diff --git a/examples/raft-kv-memstore/src/store/mod.rs b/examples/raft-kv-memstore/src/store/mod.rs
index b040bb886..32e17c45f 100644
--- a/examples/raft-kv-memstore/src/store/mod.rs
+++ b/examples/raft-kv-memstore/src/store/mod.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ use openraft::RaftLogReader;
 use openraft::RaftSnapshotBuilder;
 use openraft::RaftStorage;
 use openraft::SnapshotMeta;
-use openraft::StateMachineChanges;
 use openraft::StorageError;
 use openraft::StorageIOError;
 use openraft::Vote;
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<ExampleTypeConfig> for Arc<ExampleStore> {
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<ExampleNodeId, BasicNode>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<ExampleTypeConfig>, StorageError<ExampleNodeId>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<ExampleNodeId>> {
         tracing::info!(
             { snapshot_size = snapshot.get_ref().len() },
             "decoding snapshot for installation"
@@ -333,10 +332,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<ExampleTypeConfig> for Arc<ExampleStore> {
         // Update current snapshot.
         let mut current_snapshot = self.current_snapshot.write().await;
         *current_snapshot = Some(new_snapshot);
-        Ok(StateMachineChanges {
-            last_applied: meta.last_log_id,
-            is_snapshot: true,
-        })
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
diff --git a/examples/raft-kv-rocksdb/src/store.rs b/examples/raft-kv-rocksdb/src/store.rs
index ab8510332..0a34e1360 100644
--- a/examples/raft-kv-rocksdb/src/store.rs
+++ b/examples/raft-kv-rocksdb/src/store.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ use openraft::RaftLogReader;
 use openraft::RaftSnapshotBuilder;
 use openraft::RaftStorage;
 use openraft::SnapshotMeta;
-use openraft::StateMachineChanges;
 use openraft::StorageError;
 use openraft::StorageIOError;
 use openraft::Vote;
@@ -527,7 +526,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<ExampleTypeConfig> for Arc<ExampleStore> {
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<ExampleNodeId, ExampleNode>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<ExampleTypeConfig>, StorageError<ExampleNodeId>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<ExampleNodeId>> {
         tracing::info!(
             { snapshot_size = snapshot.get_ref().len() },
             "decoding snapshot for installation"
@@ -553,10 +552,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<ExampleTypeConfig> for Arc<ExampleStore> {
         }
 
         self.set_current_snapshot_(new_snapshot)?;
-        Ok(StateMachineChanges {
-            last_applied: meta.last_log_id,
-            is_snapshot: true,
-        })
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
diff --git a/memstore/src/lib.rs b/memstore/src/lib.rs
index ff0092cc5..3f3f6dd83 100644
--- a/memstore/src/lib.rs
+++ b/memstore/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use openraft::LogId;
 use openraft::RaftStorage;
 use openraft::RaftStorageDebug;
 use openraft::SnapshotMeta;
-use openraft::StateMachineChanges;
 use openraft::StorageError;
 use openraft::StorageIOError;
 use openraft::Vote;
@@ -358,7 +357,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<Config> for Arc<MemStore> {
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<MemNodeId, ()>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<Config>, StorageError<MemNodeId>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<MemNodeId>> {
         tracing::info!(
             { snapshot_size = snapshot.get_ref().len() },
             "decoding snapshot for installation"
@@ -392,10 +391,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<Config> for Arc<MemStore> {
         // Update current snapshot.
         let mut current_snapshot = self.current_snapshot.write().await;
         *current_snapshot = Some(new_snapshot);
-        Ok(StateMachineChanges {
-            last_applied: meta.last_log_id,
-            is_snapshot: true,
-        })
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
diff --git a/openraft/src/core/raft_core.rs b/openraft/src/core/raft_core.rs
index 17647899f..9f618b688 100644
--- a/openraft/src/core/raft_core.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/core/raft_core.rs
@@ -1685,9 +1685,8 @@ impl<C: RaftTypeConfig, N: RaftNetworkFactory<C>, S: RaftStorage<C>> RaftRuntime
                 let snapshot_data = self.received_snapshot.remove(&snapshot_meta.snapshot_id);
 
                 if let Some(data) = snapshot_data {
-                    // TODO: `changes` is not used
-                    let changes = self.storage.install_snapshot(snapshot_meta, data).await?;
-                    tracing::debug!("update after install-snapshot: {:?}", changes);
+                    self.storage.install_snapshot(snapshot_meta, data).await?;
+                    tracing::debug!("Done install_snapshot, meta: {:?}", snapshot_meta);
                 } else {
                     unreachable!("buffered snapshot not found: snapshot meta: {:?}", snapshot_meta)
                 }
diff --git a/openraft/src/lib.rs b/openraft/src/lib.rs
index 8f8d0582b..a2bbbae82 100644
--- a/openraft/src/lib.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/lib.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ pub use crate::raft_types::LogIdOptionExt;
 pub(crate) use crate::raft_types::MetricsChangeFlags;
 pub use crate::raft_types::SnapshotId;
 pub use crate::raft_types::SnapshotSegmentId;
-pub use crate::raft_types::StateMachineChanges;
 pub use crate::raft_types::Update;
 pub use crate::storage::RaftLogReader;
 pub use crate::storage::RaftSnapshotBuilder;
diff --git a/openraft/src/raft_types.rs b/openraft/src/raft_types.rs
index 243fc581c..be06db9bd 100644
--- a/openraft/src/raft_types.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/raft_types.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use std::fmt::Formatter;
 use crate::LeaderId;
 use crate::MessageSummary;
 use crate::NodeId;
-use crate::RaftTypeConfig;
 
 /// The identity of a raft log.
 /// A term, node_id and an index identifies an log globally.
@@ -197,11 +196,3 @@ impl MetricsChangeFlags {
         self.cluster = true
     }
 }
-
-/// The changes of a state machine.
-/// E.g. when applying a log to state machine, or installing a state machine from snapshot.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub struct StateMachineChanges<C: RaftTypeConfig> {
-    pub last_applied: Option<LogId<C::NodeId>>,
-    pub is_snapshot: bool,
-}
diff --git a/openraft/src/storage/mod.rs b/openraft/src/storage/mod.rs
index 9ec0cf626..2bfc2105c 100644
--- a/openraft/src/storage/mod.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/storage/mod.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ use crate::defensive::check_range_matches_entries;
 use crate::membership::EffectiveMembership;
 use crate::node::Node;
 use crate::raft_types::SnapshotId;
-use crate::raft_types::StateMachineChanges;
 use crate::Entry;
 use crate::LogId;
 use crate::MessageSummary;
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ where C: RaftTypeConfig
     /// for details on log compaction / snapshotting.
     async fn begin_receiving_snapshot(&mut self) -> Result<Box<Self::SnapshotData>, StorageError<C::NodeId>>;
 
-    /// Install a snapshot which has finished streaming from the cluster leader.
+    /// Install a snapshot which has finished streaming from the leader.
     ///
     /// All other snapshots should be deleted at this point.
     ///
@@ -293,7 +292,7 @@ where C: RaftTypeConfig
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<C::NodeId, C::Node>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<C>, StorageError<C::NodeId>>;
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<C::NodeId>>;
 
     /// Get a readable handle to the current snapshot, along with its metadata.
     ///
diff --git a/openraft/src/store_ext.rs b/openraft/src/store_ext.rs
index 10198c3d9..982bc1ca6 100644
--- a/openraft/src/store_ext.rs
+++ b/openraft/src/store_ext.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ use crate::RaftStorage;
 use crate::RaftStorageDebug;
 use crate::RaftTypeConfig;
 use crate::SnapshotMeta;
-use crate::StateMachineChanges;
 use crate::StorageError;
 use crate::Vote;
 use crate::Wrapper;
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ where
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<C::NodeId, C::Node>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<C>, StorageError<C::NodeId>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<C::NodeId>> {
         self.inner().install_snapshot(meta, snapshot).await
     }
 
diff --git a/openraft/tests/snapshot/t40_purge_in_snapshot_logs.rs b/openraft/tests/snapshot/t40_purge_in_snapshot_logs.rs
index d4b4fe556..82db8efb1 100644
--- a/openraft/tests/snapshot/t40_purge_in_snapshot_logs.rs
+++ b/openraft/tests/snapshot/t40_purge_in_snapshot_logs.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use openraft::Config;
 use openraft::LeaderId;
 use openraft::LogId;
 use openraft::RaftLogReader;
+use tokio::time::sleep;
 
 use crate::fixtures::init_default_ut_tracing;
 use crate::fixtures::RaftRouter;
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ async fn purge_in_snapshot_logs() -> Result<()> {
         assert_eq!(max_keep as usize, logs.len());
     }
 
-    // Leader:  .......15..20
+    // Leader:  -------15..20
     // Learner: 0..10
     tracing::info!("--- block replication, build another snapshot");
     {
@@ -62,6 +63,10 @@ async fn purge_in_snapshot_logs() -> Result<()> {
             .await?;
     }
 
+    // There may be a cached append-entries request that already loads log 10..15 from the store, just before building
+    // snapshot.
+    sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
+
     tracing::info!("--- restore replication, install the 2nd snapshot on learner");
     {
         router.restore_node(1);
diff --git a/rocksstore/src/lib.rs b/rocksstore/src/lib.rs
index 02d8f390f..0080ffade 100644
--- a/rocksstore/src/lib.rs
+++ b/rocksstore/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ use openraft::RaftLogReader;
 use openraft::RaftSnapshotBuilder;
 use openraft::RaftStorage;
 use openraft::SnapshotMeta;
-use openraft::StateMachineChanges;
 use openraft::StorageError;
 use openraft::StorageIOError;
 use openraft::Vote;
@@ -534,7 +533,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<Config> for Arc<RocksStore> {
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<RocksNodeId, BasicNode>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<Config>, StorageError<RocksNodeId>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<RocksNodeId>> {
         tracing::info!(
             { snapshot_size = snapshot.get_ref().len() },
             "decoding snapshot for installation"
@@ -561,10 +560,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<Config> for Arc<RocksStore> {
 
         self.put_meta::<meta::Snapshot>(&new_snapshot)?;
 
-        Ok(StateMachineChanges {
-            last_applied: meta.last_log_id,
-            is_snapshot: true,
-        })
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
diff --git a/sledstore/src/lib.rs b/sledstore/src/lib.rs
index 09c5a486c..01a33bf4d 100644
--- a/sledstore/src/lib.rs
+++ b/sledstore/src/lib.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ use openraft::RaftLogReader;
 use openraft::RaftSnapshotBuilder;
 use openraft::RaftStorage;
 use openraft::SnapshotMeta;
-use openraft::StateMachineChanges;
 use openraft::StorageError;
 use openraft::StorageIOError;
 use openraft::Vote;
@@ -627,7 +626,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<ExampleTypeConfig> for Arc<SledStore> {
         &mut self,
         meta: &SnapshotMeta<ExampleNodeId, BasicNode>,
         snapshot: Box<Self::SnapshotData>,
-    ) -> Result<StateMachineChanges<ExampleTypeConfig>, StorageError<ExampleNodeId>> {
+    ) -> Result<(), StorageError<ExampleNodeId>> {
         tracing::info!(
             { snapshot_size = snapshot.get_ref().len() },
             "decoding snapshot for installation"
@@ -653,10 +652,7 @@ impl RaftStorage<ExampleTypeConfig> for Arc<SledStore> {
         }
 
         self.set_current_snapshot_(new_snapshot).await?;
-        Ok(StateMachineChanges {
-            last_applied: meta.last_log_id,
-            is_snapshot: true,
-        })
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     #[tracing::instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]