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<div class="body" role="main">
<section id="systemtap">
<h1>SystemTap<a class="headerlink" href="#systemtap" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<section id="gai-shu">
<h2>概述<a class="headerlink" href="#gai-shu" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>SystempTap可以对运行中的内核和用户空间的进程进行实时的探测跟踪和分析。</p>
</section>
<section id="gong-zuo-yuan-li">
<h2>工作原理<a class="headerlink" href="#gong-zuo-yuan-li" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>SystemTap的工作原理是使用linux提供的kprobe接口，将用户需要观测linux系统的行为转换成为c（使用kprobe)并且编译成为kernel object然后运行。systemtap使用一种触发式的工作方式，通过安装探针（probe）来监控系统的行为，一旦探针事件出现的话就会触发对应的代码。代码使用自己定义的</p>
<img alt="_images/systemtap-prepare-workflow.gif" src="_images/systemtap-prepare-workflow.gif" />
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>stap 流程从将脚本转换成解析树开始 (pass 1)</p></li>
<li><p>然后使用细化（elaboration）步骤 (pass 2) 中关于当前运行的内核的符号信息解析符号</p></li>
<li><p>接下来转换流程将解析树转换成C源代码 (pass 3) 并使用解析后的信息和tapset脚本（SystemTap 定义的库，包含有用的功能）</p></li>
<li><p>stap 的最后步骤是构造使用本地内核模块构建进程的内核模块 (pass 4)。</p></li>
</ul>
<img alt="_images/systemtap-run-workflow.gif" src="_images/systemtap-run-workflow.gif" />
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ stap -ve 'probe begin { log("hello world") exit() }'
Pass 1: parsed user script and 76 library script(s) using 92476virt/22592res/2616shr kb, in 80usr/0sys/85real ms.
Pass 2: analyzed script: 1 probe(s), 2 function(s), 0 embed(s), 0 global(s) using 93000virt/23472res/2816shr kb, in 0usr/0sys/4real
ms.
Pass 3: translated to C into "/tmp/stapbx8Gpk/stap_7703b9bd08bd359932cf8da12019f6d8_813.c" using 93000virt/23628res/2964shr kb, in 0
usr/0sys/0real ms.
Pass 4: compiled C into "stap_7703b9bd08bd359932cf8da12019f6d8_813.ko" in 3240usr/510sys/4048real ms.
Pass 5: starting run.
hello world
Pass 5: run completed in 10usr/10sys/600real ms.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>第二次运行的时候systemtap会去读取缓存内容。</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ stap -ve 'probe begin { log("hello world") exit() }'
Pass 1: parsed user script and 76 library script(s) using 92476virt/22592res/2616shr kb, in 80usr/10sys/85real ms.
Pass 2: analyzed script: 1 probe(s), 2 function(s), 0 embed(s), 0 global(s) using 93000virt/23472res/2816shr kb, in 0usr/0sys/4real
ms.
Pass 3: using cached /home/dirlt/.systemtap/cache/77/stap_7703b9bd08bd359932cf8da12019f6d8_813.c
Pass 4: using cached /home/dirlt/.systemtap/cache/77/stap_7703b9bd08bd359932cf8da12019f6d8_813.ko
Pass 5: starting run.
hello world
Pass 5: run completed in 0usr/10sys/586real ms.
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="an-zhuang">
<h2>安装<a class="headerlink" href="#an-zhuang" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong>CentOS</strong></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>yum install systemtap kernel-devel</p></li>
<li><p>从 <a class="reference external" href="http://debuginfo.centos.org/">http://debuginfo.centos.org/</a> 下载 <em>kernel-debuginfo</em> 和 <em>kernel-debuginfo-common</em> 并安装 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rpm</span> <span class="pre">-Uhv</span> <span class="pre">kernel-debuginfo-*rpm</span></code> ， <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uname</span> <span class="pre">-r</span></code> 查看应该下载哪个版本。</p></li>
</ul>
<p>参考: <a class="reference external" href="http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/SystemTapOnCentOS">http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/SystemTapOnCentOS</a></p>
<p><strong>Ubuntu</strong> (a little troublesome)</p>
<p>参考: <a class="reference external" href="http://posulliv.github.io/2010/02/26/installing-stap/">http://posulliv.github.io/2010/02/26/installing-stap/</a></p>
</section>
<section id="ji-ben-shi-yong-fang-fa">
<h2>基本使用方法<a class="headerlink" href="#ji-ben-shi-yong-fang-fa" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>执行 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stap</span> <span class="pre">-L</span> <span class="pre">PROBE</span></code> 列出匹配的PROBE及其上下文中可以使用的一些变量。</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ stap -L 'syscall.open'
syscall.open name:string filename:string flags:long
mode:long argstr:string $filename:char const* $flags
:int $mode:int
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>写一个脚本:</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>probe syscall.open {
// do your custom actions
}
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>执行 <cite>stap /path/to/script</cite> 开始probe。</p></li>
</ol>
<p>更多更详细的内容请参考官方文档： <a class="reference external" href="https://sourceware.org/systemtap/documentation.html">https://sourceware.org/systemtap/documentation.html</a></p>
</section>
<section id="shi-yong-shi-li">
<h2>使用示例<a class="headerlink" href="#shi-yong-shi-li" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p>谁删了我的文件</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">global</span> <span class="nx">pid2cmdline</span>
<span class="nx">probe</span> <span class="nx">syscall</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">exec</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">pid2cmdline</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">pid</span><span class="p">()]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">argstr</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nx">probe</span> <span class="nx">kernel</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"sys_exit"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kr">delete</span> <span class="nx">pid2cmdline</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">pid</span><span class="p">()]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nx">probe</span> <span class="nx">syscall</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">unlink</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nx">nm</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">user_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">$</span><span class="nx">pathname</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">isinstr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">nm</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"core"</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kr">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"unlink(at) %s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">nm</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nx">task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">task_current</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">task_pid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">task</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kr">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"%d\t%s\t%s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">task_pid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">task</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="nx">task_execname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">task</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="nx">pid2cmdline</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nx">task_pid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">task</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="nx">task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nx">task_parent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">task</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kr">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"------------------------\n"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>系统级别的strace</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">$</span> <span class="nx">stap</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">e</span> <span class="s1">'probe syscall.* {printf("%s(%d) %s %s\n", execname(), pid(), name, argstr)}'</span>
<span class="mi">32657</span> <span class="nx">nginx</span> <span class="nx">recvfrom</span> <span class="mi">22</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x7fffba367eef</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">MSG_PEEK</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x0</span>
<span class="mi">18521</span> <span class="nx">direwolf</span> <span class="nx">poll</span> <span class="mh">0x7fff58d0ab60</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4000</span>
<span class="mi">6633</span> <span class="nx">top</span> <span class="nx">read</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x3cdac118a0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1023</span>
<span class="mi">32657</span> <span class="nx">nginx</span> <span class="nx">epoll_wait</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x21cbee0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">512</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2000</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>谁起了/杀了我的进程</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">probe</span> <span class="nx">syscall</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">exec</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kr">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"execve %s %s\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">execname</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="nx">argstr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nx">probe</span> <span class="nx">signal</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">send</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">sig_name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"SIGKILL"</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nx">sig_name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"SIGTERM"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="kr">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"%s was sent to %s (pid:%d) by %s uid :%d\n"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nx">sig_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">pid_name</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">sig_pid</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">execname</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="nx">uid</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p>进程在干什么</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">probe</span> <span class="nx">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"/path/to/nginx"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="kd">function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kr">printf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"%s(%s)\n"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">probefunc</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="o">$$</span><span class="nx">parms</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="shi-yong-systemtap-zuo-xing-neng-fen-xi">
<h2>使用SystemTap做性能分析<a class="headerlink" href="#shi-yong-systemtap-zuo-xing-neng-fen-xi" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><strong>2 Steps</strong></p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>对进程的backtrace进行采样统计</p></li>
<li><p>使用FlameGraph <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#fg" id="id1">1</a> 对采样的结果进行可视化</p></li>
</ol>
<p>C级别的性能分析</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>global s;
global quit = 0;
probe timer.profile {
if (pid() == target()) {
if (quit) {
foreach (i in s-) {
print_ustack(i);
printf("\t%d\n", @count(s[i]));
}
exit()
} else {
s[ubacktrace()] <<< 1;
}
}
}
probe timer.s(20) { quit = 1 }
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>脚本运行后生成的结果示例：</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>0x3cda6e86f3 : __epoll_wait_nocancel+0xa/0x67 [/lib64/libc-2.12.so]
0x433f49 : ngx_epoll_process_events+0x3b/0x409 [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x4260d2 : ngx_process_events_and_timers+0xd6/0x165 [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x432650 : ngx_worker_process_cycle+0x161/0x285 [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x42e046 : ngx_spawn_process+0x642/0x991 [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x431885 : ngx_start_worker_processes+0x93/0x100 [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x430fd6 : ngx_master_process_cycle+0x282/0x8b8 [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x40397a : main+0x538/0x53f [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
0x3cda61ecdd : __libc_start_main+0xfd/0x1d0 [/lib64/libc-2.12.so]
0x4032a9 : _start+0x29/0x2c [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
46
0x3cdaa0e4d0 : __write_nocancel+0x7/0x57 [/lib64/libpthread-2.12.so]
0x44d7f8 : ngx_write_fd+0x28/0x2a [/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>最后生成火焰图</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">$</span> <span class="nx">stackcollapse</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="nx">stap</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pl</span> <span class="nx">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">bt</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="nx">flamegraph</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">pl</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="nx">a</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">svg</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="_images/dtools-flamegraph.svg"><img alt="_images/dtools-flamegraph.svg" src="_images/dtools-flamegraph.svg" width="800px" /></a>
<p>如果是对动态语言，比如Python，PHP等高级语言进行性能分析，需要自己去生成对应语言级别的Backtrace，下面是如何获取Python的执行栈的核心代码。</p>
<div class="highlight-awk notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>probe timer.profile {
if (pid() == target()) {
_current = @var("_PyThreadState_Current@Python/pystate.c")
if (_current) {
bt = ""
f = @cast(_current, "PyThreadState")->frame
while (f != 0) {
filename = PyString_As_String(@cast(f, "PyFrameObject")->f_code->co_filename)
name = PyString_As_String(@cast(f, "PyFrameObject")->f_code->co_name)
lineno = @cast(f, "PyFrameObject")->f_code->co_firstlineno
bt .= sprintf("%s:%d %s\n", filename, lineno, name)
f = @cast(f, "PyFrameObject")->f_back;
}
bts[bt] <<< 1
}
}
}
</pre></div>
</div>
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="fg"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph">https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph</a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="can-kao-zi-liao">
<h2>参考资料<a class="headerlink" href="#can-kao-zi-liao" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://sourceware.org/systemtap/tapsets/">SystemTap Tapset Reference Manual</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://agentzh.org/misc/slides/yapc-na-2013-flame-graphs">Flame Graphs for Online Performance Profiling</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6100">Playing with ptrace</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2007/ols2007v1-pages-215-224.pdf">Ptrace, Utrace, Uprobes: Lightweight, Dynamic Tracing of User Apps</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-utrace/">玩转utrace</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://eli.thegreenplace.net/programs-and-code/how-debuggers-work/">How Debuggers Work</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.slideshare.net/chaoslawful/tip1-overview-of-cc-debuggingtracingprofiling-tools">C/C++ Debugging/Tracing/Profiling</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://bugs.python.org/issue4111">http://bugs.python.org/issue4111</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://www.redhat.com/about/news/archive/2010/4/fedora-13-spotlight-feature-exploring-new-frontiers-of-python-development">Fedora 13 Spotlight Feature: Exploring New Frontiers of Python Development</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/PythonMarkers">http://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki/PythonMarkers</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://dirlt.com/systemtap.html">http://dirlt.com/systemtap.html</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="http://blog.yufeng.info/archives/2935">巧用Systemtap注入延迟模拟IO设备抖动</a></p></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">SystemTap</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gai-shu">概述</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gong-zuo-yuan-li">工作原理</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#an-zhuang">安装</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ji-ben-shi-yong-fang-fa">基本使用方法</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#shi-yong-shi-li">使用示例</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#shi-yong-systemtap-zuo-xing-neng-fen-xi">使用SystemTap做性能分析</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#can-kao-zi-liao">参考资料</a></li>
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