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<title>From Data Types to Session Types: A Basis for Concurrency and Distribution</title>
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<h2 class="featurette-heading">Session Types in Programming Languages: A Collection of Implementations</h2>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>This page details implementations of session types. The list here is not
restricted to tools produced by ABCD members. This list is currently maintained
by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Simon Fowler</a>. Please get in touch
if you wish to update this list with information about your tool.</p>
<p>This page was last updated on Tuesday 5th December 2017.</p>
<h2 id="categorising-language-based-implementations-of-session-types">Categorising language-based implementations of session types</h2>
<h3 id="binary-vs-multiparty">Binary vs. Multiparty</h3>
<p>Are sessions between two participants (generally implemented as a typed
channel with dual endpoints), or multiple?</p>
<h3 id="primitive-vs-library-vs-external">Primitive vs. Library vs. External</h3>
<p>What form do the session types take?</p>
<ul>
<li>Primitive: Session types are implemented as language primitives, or as
part of a compiler plugin</li>
<li>Library: Session types are provided using a library</li>
<li>External: A tool checking session types as a static analysis pass, or
providing functionality that is not necessarily verifying conformance to
a protocol.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="static-vs-dynamic-vs-hybrid-verification">Static vs. Dynamic vs. Hybrid Verification</h3>
<p>When and how is conformance to the session types checked?</p>
<ul>
<li>Static: Conformance to session types is fully checked at compile time.
Any error (be it sending the wrong message, not completing a session,
or duplicating an endpoint) will be reported before a program
compiles.</li>
<li>Dynamic: Conformance to session types is checked at runtime. Session
types are compiled into communicating finite-state machines, and
messages are verified against these CFSMs. These approaches are very
flexible, extending session types to dynamically-checked languages, and
allowing things like assertions on data.</li>
<li>Hybrid: Sending messages in the right order is checkeed statically.
Linearity is checkeed dynamically. This is a promising approach, with
drop-in libraries available to be used in general-purpose languages
today!</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="programming-languages-with-native-session-types">Programming Languages with Native Session Types</h2>
<h3 id="ats"><a href="http://www.ats-lang.org/">ATS</a></h3>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>ATS is a programming language that aims to combine specification and
implementation in a single language. ATS has many features, such as
dependent and linear types, which allows the development of verified
software. Recent work has integrated session-typed channels with ATS.</p>
<h5 id="resources">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://ats-lang.sourceforge.net/EXAMPLE/EFFECTIVATS/ssntyped-channels-1/main.html">Effective ATS: Session-typed Channels: A Brief
Introduction</a>, by Hongwei Xi.</li>
<li><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.03727.pdf">Session Types in a Linearly Typed Multi-Threaded Lambda Calculus</a>, by
Hongwei Xi et al.</li>
<li><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.03020.pdf">Linearly Typed Dyadic Group Sessions for Building Multiparty Sessions</a>, by Hongwei Xi and Hanwen Wu.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="freest"><a href="http://rss.di.fc.ul.pt/tools/freest/">FreeST</a></h3>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>Description from FreeST website</p>
<p>FreeST is a typed concurrent programming language where processes communicate via message-passing.</p>
<p>Messages are exchanged on bidirectional channels. Communication on channels is governed by a powerful type system based on polymorphic context-free session types. Based on a core linear functional programming language, FreeST features primitives for forking new threads and for creating and communicating on channels. The compiler builds on a novel algorithm for deciding the equivalence of context-free session types (short tutorial).</p>
<h5 id="resources-1">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li>Almeida, B., Mordido A., Thiemann, P. and Vasconcelos V.T., 2021. <strong><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.06658.pdf">Polymorphic Context-free Session Types</a></strong>. <em>(Preprint submitted to Elsevier)</em>.</li>
<li>Almeida, B., Mordido A. and Vasconcelos V.T., 2020. <a href="http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~vv/papers/almeida.mordido_bisimilarity-context-free-session-types.pdf"><strong>Deciding the Bisimilarity of Context-free Session Types</strong></a>. In TACAS 2020, LNCS, vol 12079, pp. 39-56. Springer.</li>
<li><a href="http://rss.di.fc.ul.pt/cmu19_slides/">Session Type Equivalence via Bisimulation</a>, talk at Carnegie Mellon University, 2019.</li>
<li>Almeida, B., Mordido, A. and Vasconcelos, V.T., 2019. <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.01284.pdf"><strong>FreeST: Context-free Session Types in a Functional Language</strong></a>, In PLACES 2019, EPTCS, vol 291, pp. 12-23.</li>
<li><a href="http://rss.di.fc.ul.pt/freest_shonan19_slides/">FreeST: Context-free Session Types in a Concurrent Functional Language</a>, talk at Programming Languages for Distributed Systems, Shonan, 2019.</li>
<li><a href="http://rss.di.fc.ul.pt/freest-poster-etaps19/">FreeST: Context-free Session Types in a Functional Language</a>, poster at ETAPS 2019.</li>
<li>Thiemann, P. and Vasconcelos, V.T., 2016. <a href="http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~vv/papers/thiemann.vasconcelos_context-free-session-types.pdf"><strong>Context-free Session Types</strong></a>. In ICFP 2016, ACM, pp. 462-475.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="links"><a href="https://github.com/links-lang/links/tree/sessions">Links</a></h3>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>Links is a programming language designed at the University of Edinburgh
for developing “tierless” web applications. A recent extension of Links
adds support for binary session types as language primitives.</p>
<p>Session types are checked fully statically, using an extension of the
type system to support linear types. The repository contains a selection
of examples.</p>
<h5 id="resources-1">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/slindley/papers/fst.pdf">Lightweight Functional Session Types</a>, by Sam Lindley and J. Garrett Morris. In Behavioural Types: from Theory to Tools.</li>
<li><a href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/slindley/papers/fst-extended.pdf">Lightweight Functional Session Types (Extended)</a>, by Sam Lindley and J. Garrett Morris.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="mool"><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/mool">MOOL</a></h3>
<p>(Static, Object-based)</p>
<p>(Description from the MOOL website)</p>
<p>Mool is a mini object-oriented language in a Java-like style with
support for concurrency, that allows programmers to specify class usage
protocols as types. The specification formalizes (1) the available
methods, (2) the tests clients must perform on the values returned by
methods, and (3) the existence of aliasing and concurrency restrictions,
all of which depend on the object’s state. Linear and shared objects
are handled as a single category, allowing linear objects to evolve into
shared ones. The Mool type system verifies that methods are called only
when available, and by a single client if so specified in the usage
type. Mool builds upon previous works on (Modular) Session Types and
Linear Type Systems.</p>
<h5 id="resources-2">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/sites/default/files/vasconcelos_session-types-programming.pdf">Sessions, from Types to Programming
Languages</a>,
by Vasco T. Vasconcelos. In Bulletin of the EATCS, 2011.</li>
<li><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/sites/default/files/campos.vasconcelos_channels-as-objects.pdf">Channels as Objects in Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming</a>,
by Joana Campos and Vasco T. Vasconcelos. In proceedings of PLACES’10.</li>
<li><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/sites/default/files/campos-msc-thesis.pdf">Linear and Shared Objects in Concurrent Programming</a>, by Joana Campos. Master’s Thesis.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="sepi"><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/sepi">SePi</a></h3>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>(Description from the SePi website)</p>
<p>SePi is a concurrent, message-passing programming language based on
the pi-calculus. The language features synchronous, bi-directional
channel-based communication.
Programs use primitives to send and receive messages as well as offer
and select choices. Channel interactions are statically verified against
session types describing the kind and order of messages exchanged, as
well as the number of processes that may share a channel.
In order to facilitate a more precise control of program properties,
SePi includes assume and assert primitives at the process level and
refinements at the type level. Refinements are treated linearly,
allowing a finer, resource-oriented use of predicates: each assumption
made supports exactly one an assertion.</p>
<h5 id="resources-3">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~vv/papers/franco.vasconcelos_concurrent-language-refined-session-types.pdf">A Concurrent Programming Language with Refined Session Types</a>,
by Juliana Franco and Vasco T. Vasconcelos. In proceedings of BEAT’13.</li>
<li><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/sites/default/files/franco_concurrent-language-session-types_0.pdf">A Concurrent Programming Language with Session Types</a>, by Juliana Franco. Master’s Thesis.</li>
<li><a href="http://gloss.di.fc.ul.pt/sites/default/files/baltazar.mostrous.vasconcelos_linearly-refined-session-types.pdf">Linearly Refined Session Types</a>, by Pedro Baltazar, Dimitris
Mostrous, and Vasco T. Vasconcelos. In proceedings of LINEARITY’12.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.di.fc.ul.pt/~vv/papers/vasconcelos_fundamental-sessions.pdf">Fundamentals of Session Types</a>,
by Vasco T. Vasconcelos. In Information and Computation, Elsevier,
217:52-70, 2012.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="sill"><a href="https://github.com/ISANobody/sill">SILL</a></h3>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>A programming language based on the intuitionistic linear logic view of
session types.</p>
<h4 id="resources-4">Resources</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fp/talks/popl15tutorial.pdf">From Linear Logic to Session-Typed Concurrent Programming</a>, by Frank Pfenning.</li>
<li><a href="">Polarised Substructural Session Types</a>, by Frank Pfenning and Dennis Griffith. In proceedings of FoSSaCS’15.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mainstream-languages-with-implementations-of-session-types">Mainstream Languages with Implementations of Session Types</h2>
<h3 id="c">C</h3>
<h4 id="multiparty-session-c"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~cn06/sessionc/">Multiparty Session C</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Multiparty)</p>
<p>A statically-checked implementation of multiparty session types in C.
Session communication happens using a runtime library, and type-checking
is done via a clang plugin.</p>
<h5 id="resources-5">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~cn06/pub/2012/sessionc/">Multiparty Session C: Safe Parallel Programming with Message Optimisation</a> by Nicholas Ng, Nobuko Yoshida, and Kohei Honda. In proceedings of TOOLS’12.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~cn06/pub/2012/heart/">Session Types: Towards safe and fast reconfigurable programming</a> by Nicholas Ng et al. In proceedings of HEART’12.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~cn06/individual-project/">High performance parallel design based on session programming</a> by Nicholas Ng.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="erlang">Erlang</h3>
<h4 id="monitored-session-erlang"><a href="https://github.com/SimonJF/monitored-session-erlang">monitored-session-erlang</a></h4>
<p>(Dynamic, Multiparty, Actor-based)</p>
<p>An framework for monitoring Erlang/OTP applications by dynamically
verifying communication against multiparty session types. Erlang actors
can take part in multiple roles in multiple instances of multiple protocols.</p>
<p>The tool is inspired by the Session Actor framework of Neykova &
Yoshida.</p>
<h5 id="resources-6">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.simonjf.com/writing/ice2016.pdf">An Erlang Implementation of Multiparty Session Actors</a>, by Simon Fowler. In proceedings of ICE’16.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.simonjf.com/writing/msc-thesis.pdf">Monitoring Erlang/OTP Applications using Multiparty Session Types</a>, by Simon Fowler.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="go">Go</h3>
<h4 id="dingo-hunter"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~cn06/pub/2016/dingo/">DinGo Hunter</a></h4>
<p>(External tool)</p>
<p>A static analyser for Go programs, which can <em>statically</em> detect
deadlocks. The tool works by extracting CFSMs from Go programs, and
attempting to synthesise a global graph. Should this fail, then there is
a deadlock.</p>
<h5 id="resources-7">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~cn06/pub/2016/dingo/main.pdf">Static Deadlock Detection for Concurrent Go by Global Session Graph Synthesis</a>, by Nicholas Ng and Nobuko Yoshida. In proceedings of CC’16.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="gong"><a href="http://mrg.doc.ic.ac.uk/tools/gong/">Gong</a></h4>
<p>(External tool)</p>
<p>A more recent static analyser for Go, building on a minimal core calculus for Go called MiGo. MiGo types can be extracted from Go programs using another tool called GoInfer.</p>
<p>Given MiGo types obtained from GoInfer, Gong will check liveness and safety of communications.</p>
<h5 id="resources-8">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mrg.doc.ic.ac.uk/publications/fencing-off-go-liveness-and-safety-for-channel-based-programming/">Fencing off Go: Liveness and Safety for Channel-based Programming</a>, by Julien Lange, Nicholas Ng, Bernardo Toninho, and Nobuko Yoshida. In proceedings of POPL’17.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="haskell">Haskell</h3>
<h4 id="effect-sessions"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~dorchard/popl16/">effect-sessions</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>An implementation of session types in Concurrent Haskell, through the
observation that session types can be encoded using an effect system
(and vice versa).</p>
<h5 id="resources-9">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://dorchard.co.uk/publ/popl16-orchard-yoshida.pdf">Effects as sessions, sessions as effects</a>, by Dominic Orchard and Nobuko Yoshida. In proceedings of POPL’16.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="simple-sessions"><a href="http://users.eecs.northwestern.edu/~jesse/pubs/haskell-session-types/">simple-sessions</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>A library implementation of Haskell session types, using parameterised
monads and a channel stack.</p>
<h5 id="resources-10">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://users.eecs.northwestern.edu/~jesse/pubs/haskell-session-types/session08.pdf">Haskell Session Types with (Almost) No Class</a> by Riccardo Pucella and Jesse A. Tov. In proceedings of Haskell’08.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="sessions"><a href="https://hackage.haskell.org/package/sessions">sessions</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>An alternative embedding of session types in Haskell.</p>
<h5 id="resources-11">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://pubs.doc.ic.ac.uk/session-types-in-haskell/">Session Types in Haskell: Updating Message Passing for the 21st Century</a>, by Matthew Sackman and Susan Eisenbach.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="gvinhs"><a href="https://github.com/jgbm/gvinhs/">GVInHS</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>An embedding of session types in Haskell which (by virtue of a finally-tagless encoding) allows channels to be treated as first-class. Builds on Polakow’s embedding of a Linear Lambda-Calculus in Haskell.</p>
<h5 id="resources-12">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/slindley/papers/gvhs.pdf">Embedding Session Types in Haskell</a>, by Sam Lindley and J. Garrett Morris. In proceedings of Haskell’16.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://functorial.com/Embedding-a-Full-Linear-Lambda-Calculus-in-Haskell/linearlam.pdf">Embedding a Full Linear Lambda-Calculus in Haskell</a>, by Jeff Polakow.
In proceedings of Haskell ‘15.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="java">Java</h3>
<h4 id="co2-middleware"><a href="http://co2.unica.it/">CO2 Middleware</a></h4>
<p>(Dynamic, Binary, Timed)</p>
<p>Middleware for Java applications, based on the theory of timed session
types. Supports dynamic monitoring of conformance to timing constraints.</p>
<h5 id="resources-13">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://tcs.unica.it/papers/co2-middleware.pdf">A contract-oriented middleware</a>, by Massimo Baroletti et al. In proceedings of FACS’15.</li>
<li><a href="http://tcs.unica.it/papers/timed-session-types.pdf">Compliance and subtyping in timed session types</a>, by Massimo Bartoletti et al. In proceedings of FORTE’15.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="eventful-session-java"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rhu/sessionj.html">(Eventful) Session Java</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Binary, supports event-driven programming)</p>
<p>A frontend and runtime library for Java, supporting binary session
types. The tool also supports event-driven programming.</p>
<h5 id="resources-14">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.144.5184&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Session-based distributed programming in Java</a> by Raymond Hu,
Nobuko Yoshida, and Kohei Honda. In proceedings of ECOOP’08.</li>
<li><a href="http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/101380/8/101380.pdf">Type-Safe Eventful Sessions in Java</a> by Raymond Hu et al. In proceedings of ECOOP’10.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="mungo--stmungo"><a href="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/research/mungo/index.html">Mungo / StMungo</a></h4>
<p>(External, Multiparty)</p>
<p>Mungo is a tool which checks Java programs for conformance to typestate
specifications, providing typestate inference. StMungo is a tool which
translates Scribble protocols into typestate specifications.</p>
<h5 id="resources-15">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/research/mungo/papers/mungo.pdf">Mungo: Typechecking Protocols</a>, by Dimitrios Kouzapas et al. In proceedings of PPDP’16.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~simon/publications/TR-2010-308.pdf">Modular Session Types for Distributed Object-Oriented Programming</a>, by Simon J. Gay et al. In proceedings of POPL’10.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="scribble-endpoint-generation"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rhu/scribble/index.html">Scribble Endpoint Generation</a></h4>
<p>(Hybrid, Multiparty)</p>
<p>A tool which can generate endpoint APIs from Scribble protocols. The
generated Java stubs allow message ordering to be checked statically,
with linearity checked dynamically.</p>
<h5 id="resources-16">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="Hybrid session verification through Endpoint API generation">https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rhu/scribble/fase16.pdf</a>, by Raymond Hu and Nobuko Yoshida. In proceedings of FASE’16.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="ocaml">OCaml</h3>
<h4 id="fuse"><a href="http://www.di.unito.it/~padovani/Software/FuSe/FuSe.html">FuSe</a></h4>
<p>(Hybrid, Binary)</p>
<p>A <em>very</em> lightweight implementation of binary session types in OCaml,
verifying message ordering statically and linearity violations
dynamically.</p>
<h5 id="resources-17">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.di.unito.it/~padovani/Papers/FuSe.pdf">A Simple Library Implementation of Binary Sessions</a> by Luca Padovani.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="python">Python</h3>
<h4 id="spy"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rn710/spy/">SPY</a></h4>
<p>(Dynamic, Multiparty)</p>
<p>An implementation of multiparty session types in Python, using runtime
monitoring.</p>
<h5 id="resources-18">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mrg.doc.ic.ac.uk/publications/session-types-go-dynamic-or-how-to-verify-your-python-conversations/main.pdf">Session types go dynamic, or how to verify your Python conversations</a>, by Rumyana Neykova. In PLACES’13.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rn710/spy/main.pdf">SPY: Local Verification of Global Protocols</a>, by Rumyana Neykova, Nobuko Yoshida, and Raymond Hu. In RV’13.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rdemange/Recherche/interrupt.pdf">Practical Interruptible Conversations: Distributed Dynamic Verification with Session Types and Python</a>, by Raymond Hu et al. In RV’13.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="session-actor"><a href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rn710/sactor/">Session Actor</a></h4>
<p>(Dynamic, Multiparty, Actor-based)</p>
<p>A conceptual framework and Python implementation for extending session types to the actor model of
programming. Each actor may be involved in multiple roles in multiple
sessions. Communication is checked dynamically via compilation of
Scribble protocols into CFSMs.</p>
<h5 id="resources-19">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mrg.doc.ic.ac.uk/publications/multiparty-session-actors/msa.pdf">Multiparty Session Actors</a>, by Rumyana Neykova and Nobuko Yoshida. In COORDINATION ‘14.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="rust">Rust</h3>
<h4 id="session-types"><a href="https://github.com/Munksgaard/session-types">session-types</a></h4>
<p>(Static, Binary)</p>
<p>An implementation of binary session types in Mozilla’s Rust language, making use of Rust’s
affine typing system.</p>
<h5 id="resources-20">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://munksgaard.me/laumann-munksgaard-larsen.pdf">Session Types for Rust</a> by Thomas Bracht Laumann Jespersen, Philip Munksgaard, and Ken Friis Larsen. In proceedings of WGP’15.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="scala">Scala</h3>
<h4 id="lchannels"><a href="http://alcestes.github.io/lchannels/">lchannels</a></h4>
<p>(Hybrid, Binary)</p>
<p>An implementation of binary session types in Scala. The library uses the
continuation-passing approach of Kobayashi, and Dardha et al. Message
ordering is checked statically, and linearity is checked dynamically.</p>
<h5 id="resources-21">Resources</h5>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mrg.doc.ic.ac.uk/publications/lightweight-session-programming-in-scala/paper.pdf">Lightweight Session Programming in Scala</a> by Alceste Scalas and Nobuko Yoshida. In proceedings of ECOOP’16.</li>
</ul>
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