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draft-west-cookie-incrementalism.md

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title: Incrementally Better Cookies

abbrev: cookie-incrementalism area: Applications and Real-Time category: std date: {DATE} docname: draft-west-cookie-incrementalism-latest ipr: trust200902 keyword: Internet-Draft

stand_alone: yes pi: toc: yes tocindent: yes sortrefs: yes symrefs: yes strict: yes compact: yes comments: yes inline: yes tocdepth: 3

author:

ins: M. West
name: Mike West
organization: Google
email: [email protected]
uri: https://www.mikewest.org/

normative: RFC2119: RFC6265bis: I-D.ietf-httpbis-rfc6265bis

informative: RFC7258: I-D.west-http-state-tokens: I-D.west-cookie-samesite-firstparty: target: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-west-cookie-samesite-firstparty-00 title: First-Party Sets and SameSite Cookies date: May 7, 2019
author: - ins: M. West name: Mike West organization: Google mixed-content: target: https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-mixed-content/ title: Mixed Content author: - ins: M. West name: Mike West organization: Google pref-cookie: target: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/nsa-uses-google-cookies-to-pinpoint-targets-for-hacking/ title: NSA uses Google cookies to pinpoint targets for hacking date: December 10, 2013 author: - ins: A. Soltani name: Ashkan Soltani - ins: A. Peterson name: Andrea Peterson - ins: B. Gellman name: Barton Gellman first-party-set: target: https://mikewest.github.io/first-party-sets/ title: First-Party Sets author: - ins: M. West name: Mike West organization: Google HTTP-Workshop-2019: target: https://github.com/HTTPWorkshop/workshop2019/wiki/Report title: "HTTP Workshop 2019: Report" date: April 2, 2019 author: - ins: M. Nottingham name: Mark Nottingham organization: Fastly

--- abstract

This document proposes two changes to cookies inspired by the properties of the HTTP State Tokens mechanism proposed in {{I-D.west-http-state-tokens}}. First, cookies should be treated as SameSite=Lax by default. Second, cookies that explicitly assert SameSite=None in order to enable cross-site delivery should also be marked as Secure.

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Introduction

The HTTP State Tokens proposal ({{I-D.west-http-state-tokens}}) aims to replace cookies with a state management mechanism that has better security and privacy properties. That proposal is somewhat aspirational: it's going to take a long time to come to agreement on the exact contours of a cookie replacement, and an even longer time to actually do so.

While we're debating the details of a new state management primitive, it seems quite reasonable to reevaluate some aspects of the existing primitive: cookies. When we can find consensus on some aspect of HTTP State Tokens, we can apply those aspirations to cookies, driving incremental improvements to state management in the status quo.

Based on conversations at {{HTTP-Workshop-2019}} and elsewhere, I'd suggest that we have something like agreement on at least two principles:

  1. HTTP requests should not carry state along with cross-site requests by default (see Section 8.2 of {{RFC6265bis}}).

  2. HTTP requests should not carry state over non-secure channels (see Section 8.3 of {{RFC6265bis}}, and {{RFC7258}}).

With those principles in mind, this document proposes two changes that seem possible to deploy in the near-term. User agents should:

  1. Treat the lack of an explicit SameSite attribute as SameSite=Lax. That is, the Set-Cookie value key=value will produce a cookie equivalent to key=value; SameSite=Lax. Cookies that require cross-site delivery can explicitly opt-into such behavior by asserting SameSite=None when creating a cookie.

    This is spelled out in more detail in {{lax-default}}.

  2. Require the Secure attribute to be set for any cookie which asserts SameSite=None (similar conceptually to the behavior for the __Secure- prefix). That is, the Set-Cookie value key=value; SameSite=None; Secure will be accepted, while key=value; SameSite=None will be rejected.

    This is spelled out in more detail in {{require-secure}}.

Conventions and Definitions

Conformance

{::boilerplate bcp14}

Syntax

This document adjusts some syntax from {{RFC6265bis}}, and in doing so, relies upon the Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) notation of {{!RFC5234}}.

Monkey-Patches against RFC6265bis

"Lax" by Default {#lax-default}

The processing algorithm in Section 5.3.7 of {{RFC6265bis}} treats the absence of a SameSite attribute in a Set-Cookie header as equivalent to the presence of SameSite=None. Cookies are therefore available for cross-site delivery by default, and developers may opt-into more security by setting some other value explicitly. Ideally, we'd invert that such that developers who accepted the risks of cross-site delivery (see Section 8.2 of {{RFC6265bis}}) could opt into them, while developers who didn't make any explicit choice would be protected by default.

We could accomplish this goal by first altering the processing algorithm, replacing the current step 1:

1.  Let "enforcement" be "None".

with the following two steps:

1.  Let "enforcement" be "Lax".

2.  If cookie-av's attribute-value is a case-insensitive
    match for "None", set "enforcement" to "None".

And then by, altering step 13 of the cookie storage model (Section 5.4 of {{RFC6265bis}}) from:

13. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute
    with an attribute-name of "SameSite", set the cookie's
    same-site-flag to attribute-value (i.e. either "Strict",
    "Lax", or "None"). Otherwise, set the cookie's
    same-site-flag to "None".

to:

13. If the cookie-attribute-list contains an attribute
    with an attribute-name of "SameSite", set the
    cookie's same-site-flag to attribute-value. Otherwise,
    set the cookie's same-site-flag to "Lax".

This would have the effect of mapping the default behavior in the absence of an explicit SameSite attribute, as well as the presence of any unknown SameSite value, to the "Lax" behavior, protecting developers by making cross-site delivery an explicit choice, as opposed to an implicit default.

Requiring "Secure" for "SameSite=None" {#require-secure}

Cookies sent over plaintext HTTP are visible to anyone on the network. As section 8.3 of {{RFC6265bis}} points out, this visibility exposes substantial amounts of data to network attackers. We know, for example, that long-lived and stable cookies have enabled pervasive monitoring {{RFC7258}} in the past (see Google's PREF cookie {{pref-cookie}}), and we know that a secure transport layer provides significant confidentiality protections against this kind of attack.

We can, to a reasonable extent, mitigate this threat by ensuring that cookies intended for cross-site delivery (and therefore likely to be more prevalent on the wire than cookies scoped down to same-site requests) require secure transport.

That is, we can require that any cookie which asserts SameSite=None must also assert the Secure attribute (Section 4.1.2.5 of {{RFC6265bis}}) by altering the storage model defined in Section 5.4 of {{RFC6265bis}}, inserting the following step after the existing step 14:

15. If the cookie's "same-site-flag" is "None", abort
    these steps and ignore the cookie entirely unless
    the cookie's secure-only-flag is true.

This is conceptually similar to the requirements put into place for the __Secure- prefix (Section 4.1.3.1 of {{RFC6265bis}}).

Security and Privacy Considerations

CSRF

SameSite is a reasonably robust defense against some classes of cross-site request forgery attacks, as described in Section 8.8.1 of {{RFC6265bis}}, but developers need to opt-into its protections in order for them to have any effect. That is, developers are vulnerable to CSRF attacks by default, and must do some work to shift themselves into a more defensible position.

The change proposed in {{lax-default}} would invert that requirement, placing the burden on the small number of developers who are building services that require state in cross-site requests. Those developers would be empowered to opt-into the status quo's less-secure model, while developers who don't intend for their projects to be embedded in cross-site contexts are protected by default.

Secure Transport

As discussed in Section 8.3 of {{RFC6265bis}}, cookies delivered over plaintext channels are exposed to intermediaries, and thereby enable pervasive monitoring {{RFC7258}}. The change proposed in {{require-secure}} above would set secure transport as a baseline requirement for all stateful cross-site requests, thereby reducing the risk that these cookies can be cataloged or modified by network attackers.

Requiring secure transport for cookies intended for cross-site usage has the exciting secondary effect of increasing pressure on entities that produce embeddable content to migrate their products to HTTPS. That has security benefits for those third-party products themselves, but also has the effect of removing the potential of mixed content ({{mixed-content}}) as a blocker to first-party migration to HTTPS.

Note that in the long term, it seems quite reasonable to take the additional step of requiring the Secure attribute for all cookies, regardless of their SameSite value. That would have more substantial impact on pervasive monitoring and network attackers generally. This document's proposal limits itself to SameSite=None because that seems like a low-hanging, high-value change that's deployable in the near term. User agents are encouraged to find additional subsets for which Secure can be required.

Tracking

The proposals in this document do not in themselves mitigate the privacy risks described in Section 7.1 of {{RFC6265bis}}. Entities who wish to use cookies to track user activity from cross-site contexts can continue to do so by setting cookies that declare themselves as SameSite=None.

Requiring that explicit declaration, however, gives user agents the ability to easily distinguish cookies used for stateful cross-site requests from those with narrower scope. After the change proposed in {{lax-default}}, only those cookies that make an explicit SameSite=None declaration can be directly used for cross-site tracking. It may make sense for user agents to use that information to give users different controls for these cookies, or to apply different policies for expiration and delivery.

Implementation Considerations

Sequencing

The steps described in this document don't need to be taken at the same time. It's quite possible that it will be less disruptive to deploy SameSite=Lax as a default first, and then to require the Secure attribute for any explicitly SameSite=None cookie as a subsequent step.

User agents are encouraged to adopt these recommendations in whatever order they believe will lead to the widest, most expedient deployment.

Deployment

It's possible that a middle-ground between SameSite=Lax and SameSite=None could be a better balance between doing what developers want by default, and mitigating CSRF by default. {{I-D.west-cookie-samesite-firstparty}} explores the possibility of integrating First-Party Sets {{first-party-set}} with the SameSite attribute in order to allow entities that shard themselves across multiple registrable domains to maintain stateful communication between them (to support single-sign on, for example).

It's possible that user agents who support First-Party Sets could reduce the deployment overhead for developers, and increase the robustness of a site's CSRF defense for cross-site-but-not-cross-party cookies by defaulting to something like that document's FirstPartyLax instead of Lax.

IANA Considerations

This document has no IANA actions.

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Acknowledgments

{:numbered="false"}

Conversations with a number of folks at 2019's HTTP Workshop helped me clarify my thinking around the incremental improvements we can make to cookies. In particular, Martin Thomson and Anne van Kesteren provided insightful feedback.