release: verify compile time variables

[rail]

Related: #75865

As a part of the release process we should verify some compile time variables. Some examples of them are: version, tag, sha, channel, sentry url/env/release.

Some of these variables are already exposed via --version. We can add something like --buildinfo and dump everything we need in a machine-parsible format (JSON).

Jira issue: CRDB-13063

[github-actions]

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