unistd.rs

//! Safe wrappers around functions found in libc "unistd.h" header

use crate::errno::Errno;

#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
use crate::fcntl::AtFlags;

#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
#[cfg(any(
    linux_android,
    freebsdlike,
    solarish,
    netbsdlike,
    target_os = "emscripten",
    target_os = "fuchsia",
    target_os = "hurd",
    target_os = "redox",
))]
use crate::fcntl::OFlag;
#[cfg(all(feature = "fs", bsd))]
use crate::sys::stat::FileFlag;
use crate::{Error, NixPath, Result};
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
use cfg_if::cfg_if;
use libc::{c_char, c_int, c_long, c_uint, gid_t, off_t, pid_t, size_t, uid_t};
use std::convert::Infallible;
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
use std::ffi::CString;
use std::ffi::{CStr, OsStr, OsString};
use std::os::unix::ffi::{OsStrExt, OsStringExt};
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::{fmt, mem, ptr};

feature! {
    #![feature = "fs"]
    #[cfg(linux_android)]
    pub use self::pivot_root::*;
}

#[cfg(any(freebsdlike, linux_android, target_os = "openbsd"))]
pub use self::setres::*;

#[cfg(any(freebsdlike, linux_android, target_os = "openbsd"))]
pub use self::getres::*;

feature! {
#![feature = "user"]

/// User identifier
///
/// Newtype pattern around `uid_t` (which is just alias). It prevents bugs caused by accidentally
/// passing wrong value.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
pub struct Uid(uid_t);

impl Uid {
    /// Creates `Uid` from raw `uid_t`.
    pub const fn from_raw(uid: uid_t) -> Self {
        Uid(uid)
    }

    /// Returns Uid of calling process. This is practically a more Rusty alias for `getuid`.
    #[doc(alias("getuid"))]
    pub fn current() -> Self {
        getuid()
    }

    /// Returns effective Uid of calling process. This is practically a more Rusty alias for `geteuid`.
    #[doc(alias("geteuid"))]
    pub fn effective() -> Self {
        geteuid()
    }

    /// Returns true if the `Uid` represents privileged user - root. (If it equals zero.)
    pub const fn is_root(self) -> bool {
        self.0 == ROOT.0
    }

    /// Get the raw `uid_t` wrapped by `self`.
    pub const fn as_raw(self) -> uid_t {
        self.0
    }
}

impl From<Uid> for uid_t {
    fn from(uid: Uid) -> Self {
        uid.0
    }
}

impl From<uid_t> for Uid {
    fn from(uid: uid_t) -> Self {
        Uid(uid)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Uid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
    }
}

/// Constant for UID = 0
pub const ROOT: Uid = Uid(0);

/// Group identifier
///
/// Newtype pattern around `gid_t` (which is just alias). It prevents bugs caused by accidentally
/// passing wrong value.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
pub struct Gid(gid_t);

impl Gid {
    /// Creates `Gid` from raw `gid_t`.
    pub const fn from_raw(gid: gid_t) -> Self {
        Gid(gid)
    }

    /// Returns Gid of calling process. This is practically a more Rusty alias for `getgid`.
    #[doc(alias("getgid"))]
    pub fn current() -> Self {
        getgid()
    }

    /// Returns effective Gid of calling process. This is practically a more Rusty alias for `getegid`.
    #[doc(alias("getegid"))]
    pub fn effective() -> Self {
        getegid()
    }

    /// Get the raw `gid_t` wrapped by `self`.
    pub const fn as_raw(self) -> gid_t {
        self.0
    }
}

impl From<Gid> for gid_t {
    fn from(gid: Gid) -> Self {
        gid.0
    }
}

impl From<gid_t> for Gid {
    fn from(gid: gid_t) -> Self {
        Gid(gid)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Gid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
    }
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "process"]
/// Process identifier
///
/// Newtype pattern around `pid_t` (which is just alias). It prevents bugs caused by accidentally
/// passing wrong value.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
pub struct Pid(pid_t);

impl Pid {
    /// Creates `Pid` from raw `pid_t`.
    pub const fn from_raw(pid: pid_t) -> Self {
        Pid(pid)
    }

    /// Returns PID of calling process
    #[doc(alias("getpid"))]
    pub fn this() -> Self {
        getpid()
    }

    /// Returns PID of parent of calling process
    #[doc(alias("getppid"))]
    pub fn parent() -> Self {
        getppid()
    }

    /// Get the raw `pid_t` wrapped by `self`.
    pub const fn as_raw(self) -> pid_t {
        self.0
    }
}

impl From<Pid> for pid_t {
    fn from(pid: Pid) -> Self {
        pid.0
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Pid {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
    }
}

/// Represents the successful result of calling `fork`
///
/// When `fork` is called, the process continues execution in the parent process
/// and in the new child.  This return type can be examined to determine whether
/// you are now executing in the parent process or in the child.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub enum ForkResult {
    /// This is the parent process of the fork.
    Parent {
        /// The PID of the fork's child process
        child: Pid
    },
    /// This is the child process of the fork.
    Child,
}

impl ForkResult {
    /// Return `true` if this is the child process of the `fork()`
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_child(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ForkResult::Child)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this is the parent process of the `fork()`
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_parent(self) -> bool {
        !self.is_child()
    }
}

/// Create a new child process duplicating the parent process ([see
/// fork(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fork.html)).
///
/// After successfully calling the fork system call, a second process will
/// be created which is identical to the original except for the pid and the
/// return value of this function.  As an example:
///
/// ```
/// use nix::{sys::wait::waitpid,unistd::{fork, ForkResult, write}};
///
/// match unsafe{fork()} {
///    Ok(ForkResult::Parent { child, .. }) => {
///        println!("Continuing execution in parent process, new child has pid: {}", child);
///        waitpid(child, None).unwrap();
///    }
///    Ok(ForkResult::Child) => {
///        // Unsafe to use `println!` (or `unwrap`) here. See Safety.
///        write(std::io::stdout(), "I'm a new child process\n".as_bytes()).ok();
///        unsafe { libc::_exit(0) };
///    }
///    Err(_) => println!("Fork failed"),
/// }
/// ```
///
/// This will print something like the following (order nondeterministic).  The
/// thing to note is that you end up with two processes continuing execution
/// immediately after the fork call but with different match arms.
///
/// ```text
/// Continuing execution in parent process, new child has pid: 1234
/// I'm a new child process
/// ```
///
/// # Safety
///
/// In a multithreaded program, only [async-signal-safe] functions like `pause`
/// and `_exit` may be called by the child (the parent isn't restricted). Note
/// that memory allocation may **not** be async-signal-safe and thus must be
/// prevented.
///
/// Those functions are only a small subset of your operating system's API, so
/// special care must be taken to only invoke code you can control and audit.
///
/// [async-signal-safe]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal-safety.7.html
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn fork() -> Result<ForkResult> {
    use self::ForkResult::*;
    let res = unsafe { libc::fork() };

    Errno::result(res).map(|res| match res {
        0 => Child,
        res => Parent { child: Pid(res) },
    })
}

/// Get the pid of this process (see
/// [getpid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpid.html)).
///
/// Since you are running code, there is always a pid to return, so there
/// is no error case that needs to be handled.
#[inline]
pub fn getpid() -> Pid {
    Pid(unsafe { libc::getpid() })
}

/// Get the pid of this processes' parent (see
/// [getpid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getppid.html)).
///
/// There is always a parent pid to return, so there is no error case that needs
/// to be handled.
#[inline]
pub fn getppid() -> Pid {
    Pid(unsafe { libc::getppid() }) // no error handling, according to man page: "These functions are always successful."
}

/// Set a process group ID (see
/// [setpgid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/setpgid.html)).
///
/// Set the process group id (PGID) of a particular process.  If a pid of zero
/// is specified, then the pid of the calling process is used.  Process groups
/// may be used to group together a set of processes in order for the OS to
/// apply some operations across the group.
///
/// `setsid()` may be used to create a new process group.
#[inline]
pub fn setpgid(pid: Pid, pgid: Pid) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::setpgid(pid.into(), pgid.into()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
/// Get process group
///
/// See Also [`getpgid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpgid.html)
#[inline]
pub fn getpgid(pid: Option<Pid>) -> Result<Pid> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::getpgid(pid.unwrap_or(Pid(0)).into()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(Pid)
}

/// Create new session and set process group id (see
/// [setsid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/setsid.html)).
#[inline]
pub fn setsid() -> Result<Pid> {
    Errno::result(unsafe { libc::setsid() }).map(Pid)
}

/// Get the process group ID of a session leader
/// [getsid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getsid.html).
///
/// Obtain the process group ID of the process that is the session leader of the process specified
/// by pid. If pid is zero, it specifies the calling process.
#[inline]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn getsid(pid: Option<Pid>) -> Result<Pid> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::getsid(pid.unwrap_or(Pid(0)).into()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(Pid)
}
}

feature! {
#![all(feature = "process", feature = "term")]
/// Get the terminal foreground process group (see
/// [tcgetpgrp(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/tcgetpgrp.html)).
///
/// Get the group process id (GPID) of the foreground process group on the
/// terminal associated to file descriptor (FD).
#[inline]
pub fn tcgetpgrp<F: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: F) -> Result<Pid> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::tcgetpgrp(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(Pid)
}
/// Set the terminal foreground process group (see
/// [tcgetpgrp(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/tcsetpgrp.html)).
///
/// Get the group process id (PGID) to the foreground process group on the
/// terminal associated to file descriptor (FD).
#[inline]
pub fn tcsetpgrp<F: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: F, pgrp: Pid) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::tcsetpgrp(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), pgrp.into()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "process"]
/// Get the group id of the calling process (see
///[getpgrp(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpgrp.html)).
///
/// Get the process group id (PGID) of the calling process.
/// According to the man page it is always successful.
#[inline]
pub fn getpgrp() -> Pid {
    Pid(unsafe { libc::getpgrp() })
}

/// Get the caller's thread ID (see
/// [gettid(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/gettid.2.html).
///
/// This function is only available on Linux based systems.  In a single
/// threaded process, the main thread will have the same ID as the process.  In
/// a multithreaded process, each thread will have a unique thread id but the
/// same process ID.
///
/// No error handling is required as a thread id should always exist for any
/// process, even if threads are not being used.
#[cfg(linux_android)]
#[inline]
pub fn gettid() -> Pid {
    Pid(unsafe { libc::syscall(libc::SYS_gettid) as pid_t })
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "fs"]
/// Create a copy of the specified file descriptor.
///
/// The new file descriptor will have a new index but refer to the same
/// resource as the old file descriptor and the old and new file descriptors may
/// be used interchangeably.  The new and old file descriptor share the same
/// underlying resource, offset, and file status flags.  The actual index used
/// for the file descriptor will be the lowest fd index that is available.
///
/// The two file descriptors do not share file descriptor flags (e.g. `OFlag::FD_CLOEXEC`).
///
/// # Reference
///
/// * [POSIX manual](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/dup.html)
///
/// # See also
///
/// * [`dup2()`]
/// * [`dup2_raw()`]
/// * `dup3()`
/// * `dup3_raw()`
#[inline]
pub fn dup<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(oldfd: Fd) -> Result<std::os::fd::OwnedFd> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
    use std::os::fd::FromRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup(oldfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) };
    Errno::result(res)?;
    // SAFETY:
    //
    // `dup(2)` would return a valid owned file descriptor on success
    Ok( unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(res) })
}

/// Duplicate `fd` with Stdin, i.e., Stdin redirection.
#[inline]
pub fn dup2_stdin<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use libc::STDIN_FILENO;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup2(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), STDIN_FILENO) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Duplicate `fd` with Stdout, i.e., Stdout redirection.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Redirect the Stdout to file foo and restore it:
///
/// ```no_run
/// use nix::fcntl::open;
/// use nix::fcntl::OFlag;
/// use nix::sys::stat::Mode;
/// use nix::unistd::dup;
/// use nix::unistd::dup2_stdout;
/// use std::io::{stdout, Write};
///
/// let mut stdout = stdout();
///
/// // Save the previous Stdout so that we can restore it
/// let saved_stdout = dup(&stdout).unwrap();
/// let foo = open(
///     "foo",
///     OFlag::O_RDWR | OFlag::O_CLOEXEC | OFlag::O_CREAT | OFlag::O_EXCL,
///     Mode::S_IRWXU,
/// )
/// .unwrap();
/// // Now our Stdout has been redirected to file foo
/// dup2_stdout(foo).unwrap();
/// // Let's say hi to foo
/// // NOTE: add a newline here to flush the buffer
/// stdout.write(b"Hi, foo!\n").unwrap();
///
/// // Restore the Stdout
/// dup2_stdout(saved_stdout).unwrap();
///
/// // Let's say hi to Stdout
/// // NOTE: add a newline here to flush the buffer
/// stdout.write(b"Hi, Stdout!\n").unwrap();
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn dup2_stdout<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use libc::STDOUT_FILENO;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup2(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), STDOUT_FILENO) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Duplicate `fd` with Stderr, i.e., Stderr redirection.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// See the example of [`dup2_stdout()`](fn.dup2_stdout.html#examples)
#[inline]
pub fn dup2_stderr<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use libc::STDERR_FILENO;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup2(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), STDERR_FILENO) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Create a copy of `oldfd` using `newfd`.
///
/// This function behaves similar to `dup()` except that it will try to use the
/// specified fd `newfd` instead of allocating a new one. See the man pages for
/// more detail on the exact behavior of this function.
///
/// This function does not allow you to duplicate `oldfd` with any file descriptor
/// you want, to do that, use [`dup2_raw()`].
///
/// # Stdin/Stdout/Stderr redirection
///
/// To duplicate a fd with Stdin/Stdout/Stderr, see:
///
/// * [`dup2_stdin()`]
/// * [`dup2_stdout()`]
/// * [`dup2_stderr()`]
///
/// # Reference
///
/// [dup(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/dup.html)
#[inline]
pub fn dup2<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(oldfd: Fd, newfd: &mut std::os::fd::OwnedFd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup2(oldfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), newfd.as_raw_fd()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Create a copy of `oldfd` with any fd value you want.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Since this function returns an `OwnedFd`, you have to ensure that the returned
/// `OwnedFd` is the ONLY owner of the file descriptor specified `newfd`. Otherwise,
/// double close could happen.
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use nix::{
/// #     fcntl::{open, OFlag},
/// #     sys::stat::Mode,
/// #     unistd::dup2_raw,
/// # };
/// # use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
/// # use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
/// let oldfd: OwnedFd = open("foo", OFlag::O_RDONLY, Mode::empty()).unwrap();
/// let newfd: OwnedFd = open("bar", OFlag::O_RDONLY, Mode::empty()).unwrap();
///
/// // SAFETY:
/// // it is NOT safe.
/// // NOTE that we are passing a RawFd to `newfd`
/// let duplicated_fd: OwnedFd = unsafe { dup2_raw(&oldfd, newfd.as_raw_fd()) }.unwrap();
///
/// // `newfd` and `duplicated_fd` refer to the same file descriptor, and
/// // they are both owned, double close will happen here.
/// ```
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Duplicate a file descriptor with a descriptor that is still not open:
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use nix::{
/// #     fcntl::{open, OFlag},
/// #     sys::stat::Mode,
/// #     unistd::dup2_raw,
/// # };
/// let oldfd = open("foo", OFlag::O_RDONLY, Mode::empty()).unwrap();
///
/// // SAFETY:
/// // It is safe given that we are sure that fd 100 is not open, and the returned
/// // OwnedFd will be its only owner.
/// let duplicated_fd = unsafe { dup2_raw(&oldfd, 100) }.unwrap();
///
/// // do something with `duplicated_fd`
/// ```
///
/// The code demonstrating double close can be fixed by passing `newfd` by value:
///
/// ```no_run
/// # use nix::{
/// #     fcntl::{open, OFlag},
/// #     sys::stat::Mode,
/// #     unistd::dup2_raw,
/// # };
/// # use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
/// let oldfd: OwnedFd = open("foo", OFlag::O_RDONLY, Mode::empty()).unwrap();
/// let newfd: OwnedFd = open("bar", OFlag::O_RDONLY, Mode::empty()).unwrap();
///
/// // SAFETY:
/// // it is safe since `duplicated_fd` is the only owner of the fd it refers to.
/// // NOTE that we are passing `newfd` by value, i.e., transfer the ownership
/// let duplicated_fd: OwnedFd = unsafe { dup2_raw(&oldfd, newfd) }.unwrap();
/// ```
///
/// # Reference
///
/// * [POSIX manual](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/dup.html)
///
/// # See also
///
/// * [`dup2()`]
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn dup2_raw<Fd1: std::os::fd::AsFd, Fd2: std::os::fd::IntoRawFd>(oldfd: Fd1, newfd: Fd2) -> Result<std::os::fd::OwnedFd> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::fd::FromRawFd;
    use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;

    let duplicated_fd = unsafe {
        libc::dup2(oldfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), newfd.into_raw_fd())
    };
    // SAFETY:
    //
    // This is unsafe if `newfd` is not a file descriptor that can be consumed
    Ok(unsafe {
        OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(duplicated_fd)
    })
}

/// Create a new copy of the specified file descriptor using the specified fd
/// and flags.
///
/// This function behaves similar to [`dup2()`] but allows flags to be specified
/// for the new file descriptor. Currently, the only flag that is allowed is
/// [`OFlag::O_CLOEXEC`], setting other flags will return `EINVAL`. Also, if
/// `oldfd` and `newfd` have the same fd value, `EINVAL` will also be returned.
///
/// This function does not allow you to duplicate `oldfd` with any file descriptor
/// you want, to do that, use [`dup3_raw()`].
///
/// # References
///
/// * [FreeBSD](https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dup3&sektion=3)
/// * [Linux](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/dup.2.html)
/// * [NetBSD](https://man.netbsd.org/dup3.2)
/// * [OpenBSD](https://man.openbsd.org/dup3.2)
#[cfg(any(
    netbsdlike,
    solarish,
    target_os = "freebsd",
    target_os = "fuchsia",
    target_os = "hurd",
    target_os = "linux"
))]
pub fn dup3<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(oldfd: Fd, newfd: &mut std::os::fd::OwnedFd, flags: OFlag) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup3(oldfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), newfd.as_raw_fd(), flags.bits()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Create a new copy of the specified file descriptor using the specified fd
/// and flags.
///
/// This function behaves similar to [`dup3()`] except for it allows you to specify
/// arbitrary fd values.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Since this function returns an `OwnedFd`, you have to ensure that the returned
/// `OwnedFd` is the ONLY owner of the file descriptor specified `newfd`. Otherwise,
/// double close could happen.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation of [`dup2_raw()`].
///
/// # References
///
/// * [FreeBSD](https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dup3&sektion=3)
/// * [Linux](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/dup.2.html)
/// * [NetBSD](https://man.netbsd.org/dup3.2)
/// * [OpenBSD](https://man.openbsd.org/dup3.2)
///
/// # See also
///
/// * [`dup3()`]
#[cfg(any(
    netbsdlike,
    solarish,
    target_os = "freebsd",
    target_os = "fuchsia",
    target_os = "hurd",
    target_os = "linux"
))]
pub unsafe fn dup3_raw<Fd1: std::os::fd::AsFd, Fd2: std::os::fd::IntoRawFd>(oldfd: Fd1, newfd: Fd2, flags: OFlag) -> Result<std::os::fd::OwnedFd> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;
    use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
    use std::os::fd::FromRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::dup3(oldfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), newfd.into_raw_fd(), flags.bits()) };
    Errno::result(res)?;

    // SAFETY:
    //
    // This is unsafe if `newfd` is not a file descriptor that can be consumed
    Ok(unsafe {
        OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(res)
    })
}

/// Change the current working directory of the calling process (see
/// [chdir(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/chdir.html)).
///
/// This function may fail in a number of different scenarios.  See the man
/// pages for additional details on possible failure cases.
#[inline]
pub fn chdir<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P) -> Result<()> {
    let res =
        path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe { libc::chdir(cstr.as_ptr()) })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Change the current working directory of the process to the one
/// given as an open file descriptor (see
/// [fchdir(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fchdir.html)).
///
/// This function may fail in a number of different scenarios.  See the man
/// pages for additional details on possible failure cases.
#[inline]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "fuchsia"))]
pub fn fchdir<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(dirfd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::fchdir(dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Creates new directory `path` with access rights `mode`.  (see [mkdir(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/mkdir.html))
///
/// # Errors
///
/// There are several situations where mkdir might fail:
///
/// - current user has insufficient rights in the parent directory
/// - the path already exists
/// - the path name is too long (longer than `PATH_MAX`, usually 4096 on linux, 1024 on OS X)
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// use nix::unistd;
/// use nix::sys::stat;
/// use tempfile::tempdir;
///
/// let tmp_dir1 = tempdir().unwrap();
/// let tmp_dir2 = tmp_dir1.path().join("new_dir");
///
/// // create new directory and give read, write and execute rights to the owner
/// match unistd::mkdir(&tmp_dir2, stat::Mode::S_IRWXU) {
///    Ok(_) => println!("created {:?}", tmp_dir2),
///    Err(err) => println!("Error creating directory: {}", err),
/// }
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn mkdir<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P, mode: crate::sys::stat::Mode) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::mkdir(cstr.as_ptr(), mode.bits() as libc::mode_t)
    })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Creates new FIFO special file (named pipe) with path `path` and access rights `mode`.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// There are several situations where mkfifo might fail:
///
/// - current user has insufficient rights in the parent directory
/// - the path already exists
/// - the path name is too long (longer than `PATH_MAX`, usually 4096 on linux, 1024 on OS X)
///
/// For a full list consult
/// [posix specification](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/mkfifo.html)
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// use nix::unistd;
/// use nix::sys::stat;
/// use tempfile::tempdir;
///
/// let tmp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
/// let fifo_path = tmp_dir.path().join("foo.pipe");
///
/// // create new fifo and give read, write and execute rights to the owner
/// match unistd::mkfifo(&fifo_path, stat::Mode::S_IRWXU) {
///    Ok(_) => println!("created {:?}", fifo_path),
///    Err(err) => println!("Error creating fifo: {}", err),
/// }
/// ```
#[inline]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support fifo yet
pub fn mkfifo<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P, mode: crate::sys::stat::Mode) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::mkfifo(cstr.as_ptr(), mode.bits() as libc::mode_t)
    })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Creates new FIFO special file (named pipe) with access rights set to `mode`
/// in the path specified by `dirfd` and `path`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Create a FIFO in the current working directory:
///
/// ```no_run
/// use nix::fcntl::AT_FDCWD;
/// use nix::unistd::mkfifoat;
/// use nix::sys::stat::Mode;
///
/// mkfifoat(AT_FDCWD, "fifo", Mode::S_IRWXU).unwrap();
/// ```
///
/// # References
///
/// [mkfifoat(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/mkfifoat.html).
// mkfifoat is not implemented in OSX or android
#[inline]
#[cfg(not(any(
    apple_targets,
    target_os = "haiku",
    target_os = "android",
    target_os = "redox"
)))]
pub fn mkfifoat<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    dirfd: Fd,
    path: &P,
    mode: crate::sys::stat::Mode,
) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::mkfifoat(dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), cstr.as_ptr(), mode.bits() as libc::mode_t)
    })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Creates a symbolic link to `path1` in the path specified by `dirfd` and
/// `path2`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Assume file `foo` exists in the current working directory, create a symlink
/// to it:
///
/// ```no_run
/// use nix::fcntl::AT_FDCWD;
/// use nix::unistd::symlinkat;
///
/// symlinkat("foo", AT_FDCWD, "link_to_foo").unwrap();
/// ```
///
/// # References
///
/// [POSIX](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/symlinkat.html)
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn symlinkat<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, P1: ?Sized + NixPath, P2: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    path1: &P1,
    dirfd: Fd,
    path2: &P2,
) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = path1.with_nix_path(|path1| {
        path2.with_nix_path(|path2| unsafe {
            libc::symlinkat(
                path1.as_ptr(),
                dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
                path2.as_ptr(),
            )
        })
    })??;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

// Double the buffer capacity up to limit. In case it already has
// reached the limit, return Errno::ERANGE.
#[cfg(any(feature = "fs", feature = "user"))]
fn reserve_double_buffer_size<T>(buf: &mut Vec<T>, limit: usize) -> Result<()> {
    use std::cmp::min;

    if buf.capacity() >= limit {
        return Err(Errno::ERANGE);
    }

    let capacity = min(buf.capacity() * 2, limit);
    buf.reserve(capacity);

    Ok(())
}

feature! {
#![feature = "fs"]

/// Returns the current directory as a `PathBuf`
///
/// Err is returned if the current user doesn't have the permission to read or search a component
/// of the current path.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// use nix::unistd;
///
/// // assume that we are allowed to get current directory
/// let dir = unistd::getcwd().unwrap();
/// println!("The current directory is {:?}", dir);
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn getcwd() -> Result<PathBuf> {
    let mut buf = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(512);
    loop {
        unsafe {
            let ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr().cast();

            // The buffer must be large enough to store the absolute pathname plus
            // a terminating null byte, or else null is returned.
            // To safely handle this we start with a reasonable size (512 bytes)
            // and double the buffer size upon every error
            if !libc::getcwd(ptr, buf.capacity()).is_null() {
                let len = CStr::from_ptr(buf.as_ptr().cast())
                    .to_bytes()
                    .len();
                buf.set_len(len);
                buf.shrink_to_fit();
                return Ok(PathBuf::from(OsString::from_vec(buf)));
            } else {
                let error = Errno::last();
                // ERANGE means buffer was too small to store directory name
                if error != Errno::ERANGE {
                    return Err(error);
                }
            }

            #[cfg(not(target_os = "hurd"))]
            const PATH_MAX: usize = libc::PATH_MAX as usize;
            #[cfg(target_os = "hurd")]
            const PATH_MAX: usize = 1024; // Hurd does not define a hard limit, so try a guess first

            // Trigger the internal buffer resizing logic.
            reserve_double_buffer_size(&mut buf, PATH_MAX)?;
        }
    }
}
}

feature! {
#![all(feature = "user", feature = "fs")]

/// Computes the raw UID and GID values to pass to a `*chown` call.
// The cast is not unnecessary on all platforms.
#[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
fn chown_raw_ids(owner: Option<Uid>, group: Option<Gid>) -> (uid_t, gid_t) {
    // According to the POSIX specification, -1 is used to indicate that owner and group
    // are not to be changed.  Since uid_t and gid_t are unsigned types, we have to wrap
    // around to get -1.
    let uid = owner
        .map(Into::into)
        .unwrap_or_else(|| (0 as uid_t).wrapping_sub(1));
    let gid = group
        .map(Into::into)
        .unwrap_or_else(|| (0 as gid_t).wrapping_sub(1));
    (uid, gid)
}

/// Change the ownership of the file at `path` to be owned by the specified
/// `owner` (user) and `group` (see
/// [chown(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/chown.html)).
///
/// The owner/group for the provided path name will not be modified if `None` is
/// provided for that argument.  Ownership change will be attempted for the path
/// only if `Some` owner/group is provided.
#[inline]
pub fn chown<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    path: &P,
    owner: Option<Uid>,
    group: Option<Gid>,
) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| {
        let (uid, gid) = chown_raw_ids(owner, group);
        unsafe { libc::chown(cstr.as_ptr(), uid, gid) }
    })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Change the ownership of the file referred to by the open file descriptor
/// `fd` to be owned by the specified `owner` (user) and `group`.
///
/// The owner/group for the provided file will not be modified if `None` is
/// provided for that argument.  Ownership change will be attempted for the path
/// only if `Some` owner/group is provided.
///
/// See also [`fchown(2)`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fchown.html).
#[inline]
pub fn fchown<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd, owner: Option<Uid>, group: Option<Gid>) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let (uid, gid) = chown_raw_ids(owner, group);
    let res = unsafe { libc::fchown(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), uid, gid) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

// Just a wrapper around `AtFlags` so that we can help our users migrate.
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub type FchownatFlags = AtFlags;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
impl FchownatFlags {
    #[deprecated(since = "0.28.0", note = "The variant is deprecated, please use `AtFlags` instead")]
    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    pub const FollowSymlink: FchownatFlags = FchownatFlags::empty();
    #[deprecated(since = "0.28.0", note = "The variant is deprecated, please use `AtFlags` instead")]
    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    pub const NoFollowSymlink: FchownatFlags = FchownatFlags::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW;
}

/// Change the ownership of the file at `path` to be owned by the specified
/// `owner` (user) and `group`.
///
/// The owner/group for the provided path name will not be modified if `None` is
/// provided for that argument.  Ownership change will be attempted for the path
/// only if `Some` owner/group is provided.
///
/// If `flag` is `AtFlags::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW` and `path` names a symbolic link,
/// then the mode of the symbolic link is changed.
///
/// `fchownat(AT_FDCWD, path, owner, group, AtFlags::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)` is identical to
/// a call `libc::lchown(path, owner, group)`.  That's why `lchown` is unimplemented in
/// the `nix` crate.
///
/// # References
///
/// [fchownat(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fchownat.html).
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn fchownat<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    dirfd: Fd,
    path: &P,
    owner: Option<Uid>,
    group: Option<Gid>,
    flag: AtFlags,
) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        let (uid, gid) = chown_raw_ids(owner, group);
        libc::fchownat(
            dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
            cstr.as_ptr(),
            uid,
            gid,
            flag.bits()
        )
    })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "process"]
fn to_exec_array<S: AsRef<CStr>>(args: &[S]) -> Vec<*const c_char> {
    use std::iter::once;
    args.iter()
        .map(|s| s.as_ref().as_ptr())
        .chain(once(ptr::null()))
        .collect()
}

/// Replace the current process image with a new one (see
/// [exec(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/exec.html)).
///
/// See the `::nix::unistd::execve` system call for additional details.  `execv`
/// performs the same action but does not allow for customization of the
/// environment for the new process.
#[inline]
pub fn execv<S: AsRef<CStr>>(path: &CStr, argv: &[S]) -> Result<Infallible> {
    let args_p = to_exec_array(argv);

    unsafe { libc::execv(path.as_ptr(), args_p.as_ptr()) };

    Err(Errno::last())
}

/// Replace the current process image with a new one (see
/// [execve(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/exec.html)).
///
/// The execve system call allows for another process to be "called" which will
/// replace the current process image.  That is, this process becomes the new
/// command that is run. On success, this function will not return. Instead,
/// the new program will run until it exits.
///
/// `::nix::unistd::execv` and `::nix::unistd::execve` take as arguments a slice
/// of `::std::ffi::CString`s for `args` and `env` (for `execve`). Each element
/// in the `args` list is an argument to the new process. Each element in the
/// `env` list should be a string in the form "key=value".
#[inline]
pub fn execve<SA: AsRef<CStr>, SE: AsRef<CStr>>(
    path: &CStr,
    args: &[SA],
    env: &[SE],
) -> Result<Infallible> {
    let args_p = to_exec_array(args);
    let env_p = to_exec_array(env);

    unsafe { libc::execve(path.as_ptr(), args_p.as_ptr(), env_p.as_ptr()) };

    Err(Errno::last())
}

/// Replace the current process image with a new one and replicate shell `PATH`
/// searching behavior (see
/// [exec(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/exec.html)).
///
/// See `::nix::unistd::execve` for additional details.  `execvp` behaves the
/// same as execv except that it will examine the `PATH` environment variables
/// for file names not specified with a leading slash.  For example, `execv`
/// would not work if "bash" was specified for the path argument, but `execvp`
/// would assuming that a bash executable was on the system `PATH`.
#[inline]
pub fn execvp<S: AsRef<CStr>>(
    filename: &CStr,
    args: &[S],
) -> Result<Infallible> {
    let args_p = to_exec_array(args);

    unsafe { libc::execvp(filename.as_ptr(), args_p.as_ptr()) };

    Err(Errno::last())
}

/// Replace the current process image with a new one and replicate shell `PATH`
/// searching behavior (see
/// [`execvpe(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/exec.3.html)).
///
/// This functions like a combination of `execvp(2)` and `execve(2)` to pass an
/// environment and have a search path. See these two for additional
/// information.
#[cfg(any(target_os = "haiku", target_os = "hurd", target_os = "linux", target_os = "openbsd"))]
pub fn execvpe<SA: AsRef<CStr>, SE: AsRef<CStr>>(
    filename: &CStr,
    args: &[SA],
    env: &[SE],
) -> Result<Infallible> {
    let args_p = to_exec_array(args);
    let env_p = to_exec_array(env);

    unsafe {
        libc::execvpe(filename.as_ptr(), args_p.as_ptr(), env_p.as_ptr())
    };

    Err(Errno::last())
}

/// Replace the current process image with a new one (see
/// [fexecve(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fexecve.html)).
///
/// The `fexecve` function allows for another process to be "called" which will
/// replace the current process image.  That is, this process becomes the new
/// command that is run. On success, this function will not return. Instead,
/// the new program will run until it exits.
///
/// This function is similar to `execve`, except that the program to be executed
/// is referenced as a file descriptor instead of a path.
#[cfg(any(linux_android, freebsdlike, target_os = "hurd"))]
#[inline]
pub fn fexecve<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, SA: AsRef<CStr>, SE: AsRef<CStr>>(
    fd: Fd,
    args: &[SA],
    env: &[SE],
) -> Result<Infallible> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let args_p = to_exec_array(args);
    let env_p = to_exec_array(env);

    unsafe { libc::fexecve(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), args_p.as_ptr(), env_p.as_ptr()) };

    Err(Errno::last())
}

/// Execute program relative to a directory file descriptor (see
/// [execveat(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/execveat.2.html)).
///
/// The `execveat` function allows for another process to be "called" which will
/// replace the current process image.  That is, this process becomes the new
/// command that is run. On success, this function will not return. Instead,
/// the new program will run until it exits.
///
/// This function is similar to `execve`, except that the program to be executed
/// is referenced as a file descriptor to the base directory plus a path.
#[cfg(linux_android)]
#[inline]
pub fn execveat<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, SA: AsRef<CStr>, SE: AsRef<CStr>>(
    dirfd: Fd,
    pathname: &CStr,
    args: &[SA],
    env: &[SE],
    flags: super::fcntl::AtFlags,
) -> Result<Infallible> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let args_p = to_exec_array(args);
    let env_p = to_exec_array(env);

    unsafe {
        libc::syscall(
            libc::SYS_execveat,
            dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
            pathname.as_ptr(),
            args_p.as_ptr(),
            env_p.as_ptr(),
            flags,
        );
    };

    Err(Errno::last())
}

/// Daemonize this process by detaching from the controlling terminal (see
/// [daemon(3)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/daemon.3.html)).
///
/// When a process is launched it is typically associated with a parent and it,
/// in turn, by its controlling terminal/process.  In order for a process to run
/// in the "background" it must daemonize itself by detaching itself.  Under
/// posix, this is done by doing the following:
///
/// 1. Parent process (this one) forks
/// 2. Parent process exits
/// 3. Child process continues to run.
///
/// `nochdir`:
///
/// * `nochdir = true`: The current working directory after daemonizing will
///    be the current working directory.
/// *  `nochdir = false`: The current working directory after daemonizing will
///    be the root direcory, `/`.
///
/// `noclose`:
///
/// * `noclose = true`: The process' current stdin, stdout, and stderr file
///   descriptors will remain identical after daemonizing.
/// * `noclose = false`: The process' stdin, stdout, and stderr will point to
///   `/dev/null` after daemonizing.
#[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        netbsdlike
))]
pub fn daemon(nochdir: bool, noclose: bool) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::daemon(nochdir as c_int, noclose as c_int) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "hostname"]

/// Set the system host name (see
/// [sethostname(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/gethostname.2.html)).
///
/// Given a name, attempt to update the system host name to the given string.
/// On some systems, the host name is limited to as few as 64 bytes.  An error
/// will be returned if the name is not valid or the current process does not
/// have permissions to update the host name.
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn sethostname<S: AsRef<OsStr>>(name: S) -> Result<()> {
    // Handle some differences in type of the len arg across platforms.
    cfg_if! {
        if #[cfg(any(freebsdlike,
                     solarish,
                     apple_targets,
                     target_os = "aix"))] {
            type sethostname_len_t = c_int;
        } else {
            type sethostname_len_t = size_t;
        }
    }
    let ptr = name.as_ref().as_bytes().as_ptr().cast();
    let len = name.as_ref().len() as sethostname_len_t;

    let res = unsafe { libc::sethostname(ptr, len) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Get the host name and store it in an internally allocated buffer, returning an
/// `OsString` on success.
///
/// This function call attempts to get the host name for the running system and
/// store it in an internal buffer, returning it as an `OsString` if successful.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// use nix::unistd;
///
/// let hostname = unistd::gethostname().expect("Failed getting hostname");
/// let hostname = hostname.into_string().expect("Hostname wasn't valid UTF-8");
/// println!("Hostname: {}", hostname);
/// ```
///
/// See also [gethostname(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/gethostname.html).
pub fn gethostname() -> Result<OsString> {
    // The capacity is the max length of a hostname plus the NUL terminator.
    let mut buffer: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(256);
    let ptr = buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast();
    let len = buffer.capacity() as size_t;

    let res = unsafe { libc::gethostname(ptr, len) };
    Errno::result(res).map(|_| {
        unsafe {
            buffer.as_mut_ptr().wrapping_add(len - 1).write(0); // ensure always null-terminated
            let len = CStr::from_ptr(buffer.as_ptr().cast()).len();
            buffer.set_len(len);
        }
        OsString::from_vec(buffer)
    })
}
}

/// Close a file descriptor.
///
/// If `fd` is an owned file descriptor, it is generally preferred to call
/// `drop(fd)` rather than `close(fd)`.
pub fn close<Fd: std::os::fd::IntoRawFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::close(fd.into_raw_fd()) };
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Read from a raw file descriptor.
///
/// See also [read(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/read.html)
pub fn read<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe {
        libc::read(
            fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
            buf.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
            buf.len() as size_t,
        )
    };

    Errno::result(res).map(|r| r as usize)
}

/// Write to a raw file descriptor.
///
/// See also [write(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/write.html)
pub fn write<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe {
        libc::write(
            fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
            buf.as_ptr().cast(),
            buf.len() as size_t,
        )
    };

    Errno::result(res).map(|r| r as usize)
}

feature! {
#![feature = "fs"]

/// Directive that tells [`lseek`] and [`lseek64`] what the offset is relative to.
///
/// [`lseek`]: ./fn.lseek.html
/// [`lseek64`]: ./fn.lseek64.html
#[repr(i32)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub enum Whence {
    /// Specify an offset relative to the start of the file.
    SeekSet = libc::SEEK_SET,
    /// Specify an offset relative to the current file location.
    SeekCur = libc::SEEK_CUR,
    /// Specify an offset relative to the end of the file.
    SeekEnd = libc::SEEK_END,
    /// Specify an offset relative to the next location in the file greater than or
    /// equal to offset that contains some data. If offset points to
    /// some data, then the file offset is set to offset.
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "linux",
    ))]
    SeekData = libc::SEEK_DATA,
    /// Specify an offset relative to the next hole in the file greater than
    /// or equal to offset. If offset points into the middle of a hole, then
    /// the file offset should be set to offset. If there is no hole past offset,
    /// then the file offset should be adjusted to the end of the file (i.e., there
    /// is an implicit hole at the end of any file).
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "linux",
    ))]
    SeekHole = libc::SEEK_HOLE,
}

/// Move the read/write file offset.
///
/// See also [lseek(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/lseek.html)
pub fn lseek<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd, offset: off_t, whence: Whence) -> Result<off_t> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::lseek(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), offset, whence as i32) };

    Errno::result(res).map(|r| r as off_t)
}

/// Move the read/write file offset.
///
/// Unlike [`lseek`], it takes a 64-bit argument even on platforms where [`libc::off_t`] is
/// 32 bits.
#[cfg(linux_android)]
pub fn lseek64<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(
    fd: Fd,
    offset: libc::off64_t,
    whence: Whence,
) -> Result<libc::off64_t> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::lseek64(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), offset, whence as i32) };

    Errno::result(res).map(|r| r as libc::off64_t)
}
}

/// Create an interprocess channel.
///
/// See also [pipe(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pipe.html)
pub fn pipe(
) -> std::result::Result<(std::os::fd::OwnedFd, std::os::fd::OwnedFd), Error> {
    let mut fds = mem::MaybeUninit::<[std::os::fd::OwnedFd; 2]>::uninit();

    let res = unsafe { libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr().cast()) };

    Error::result(res)?;

    let [read, write] = unsafe { fds.assume_init() };
    Ok((read, write))
}

feature! {
#![feature = "fs"]
/// Like `pipe`, but allows setting certain file descriptor flags.
///
/// The following flags are supported, and will be set atomically as the pipe is
/// created:
///
/// - `O_CLOEXEC`:    Set the close-on-exec flag for the new file descriptors.
#[cfg_attr(
    target_os = "linux",
    doc = "- `O_DIRECT`: Create a pipe that performs I/O in \"packet\" mode."
)]
#[cfg_attr(
    target_os = "netbsd",
    doc = "- `O_NOSIGPIPE`: Return `EPIPE` instead of raising `SIGPIPE`."
)]
/// - `O_NONBLOCK`:   Set the non-blocking flag for the ends of the pipe.
///
/// See also [pipe(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/pipe.2.html)
#[cfg(any(
    linux_android,
    freebsdlike,
    solarish,
    target_os = "emscripten",
    target_os = "hurd",
    target_os = "redox",
    netbsdlike,
))]
pub fn pipe2(flags: OFlag) -> Result<(std::os::fd::OwnedFd, std::os::fd::OwnedFd)> {
    let mut fds = mem::MaybeUninit::<[std::os::fd::OwnedFd; 2]>::uninit();

    let res =
        unsafe { libc::pipe2(fds.as_mut_ptr().cast(), flags.bits()) };

    Errno::result(res)?;

    let [read, write] = unsafe { fds.assume_init() };
    Ok((read, write))
}

/// Truncate a file to a specified length
///
/// See also
/// [truncate(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/truncate.html)
#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "fuchsia")))]
pub fn truncate<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P, len: off_t) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path
        .with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe { libc::truncate(cstr.as_ptr(), len) })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Truncate a file to a specified length
///
/// See also
/// [ftruncate(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/ftruncate.html)
pub fn ftruncate<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd, len: off_t) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    Errno::result(unsafe { libc::ftruncate(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), len) }).map(drop)
}

/// Determines if the file descriptor refers to a valid terminal type device.
pub fn isatty<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<bool> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    unsafe {
        // ENOTTY means `fd` is a valid file descriptor, but not a TTY, so
        // we return `Ok(false)`
        if libc::isatty(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) == 1 {
            Ok(true)
        } else {
            match Errno::last() {
                Errno::ENOTTY => Ok(false),
                err => Err(err),
            }
        }
    }
}

#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub type LinkatFlags = AtFlags;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
impl LinkatFlags {
    #[deprecated(since = "0.28.0", note = "The variant is deprecated, please use `AtFlags` instead")]
    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    pub const SymlinkFollow: LinkatFlags = LinkatFlags::AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW;
    #[deprecated(since = "0.28.0", note = "The variant is deprecated, please use `AtFlags` instead")]
    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
    pub const NoSymlinkFollow: LinkatFlags = LinkatFlags::empty();
}

/// Link one file to another file
///
/// Creates a new hard link (directory entry) at `newpath` for the existing file
/// at `oldpath`. In the case of a relative `oldpath`, the path is interpreted
/// relative to the directory associated with file descriptor `olddirfd` instead
/// of the current working directory, use [`AT_FDCWD`](crate::fcntl::AT_FDCWD)
/// if you want to make it relative to the current working directory. Similarly
/// for `newpath` and file descriptor `newdirfd`. If either `oldpath` or `newpath`
/// is absolute, then `dirfd` is ignored.
///
/// In case `flag` is `AtFlags::AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW` and `oldpath` names a symoblic
/// link, a new link for the target of the symbolic link is created.
///
/// # References
/// See also [linkat(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/linkat.html)
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // Redox does not have this yet
pub fn linkat<Fd1: std::os::fd::AsFd, Fd2: std::os::fd::AsFd, P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    olddirfd: Fd1,
    oldpath: &P,
    newdirfd: Fd2,
    newpath: &P,
    flag: AtFlags,
) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = oldpath.with_nix_path(|oldcstr| {
        newpath.with_nix_path(|newcstr| unsafe {
            libc::linkat(
                olddirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
                oldcstr.as_ptr(),
                newdirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
                newcstr.as_ptr(),
                flag.bits(),
            )
        })
    })??;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Remove a directory entry
///
/// See also [unlink(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/unlink.html)
pub fn unlink<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P) -> Result<()> {
    let res =
        path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe { libc::unlink(cstr.as_ptr()) })?;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Flags for `unlinkat` function.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub enum UnlinkatFlags {
    /// Remove the directory entry as a directory, not a normal file
    RemoveDir,
    /// Remove the directory entry as a normal file, not a directory
    NoRemoveDir,
}

/// Remove a directory entry
///
/// In the case of a relative path, the directory entry to be removed is determined
/// relative to the directory associated with the file descriptor `dirfd` (Use
/// [`AT_FDCWD`](crate::fcntl::AT_FDCWD) if you want to specify the current working
/// directory in `dirfd`). In the case of an absolute path, `dirfd` is ignored.
///
/// If `flag` is `UnlinkatFlags::RemoveDir` then removal of the directory entry
/// specified by `dirfd` and `path` is performed.
///
/// # References
/// See also [unlinkat(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/unlinkat.html)
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn unlinkat<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    dirfd: Fd,
    path: &P,
    flag: UnlinkatFlags,
) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let atflag = match flag {
        UnlinkatFlags::RemoveDir => AtFlags::AT_REMOVEDIR,
        UnlinkatFlags::NoRemoveDir => AtFlags::empty(),
    };
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::unlinkat(
            dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
            cstr.as_ptr(),
            atflag.bits() as libc::c_int,
        )
    })?;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Change a process's root directory
#[inline]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "fuchsia"))]
pub fn chroot<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P) -> Result<()> {
    let res =
        path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe { libc::chroot(cstr.as_ptr()) })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Commit filesystem caches to disk
///
/// See also [sync(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/sync.html)
#[cfg(any(bsd, linux_android, solarish, target_os = "haiku", target_os = "aix", target_os = "hurd"))]
pub fn sync() {
    unsafe { libc::sync() };
}

/// Commit filesystem caches containing file referred to by the open file
/// descriptor `fd` to disk
///
/// See also [syncfs(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/sync.2.html)
#[cfg(any(linux_android, target_os = "hurd"))]
pub fn syncfs<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::syncfs(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Synchronize changes to a file
///
/// See also [fsync(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fsync.html)
#[inline]
pub fn fsync<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = unsafe { libc::fsync(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Synchronize the data of a file
///
/// See also
/// [fdatasync(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fdatasync.html)
#[cfg(any(
    linux_android,
    solarish,
    netbsdlike,
    apple_targets,
    target_os = "freebsd",
    target_os = "emscripten",
    target_os = "fuchsia",
    target_os = "aix",
    target_os = "hurd",
))]
#[inline]
pub fn fdatasync<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: Fd) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    cfg_if! {
        // apple libc supports fdatasync too, albeit not being present in its headers
        // [fdatasync](https://github.com/apple/darwin-xnu/blob/2ff845c2e033bd0ff64b5b6aa6063a1f8f65aa32/bsd/vfs/vfs_syscalls.c#L7728)
        if #[cfg(apple_targets)] {
            extern "C" {
                fn fdatasync(fd: libc::c_int) -> libc::c_int;
            }
        } else {
            use libc::fdatasync as fdatasync;
        }
    }
    let res = unsafe { fdatasync(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "user"]

/// Get a real user ID
///
/// See also [getuid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getuid.html)
// POSIX requires that getuid is always successful, so no need to check return
// value or errno.
#[inline]
pub fn getuid() -> Uid {
    Uid(unsafe { libc::getuid() })
}

/// Get the effective user ID
///
/// See also [geteuid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/geteuid.html)
// POSIX requires that geteuid is always successful, so no need to check return
// value or errno.
#[inline]
pub fn geteuid() -> Uid {
    Uid(unsafe { libc::geteuid() })
}

/// Get the real group ID
///
/// See also [getgid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getgid.html)
// POSIX requires that getgid is always successful, so no need to check return
// value or errno.
#[inline]
pub fn getgid() -> Gid {
    Gid(unsafe { libc::getgid() })
}

/// Get the effective group ID
///
/// See also [getegid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getegid.html)
// POSIX requires that getegid is always successful, so no need to check return
// value or errno.
#[inline]
pub fn getegid() -> Gid {
    Gid(unsafe { libc::getegid() })
}

/// Set the effective user ID
///
/// See also [seteuid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/seteuid.html)
#[inline]
pub fn seteuid(euid: Uid) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::seteuid(euid.into()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Set the effective group ID
///
/// See also [setegid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/setegid.html)
#[inline]
pub fn setegid(egid: Gid) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::setegid(egid.into()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Set the user ID
///
/// See also [setuid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/setuid.html)
#[inline]
pub fn setuid(uid: Uid) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::setuid(uid.into()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Set the group ID
///
/// See also [setgid(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/setgid.html)
#[inline]
pub fn setgid(gid: Gid) -> Result<()> {
    let res = unsafe { libc::setgid(gid.into()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![all(feature = "fs", feature = "user")]
/// Set the user identity used for filesystem checks per-thread.
/// On both success and failure, this call returns the previous filesystem user
/// ID of the caller.
///
/// See also [setfsuid(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setfsuid.2.html)
#[cfg(linux_android)]
pub fn setfsuid(uid: Uid) -> Uid {
    let prev_fsuid = unsafe { libc::setfsuid(uid.into()) };
    Uid::from_raw(prev_fsuid as uid_t)
}

/// Set the group identity used for filesystem checks per-thread.
/// On both success and failure, this call returns the previous filesystem group
/// ID of the caller.
///
/// See also [setfsgid(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setfsgid.2.html)
#[cfg(linux_android)]
pub fn setfsgid(gid: Gid) -> Gid {
    let prev_fsgid = unsafe { libc::setfsgid(gid.into()) };
    Gid::from_raw(prev_fsgid as gid_t)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "user"]

/// Get the list of supplementary group IDs of the calling process.
///
/// [Further reading](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/getgroups.html)
///
/// **Note:** This function is not available for Apple platforms. On those
/// platforms, checking group membership should be achieved via communication
/// with the `opendirectoryd` service.
#[cfg(not(apple_targets))]
pub fn getgroups() -> Result<Vec<Gid>> {
    // First get the maximum number of groups. The value returned
    // shall always be greater than or equal to one and less than or
    // equal to the value of {NGROUPS_MAX} + 1.
    let ngroups_max = match sysconf(SysconfVar::NGROUPS_MAX) {
        Ok(Some(n)) => (n + 1) as usize,
        Ok(None) | Err(_) => usize::MAX,
    };

    // Next, get the number of groups so we can size our Vec
    let ngroups = unsafe { libc::getgroups(0, ptr::null_mut()) };

    // If there are no supplementary groups, return early.
    // This prevents a potential buffer over-read if the number of groups
    // increases from zero before the next call. It would return the total
    // number of groups beyond the capacity of the buffer.
    if ngroups == 0 {
        return Ok(Vec::new());
    }

    // Now actually get the groups. We try multiple times in case the number of
    // groups has changed since the first call to getgroups() and the buffer is
    // now too small.
    let mut groups =
        Vec::<Gid>::with_capacity(Errno::result(ngroups)? as usize);
    loop {
        // FIXME: On the platforms we currently support, the `Gid` struct has
        // the same representation in memory as a bare `gid_t`. This is not
        // necessarily the case on all Rust platforms, though. See RFC 1785.
        let ngroups = unsafe {
            libc::getgroups(
                groups.capacity() as c_int,
                groups.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
            )
        };

        match Errno::result(ngroups) {
            Ok(s) => {
                unsafe { groups.set_len(s as usize) };
                return Ok(groups);
            }
            Err(Errno::EINVAL) => {
                // EINVAL indicates that the buffer size was too
                // small, resize it up to ngroups_max as limit.
                reserve_double_buffer_size(&mut groups, ngroups_max)
                    .or(Err(Errno::EINVAL))?;
            }
            Err(e) => return Err(e),
        }
    }
}

/// Set the list of supplementary group IDs for the calling process.
///
/// [Further reading](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getgroups.2.html)
///
/// **Note:** This function is not available for Apple platforms. On those
/// platforms, group membership management should be achieved via communication
/// with the `opendirectoryd` service.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// `setgroups` can be used when dropping privileges from the root user to a
/// specific user and group. For example, given the user `www-data` with UID
/// `33` and the group `backup` with the GID `34`, one could switch the user as
/// follows:
///
/// ```rust,no_run
/// # use std::error::Error;
/// # use nix::unistd::*;
/// #
/// # fn try_main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
/// let uid = Uid::from_raw(33);
/// let gid = Gid::from_raw(34);
/// setgroups(&[gid])?;
/// setgid(gid)?;
/// setuid(uid)?;
/// #
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// #
/// # try_main().unwrap();
/// ```
#[cfg(not(any(
    apple_targets,
    target_os = "redox",
    target_os = "haiku"
)))]
pub fn setgroups(groups: &[Gid]) -> Result<()> {
    cfg_if! {
        if #[cfg(any(bsd,
                     solarish,
                     target_os = "aix"))] {
            type setgroups_ngroups_t = c_int;
        } else {
            type setgroups_ngroups_t = size_t;
        }
    }
    // FIXME: On the platforms we currently support, the `Gid` struct has the
    // same representation in memory as a bare `gid_t`. This is not necessarily
    // the case on all Rust platforms, though. See RFC 1785.
    let res = unsafe {
        libc::setgroups(
            groups.len() as setgroups_ngroups_t,
            groups.as_ptr().cast(),
        )
    };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Calculate the supplementary group access list.
///
/// Gets the group IDs of all groups that `user` is a member of. The additional
/// group `group` is also added to the list.
///
/// [Further reading](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/getgrouplist.3.html)
///
/// **Note:** This function is not available for Apple platforms. On those
/// platforms, checking group membership should be achieved via communication
/// with the `opendirectoryd` service.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Although the `getgrouplist()` call does not return any specific
/// errors on any known platforms, this implementation will return a system
/// error of `EINVAL` if the number of groups to be fetched exceeds the
/// `NGROUPS_MAX` sysconf value. This mimics the behaviour of `getgroups()`
/// and `setgroups()`. Additionally, while some implementations will return a
/// partial list of groups when `NGROUPS_MAX` is exceeded, this implementation
/// will only ever return the complete list or else an error.
#[cfg(not(any(
    target_os = "aix",
    solarish,
    apple_targets,
    target_os = "redox",
    target_os = "emscripten",
)))]
pub fn getgrouplist(user: &CStr, group: Gid) -> Result<Vec<Gid>> {
    let ngroups_max = match sysconf(SysconfVar::NGROUPS_MAX) {
        Ok(Some(n)) => n as c_int,
        Ok(None) | Err(_) => c_int::MAX,
    };
    use std::cmp::min;
    let mut groups = Vec::<Gid>::with_capacity(min(ngroups_max, 8) as usize);
    cfg_if! {
        if #[cfg(apple_targets)] {
            type getgrouplist_group_t = c_int;
        } else {
            type getgrouplist_group_t = gid_t;
        }
    }
    let gid: gid_t = group.into();
    loop {
        let mut ngroups = groups.capacity() as i32;
        let ret = unsafe {
            libc::getgrouplist(
                user.as_ptr(),
                gid as getgrouplist_group_t,
                groups.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
                &mut ngroups,
            )
        };

        // BSD systems only return 0 or -1, Linux returns ngroups on success.
        if ret >= 0 {
            unsafe { groups.set_len(ngroups as usize) };
            return Ok(groups);
        } else if ret == -1 {
            // Returns -1 if ngroups is too small, but does not set errno.
            // BSD systems will still fill the groups buffer with as many
            // groups as possible, but Linux manpages do not mention this
            // behavior.
            reserve_double_buffer_size(&mut groups, ngroups_max as usize)
                .map_err(|_| Errno::EINVAL)?;
        }
    }
}

/// Initialize the supplementary group access list.
///
/// Sets the supplementary group IDs for the calling process using all groups
/// that `user` is a member of. The additional group `group` is also added to
/// the list.
///
/// [Further reading](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/initgroups.3.html)
///
/// **Note:** This function is not available for Apple platforms. On those
/// platforms, group membership management should be achieved via communication
/// with the `opendirectoryd` service.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// `initgroups` can be used when dropping privileges from the root user to
/// another user. For example, given the user `www-data`, we could look up the
/// UID and GID for the user in the system's password database (usually found
/// in `/etc/passwd`). If the `www-data` user's UID and GID were `33` and `33`,
/// respectively, one could switch the user as follows:
///
/// ```rust,no_run
/// # use std::error::Error;
/// # use std::ffi::CString;
/// # use nix::unistd::*;
/// #
/// # fn try_main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
/// let user = CString::new("www-data").unwrap();
/// let uid = Uid::from_raw(33);
/// let gid = Gid::from_raw(33);
/// initgroups(&user, gid)?;
/// setgid(gid)?;
/// setuid(uid)?;
/// #
/// #     Ok(())
/// # }
/// #
/// # try_main().unwrap();
/// ```
#[cfg(not(any(
    apple_targets,
    target_os = "redox",
    target_os = "haiku",
    target_os = "emscripten",
)))]
pub fn initgroups(user: &CStr, group: Gid) -> Result<()> {
    cfg_if! {
        if #[cfg(apple_targets)] {
            type initgroups_group_t = c_int;
        } else {
            type initgroups_group_t = gid_t;
        }
    }
    let gid: gid_t = group.into();
    let res =
        unsafe { libc::initgroups(user.as_ptr(), gid as initgroups_group_t) };

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "signal"]

/// Suspend the thread until a signal is received.
///
/// See also [pause(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pause.html).
#[inline]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn pause() {
    unsafe { libc::pause() };
}

pub mod alarm {
    //! Alarm signal scheduling.
    //!
    //! Scheduling an alarm will trigger a `SIGALRM` signal when the time has
    //! elapsed, which has to be caught, because the default action for the
    //! signal is to terminate the program. This signal also can't be ignored
    //! because the system calls like `pause` will not be interrupted, see the
    //! second example below.
    //!
    //! # Examples
    //!
    //! Canceling an alarm:
    //!
    //! ```
    //! use nix::unistd::alarm;
    //!
    //! // Set an alarm for 60 seconds from now.
    //! alarm::set(60);
    //!
    //! // Cancel the above set alarm, which returns the number of seconds left
    //! // of the previously set alarm.
    //! assert_eq!(alarm::cancel(), Some(60));
    //! ```
    //!
    //! Scheduling an alarm and waiting for the signal:
    //!
    #![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", doc = " ```rust,ignore")]
    #![cfg_attr(not(target_os = "redox"), doc = " ```rust")]
    //! use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
    //!
    //! use nix::unistd::{alarm, pause};
    //! use nix::sys::signal::*;
    //!
    //! // We need to setup an empty signal handler to catch the alarm signal,
    //! // otherwise the program will be terminated once the signal is delivered.
    //! extern fn signal_handler(_: nix::libc::c_int) { }
    //! let sa = SigAction::new(
    //!     SigHandler::Handler(signal_handler),
    //!     SaFlags::SA_RESTART,
    //!     SigSet::empty()
    //! );
    //! unsafe {
    //!     sigaction(Signal::SIGALRM, &sa);
    //! }
    //!
    //! let start = Instant::now();
    //!
    //! // Set an alarm for 1 second from now.
    //! alarm::set(1);
    //!
    //! // Pause the process until the alarm signal is received.
    //! let mut sigset = SigSet::empty();
    //! sigset.add(Signal::SIGALRM);
    //! sigset.wait();
    //!
    //! // On Solaris, the signal can arrive before the full second.
    //! const TOLERANCE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(10);
    //! assert!(start.elapsed() + TOLERANCE >= Duration::from_secs(1));
    //! ```
    //!
    //! # References
    //!
    //! See also [alarm(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/alarm.html).

    /// Schedule an alarm signal.
    ///
    /// This will cause the system to generate a `SIGALRM` signal for the
    /// process after the specified number of seconds have elapsed.
    ///
    /// Returns the leftover time of a previously set alarm if there was one.
    pub fn set(secs: libc::c_uint) -> Option<libc::c_uint> {
        assert!(secs != 0, "passing 0 to `alarm::set` is not allowed, to cancel an alarm use `alarm::cancel`");
        alarm(secs)
    }

    /// Cancel an previously set alarm signal.
    ///
    /// Returns the leftover time of a previously set alarm if there was one.
    pub fn cancel() -> Option<libc::c_uint> {
        alarm(0)
    }

    fn alarm(secs: libc::c_uint) -> Option<libc::c_uint> {
        match unsafe { libc::alarm(secs) } {
            0 => None,
            secs => Some(secs),
        }
    }
}
}

/// Suspend execution for an interval of time
///
/// See also [sleep(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/sleep.html#tag_03_705_05)
// Per POSIX, does not fail
#[inline]
pub fn sleep(seconds: c_uint) -> c_uint {
    unsafe { libc::sleep(seconds) }
}

feature! {
#![feature = "acct"]

/// Process accounting
#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
pub mod acct {
    use crate::errno::Errno;
    use crate::{NixPath, Result};
    use std::ptr;

    /// Enable process accounting
    ///
    /// See also [acct(2)](https://linux.die.net/man/2/acct)
    pub fn enable<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(filename: &P) -> Result<()> {
        let res = filename
            .with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe { libc::acct(cstr.as_ptr()) })?;

        Errno::result(res).map(drop)
    }

    /// Disable process accounting
    pub fn disable() -> Result<()> {
        let res = unsafe { libc::acct(ptr::null()) };

        Errno::result(res).map(drop)
    }
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "fs"]
/// Creates a regular file which persists even after process termination
///
/// * `template`: a path whose 6 rightmost characters must be X, e.g. `/tmp/tmpfile_XXXXXX`
/// * returns: tuple of file descriptor and filename
///
/// Err is returned either if no temporary filename could be created or the template doesn't
/// end with XXXXXX
///
/// See also [mkstemp(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/mkstemp.html)
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// use nix::unistd;
///
/// let _ = match unistd::mkstemp("/tmp/tempfile_XXXXXX") {
///     Ok((fd, path)) => {
///         unistd::unlink(path.as_path()).unwrap(); // flag file to be deleted at app termination
///         fd
///     }
///     Err(e) => panic!("mkstemp failed: {}", e)
/// };
/// // do something with fd
/// ```
#[inline]
pub fn mkstemp<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(template: &P) -> Result<(std::os::fd::OwnedFd, PathBuf)> {
    use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
    use std::os::fd::FromRawFd;

    let mut path =
        template.with_nix_path(|path| path.to_bytes_with_nul().to_owned())?;
    let p = path.as_mut_ptr().cast();
    let fd = unsafe { libc::mkstemp(p) };
    let last = path.pop(); // drop the trailing nul
    debug_assert!(last == Some(b'\0'));
    let pathname = OsString::from_vec(path);
    Errno::result(fd)?;
    // SAFETY:
    //
    // `mkstemp(3)` should return a valid owned file descriptor on success.
    let fd = unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd) };
    Ok((fd, PathBuf::from(pathname)))
}
}

feature! {
#![all(feature = "fs", feature = "feature")]

/// Creates a directory which persists even after process termination
///
/// * `template`: a path whose rightmost characters contain some number of X, e.g. `/tmp/tmpdir_XXXXXX`
/// * returns: filename
///
/// Err is returned either if no temporary filename could be created or the template had insufficient X
///
/// See also [mkstemp(2)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/mkdtemp.html)
///
/// ```
/// use nix::unistd;
///
/// match unistd::mkdtemp("/tmp/tempdir_XXXXXX") {
///     Ok(_path) => {
///         // do something with directory
///     }
///     Err(e) => panic!("mkdtemp failed: {}", e)
/// };
/// ```
pub fn mkdtemp<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(template: &P) -> Result<PathBuf> {
    let mut path = template.with_nix_path(|path| {path.to_bytes_with_nul().to_owned()})?;
    let p = path.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _;
    let p = unsafe { libc::mkdtemp(p) };
    if p.is_null() {
        return Err(Errno::last());
    }
    let last = path.pop(); // drop the trailing nul
    debug_assert!(last == Some(b'\0'));
    let pathname = OsString::from_vec(path);
    Ok(PathBuf::from(pathname))
}

/// Variable names for `pathconf`
///
/// Nix uses the same naming convention for these variables as the
/// [getconf(1)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/getconf.html) utility.
/// That is, `PathconfVar` variables have the same name as the abstract
/// variables  shown in the `pathconf(2)` man page.  Usually, it's the same as
/// the C variable name without the leading `_PC_`.
///
/// POSIX 1003.1-2008 standardizes all of these variables, but some OSes choose
/// not to implement variables that cannot change at runtime.
///
/// # References
///
/// - [pathconf(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pathconf.html)
/// - [limits.h](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/limits.h.html)
/// - [unistd.h](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/unistd.h.html)
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
#[repr(i32)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum PathconfVar {
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        netbsdlike,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "redox"
    ))]
    /// Minimum number of bits needed to represent, as a signed integer value,
    /// the maximum size of a regular file allowed in the specified directory.
    FILESIZEBITS = libc::_PC_FILESIZEBITS,
    /// Maximum number of links to a single file.
    LINK_MAX = libc::_PC_LINK_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of bytes in a terminal canonical input line.
    MAX_CANON = libc::_PC_MAX_CANON,
    /// Minimum number of bytes for which space is available in a terminal input
    /// queue; therefore, the maximum number of bytes a conforming application
    /// may require to be typed as input before reading them.
    MAX_INPUT = libc::_PC_MAX_INPUT,
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        solarish,
        freebsdlike,
        target_os = "netbsd",
    ))]
    /// If a file system supports the reporting of holes (see lseek(2)),
    /// pathconf() and fpathconf() return a positive number that represents the
    /// minimum hole size returned in bytes.  The offsets of holes returned will
    /// be aligned to this same value.  A special value of 1 is returned if the
    /// file system does not specify the minimum hole size but still reports
    /// holes.
    MIN_HOLE_SIZE = libc::_PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE,
    /// Maximum number of bytes in a filename (not including the terminating
    /// null of a filename string).
    NAME_MAX = libc::_PC_NAME_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of bytes the implementation will store as a pathname in a
    /// user-supplied buffer of unspecified size, including the terminating null
    /// character. Minimum number the implementation will accept as the maximum
    /// number of bytes in a pathname.
    PATH_MAX = libc::_PC_PATH_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of bytes that is guaranteed to be atomic when writing to
    /// a pipe.
    PIPE_BUF = libc::_PC_PIPE_BUF,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        solarish,
        netbsdlike,
        target_os = "dragonfly",
        target_os = "redox",
    ))]
    /// Symbolic links can be created.
    POSIX2_SYMLINKS = libc::_PC_2_SYMLINKS,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "redox"
    ))]
    /// Minimum number of bytes of storage actually allocated for any portion of
    /// a file.
    POSIX_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN = libc::_PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        linux_android,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// Recommended increment for file transfer sizes between the
    /// `POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE` and `POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE` values.
    POSIX_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE = libc::_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "redox"
    ))]
    /// Maximum recommended file transfer size.
    POSIX_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE = libc::_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "redox"
    ))]
    /// Minimum recommended file transfer size.
    POSIX_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE = libc::_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "redox"
    ))]
    ///  Recommended file transfer buffer alignment.
    POSIX_REC_XFER_ALIGN = libc::_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        netbsdlike,
        target_os = "redox",
    ))]
    /// Maximum number of bytes in a symbolic link.
    SYMLINK_MAX = libc::_PC_SYMLINK_MAX,
    /// The use of `chown` and `fchown` is restricted to a process with
    /// appropriate privileges, and to changing the group ID of a file only to
    /// the effective group ID of the process or to one of its supplementary
    /// group IDs.
    _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED = libc::_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED,
    /// Pathname components longer than {NAME_MAX} generate an error.
    _POSIX_NO_TRUNC = libc::_PC_NO_TRUNC,
    /// This symbol shall be defined to be the value of a character that shall
    /// disable terminal special character handling.
    _POSIX_VDISABLE = libc::_PC_VDISABLE,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "redox",
    ))]
    /// Asynchronous input or output operations may be performed for the
    /// associated file.
    _POSIX_ASYNC_IO = libc::_PC_ASYNC_IO,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        target_os = "openbsd",
        target_os = "redox",
    ))]
    /// Prioritized input or output operations may be performed for the
    /// associated file.
    _POSIX_PRIO_IO = libc::_PC_PRIO_IO,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        netbsdlike,
        target_os = "redox",
    ))]
    /// Synchronized input or output operations may be performed for the
    /// associated file.
    _POSIX_SYNC_IO = libc::_PC_SYNC_IO,
    #[cfg(any(target_os = "dragonfly", target_os = "openbsd"))]
    /// The resolution in nanoseconds for all file timestamps.
    _POSIX_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION = libc::_PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION,
}

/// Like `pathconf`, but works with file descriptors instead of paths (see
/// [fpathconf(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pathconf.html))
///
/// # Parameters
///
/// - `fd`:   The file descriptor whose variable should be interrogated
/// - `var`:  The pathconf variable to lookup
///
/// # Returns
///
/// - `Ok(Some(x))`: the variable's limit (for limit variables) or its
///     implementation level (for option variables).  Implementation levels are
///     usually a decimal-coded date, such as 200112 for POSIX 2001.12
/// - `Ok(None)`: the variable has no limit (for limit variables) or is
///     unsupported (for option variables)
/// - `Err(x)`: an error occurred
pub fn fpathconf<F: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: F, var: PathconfVar) -> Result<Option<c_long>> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let raw = unsafe {
        Errno::clear();
        libc::fpathconf(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), var as c_int)
    };
    if raw == -1 {
        if Errno::last_raw() == 0 {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Err(Errno::last())
        }
    } else {
        Ok(Some(raw))
    }
}

/// Get path-dependent configurable system variables (see
/// [pathconf(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pathconf.html))
///
/// Returns the value of a path-dependent configurable system variable.  Most
/// supported variables also have associated compile-time constants, but POSIX
/// allows their values to change at runtime.  There are generally two types of
/// `pathconf` variables: options and limits.  See [pathconf(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/pathconf.html) for more details.
///
/// # Parameters
///
/// - `path`: Lookup the value of `var` for this file or directory
/// - `var`:  The `pathconf` variable to lookup
///
/// # Returns
///
/// - `Ok(Some(x))`: the variable's limit (for limit variables) or its
///     implementation level (for option variables).  Implementation levels are
///     usually a decimal-coded date, such as 200112 for POSIX 2001.12
/// - `Ok(None)`: the variable has no limit (for limit variables) or is
///     unsupported (for option variables)
/// - `Err(x)`: an error occurred
pub fn pathconf<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    path: &P,
    var: PathconfVar,
) -> Result<Option<c_long>> {
    let raw = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        Errno::clear();
        libc::pathconf(cstr.as_ptr(), var as c_int)
    })?;
    if raw == -1 {
        if Errno::last_raw() == 0 {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Err(Errno::last())
        }
    } else {
        Ok(Some(raw))
    }
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "feature"]

/// Variable names for `sysconf`
///
/// Nix uses the same naming convention for these variables as the
/// [getconf(1)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/getconf.html) utility.
/// That is, `SysconfVar` variables have the same name as the abstract variables
/// shown in the `sysconf(3)` man page.  Usually, it's the same as the C
/// variable name without the leading `_SC_`.
///
/// All of these symbols are standardized by POSIX 1003.1-2008, but haven't been
/// implemented by all platforms.
///
/// # References
///
/// - [sysconf(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/sysconf.html)
/// - [unistd.h](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/unistd.h.html)
/// - [limits.h](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/limits.h.html)
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq)]
#[repr(i32)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum SysconfVar {
    /// Maximum number of I/O operations in a single list I/O call supported by
    /// the implementation.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    AIO_LISTIO_MAX = libc::_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations supported by
    /// the implementation.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    AIO_MAX = libc::_SC_AIO_MAX,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The maximum amount by which a process can decrease its asynchronous I/O
    /// priority level from its own scheduling priority.
    AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX = libc::_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX,
    /// Maximum length of argument to the exec functions including environment data.
    ARG_MAX = libc::_SC_ARG_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of functions that may be registered with `atexit`.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    ATEXIT_MAX = libc::_SC_ATEXIT_MAX,
    /// Maximum obase values allowed by the bc utility.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    BC_BASE_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_BASE_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of elements permitted in an array by the bc utility.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    BC_DIM_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_DIM_MAX,
    /// Maximum scale value allowed by the bc utility.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    BC_SCALE_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX,
    /// Maximum length of a string constant accepted by the bc utility.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    BC_STRING_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_STRING_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of simultaneous processes per real user ID.
    CHILD_MAX = libc::_SC_CHILD_MAX,
    /// The frequency of the statistics clock in ticks per second.
    CLK_TCK = libc::_SC_CLK_TCK,
    /// Maximum number of weights that can be assigned to an entry of the
    /// LC_COLLATE order keyword in the locale definition file
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX = libc::_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of timer expiration overruns.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    DELAYTIMER_MAX = libc::_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of expressions that can be nested within parentheses by
    /// the expr utility.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    EXPR_NEST_MAX = libc::_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, solarish, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// Maximum length of a host name (not including the terminating null) as
    /// returned from the `gethostname` function
    HOST_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of iovec structures that one process has available for
    /// use with `readv` or `writev`.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    IOV_MAX = libc::_SC_IOV_MAX,
    /// Unless otherwise noted, the maximum length, in bytes, of a utility's
    /// input line (either standard input or another file), when the utility is
    /// described as processing text files. The length includes room for the
    /// trailing newline.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    LINE_MAX = libc::_SC_LINE_MAX,
    /// Maximum length of a login name.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "haiku"))]
    LOGIN_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of simultaneous supplementary group IDs per process.
    NGROUPS_MAX = libc::_SC_NGROUPS_MAX,
    /// Initial size of `getgrgid_r` and `getgrnam_r` data buffers
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX = libc::_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX,
    /// Initial size of `getpwuid_r` and `getpwnam_r` data buffers
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX = libc::_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX,
    /// The maximum number of open message queue descriptors a process may hold.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    MQ_OPEN_MAX = libc::_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX,
    /// The maximum number of message priorities supported by the implementation.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    MQ_PRIO_MAX = libc::_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX,
    /// A value one greater than the maximum value that the system may assign to
    /// a newly-created file descriptor.
    OPEN_MAX = libc::_SC_OPEN_MAX,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Advisory Information option.
    _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO = libc::_SC_ADVISORY_INFO,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, solarish, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports barriers.
    _POSIX_BARRIERS = libc::_SC_BARRIERS,
    /// The implementation supports asynchronous input and output.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO = libc::_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, solarish, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports clock selection.
    _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION = libc::_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, solarish, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Process CPU-Time Clocks option.
    _POSIX_CPUTIME = libc::_SC_CPUTIME,
    /// The implementation supports the File Synchronization option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_FSYNC = libc::_SC_FSYNC,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        solarish,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd",
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the IPv6 option.
    _POSIX_IPV6 = libc::_SC_IPV6,
    /// The implementation supports job control.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL = libc::_SC_JOB_CONTROL,
    /// The implementation supports memory mapped Files.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES = libc::_SC_MAPPED_FILES,
    /// The implementation supports the Process Memory Locking option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_MEMLOCK = libc::_SC_MEMLOCK,
    /// The implementation supports the Range Memory Locking option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE = libc::_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE,
    /// The implementation supports memory protection.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION = libc::_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION,
    /// The implementation supports the Message Passing option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING = libc::_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING,
    /// The implementation supports the Monotonic Clock option.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK = libc::_SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd",
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Prioritized Input and Output option.
    _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO = libc::_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO,
    /// The implementation supports the Process Scheduling option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING = libc::_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        solarish,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd",
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Raw Sockets option.
    _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS = libc::_SC_RAW_SOCKETS,
    #[cfg(any(
        bsd,
        solarish,
        target_os = "linux",
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports read-write locks.
    _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS = libc::_SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports realtime signals.
    _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS = libc::_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS,
    #[cfg(any(
        bsd,
        solarish,
        target_os = "linux",
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Regular Expression Handling option.
    _POSIX_REGEXP = libc::_SC_REGEXP,
    /// Each process has a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_SAVED_IDS = libc::_SC_SAVED_IDS,
    /// The implementation supports semaphores.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_SEMAPHORES = libc::_SC_SEMAPHORES,
    /// The implementation supports the Shared Memory Objects option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS = libc::_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux",))]
    /// The implementation supports the POSIX shell.
    _POSIX_SHELL = libc::_SC_SHELL,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux",))]
    /// The implementation supports the Spawn option.
    _POSIX_SPAWN = libc::_SC_SPAWN,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux",))]
    /// The implementation supports spin locks.
    _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS = libc::_SC_SPIN_LOCKS,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Process Sporadic Server option.
    _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER = libc::_SC_SPORADIC_SERVER,
    /// The number of replenishment operations that can be simultaneously pending for a particular
    /// sporadic server scheduler.
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    _POSIX_SS_REPL_MAX = libc::_SC_SS_REPL_MAX,
    /// The implementation supports the Synchronized Input and Output option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO = libc::_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO,
    /// The implementation supports the Thread Stack Address Attribute option.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR = libc::_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR,
    /// The implementation supports the Thread Stack Size Attribute option.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE = libc::_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE,
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        netbsdlike,
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Thread CPU-Time Clocks option.
    _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME = libc::_SC_THREAD_CPUTIME,
    /// The implementation supports the Non-Robust Mutex Priority Inheritance
    /// option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT = libc::_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT,
    /// The implementation supports the Non-Robust Mutex Priority Protection option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT = libc::_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT,
    /// The implementation supports the Thread Execution Scheduling option.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING = libc::_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Thread Process-Shared Synchronization
    /// option.
    _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED = libc::_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED,
    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "dragonfly",
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Robust Mutex Priority Inheritance option.
    _POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT = libc::_SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT,
    #[cfg(any(
        target_os = "dragonfly",
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Robust Mutex Priority Protection option.
    _POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT = libc::_SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT,
    /// The implementation supports thread-safe functions.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS = libc::_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Thread Sporadic Server option.
    _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER = libc::_SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER,
    /// The implementation supports threads.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_THREADS = libc::_SC_THREADS,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports timeouts.
    _POSIX_TIMEOUTS = libc::_SC_TIMEOUTS,
    /// The implementation supports timers.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    _POSIX_TIMERS = libc::_SC_TIMERS,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Trace option.
    _POSIX_TRACE = libc::_SC_TRACE,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Trace Event Filter option.
    _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER = libc::_SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER,
    /// Maximum size of a trace event name in characters.
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Trace Inherit option.
    _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT = libc::_SC_TRACE_INHERIT,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Trace Log option.
    _POSIX_TRACE_LOG = libc::_SC_TRACE_LOG,
    /// The length in bytes of a trace generation version string or a trace stream name.
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    _POSIX_TRACE_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TRACE_NAME_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of times `posix_trace_create` may be called from the same or different
    /// processes.
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    _POSIX_TRACE_SYS_MAX = libc::_SC_TRACE_SYS_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of user trace event type identifiers for a single process.
    #[cfg(any(
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    _POSIX_TRACE_USER_EVENT_MAX = libc::_SC_TRACE_USER_EVENT_MAX,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Typed Memory Objects option.
    _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS = libc::_SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS,
    /// Integer value indicating version of this standard (C-language binding)
    /// to which the implementation conforms. For implementations conforming to
    /// POSIX.1-2008, the value shall be 200809L.
    _POSIX_VERSION = libc::_SC_VERSION,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment with
    /// 32-bit `int`, `long`, `pointer`, and `off_t` types.
    _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32 = libc::_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment with
    /// 32-bit `int`, `long`, and pointer types and an `off_t` type using at
    /// least 64 bits.
    _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG = libc::_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment with
    /// 32-bit `int` and 64-bit `long`, `pointer`, and `off_t` types.
    _POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64 = libc::_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment with an
    /// `int` type using at least 32 bits and `long`, pointer, and `off_t` types
    /// using at least 64 bits.
    _POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG = libc::_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG,
    /// The implementation supports the C-Language Binding option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_C_BIND = libc::_SC_2_C_BIND,
    /// The implementation supports the C-Language Development Utilities option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_C_DEV = libc::_SC_2_C_DEV,
    /// The implementation supports the Terminal Characteristics option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM = libc::_SC_2_CHAR_TERM,
    /// The implementation supports the FORTRAN Development Utilities option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_FORT_DEV = libc::_SC_2_FORT_DEV,
    /// The implementation supports the FORTRAN Runtime Utilities option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_FORT_RUN = libc::_SC_2_FORT_RUN,
    /// The implementation supports the creation of locales by the localedef
    /// utility.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF = libc::_SC_2_LOCALEDEF,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Batch Environment Services and Utilities
    /// option.
    _POSIX2_PBS = libc::_SC_2_PBS,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Batch Accounting option.
    _POSIX2_PBS_ACCOUNTING = libc::_SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Batch Checkpoint/Restart option.
    _POSIX2_PBS_CHECKPOINT = libc::_SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Locate Batch Job Request option.
    _POSIX2_PBS_LOCATE = libc::_SC_2_PBS_LOCATE,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Batch Job Message Request option.
    _POSIX2_PBS_MESSAGE = libc::_SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE,
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    /// The implementation supports the Track Batch Job Request option.
    _POSIX2_PBS_TRACK = libc::_SC_2_PBS_TRACK,
    /// The implementation supports the Software Development Utilities option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_SW_DEV = libc::_SC_2_SW_DEV,
    /// The implementation supports the User Portability Utilities option.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_UPE = libc::_SC_2_UPE,
    /// Integer value indicating version of the Shell and Utilities volume of
    /// POSIX.1 to which the implementation conforms.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _POSIX2_VERSION = libc::_SC_2_VERSION,
    /// The size of a system page in bytes.
    ///
    /// POSIX also defines an alias named `PAGESIZE`, but Rust does not allow two
    /// enum constants to have the same value, so nix omits `PAGESIZE`.
    PAGE_SIZE = libc::_SC_PAGE_SIZE,
    /// Maximum number of attempts made to destroy a thread's thread-specific data values on thread
    /// exit.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    PTHREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS = libc::_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS,
    /// Maximum number of data keys that can be created by a process.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    PTHREAD_KEYS_MAX = libc::_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX,
    /// Minimum size in bytes of thread stack storage.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    PTHREAD_STACK_MIN = libc::_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN,
    /// Maximum number of threads that can be created per process.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    PTHREAD_THREADS_MAX = libc::_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX,
    /// The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression permitted when using
    /// interval notation.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "haiku"))]
    RE_DUP_MAX = libc::_SC_RE_DUP_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of realtime signals reserved for application use.
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    RTSIG_MAX = libc::_SC_RTSIG_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of semaphores that a process may have.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    SEM_NSEMS_MAX = libc::_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX,
    /// The maximum value a semaphore may have.
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    SEM_VALUE_MAX = libc::_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of queued signals that a process may send and have pending at the
    /// receiver(s) at any time.
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    SIGQUEUE_MAX = libc::_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX,
    /// The minimum maximum number of streams that a process may have open at any one time.
    STREAM_MAX = libc::_SC_STREAM_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of symbolic links that can be reliably traversed in the resolution of a
    /// pathname in the absence of a loop.
    #[cfg(any(bsd, target_os = "linux"))]
    SYMLOOP_MAX = libc::_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX,
    /// Maximum number of timers per process supported.
    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
    TIMER_MAX = libc::_SC_TIMER_MAX,
    /// Maximum length of terminal device name.
    TTY_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX,
    /// The minimum maximum number of types supported for the name of a timezone.
    TZNAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TZNAME_MAX,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the X/Open Encryption Option Group.
    _XOPEN_CRYPT = libc::_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the Issue 4, Version 2 Enhanced
    /// Internationalization Option Group.
    _XOPEN_ENH_I18N = libc::_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the XOpen Legacy Option group.
    ///
    /// See Also <https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/basedefs/xbd_chap02.html>
    _XOPEN_LEGACY = libc::_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the X/Open Realtime Option Group.
    _XOPEN_REALTIME = libc::_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the X/Open Realtime Threads Option Group.
    _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS = libc::_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS,
    /// The implementation supports the Issue 4, Version 2 Shared Memory Option
    /// Group.
    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "redox", target_os = "haiku")))]
    _XOPEN_SHM = libc::_SC_XOPEN_SHM,
    #[cfg(any(
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "linux",
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the XSI STREAMS Option Group.
    _XOPEN_STREAMS = libc::_SC_XOPEN_STREAMS,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// The implementation supports the XSI option
    _XOPEN_UNIX = libc::_SC_XOPEN_UNIX,
    #[cfg(any(
        linux_android,
        freebsdlike,
        apple_targets,
        target_os = "openbsd"
    ))]
    /// Integer value indicating version of the X/Open Portability Guide to
    /// which the implementation conforms.
    _XOPEN_VERSION = libc::_SC_XOPEN_VERSION,
    /// The number of pages of physical memory. Note that it is possible for
    /// the product of this value to overflow.
    #[cfg(linux_android)]
    _PHYS_PAGES = libc::_SC_PHYS_PAGES,
    /// The number of currently available pages of physical memory.
    #[cfg(linux_android)]
    _AVPHYS_PAGES = libc::_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES,
    /// The number of processors configured.
    #[cfg(linux_android)]
    _NPROCESSORS_CONF = libc::_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF,
    /// The number of processors currently online (available).
    #[cfg(linux_android)]
    _NPROCESSORS_ONLN = libc::_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN,
}

/// Get configurable system variables (see
/// [sysconf(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/sysconf.html))
///
/// Returns the value of a configurable system variable.  Most supported
/// variables also have associated compile-time constants, but POSIX
/// allows their values to change at runtime.  There are generally two types of
/// sysconf variables: options and limits.  See sysconf(3) for more details.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// - `Ok(Some(x))`: the variable's limit (for limit variables) or its
///     implementation level (for option variables).  Implementation levels are
///     usually a decimal-coded date, such as 200112 for POSIX 2001.12
/// - `Ok(None)`: the variable has no limit (for limit variables) or is
///     unsupported (for option variables)
/// - `Err(x)`: an error occurred
pub fn sysconf(var: SysconfVar) -> Result<Option<c_long>> {
    let raw = unsafe {
        Errno::clear();
        libc::sysconf(var as c_int)
    };
    if raw == -1 {
        if Errno::last_raw() == 0 {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Err(Errno::last())
        }
    } else {
        Ok(Some(raw))
    }
}
}

#[cfg(linux_android)]
#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
mod pivot_root {
    use crate::errno::Errno;
    use crate::{NixPath, Result};

    /// Change the root file system.
    ///
    /// See Also [`pivot_root`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/pivot_root.2.html)
    pub fn pivot_root<P1: ?Sized + NixPath, P2: ?Sized + NixPath>(
        new_root: &P1,
        put_old: &P2,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let res = new_root.with_nix_path(|new_root| {
            put_old.with_nix_path(|put_old| unsafe {
                libc::syscall(
                    libc::SYS_pivot_root,
                    new_root.as_ptr(),
                    put_old.as_ptr(),
                )
            })
        })??;

        Errno::result(res).map(drop)
    }
}

#[cfg(any(linux_android, freebsdlike, target_os = "openbsd"))]
mod setres {
    feature! {
    #![feature = "user"]

    use super::{Gid, Uid};
    use crate::errno::Errno;
    use crate::Result;

    /// Sets the real, effective, and saved uid.
    /// ([see setresuid(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setresuid.2.html))
    ///
    /// * `ruid`: real user id
    /// * `euid`: effective user id
    /// * `suid`: saved user id
    /// * returns: Ok or libc error code.
    ///
    /// Err is returned if the user doesn't have permission to set this UID.
    #[inline]
    pub fn setresuid(ruid: Uid, euid: Uid, suid: Uid) -> Result<()> {
        let res =
            unsafe { libc::setresuid(ruid.into(), euid.into(), suid.into()) };

        Errno::result(res).map(drop)
    }

    /// Sets the real, effective, and saved gid.
    /// ([see setresuid(2)](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setresuid.2.html))
    ///
    /// * `rgid`: real group id
    /// * `egid`: effective group id
    /// * `sgid`: saved group id
    /// * returns: Ok or libc error code.
    ///
    /// Err is returned if the user doesn't have permission to set this GID.
    #[inline]
    pub fn setresgid(rgid: Gid, egid: Gid, sgid: Gid) -> Result<()> {
        let res =
            unsafe { libc::setresgid(rgid.into(), egid.into(), sgid.into()) };

        Errno::result(res).map(drop)
    }
    }
}

#[cfg(any(linux_android, freebsdlike, target_os = "openbsd"))]
mod getres {
    feature! {
    #![feature = "user"]

    use super::{Gid, Uid};
    use crate::errno::Errno;
    use crate::Result;

    /// Real, effective and saved user IDs.
    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
    pub struct ResUid {
        /// Real UID
        pub real: Uid,
        /// Effective UID
        pub effective: Uid,
        /// Saved UID
        pub saved: Uid,
    }

    /// Real, effective and saved group IDs.
    #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
    pub struct ResGid {
        /// Real GID
        pub real: Gid,
        /// Effective GID
        pub effective: Gid,
        /// Saved GID
        pub saved: Gid,
    }

    /// Gets the real, effective, and saved user IDs.
    ///
    /// ([see getresuid(2)](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getresuid.2.html))
    ///
    /// #Returns
    ///
    /// - `Ok((Uid, Uid, Uid))`: tuple of real, effective and saved uids on success.
    /// - `Err(x)`: libc error code on failure.
    ///
    #[inline]
    pub fn getresuid() -> Result<ResUid> {
        let mut ruid = libc::uid_t::MAX;
        let mut euid = libc::uid_t::MAX;
        let mut suid = libc::uid_t::MAX;
        let res = unsafe { libc::getresuid(&mut ruid, &mut euid, &mut suid) };

        Errno::result(res).map(|_| ResUid {
            real: Uid(ruid),
            effective: Uid(euid),
            saved: Uid(suid),
        })
    }

    /// Gets the real, effective, and saved group IDs.
    ///
    /// ([see getresgid(2)](http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/getresgid.2.html))
    ///
    /// #Returns
    ///
    /// - `Ok((Gid, Gid, Gid))`: tuple of real, effective and saved gids on success.
    /// - `Err(x)`: libc error code on failure.
    ///
    #[inline]
    pub fn getresgid() -> Result<ResGid> {
        let mut rgid = libc::gid_t::MAX;
        let mut egid = libc::gid_t::MAX;
        let mut sgid = libc::gid_t::MAX;
        let res = unsafe { libc::getresgid(&mut rgid, &mut egid, &mut sgid) };

        Errno::result(res).map(|_| ResGid {
            real: Gid(rgid),
            effective: Gid(egid),
            saved: Gid(sgid),
        })
    }
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "process")]
#[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
libc_bitflags! {
    /// Flags for [`rfork`]
    ///
    /// subset of flags supported by FreeBSD 12.x and onwards
    /// with a safe outcome, thus as `RFMEM` can possibly lead to undefined behavior,
    /// it is not in the list. And `rfork_thread` is deprecated.
    pub struct RforkFlags: libc::c_int {
        /// creates a new process.
        RFPROC;
        /// the child process will detach from the parent.
        /// however, no status will be emitted at child's exit.
        RFNOWAIT;
        /// the file descriptor's table will be copied
        RFFDG;
        /// a new file descriptor's table will be created
        RFCFDG;
        /// force sharing the sigacts structure between
        /// the child and the parent.
        RFSIGSHARE;
        /// enables kernel thread support.
        RFTHREAD;
        /// sets a status to emit at child's exit.
        RFTSIGZMB;
        /// linux's behavior compatibility setting.
        /// emits SIGUSR1 as opposed to SIGCHLD upon child's exit.
        RFLINUXTHPN;
    }
}

feature! {
#![feature = "process"]
#[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
/// Like [`fork`], `rfork` can be used to have a tigher control about which
/// resources child and parent process will be sharing, file descriptors,
/// address spaces and child exit's behavior.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The same restrictions apply as for [`fork`].
///
/// # See Also
///
/// * [rfork(2)](https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rfork)
pub unsafe fn rfork(flags: RforkFlags) -> Result<ForkResult> {
    use ForkResult::*;
    let res = unsafe { libc::rfork(flags.bits()) };

    Errno::result(res).map(|res| match res {
        0 => Child,
        res => Parent { child: Pid(res) },
    })
}
}

#[cfg(feature = "fs")]
libc_bitflags! {
    /// Options for access()
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "fs")))]
    pub struct AccessFlags : c_int {
        /// Test for existence of file.
        F_OK;
        /// Test for read permission.
        R_OK;
        /// Test for write permission.
        W_OK;
        /// Test for execute (search) permission.
        X_OK;
    }
}

feature! {
#![feature = "fs"]

/// Checks the file named by `path` for accessibility according to the flags given by `amode`
/// See [access(2)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/access.html)
pub fn access<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P, amode: AccessFlags) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::access(cstr.as_ptr(), amode.bits())
    })?;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Checks the file named by `dirfd` and `path` for accessibility according to
/// the flags given by `mode`
///
/// # References
///
/// [faccessat(2)](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/faccessat.html)
// redox: does not appear to support the *at family of syscalls.
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
pub fn faccessat<Fd: std::os::fd::AsFd, P: ?Sized + NixPath>(
    dirfd: Fd,
    path: &P,
    mode: AccessFlags,
    flags: AtFlags,
) -> Result<()> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::faccessat(
            dirfd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(),
            cstr.as_ptr(),
            mode.bits(),
            flags.bits(),
        )
    })?;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}

/// Checks the file named by `path` for accessibility according to the flags given
/// by `mode` using effective UID, effective GID and supplementary group lists.
///
/// # References
///
/// * [FreeBSD man page](https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=eaccess&sektion=2&n=1)
/// * [Linux man page](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/euidaccess.3.html)
#[cfg(any(
    freebsdlike,
    all(target_os = "linux", not(target_env = "uclibc")),
))]
pub fn eaccess<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P, mode: AccessFlags) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::eaccess(cstr.as_ptr(), mode.bits())
    })?;
    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "user"]

/// Representation of a User, based on `libc::passwd`
///
/// The reason some fields in this struct are `String` and others are `CString` is because some
/// fields are based on the user's locale, which could be non-UTF8, while other fields are
/// guaranteed to conform to [`NAME_REGEX`](https://serverfault.com/a/73101/407341), which only
/// contains ASCII.
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support passwd
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct User {
    /// Username
    pub name: String,
    /// User password (probably hashed)
    pub passwd: CString,
    /// User ID
    pub uid: Uid,
    /// Group ID
    pub gid: Gid,
    /// User information
    #[cfg(not(all(target_os = "android", target_pointer_width = "32")))]
    pub gecos: CString,
    /// Home directory
    pub dir: PathBuf,
    /// Path to shell
    pub shell: PathBuf,
    /// Login class
    #[cfg(not(any(
        linux_android,
        solarish,
        target_os = "aix",
        target_os = "fuchsia",
        target_os = "haiku",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "emscripten",
    )))]
    pub class: CString,
    /// Last password change
    #[cfg(not(any(
        linux_android,
        solarish,
        target_os = "aix",
        target_os = "fuchsia",
        target_os = "haiku",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "emscripten",
    )))]
    pub change: libc::time_t,
    /// Expiration time of account
    #[cfg(not(any(
        linux_android,
        solarish,
        target_os = "aix",
        target_os = "fuchsia",
        target_os = "haiku",
        target_os = "hurd",
        target_os = "emscripten",
    )))]
    pub expire: libc::time_t,
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] //RedoxFS does not support passwd
impl From<&libc::passwd> for User {
    fn from(pw: &libc::passwd) -> User {
        unsafe {
            User {
                name: if pw.pw_name.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    CStr::from_ptr(pw.pw_name).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
                },
                passwd: if pw.pw_passwd.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    CString::new(CStr::from_ptr(pw.pw_passwd).to_bytes())
                        .unwrap()
                },
                #[cfg(not(all(
                    target_os = "android",
                    target_pointer_width = "32"
                )))]
                gecos: if pw.pw_gecos.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    CString::new(CStr::from_ptr(pw.pw_gecos).to_bytes())
                        .unwrap()
                },
                dir: if pw.pw_dir.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    PathBuf::from(OsStr::from_bytes(
                        CStr::from_ptr(pw.pw_dir).to_bytes(),
                    ))
                },
                shell: if pw.pw_shell.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    PathBuf::from(OsStr::from_bytes(
                        CStr::from_ptr(pw.pw_shell).to_bytes(),
                    ))
                },
                uid: Uid::from_raw(pw.pw_uid),
                gid: Gid::from_raw(pw.pw_gid),
                #[cfg(not(any(
                    linux_android,
                    solarish,
                    target_os = "aix",
                    target_os = "fuchsia",
                    target_os = "haiku",
                    target_os = "hurd",
                    target_os = "emscripten",
                )))]
                class: CString::new(CStr::from_ptr(pw.pw_class).to_bytes())
                    .unwrap(),
                #[cfg(not(any(
                    linux_android,
                    solarish,
                    target_os = "aix",
                    target_os = "fuchsia",
                    target_os = "haiku",
                    target_os = "hurd",
                    target_os = "emscripten",
                )))]
                change: pw.pw_change,
                #[cfg(not(any(
                    linux_android,
                    solarish,
                    target_os = "aix",
                    target_os = "fuchsia",
                    target_os = "haiku",
                    target_os = "hurd",
                    target_os = "emscripten",
                )))]
                expire: pw.pw_expire,
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support passwd
impl From<User> for libc::passwd {
    fn from(u: User) -> Self {
        let name = match CString::new(u.name) {
            Ok(n) => n.into_raw(),
            Err(_) => CString::new("").unwrap().into_raw(),
        };
        let dir = match u.dir.into_os_string().into_string() {
            Ok(s) => CString::new(s.as_str()).unwrap().into_raw(),
            Err(_) => CString::new("").unwrap().into_raw(),
        };
        let shell = match u.shell.into_os_string().into_string() {
            Ok(s) => CString::new(s.as_str()).unwrap().into_raw(),
            Err(_) => CString::new("").unwrap().into_raw(),
        };
        Self {
            pw_name: name,
            pw_passwd: u.passwd.into_raw(),
            #[cfg(not(all(
                target_os = "android",
                target_pointer_width = "32"
            )))]
            pw_gecos: u.gecos.into_raw(),
            pw_dir: dir,
            pw_shell: shell,
            pw_uid: u.uid.0,
            pw_gid: u.gid.0,
            #[cfg(not(any(
                linux_android,
                solarish,
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "haiku",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "emscripten",
            )))]
            pw_class: u.class.into_raw(),
            #[cfg(not(any(
                linux_android,
                solarish,
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "haiku",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "emscripten",
            )))]
            pw_change: u.change,
            #[cfg(not(any(
                linux_android,
                solarish,
                target_os = "aix",
                target_os = "fuchsia",
                target_os = "haiku",
                target_os = "hurd",
                target_os = "emscripten",
            )))]
            pw_expire: u.expire,
            #[cfg(solarish)]
            pw_age: CString::new("").unwrap().into_raw(),
            #[cfg(solarish)]
            pw_comment: CString::new("").unwrap().into_raw(),
            #[cfg(freebsdlike)]
            pw_fields: 0,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support passwd
impl User {
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// If `f` writes to its `*mut *mut libc::passwd` parameter, then it must
    /// also initialize the value pointed to by its `*mut libc::group`
    /// parameter.
    unsafe fn from_anything<F>(f: F) -> Result<Option<Self>>
    where
        F: Fn(
            *mut libc::passwd,
            *mut c_char,
            libc::size_t,
            *mut *mut libc::passwd,
        ) -> libc::c_int,
    {
        let buflimit = 1048576;
        let bufsize = match sysconf(SysconfVar::GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX) {
            Ok(Some(n)) => n as usize,
            Ok(None) | Err(_) => 16384,
        };

        let mut cbuf = Vec::with_capacity(bufsize);
        let mut pwd = mem::MaybeUninit::<libc::passwd>::uninit();
        let mut res = ptr::null_mut();

        loop {
            let error = f(
                pwd.as_mut_ptr(),
                cbuf.as_mut_ptr(),
                cbuf.capacity(),
                &mut res,
            );
            if error == 0 {
                if res.is_null() {
                    return Ok(None);
                } else {
                    // SAFETY: `f` guarantees that `pwd` is initialized if `res`
                    // is not null.
                    let pwd = unsafe { pwd.assume_init() };
                    return Ok(Some(User::from(&pwd)));
                }
            } else if Errno::last() == Errno::ERANGE {
                // Trigger the internal buffer resizing logic.
                reserve_double_buffer_size(&mut cbuf, buflimit)?;
            } else {
                return Err(Errno::last());
            }
        }
    }

    /// Get a user by UID.
    ///
    /// Internally, this function calls
    /// [getpwuid_r(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpwuid_r.html)
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use nix::unistd::{Uid, User};
    /// // Returns an Result<Option<User>>, thus the double unwrap.
    /// let res = User::from_uid(Uid::from_raw(0)).unwrap().unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(res.name, "root");
    /// ```
    #[doc(alias("getpwuid", "getpwuid_r"))]
    pub fn from_uid(uid: Uid) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
        // SAFETY: `getpwuid_r` will write to `res` if it initializes the value
        // at `pwd`.
        unsafe {
            User::from_anything(|pwd, cbuf, cap, res| {
                libc::getpwuid_r(uid.0, pwd, cbuf, cap, res)
            })
        }
    }

    /// Get a user by name.
    ///
    /// Internally, this function calls
    /// [getpwnam_r(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpwnam_r.html)
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use nix::unistd::User;
    /// // Returns an Result<Option<User>>, thus the double unwrap.
    /// let res = User::from_name("root").unwrap().unwrap();
    /// assert_eq!(res.name, "root");
    /// ```
    #[doc(alias("getpwnam", "getpwnam_r"))]
    pub fn from_name(name: &str) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
        let name = match CString::new(name) {
            Ok(c_str) => c_str,
            Err(_nul_error) => return Ok(None),
        };
        // SAFETY: `getpwnam_r` will write to `res` if it initializes the value
        // at `pwd`.
        unsafe {
            User::from_anything(|pwd, cbuf, cap, res| {
                libc::getpwnam_r(name.as_ptr(), pwd, cbuf, cap, res)
            })
        }
    }
}

/// Representation of a Group, based on `libc::group`
#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support passwd
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct Group {
    /// Group name
    pub name: String,
    /// Group password
    pub passwd: CString,
    /// Group ID
    pub gid: Gid,
    /// List of Group members
    pub mem: Vec<String>,
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support passwd
impl From<&libc::group> for Group {
    fn from(gr: &libc::group) -> Group {
        unsafe {
            Group {
                name: if gr.gr_name.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    CStr::from_ptr(gr.gr_name).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
                },
                passwd: if gr.gr_passwd.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    CString::new(CStr::from_ptr(gr.gr_passwd).to_bytes())
                        .unwrap()
                },
                gid: Gid::from_raw(gr.gr_gid),
                mem: if gr.gr_mem.is_null() {
                    Default::default()
                } else {
                    Group::members(gr.gr_mem)
                },
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))] // RedoxFS does not support passwd
impl Group {
    unsafe fn members(mem: *mut *mut c_char) -> Vec<String> {
        let mut ret = Vec::new();

        for i in 0.. {
            let u = unsafe { mem.offset(i).read_unaligned() };
            if u.is_null() {
                break;
            } else {
                let s = unsafe {CStr::from_ptr(u).to_string_lossy().into_owned()};
                ret.push(s);
            }
        }

        ret
    }
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// If `f` writes to its `*mut *mut libc::group` parameter, then it must
    /// also initialize the value pointed to by its `*mut libc::group`
    /// parameter.
    unsafe fn from_anything<F>(f: F) -> Result<Option<Self>>
    where
        F: Fn(
            *mut libc::group,
            *mut c_char,
            libc::size_t,
            *mut *mut libc::group,
        ) -> libc::c_int,
    {
        let buflimit = 1048576;
        let bufsize = match sysconf(SysconfVar::GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX) {
            Ok(Some(n)) => n as usize,
            Ok(None) | Err(_) => 16384,
        };

        let mut cbuf = Vec::with_capacity(bufsize);
        let mut grp = mem::MaybeUninit::<libc::group>::uninit();
        let mut res = ptr::null_mut();

        loop {
            let error = f(
                grp.as_mut_ptr(),
                cbuf.as_mut_ptr(),
                cbuf.capacity(),
                &mut res,
            );
            if error == 0 {
                if res.is_null() {
                    return Ok(None);
                } else {
                    // SAFETY: `f` guarantees that `grp` is initialized if `res`
                    // is not null.
                    let grp = unsafe { grp.assume_init() };
                    return Ok(Some(Group::from(&grp)));
                }
            } else if Errno::last() == Errno::ERANGE {
                // Trigger the internal buffer resizing logic.
                reserve_double_buffer_size(&mut cbuf, buflimit)?;
            } else {
                return Err(Errno::last());
            }
        }
    }

    /// Get a group by GID.
    ///
    /// Internally, this function calls
    /// [getgrgid_r(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpwuid_r.html)
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    // Disable this test on all OS except Linux as root group may not exist.
    #[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "linux"), doc = " ```no_run")]
    #[cfg_attr(target_os = "linux", doc = " ```")]
    /// use nix::unistd::{Gid, Group};
    /// // Returns an Result<Option<Group>>, thus the double unwrap.
    /// let res = Group::from_gid(Gid::from_raw(0)).unwrap().unwrap();
    /// assert!(res.name == "root");
    /// ```
    pub fn from_gid(gid: Gid) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
        // SAFETY: `getgrgid_r` will write to `res` if it initializes the value
        // at `grp`.
        unsafe {
            Group::from_anything(|grp, cbuf, cap, res| {
                libc::getgrgid_r(gid.0, grp, cbuf, cap, res)
            })
        }
    }

    /// Get a group by name.
    ///
    /// Internally, this function calls
    /// [getgrnam_r(3)](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/getpwuid_r.html)
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    // Disable this test on all OS except Linux as root group may not exist.
    #[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "linux"), doc = " ```no_run")]
    #[cfg_attr(target_os = "linux", doc = " ```")]
    /// use nix::unistd::Group;
    /// // Returns an Result<Option<Group>>, thus the double unwrap.
    /// let res = Group::from_name("root").unwrap().unwrap();
    /// assert!(res.name == "root");
    /// ```
    pub fn from_name(name: &str) -> Result<Option<Self>> {
        let name = match CString::new(name) {
            Ok(c_str) => c_str,
            Err(_nul_error) => return Ok(None),
        };
        // SAFETY: `getgrnam_r` will write to `res` if it initializes the value
        // at `grp`.
        unsafe {
            Group::from_anything(|grp, cbuf, cap, res| {
                libc::getgrnam_r(name.as_ptr(), grp, cbuf, cap, res)
            })
        }
    }
}
}

feature! {
#![feature = "term"]

/// Get the name of the terminal device that is open on file descriptor fd
/// (see [`ttyname(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/ttyname.3.html)).
#[cfg(not(target_os = "fuchsia"))]
pub fn ttyname<F: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: F) -> Result<PathBuf> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    #[cfg(not(target_os = "hurd"))]
    const PATH_MAX: usize = libc::PATH_MAX as usize;
    #[cfg(target_os = "hurd")]
    const PATH_MAX: usize = 1024; // Hurd does not define a hard limit, so try a guess first
    let mut buf = vec![0_u8; PATH_MAX];
    let c_buf = buf.as_mut_ptr().cast();

    let ret = unsafe { libc::ttyname_r(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), c_buf, buf.len()) };
    if ret != 0 {
        return Err(Errno::from_raw(ret));
    }

    CStr::from_bytes_until_nul(&buf[..])
        .map(|s| OsStr::from_bytes(s.to_bytes()).into())
        .map_err(|_| Errno::EINVAL)
}
}

feature! {
#![all(feature = "socket", feature = "user")]

/// Get the effective user ID and group ID associated with a Unix domain socket.
///
/// See also [getpeereid(3)](https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=getpeereid)
#[cfg(bsd)]
pub fn getpeereid<F: std::os::fd::AsFd>(fd: F) -> Result<(Uid, Gid)> {
    use std::os::fd::AsRawFd;

    let mut uid = 1;
    let mut gid = 1;

    let ret = unsafe { libc::getpeereid(fd.as_fd().as_raw_fd(), &mut uid, &mut gid) };

    Errno::result(ret).map(|_| (Uid(uid), Gid(gid)))
}
}

feature! {
#![all(feature = "fs")]

/// Set the file flags.
///
/// See also [chflags(2)](https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=chflags&sektion=2)
#[cfg(bsd)]
pub fn chflags<P: ?Sized + NixPath>(path: &P, flags: FileFlag) -> Result<()> {
    let res = path.with_nix_path(|cstr| unsafe {
        libc::chflags(cstr.as_ptr(), flags.bits())
    })?;

    Errno::result(res).map(drop)
}
}