diff --git a/app/Config/Email.php b/app/Config/Email.php
index 729e8957..01350186 100644
--- a/app/Config/Email.php
+++ b/app/Config/Email.php
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 
 class Email extends BaseConfig
 {
-    public string $fromEmail;
-    public string $fromName;
-    public string $recipients;
+    public string $fromEmail  = '';
+    public string $fromName   = '';
+    public string $recipients = '';
 
     /**
      * The "user agent"
@@ -28,17 +28,17 @@ class Email extends BaseConfig
     /**
      * SMTP Server Address
      */
-    public string $SMTPHost;
+    public string $SMTPHost = '';
 
     /**
      * SMTP Username
      */
-    public string $SMTPUser;
+    public string $SMTPUser = '';
 
     /**
      * SMTP Password
      */
-    public string $SMTPPass;
+    public string $SMTPPass = '';
 
     /**
      * SMTP Port
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
index 0041937c..0f1d91eb 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
@@ -373,6 +373,14 @@ private function loadComposerNamespaces(ClassLoader $composer, array $composerPa
             unset($namespacePaths['CodeIgniter\\']);
         }
 
+        if (! method_exists(InstalledVersions::class, 'getAllRawData')) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                'Your Composer version is too old.'
+                . ' Please update Composer (run `composer self-update`) to v2.0.14 or later'
+                . ' and remove your vendor/ directory, and run `composer update`.'
+            );
+        }
+        // This method requires Composer 2.0.14 or later.
         $packageList = InstalledVersions::getAllRawData()[0]['versions'];
 
         // Check config for $composerPackages.
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
index f7d5ec8b..5053b1a6 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ public function initialize()
      */
     public function get(string $key)
     {
-        $key = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
+        $data = [];
+        $key  = static::validateKey($key, $this->prefix);
 
         if ($this->memcached instanceof Memcached) {
             $data = $this->memcached->get($key);
diff --git a/system/CodeIgniter.php b/system/CodeIgniter.php
index 43f4caad..5cb98c43 100644
--- a/system/CodeIgniter.php
+++ b/system/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class CodeIgniter
     /**
      * The current version of CodeIgniter Framework
      */
-    public const CI_VERSION = '4.3.0';
+    public const CI_VERSION = '4.3.1';
 
     /**
      * App startup time.
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
index 5cc3b6df..817c1688 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/MigrationGenerator.php
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
      */
     protected function prepare(string $class): string
     {
+        $data            = [];
         $data['session'] = false;
 
         if ($this->getOption('session')) {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php
index a1e02a13..fbfb2d3d 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Generators/SessionMigrationGenerator.php
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ public function run(array $params)
      */
     protected function prepare(string $class): string
     {
+        $data            = [];
         $data['session'] = true;
         $data['table']   = $this->getOption('t');
         $data['DBGroup'] = $this->getOption('g');
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
index 15f66e97..d2eb2fb7 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/FilterCheck.php
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ class FilterCheck extends BaseCommand
      */
     public function run(array $params)
     {
+        $tbody = [];
         if (! isset($params[0], $params[1])) {
             CLI::error('You must specify a HTTP verb and a route.');
             CLI::write('  Usage: ' . $this->usage);
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php b/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
index 3142aa18..9e2c634c 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseBuilder.php
@@ -1423,6 +1423,7 @@ public function orHaving($key, $value = null, ?bool $escape = null)
      */
     public function orderBy(string $orderBy, string $direction = '', ?bool $escape = null)
     {
+        $qbOrderBy = [];
         if (empty($orderBy)) {
             return $this;
         }
@@ -3274,7 +3275,7 @@ protected function isLiteral(string $str): bool
      *
      * @return $this
      */
-    public function resetQueryAsData()
+    public function resetQuery()
     {
         $this->resetSelect();
         $this->resetWrite();
@@ -3456,7 +3457,7 @@ protected function setBind(string $key, $value = null, bool $escape = true): str
      */
     protected function cleanClone()
     {
-        return (clone $this)->from([], true)->resetQueryAsData();
+        return (clone $this)->from([], true)->resetQuery();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
index b7443503..5d9b208d 100755
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Connection.php
@@ -529,6 +529,7 @@ public function getPlatform(): string
      */
     public function getVersion(): string
     {
+        $info = [];
         if (isset($this->dataCache['version'])) {
             return $this->dataCache['version'];
         }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
index 2670732d..bcce589d 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ public function __construct(ExceptionsConfig $config, $request, ResponseInterfac
         $this->response = $response;
 
         // workaround for upgraded users
+        // This causes "Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property" in PHP 8.2.
+        // @TODO remove this after dropping PHP 8.1 support.
         if (! isset($this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace)) {
             $this->config->sensitiveDataInTrace = [];
         }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
index 10dad0f4..17e67aa8 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ public function __construct(ToolbarConfig $config)
      */
     public function run(float $startTime, float $totalTime, RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response): string
     {
+        $data = [];
         // Data items used within the view.
         $data['url']             = current_url();
         $data['method']          = strtoupper($request->getMethod());
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
index 2991840c..c7ed6703 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@ protected function formatTimelineData(): array
      */
     public function display(): array
     {
+        $data            = [];
         $data['queries'] = array_map(static function (array $query) {
             $isDuplicate = $query['duplicate'] === true;
 
diff --git a/system/Email/Email.php b/system/Email/Email.php
index d113398d..488a5ee7 100644
--- a/system/Email/Email.php
+++ b/system/Email/Email.php
@@ -1539,7 +1539,11 @@ public function send($autoClear = true)
             $this->setReplyTo($this->headers['From']);
         }
 
-        if (empty($this->recipients) && ! isset($this->headers['To']) && empty($this->BCCArray) && ! isset($this->headers['Bcc']) && ! isset($this->headers['Cc'])) {
+        if (
+            empty($this->recipients) && ! isset($this->headers['To'])
+            && empty($this->BCCArray) && ! isset($this->headers['Bcc'])
+            && ! isset($this->headers['Cc'])
+        ) {
             $this->setErrorMessage(lang('Email.noRecipients'));
 
             return false;
diff --git a/system/Helpers/html_helper.php b/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
index 979aae1b..c7a36e27 100755
--- a/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/html_helper.php
@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ function link_tag(
         bool $indexPage = false,
         string $hreflang = ''
     ): string {
+        $attributes = [];
         // extract fields if needed
         if (is_array($href)) {
             $rel       = $href['rel'] ?? $rel;
diff --git a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
index 1f2db240..682830ba 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -56,12 +56,10 @@ function _get_uri(string $relativePath = '', ?App $config = null): URI
         // Build the full URL based on $config and $relativePath
         $request = Services::request();
 
-        if ($request instanceof CLIRequest) {
-            /** @var App $config */
-            $url = rtrim($config->baseURL, '/ ') . '/';
-        } else {
-            $url = $request->getUri()->getBaseURL();
-        }
+        /** @var App $config */
+        $url = $request instanceof CLIRequest
+            ? rtrim($config->baseURL, '/ ') . '/'
+            : $request->getUri()->getBaseURL();
 
         // Check for an index page
         if ($config->indexPage !== '') {
@@ -329,6 +327,7 @@ function mailto(string $email, string $title = '', $attributes = ''): string
      */
     function safe_mailto(string $email, string $title = '', $attributes = ''): string
     {
+        $count = 0;
         if (trim($title) === '') {
             $title = $email;
         }
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
index b96fdc06..41274c6a 100644
--- a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
@@ -322,7 +322,10 @@ protected function supportedFormatCheck()
      */
     protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
     {
-        $cmd = '';
+        $xAxis   = 0;
+        $yAxis   = 0;
+        $gravity = '';
+        $cmd     = '';
 
         // Reverse the vertical offset
         // When the image is positioned at the bottom
diff --git a/system/Model.php b/system/Model.php
index 0278be4e..de646c6f 100644
--- a/system/Model.php
+++ b/system/Model.php
@@ -427,6 +427,7 @@ protected function doUpdateBatch(?array $set = null, ?string $index = null, int
      */
     protected function doDelete($id = null, bool $purge = false)
     {
+        $set     = [];
         $builder = $this->builder();
 
         if ($id) {
diff --git a/system/Validation/Rules.php b/system/Validation/Rules.php
index 40a5955b..93b86ea6 100644
--- a/system/Validation/Rules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/Rules.php
@@ -86,7 +86,11 @@ public function greater_than_equal_to(?string $str, string $min): bool
     public function is_not_unique(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
     {
         // Grab any data for exclusion of a single row.
-        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(explode(',', $field), 3, null);
+        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
 
         // Break the table and field apart
         sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
@@ -97,7 +101,10 @@ public function is_not_unique(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
             ->where($field, $str)
             ->limit(1);
 
-        if (! empty($whereField) && ! empty($whereValue) && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)) {
+        if (
+            ! empty($whereField) && ! empty($whereValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)
+        ) {
             $row = $row->where($whereField, $whereValue);
         }
 
@@ -125,7 +132,11 @@ public function in_list(?string $value, string $list): bool
      */
     public function is_unique(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
     {
-        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(explode(',', $field), 3, null);
+        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
 
         sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
 
@@ -135,7 +146,10 @@ public function is_unique(?string $str, string $field, array $data): bool
             ->where($field, $str)
             ->limit(1);
 
-        if (! empty($ignoreField) && ! empty($ignoreValue) && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)) {
+        if (
+            ! empty($ignoreField) && ! empty($ignoreValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)
+        ) {
             $row = $row->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
index 47dbee9b..f95bbe7d 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public function exact_length($str, string $val): bool
      */
     public function greater_than($str, string $min): bool
     {
-        if (is_int($str)) {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
             $str = (string) $str;
         }
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public function greater_than($str, string $min): bool
      */
     public function greater_than_equal_to($str, string $min): bool
     {
-        if (is_int($str)) {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
             $str = (string) $str;
         }
 
@@ -117,7 +117,34 @@ public function greater_than_equal_to($str, string $min): bool
      */
     public function is_not_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
     {
-        return $this->nonStrictRules->is_not_unique($str, $field, $data);
+        if (is_object($str) || is_array($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Grab any data for exclusion of a single row.
+        [$field, $whereField, $whereValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
+
+        // Break the table and field apart
+        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+
+        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+            ->table($table)
+            ->select('1')
+            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->limit(1);
+
+        if (
+            ! empty($whereField) && ! empty($whereValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $whereValue)
+        ) {
+            $row = $row->where($whereField, $whereValue);
+        }
+
+        return $row->get()->getRow() !== null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -151,7 +178,32 @@ public function in_list($value, string $list): bool
      */
     public function is_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
     {
-        return $this->nonStrictRules->is_unique($str, $field, $data);
+        if (is_object($str) || is_array($str)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        [$field, $ignoreField, $ignoreValue] = array_pad(
+            explode(',', $field),
+            3,
+            null
+        );
+
+        sscanf($field, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field);
+
+        $row = Database::connect($data['DBGroup'] ?? null)
+            ->table($table)
+            ->select('1')
+            ->where($field, $str)
+            ->limit(1);
+
+        if (
+            ! empty($ignoreField) && ! empty($ignoreValue)
+            && ! preg_match('/^\{(\w+)\}$/', $ignoreValue)
+        ) {
+            $row = $row->where("{$ignoreField} !=", $ignoreValue);
+        }
+
+        return $row->get()->getRow() === null;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -161,7 +213,7 @@ public function is_unique($str, string $field, array $data): bool
      */
     public function less_than($str, string $max): bool
     {
-        if (is_int($str)) {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
             $str = (string) $str;
         }
 
@@ -179,7 +231,7 @@ public function less_than($str, string $max): bool
      */
     public function less_than_equal_to($str, string $max): bool
     {
-        if (is_int($str)) {
+        if (is_int($str) || is_float($str)) {
             $str = (string) $str;
         }