw-redirect">Mahakala</a> is represented by a crow in one of his physical/earthly forms.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In <a href="Japanese_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>, a <a href="Three-legged_crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-legged_crow" title="Three-legged crow">three-legged crow</a> called <i>Yatagarasu</i> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">八咫烏</span><span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"><sup><a href="Help3AInstalling_Japanese_character_sets" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration: none; padding: 0 .1em;">?</span></a></sup></span>, "eight-hand-crow")</span><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> is depicted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In <a href="Korean_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a>, there is a <a href="Three-legged_crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-legged_crow" title="Three-legged crow">three-legged crow</a> known as Samjokgo (hangul: 삼족오; hanja: 三足烏).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In <a href="Chinese_mythology" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a>, the world originally had ten suns embodied as ten crows, which rose in the sky one at a time. When all ten decided to rise at once, the effect was devastating to crops, so the gods sent their greatest archer <a href="Houyi" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houyi" title="Houyi">Houyi</a>, who shot down nine crows and spared only one.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<p>In <a href="Hinduism" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, crows are thought of carriers of information. They give omens to people regarding their situations. For example : When a crow crows in front of a person's house, he is expected to have special visitors that day. Also, in Hindu literature, crows have great memories which they use to give information.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3ACitation_needed.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="File3AIndian_Crow.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Crow.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Crow.jpg/170px-Indian_Crow.jpg" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Crow.jpg/170px-Indian_Crow.jpg" width="170" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Crow.jpg/255px-Indian_Crow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Crow.jpg/340px-Indian_Crow.jpg 2x" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="File3AIndian_Crow.jpg" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Crow.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" webstripperwas="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="House_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Crow" title="House Crow">House Crow</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Ancient Greek authors tell how a jackdaw, being a social creature, may be caught with a dish of oil that it falls into while looking at its own reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-wentworth_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentworth-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> The Roman poet <a href="Ovid" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> saw them as a harbinger of rain (Amores 2,6, 34).<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> In Greek legend, a princess <a href="Arne_(mythology)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_(mythology)" title="Arne (mythology)">Arne</a> was bribed with gold by King <a href="Minos" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a> of Crete, and was punished for her avarice by being transformed into an equally avaricious jackdaw, who still seeks shiny things.<sup id="cite_ref-Graves1589_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graves1589-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Aesop$27s_Fables" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, the jackdaw embodies stupidity in one tale, by starving while waiting for figs on a fig tree to ripen, and vanity in another – the daw sought to become king of the birds with borrowed feathers, but was shamed when they fell off.<sup id="cite_ref-deVries76_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deVries76-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pliny_the_Elder.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> notes how the <a href="Thessalian" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessalian" title="Thessalian" class="mw-redirect">Thessalians</a>, <a href="Illyrians" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> and <a href="Lemnian" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnian" title="Lemnian" class="mw-redirect">Lemnians</a> cherished jackdaws for destroying grasshoppers' eggs. The <a href="Veneti" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneti" title="Veneti">Veneti</a> are fabled to have bribed the jackdaws to spare their crops.<sup id="cite_ref-wentworth_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wentworth-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Another ancient Greek and Roman adage runs, "The swans will sing when the jackdaws are silent," meaning that educated or wise people will speak after the foolish become quiet.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> In reality, corvids are among the most intelligent birds in the world, and this traditional association with ignorance is quite inaccurate.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="Corvus_(heraldry)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Corvus (heraldry)</a></li>
<li><a href="Eating_crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_crow" title="Eating crow">Eating crow</a></li>
<li><a href="Ischys" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischys" title="Ischys">Ischys</a> for the Greek myth of why the crow's feathers are black.</li>
<li><a href="Scarecrow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow" title="Scarecrow">Scarecrows</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.word-detective.com/2009/02/murder-of-crows-etc" >"Murder of Crows, etc."</a>. Word-detective.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Murder+of+Crows%2C+etc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.word-detective.com%2F2009%2F02%2Fmurder-of-crows-etc&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Word-detective.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Winkler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Winkler, Robert (August 8, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0808_020808_crow.html" >"Crow Makes Wire Hook to Get Food"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 February 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F08%2F0808_020808_crow.html&rft.atitle=Crow+Makes+Wire+Hook+to+Get+Food&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=August+8%2C+2002&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.btitle=Crow+Makes+Wire+Hook+to+Get+Food&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pbs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/1621910826/" >"A Murder of Crows"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. PBS video. 2010-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 February 2011</span>. "<i>New research indicates that crows are among the brightest animals in the world.</i>"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.atitle=A+Murder+of+Crows&rft.pub=PBS+video&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=A+Murder+of+Crows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2F1621910826%2F%23&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2010-10-24&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Rogers, Lesley J.; Kaplan, Gisela T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.au/books?id=e021s7atsicC&pg=PA9&dq=Comparative+vertebrate+cognition:+are+primates+superior+to+non-primates?+jackdaw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=68KzT8aDHc6WmQW2kvycBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA" ><i>Comparative vertebrate cognition: are primates superior to non-primates?</i></a>. New York, New York: Springer. p. 9. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-306-47727-0" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-47727-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-47727-0">0-306-47727-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De021s7atsicC%26pg%3DPA9%26dq%3DComparative%2Bvertebrate%2Bcognition%3A%2Bare%2Bprimates%2Bsuperior%2Bto%2Bnon-primates%3F%2Bjackdaw%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D68KzT8aDHc6WmQW2kvycBQ%26ved%3D0CDYQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rogers%2C+Lesley+J.%3B+Kaplan%2C+Gisela+T.&rft.isbn=0-306-47727-0&rft.pub=Springer&rft.btitle=Comparative+vertebrate+cognition%3A+are+primates+superior+to+non-primates%3F&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Lesley+J.%3B+Kaplan%2C+Gisela+T.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0401892101v1" >"Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation – Barker et al., 10.1073/pnas.0401892101 – Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"</a>. Pnas.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+diversification+of+the+largest+avian+radiation+%E2%80%93+Barker+et+al.%2C+10.1073%2Fpnas.0401892101+%E2%80%93+Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F0401892101v1&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Pnas.org&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Latin)</span> <span class="citation book"><a href="Carolus_Linnaeus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect">Linnaeus, C</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dz1.gdz-cms.de/index.php?id=img&no_cache=1&IDDOC=265100" ><i>Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.</i></a>. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=824&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdz1.gdz-cms.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3Dimg%26no_cache%3D1%26IDDOC%3D265100&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=C&rft.pub=Holmiae.+%28Laurentii+Salvii%29&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.+Tomus+I.+Editio+decima%2C+reformata.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.au=Linnaeus%2C+C&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Simpson, D.P. (1979). <i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i> (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-304-52257-0" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-52257-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-52257-0">0-304-52257-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London&rft.pages=883&rft.genre=book&rft.edition=5&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.isbn=0-304-52257-0&rft.pub=Cassell+Ltd.&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Latin+Dictionary&rft.au=Simpson%2C+D.P.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=SPaapa4PMVEC&pg=PA289" >http://books.google.com/books?id=SPaapa4PMVEC&pg=PA289</a> The Number Sense:How the Mind Creates Mathematics, Revised and Updated Edition: How the Mind Creates Mathematics</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=74e6ZB9YcscC&pg=PA19" >http://books.google.com/books?id=74e6ZB9YcscC&pg=PA19</a> Numbers Are Us</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Rincon, Paul (2005-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4286965.stm" >"Science/Nature | Crows and jays top bird IQ scale"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Science%2FNature+%26%23124%3B+Crows+and+jays+top+bird+IQ+scale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F4286965.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2005-02-22&rft.au=Rincon%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orenhasson.com/EN/bait-fishing.htm" >ד"ר אורן חסון: יחסים, אהבה, זוגיות, תקשורת בין-אישית</a> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(English)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="Wikipedia3AIdentifying_reliable_sources" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.wimp.com/crowtubing/" >[1]</a> Crow tubing upon a slide (video)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Prior H. <i>et al.</i> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/archive/1545-7885/6/8/pdf/10.1371_journal.pbio.0060202-L.pdf" >"Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition"</a>. <i>PLoS Biology</i> (Public Library of Science) <b>6</b> (8): e202. <a href="Digital_object_identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060202" >10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202</a>. <a href="PubMed_Central" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517622" >2517622</a>. <a href="PubMed_Identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715117" >18715117</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-21</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.plosjournals.org%2Farchive%2F1545-7885%2F6%2F8%2Fpdf%2F10.1371_journal.pbio.0060202-L.pdf&rft.atitle=Mirror-Induced+Behavior+in+the+Magpie+%28Pica+pica%29%3A+Evidence+of+Self-Recognition&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Prior+H.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.pub=Public+Library+of+Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=e202&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.issue=8&rft.btitle=Mirror-Induced+Behavior+in+the+Magpie+%28Pica+pica%29%3A+Evidence+of+Self-Recognition&rft.au=Prior+H.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060202&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18715117&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F2517622&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="New_Caledonian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_Crow" title="New Caledonian Crow">New Caledonian Crow#Tool making</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Shettleworth, Sara J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-Qs1qGys0AwC&pg=PA3" ><i>Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-19-531984-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531984-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531984-2">978-0-19-531984-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=3%E2%80%934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Qs1qGys0AwC%26pg%3DPA3&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Cognition%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Behavior&rft.aulast=Shettleworth%2C+Sara+J.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531984-2&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Shettleworth%2C+Sara+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/Tool_use_by_animals" >"Red light runners"</a>, from the BBC's <i>The Life of Birds</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/10/05/crows_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20071005130000&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000" >"Crows Bend Twigs Into Tools"</a>, Discovery Channel</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/Tool_use_by_animals" >"Crow bars"</a>, from the BBC's <i>The Life of Birds</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Katrina Bolton (2007-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/15/2033759.htm" >"Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"</a>. Abc.net.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Katrina+Bolton&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F09%2F15%2F2033759.htm&rft.btitle=Toads+fall+victim+to+crows+in+NT+%E2%80%93+ABC+News+%28Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.genre=book&rft.au=Katrina+Bolton&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozanimals.com/Frog/Cane-Toad/Bufo/marinus.html" >"Cane Toad (Bufo marinus)"</a>. Ozanimals.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Cane+Toad+%28Bufo+marinus%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozanimals.com%2FFrog%2FCane-Toad%2FBufo%2Fmarinus.html&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Ozanimals.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Nijhuis-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nijhuis_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Nijhuis, Michelle (August 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/science/26crow.html" >"Friend or Foe? Crows Never Forget a Face, It Seems"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 February 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F26%2Fscience%2F26crow.html&rft.atitle=Friend+or+Foe%3F+Crows+Never+Forget+a+Face%2C+It+Seems&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=August+25%2C+2008&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Nijhuis&rft.btitle=Friend+or+Foe%3F+Crows+Never+Forget+a+Face%2C+It+Seems&rft.au=Nijhuis%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crowbusters.com/facts.htm" >Crow Facts</a>. crowbusters.com</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGowan, K.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm" >"Frequently Asked Questions About Crows"</a>, Cornell Lab of Ornithology</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/07/AR2006070700860.html" >Crow Believed to Be Oldest in World Dies</a>. Associated Press via Washington Post (2006-07-07)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidd.psu.edu/research/synopses/why-west-nile-virus-kills-so-many-crows" >"Why West Nile virus kills so many crows"</a>, Penn State Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/5yearactive.html" >"Pacific Region Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"</a>. Fws.gov. 2011-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Fws.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fpacific%2Fecoservices%2Fendangered%2Frecovery%2F5yearactive.html&rft.btitle=Pacific+Region+Endangered+Species%2C+U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nerija.lt/kultra/verslai/varnu-gaudymas" >"Crow hunting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nerija.lt" >http://www.nerija.lt</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2013-03-17</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Crow+hunting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nerija.lt%2Fkultra%2Fverslai%2Fvarnu-gaudymas&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nerija.lt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Alexander, T. Mann, C. J. MuIhearn, I. C. R. Rowly, D. Williams, and D. Winn, 1967 "Activities of foxes and crows in a flock of lambing ewes", Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 7</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CotW83-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CotW83_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Goodwin D. (1983). <i>Crows of the World</i>. Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-7022-1015-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7022-1015-3">0-7022-1015-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Goodwin+D.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Crows+of+the+World&rft.pub=Queensland+University+Press%2C+St+Lucia%2C+Qld&rft.isbn=0-7022-1015-3&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Goodwin+D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnylinks.com/crows/" >"Auburn NY Crow Roost and lighting changes"</a>. Cnylinks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Auburn+NY+Crow+Roost+and+lighting+changes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnylinks.com%2Fcrows%2F&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cnylinks.com&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburnpub.com/articles/2003/02/03/opinion/our_view/ourview01.txt" >"The Citizen, Auburn NY"</a>. Auburnpub.com. 2002-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-11-12</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pub=Auburnpub.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2002-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburnpub.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F02%2F03%2Fopinion%2Four_view%2Fourview01.txt&rft.btitle=The+Citizen%2C+Auburn+NY&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Klein, Joshua (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/joshua_klein_on_the_intelligence_of_crows.html" >"The amazing intelligence of crows"</a>. <i><a href="TED_(conference)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED conference</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 July 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Findex.php%2Ftalks%2Fjoshua_klein_on_the_intelligence_of_crows.html&rft.atitle=The+amazing+intelligence+of+crows&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.date=2008&rft.jtitle=TED+conference&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.btitle=The+amazing+intelligence+of+crows&rft.au=Klein%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106826971" >The Crow Paradox</a> by Robert Krulwich. Morning Edition, National Public Radio. 27 July 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Leeming, David Adams (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA86" >"Crows and ravens"</a>. <i>The Oxford companion to world mythology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 86. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-19-515669-0" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515669-0">978-0-19-515669-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQFtlva3HaYC%26pg%3DPA86&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+world+mythology&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Leeming%2C+David+Adams&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515669-0&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.btitle=Crows+and+ravens&rft.au=Leeming%2C+David+Adams&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Kovacs, Maureen Gallery (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=YYxEd9c0EUYC&pg=PA102" ><i>The epic of Gilgamesh</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 102. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-8047-1711-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1711-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1711-3">978-0-8047-1711-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=102&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYxEd9c0EUYC%26pg%3DPA102&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+epic+of+Gilgamesh&rft.aulast=Kovacs%2C+Maureen+Gallery&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1711-3&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Kovacs%2C+Maureen+Gallery&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2U7okUE3PIcC&pg=PA93" >"Coronis/Corvus"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman mythology</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 93. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-1-57607-129-8" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-129-8">978-1-57607-129-8</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2U7okUE3PIcC%26pg%3DPA93&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Greco-Roman+mythology&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dixon-Kennedy%2C+Mike&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-129-8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.btitle=Coronis%2FCorvus&rft.au=Dixon-Kennedy%2C+Mike&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cole-hindu-zoro-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cole-hindu-zoro_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole, Juan R.I. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahaistudies.net/hindu_zoro.html" >Baha'u'llah on Hinduism and Zoroastrianism: The Tablet to Mirza Abu'l-Fadl Concerning the Questions of Manakji Limji Hataria</a></i>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Vasudevan, Vidia (2001-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/26/stories/13261289.htm" >"It's a crow's day"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i> (Chennai, India).</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Chennai%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2001%2F07%2F26%2Fstories%2F13261289.htm&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+crow%27s+day&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=It%27s+a+crow%27s+day&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.aulast=Vasudevan%2C+Vidia&rft.date=2001-07-26&rft.au=Vasudevan%2C+Vidia&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Picken, Stuart D.B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yA3_QqC6pPgC&pg=PA96" ><i>Essentials of Shinto: an analytical guide to principal teachings</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 96. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-313-26431-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26431-3">978-0-313-26431-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyA3_QqC6pPgC%26pg%3DPA96&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Shinto%3A+an+analytical+guide+to+principal+teachings&rft.aulast=Picken%2C+Stuart+D.B.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26431-3&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Picken%2C+Stuart+D.B.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Como, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-UNEhdX6ePMC&pg=PA100" ><i>Weaving and binding: immigrant gods and female immortals in ancient Japan</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 100–103. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-8248-2957-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2957-5">978-0-8248-2957-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.pages=100%E2%80%93103&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UNEhdX6ePMC%26pg%3DPA100&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Weaving+and+binding%3A+immigrant+gods+and+female+immortals+in+ancient+Japan&rft.aulast=Como%2C+Michael&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2957-5&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Como%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wentworth-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wentworth_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wentworth_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, <i>A Glossary of Greek Birds.</i> Oxford, 1895. p. 89.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-deVries76-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deVries76_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deVries76_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">de Vries, Ad (1976). <i>Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery</i>. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. p. 275. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-7204-8021-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7204-8021-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7204-8021-3">0-7204-8021-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=275&rft.genre=book&rft.aufirst=Ad&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.isbn=0-7204-8021-3&rft.pub=North-Holland+Publishing+Company&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Symbols+and+Imagery&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+Ad&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Graves1589-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graves1589_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="Robert_Graves" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Graves, R</a> (1955). "Scylla and Nisus". <i>Greek Myths</i>. London: Penguin. p. 308. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-14-001026-2" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-001026-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-001026-2">0-14-001026-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.place=London&rft.pages=308&rft.atitle=Greek+Myths&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.aufirst=R&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.isbn=0-14-001026-2&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.btitle=Scylla+and+Nisus&rft.au=Graves%2C+R&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collected Works of <a href="Erasmus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus" class="mw-redirect">Erasmus</a>: Adages: Ivi1 to Ix100.</i> Translated by Roger A. Mynors. University of Toronto Press, 1989. p. 314.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Burton, Maurice & Burton, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ojMQP6aWW6sC&pg=PA610" >"Crow"</a>. <i>The international wildlife encyclopedia, Volume 10</i>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7266-7">978-0-7614-7266-7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DojMQP6aWW6sC%26pg%3DPA610&rft.atitle=The+international+wildlife+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+10&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Burton%2C+Maurice+%26+Burton%2C+Robert&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7266-7&rft.btitle=Crow&rft.au=Burton%2C+Maurice+%26+Burton%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idGill2003" class="citation journal">Gill, B. J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=149547." >"Osteometry and Systematics of the Extinct New Zealand Ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus)."</a>. <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</i> <b>1</b>: 43–58. <a href="Digital_object_identifier.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477201903001019" >10.1017/S1477201903001019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-03-14</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D149547.&rft.atitle=Osteometry+and+Systematics+of+the+Extinct+New+Zealand+Ravens+%28Aves%3A+Corvidae%3A+Corvus%29.&rft.genre=book&rft.aulast=Gill%2C+B.+J.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.btitle=Osteometry+and+Systematics+of+the+Extinct+New+Zealand+Ravens+%28Aves%3A+Corvidae%3A+Corvus%29.&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.pages=43%E2%80%9358&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Gill%2C+B.+J.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1477201903001019&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idGoodwin1983" class="citation book">Goodwin, D. (1983). <i>Crows of the World</i>. Queensland University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-7022-1015-3" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7022-1015-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7022-1015-3">0-7022-1015-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Goodwin%2C+D.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Crows+of+the+World&rft.pub=Queensland+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-7022-1015-3&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+D.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idHeinrich1991" class="citation book">Heinrich, Bernd (1991). <i>Ravens in Winter</i>. Vintage Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-679-73236-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-73236-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-73236-5">0-679-73236-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Heinrich%2C+Bernd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Ravens+in+Winter&rft.pub=Vintage+Press&rft.isbn=0-679-73236-5&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Heinrich%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idHeinrich1999" class="citation book">Heinrich, Bernd (1999). <i>Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds</i>. Cliff Street Books. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-06-093063-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093063-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093063-9">978-0-06-093063-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Heinrich%2C+Bernd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Mind+of+the+Raven%3A+Investigations+and+Adventures+with+Wolf-Birds&rft.pub=Cliff+Street+Books&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093063-9&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Heinrich%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idKilham1991" class="citation book">Kilham, Lawrence (1991). <i>The American Crow and the Common Raven</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-89096-466-1" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-466-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-466-1">0-89096-466-1</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Kilham%2C+Lawrence&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+American+Crow+and+the+Common+Raven&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-89096-466-1&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Kilham%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Madge, Steve & Burn, Hillary (1994). <i>Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays, and magpies of the world</i>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-395-67171-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-67171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-67171-9">978-0-395-67171-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Madge%2C+Steve+%26+Burn%2C+Hillary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=Crows+and+jays%3A+a+guide+to+the+crows%2C+jays%2C+and+magpies+of+the+world&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.isbn=978-0-395-67171-9&rft.genre=book&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Madge%2C+Steve+%26+Burn%2C+Hillary&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idWesterfield2011" class="citation book">Westerfield, Michael (2011). <i>The Language of Crows: The crows.net Book of the American Crow</i>. Ashford Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/978-0-937992-00-5" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937992-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937992-00-5">978-0-937992-00-5</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Westerfield%2C+Michael&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Crows%3A+The+crows.net+Book+of+the+American+Crow&rft.pub=Ashford+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-937992-00-5&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Westerfield%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span id="idWorthy2002" class="citation book">Worthy, Trevor H. & Holdaway, Richard N. (2002). <i>The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="International_Standard_Book_Number.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="Special3ABookSources/0-253-34034-9" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34034-9">0-253-34034-9</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.aulast=Worthy%2C+Trevor+H.+%26+Holdaway%2C+Richard+N.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+the+Moa%3A+Prehistoric+Life+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-253-34034-9&rft.genre=book&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Worthy%2C+Trevor+H.+%26+Holdaway%2C+Richard+N.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Crow" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crow&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style=""><a href="Wikisource" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="Encyclop$C3$A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article <i><b><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crow" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crow">Crow</a></b></i>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" webstripperwas="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Corvus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Corvus">Corvus</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm" >Frequently Asked Questions About Crows</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdhouses101.com/crow.asp" >Crow: by Bird Houses 101</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crows.net/" >crows.net: The Language & Culture of Crows</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2005/6/Books_naturally_ND_05.cfm" >In the Company of Crows and Ravens</a> by John M. Marzluff and Tony Angell</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clcookphoto.com/crows.htm" >Crow Photographs and Comments</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/crow/" >Video of Crow Making and Using Tools</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/tools/tools_main.shtml" >Info on Tool use by Crows</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/crows-corvidae" >Crow Videos</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/261" >TED Talk: The Amazing Intelligence of Crows</a> by Joshua Klein</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corvidcorner.com" >Corvid Corner</a> – A Site about the Crow Family</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJoBJM8G4JA" >Video: A Crow uses Electrical Wire as Nest-building Material</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.pbs.org/video/1621910826/" >A Murder of Crows</a>, 2010 PBS documentary</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracked.com/article_19042_6-terrifying-ways-crows-are-way-smarter-than-you-think.html" >6 Terrifying Ways Crows Are Way Smarter Than You Think</a> at <a href="Cracked.com" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracked.com" title="Cracked.com">Cracked.com</a></li>
</ul>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="Template3ACorvidae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corvidae" title="Template:Corvidae"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="Template_talk3ACorvidae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corvidae" title="Template talk:Corvidae"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Corvidae&action=edit" ><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%;">Extant species of family <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li>Kingdom: <a href="Animalia" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia" class="mw-redirect">Animalia</a></li>
<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordata" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata" class="mw-redirect">Chordata</a></li>
<li>Class: <a href="Aves" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves" class="mw-redirect">Aves</a></li>
<li>Subclass: <a href="Neornithes" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neornithes" title="Neornithes" class="mw-redirect">Neornithes</a></li>
<li>Superorder: <a href="Neognathae" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a></li>
<li>Order: <a href="Passeriformes" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes" title="Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect">Passeriformes</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;">Family <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Choughs</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Chough" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chough" title="Chough">Pyrrhocorax</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Alpine_Chough" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Chough" title="Alpine Chough">Alpine Chough (<i>P. graculus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Red-billed_Chough" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_Chough" title="Red-billed Chough">Red-billed Chough (<i>P. pyrrhocorax</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;"><a href="Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treepie" title="Treepie">Treepies</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Crypsirina" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypsirina" title="Crypsirina">Crypsirina</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Hooded_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_Treepie" title="Hooded Treepie">Hooded Treepie (<i>C. cucullata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_Racket-tailed_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Racket-tailed_Treepie" title="Black Racket-tailed Treepie" class="mw-redirect">Black Racket-tailed Treepie (<i>C. temia</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Dendrocitta" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrocitta" title="Dendrocitta">Dendrocitta</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Andaman_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Treepie" title="Andaman Treepie">Andaman Treepie (<i>D. bayleyi</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Bornean_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_Treepie" title="Bornean Treepie">Bornean Treepie (<i>D. cinerascens</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Grey_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Treepie" title="Grey Treepie">Grey Treepie (<i>D. formosae</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Black-faced_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_Treepie" title="Black-faced Treepie" class="mw-redirect">Black-faced Treepie (<i>D. frontalis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-bellied_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-bellied_Treepie" title="White-bellied Treepie">White-bellied Treepie (<i>D. leucogastra</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Sunda_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Treepie" title="Sunda Treepie" class="mw-redirect">Sunda Treepie (<i>D. occipitalis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Rufous_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous_Treepie" title="Rufous Treepie">Rufous Treepie (<i>D. vagabunda</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i>Platysmurus</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Black_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Magpie" title="Black Magpie">Black Magpie (<i>P. leucopterus</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i>Temnurus</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Ratchet-tailed_Treepie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet-tailed_Treepie" title="Ratchet-tailed Treepie">Ratchet-tailed Treepie (<i>T. temnurus</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Oriental<br />
<a href="Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Cissa_(genus)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cissa_(genus)" title="Cissa (genus)">Cissa</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Green_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Magpie" title="Green Magpie" class="mw-redirect">Green Magpie (<i>C. chinensis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Yellow-breasted_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-breasted_Magpie" title="Yellow-breasted Magpie" class="mw-redirect">Yellow-breasted Magpie (<i>C. hypoleuca</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Short-tailed_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-tailed_Magpie" title="Short-tailed Magpie" class="mw-redirect">Short-tailed Magpie (<i>C. thalassina</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Urocissa" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocissa" title="Urocissa">Urocissa</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Formosan_Blue_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_Blue_Magpie" title="Formosan Blue Magpie" class="mw-redirect">Formosan Blue Magpie (<i>U. caerulea</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Red-billed_Blue_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-billed_Blue_Magpie" title="Red-billed Blue Magpie">Red-billed Blue Magpie (<i>U. erythrorhyncha</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Yellow-billed_Blue_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_Blue_Magpie" title="Yellow-billed Blue Magpie">Yellow-billed Blue Magpie (<i>U. flavirostris</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Sri_Lanka_Blue_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Blue_Magpie" title="Sri Lanka Blue Magpie">Sri Lanka Blue Magpie (<i>U. ornata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-winged_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-winged_Magpie" title="White-winged Magpie">White-winged Magpie (<i>U. whiteheadi</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Old World <a href="Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Garrulus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrulus" title="Garrulus">Garrulus</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Eurasian_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Jay" title="Eurasian Jay">Eurasian Jay (<i>G. glandarius</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Lanceolated_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanceolated_Jay" title="Lanceolated Jay" class="mw-redirect">Lanceolated Jay (<i>G. lanceolatus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Lidth$27s_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidth%27s_Jay" title="Lidth's Jay">Lidth's Jay (<i>G. lidthi</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Ground_jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_jay" title="Ground jay">Podoces</a></i><br />
<span style="font-size:85%; color:#696969; font-weight:normal">(Ground jays)</span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Xinjiang_Ground-jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang_Ground-jay" title="Xinjiang Ground-jay" class="mw-redirect">Biddulph's Ground Jay (<i>P. biddulphi</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mongolian_Ground-jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Ground-jay" title="Mongolian Ground-jay" class="mw-redirect">Henderson's Ground Jay (<i>P. hendersoni</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Pander$27s_Ground_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pander%27s_Ground_Jay" title="Pander's Ground Jay">Pander's Ground Jay (<i>P. panderi</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Persian_Ground-jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Ground-jay" title="Persian Ground-jay" class="mw-redirect">Persian Ground Jay (<i>P. pleskei</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i>Ptilostomus</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Piapiac" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piapiac" title="Piapiac">Piapiac (<i>P. afer</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Stresemann's<br />
Bushcrow</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i>Zavattariornis</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Stresemann$27s_Bushcrow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stresemann%27s_Bushcrow" title="Stresemann's Bushcrow">Stresemann's Bushcrow (<i>Z. stresemanni</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;">Family <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(continued)</span></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;"><a href="Nutcracker_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_(bird)" title="Nutcracker (bird)">Nutcrackers</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Nutcracker_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_(bird)" title="Nutcracker (bird)">Nucifraga</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Spotted_Nutcracker" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_Nutcracker" title="Spotted Nutcracker">Spotted Nutcracker (<i>N. caryocatactes</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Clark$27s_Nutcracker" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%27s_Nutcracker" title="Clark's Nutcracker">Clark's Nutcracker (<i>N. columbiana</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Holarctic<br />
<a href="Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Pica_(genus)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(genus)" title="Pica (genus)">Pica</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Black-billed_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-billed_Magpie" title="Black-billed Magpie">Black-billed Magpie (<i>P. hudsonia</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Yellow-billed_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed_Magpie" title="Yellow-billed Magpie">Yellow-billed Magpie (<i>P. nuttalli</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="European_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Magpie" title="European Magpie" class="mw-redirect">European Magpie (<i>P. pica</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Korean_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Magpie" title="Korean Magpie">Korean Magpie (<i>P. sericea</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;"><a href="True_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Crow" title="True Crow" class="mw-redirect">True crows</a><br />
<span style="font-size:85%; color:#696969; font-weight:normal">(<strong class="selflink">crows</strong>, <a href="Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>,<br />
<a href="Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">jackdaws</a> and <a href="Rook_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">rooks</a>)</span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Corvus_(genus).html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvus_(genus)" title="Corvus (genus)" class="mw-redirect">Corvus</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>Australian</i> and <i>Melanesian</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="Little_Crow_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Crow_(bird)" title="Little Crow (bird)">Little Crow (<i>C. bennetti</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Australian_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Raven" title="Australian Raven">Australian Raven (<i>C. coronoides</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Bismarck_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Crow" title="Bismarck Crow">Bismarck Crow (<i>C. insularis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Brown-headed_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-headed_Crow" title="Brown-headed Crow">Brown-headed Crow (<i>C. fuscicapillus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Bougainville_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Crow" title="Bougainville Crow">Bougainville Crow (<i>C. meeki</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Little_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Raven" title="Little Raven">Little Raven (<i>C. mellori</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="New_Caledonian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_Crow" title="New Caledonian Crow">New Caledonian Crow (<i>C. moneduloides</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Torresian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torresian_Crow" title="Torresian Crow">Torresian Crow (<i>C. orru</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Forest_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Raven" title="Forest Raven">Forest Raven (<i>C. tasmanicus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Grey_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Crow" title="Grey Crow">Grey Crow (<i>C. tristis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Long-billed_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-billed_Crow" title="Long-billed Crow">Long-billed Crow (<i>C. validus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="White-billed_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-billed_Crow" title="White-billed Crow">White-billed Crow (<i>C. woodfordi</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>Pacific island</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="Hawaiian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Crow" title="Hawaiian Crow">Hawaiian Crow (<i>C. hawaiiensis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Mariana_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Crow" title="Mariana Crow">Mariana Crow (<i>C. kubaryi</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>Tropical Asian</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="Daurian_Jackdaw.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Daurian_Jackdaw" title="Daurian Jackdaw">Daurian Jackdaw (<i>C. dauuricus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Slender-billed_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slender-billed_Crow" title="Slender-billed Crow">Slender-billed Crow (<i>C. enca</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Flores_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Crow" title="Flores Crow">Flores Crow (<i>C. florensis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Jungle_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Crow" title="Jungle Crow">Jungle Crow (<i>C. macrorhynchos</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="House_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Crow" title="House Crow">House Crow (<i>C. splendens</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Collared_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collared_Crow" title="Collared Crow">Collared Crow (<i>C. torquatus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Piping_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_Crow" title="Piping Crow">Piping Crow (<i>C. typicus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Banggai_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banggai_Crow" title="Banggai Crow">Banggai Crow (<i>C. unicolor</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>Eurasian</i> and <i>North African</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="Mesopotamian_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Crow" title="Mesopotamian Crow">Mesopotamian Crow (<i>C. capellanus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Hooded_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooded_Crow" title="Hooded Crow">Hooded Crow (<i>C. cornix</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Carrion_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion_Crow" title="Carrion Crow">Carrion Crow (<i>C. corone</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Rook_(bird)" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">Rook (<i>C. frugilegus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Jackdaw" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw" class="mw-redirect">Jackdaw (<i>C. monedula</i> )</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Eastern_Carrion_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Carrion_Crow" title="Eastern Carrion Crow">Eastern Carrion Crow (<i>C. orientalis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Fan-tailed_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-tailed_Raven" title="Fan-tailed Raven">Fan-tailed Raven (<i>C. rhipidurus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Brown-necked_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-necked_Raven" title="Brown-necked Raven">Brown-necked Raven (<i>C. ruficollis</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>Holarctic</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="Common_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven" title="Common Raven">Common Raven (<i>C. corax</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>North</i> and <i>Central American</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="American_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Crow" title="American Crow">American Crow (<i>C. brachyrhynchos</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Northwestern_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Crow" title="Northwestern Crow">Northwestern Crow (<i>C. caurinus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Chihuahuan_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihuahuan_Raven" title="Chihuahuan Raven">Chihuahuan Raven (<i>C. cryptoleucus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Tamaulipas_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas_Crow" title="Tamaulipas Crow">Tamaulipas Crow (<i>C. imparatus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Jamaican_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Crow" title="Jamaican Crow">Jamaican Crow (<i>C. jamaicensis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="White-necked_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-necked_Crow" title="White-necked Crow">White-necked Crow (<i>C. leucognaphalus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Cuban_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Crow" title="Cuban Crow">Cuban Crow (<i>C. nasicus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Fish_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_Crow" title="Fish Crow">Fish Crow (<i>C. ossifragus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Palm_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Crow" title="Palm Crow">Palm Crow (<i>C. palmarum</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Sinaloa_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaloa_Crow" title="Sinaloa Crow">Sinaloan Crow (<i>C. sinaloae</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><span style="font-weight:normal;"><u><i>Tropical African</i> species</u></span></dt>
<dd><a href="White-necked_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-necked_Raven" title="White-necked Raven">White-necked Raven (<i>C. albicollis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Pied_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Crow" title="Pied Crow">Pied Crow (<i>C. albus</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Cape_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Crow" title="Cape Crow">Cape Crow (<i>C. capensis</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Thick-billed_Raven" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-billed_Raven" title="Thick-billed Raven">Thick-billed Raven (<i>C. crassirostris</i>)</a></dd>
<dd><a href="Somali_Crow" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Crow" title="Somali Crow">Somali Crow (<i>C. edithae</i>)</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;"><span style="float:left;width:6em;"> </span>
<div style="font-size:110%;">Family <a href="Corvidae.html" webstripperwas="/wiki/Corvidae" title="Corvidae">Corvidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(continued)</span></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Azure-winged<br />
Magpie</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i>Cyanopica</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Azure-winged_Magpie" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure-winged_Magpie" title="Azure-winged Magpie">Azure-winged Magpie (<i>C. cyana</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Grey <a href="Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Perisoreus" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisoreus" title="Perisoreus">Perisoreus</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Gray_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Jay" title="Gray Jay">Gray Jay (<i>P. canadensis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Siberian_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Jay" title="Siberian Jay">Siberian Jay (<i>P. infaustus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Sichuan_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Jay" title="Sichuan Jay">Sichuan Jay (<i>P. internigrans</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">New World <a href="Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jays</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Aphelocoma" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphelocoma" title="Aphelocoma">Aphelocoma</a></i><br />
<span style="font-size:85%; color:#696969; font-weight:normal">(Scrub jays)</span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Western_Scrub_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Scrub_Jay" title="Western Scrub Jay">Western Scrub Jay (<i>A. californica</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Florida_Scrub_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Scrub_Jay" title="Florida Scrub Jay">Florida Scrub Jay (<i>A. coerulescens</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Island_Scrub_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Scrub_Jay" title="Island Scrub Jay">Island Scrub Jay (<i>A. insularis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Mexican_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Jay" title="Mexican Jay">Mexican Jay (<i>A. ultramarina</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Unicolored_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicolored_Jay" title="Unicolored Jay">Unicolored Jay (<i>A. unicolor</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Magpie-jays" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie-jays" title="Magpie-jays" class="mw-redirect">Calocitta</a></i><br />
<span style="font-size:85%; color:#696969; font-weight:normal">(Magpie-Jays)</span></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Black-throated_Magpie-Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_Magpie-Jay" title="Black-throated Magpie-Jay">Black-throated Magpie-Jay (<i>C. colliei</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-throated_Magpie-Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_Magpie-Jay" title="White-throated Magpie-Jay">White-throated Magpie-Jay (<i>C. formosa</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Cyanocitta" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanocitta" title="Cyanocitta">Cyanocitta</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Blue_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Jay" title="Blue Jay">Blue Jay (<i>C. cristata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Steller$27s_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steller%27s_Jay" title="Steller's Jay">Steller's Jay (<i>C. stelleri</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Cyanocorax" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanocorax" title="Cyanocorax">Cyanocorax</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Black-chested_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-chested_Jay" title="Black-chested Jay">Black-chested Jay (<i>C. affinis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Purplish-backed_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purplish-backed_Jay" title="Purplish-backed Jay">Purplish-backed Jay (<i>C. beecheii</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Azure_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_Jay" title="Azure Jay">Azure Jay (<i>C. caeruleus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Cayenne_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_Jay" title="Cayenne Jay">Cayenne Jay (<i>C. cayanus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Plush-crested_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plush-crested_Jay" title="Plush-crested Jay">Plush-crested Jay (<i>C. chrysops</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Curl-crested_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl-crested_Jay" title="Curl-crested Jay">Curl-crested Jay (<i>C. cristatellus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Purplish_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purplish_Jay" title="Purplish Jay">Purplish Jay (<i>C. cyanomelas</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-naped_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-naped_Jay" title="White-naped Jay">White-naped Jay (<i>C. cyanopogon</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Tufted_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufted_Jay" title="Tufted Jay">Tufted Jay (<i>C. dickeyi</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Azure-naped_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure-naped_Jay" title="Azure-naped Jay">Azure-naped Jay (<i>C. heilprini</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Bushy-crested_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushy-crested_Jay" title="Bushy-crested Jay">Bushy-crested Jay (<i>C. melanocyaneus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Brown_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Jay" title="Brown Jay">Brown Jay (<i>C. morio</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-tailed_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_Jay" title="White-tailed Jay">White-tailed Jay (<i>C. mystacalis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="San_Blas_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Blas_Jay" title="San Blas Jay">San Blas Jay (<i>C. sanblasianus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Violaceous_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaceous_Jay" title="Violaceous Jay">Violaceous Jay (<i>C. violaceus</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Green_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Jay" title="Green Jay">Green Jay (<i>C. ynca</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Yucatan_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucatan_Jay" title="Yucatan Jay">Yucatan Jay (<i>C. yucatanicus</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i><a href="Cyanolyca" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanolyca" title="Cyanolyca">Cyanolyca</a></i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Silvery-throated_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvery-throated_Jay" title="Silvery-throated Jay">Silvery-throated Jay (<i>C. argentigula</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Black-collared_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-collared_Jay" title="Black-collared Jay">Black-collared Jay (<i>C. armillata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Azure-hooded_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure-hooded_Jay" title="Azure-hooded Jay">Azure-hooded Jay (<i>C. cucullata</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-throated_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-throated_Jay" title="White-throated Jay">White-throated Jay (<i>C. mirabilis</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Dwarf_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_Jay" title="Dwarf Jay">Dwarf Jay (<i>C. nana</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Beautiful_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Jay" title="Beautiful Jay">Beautiful Jay (<i>C. pulchra</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Black-throated_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-throated_Jay" title="Black-throated Jay">Black-throated Jay (<i>C. pumilo</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="Turquoise_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise_Jay" title="Turquoise Jay">Turquoise Jay (<i>C. turcosa</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="White-collared_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collared_Jay" title="White-collared Jay">White-collared Jay (<i>C. viridicyana</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;"><i>Gymnorhinus</i></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="Pinyon_Jay" webstripperwas="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyon_Jay" title="Pinyon Jay">Pinyon Jay (<i>G. cyanocephalus</i>)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!--
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor visited node count: 10476/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 49446/1500000
Post-expand include size: 320702/2048000 bytes
Template argument size: 38159/2048000 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 21/40
Expensive parser function count: 13/500
Lua time usage: 0.145s
Lua memory usage: 2.18 MB
-->
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1315210-0!*!0!!en!4!* and timestamp 20130422122503 -->
</div> <!-- /bodycontent -->
<!-- printfooter -->