diff --git a/caffeine/src/main/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/BoundedLocalCache.java b/caffeine/src/main/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/BoundedLocalCache.java
index 97ff1a6a14..1ee026dcc5 100644
--- a/caffeine/src/main/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/BoundedLocalCache.java
+++ b/caffeine/src/main/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/BoundedLocalCache.java
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ boolean evictEntry(Node<K, V> node, RemovalCause cause, long now) {
             expired |= ((now - n.getWriteTime()) >= expiresAfterWriteNanos());
           }
           if (expiresVariable()) {
-            expired |= (n.getVariableTime() <= now);
+            expired |= ((now - node.getVariableTime()) >= 0);
           }
           if (!expired) {
             resurrect[0] = true;
diff --git a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpirationTest.java b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpirationTest.java
index f7cce7e8b9..a2303f33c1 100644
--- a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpirationTest.java
+++ b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpirationTest.java
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Loader;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Maximum;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Population;
+import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.StartTime;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheValidationListener;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CheckMaxLogLevel;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CheckNoStats;
@@ -256,9 +257,10 @@ public void get_writeTime(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.put(context.firstKey(), context.absentValue());
 
     runVariableExpiration(context);
@@ -277,7 +279,8 @@ public void put_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
 
@@ -330,9 +333,10 @@ public void put_weighted(Cache<Int, List<Int>> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void putAll_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.putAll(Map.of(context.firstKey(), context.absentValue(),
         context.middleKey(), context.absentValue(), context.lastKey(), context.absentValue()));
 
@@ -346,7 +350,8 @@ public void putAll_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void putAll_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
 
@@ -373,9 +378,10 @@ public void putAll_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void invalidate(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.invalidate(context.firstKey());
 
     assertThat(context).notifications().withCause(EXPIRED)
@@ -387,9 +393,10 @@ public void invalidate(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void invalidateAll_iterable(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.invalidateAll(context.firstMiddleLastKeys());
 
     assertThat(context).notifications().withCause(EXPIRED)
@@ -401,7 +408,8 @@ public void invalidateAll_iterable(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context)
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void invalidateAll_full(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
     cache.invalidateAll();
@@ -416,9 +424,9 @@ public void invalidateAll_full(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
       expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void estimatedSize(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(cache).hasSize(context.initialSize());
   }
 
@@ -428,9 +436,9 @@ public void estimatedSize(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
       expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void cleanUp(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.cleanUp();
 
     assertThat(cache).isEmpty();
@@ -445,9 +453,10 @@ public void cleanUp(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void refresh(LoadingCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     Int key = context.firstKey();
 
     assertThat(cache.refresh(key)).succeedsWith(key);
@@ -478,7 +487,8 @@ public void getIfPresent_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext conte
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void get(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
 
@@ -512,7 +522,8 @@ public void get_writeTime(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE }, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void get_async(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     var future = cache.get(context.absentKey(), (k, e) -> new CompletableFuture<Int>());
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
@@ -551,10 +562,11 @@ public void get_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+          startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void getAll(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     var keys = context.firstMiddleLastKeys();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.getAll(context.firstMiddleLastKeys(),
         keysToLoad -> Maps.toMap(keysToLoad, identity())).join();
 
@@ -570,9 +582,10 @@ public void getAll(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_insert(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     cache.put(context.firstKey(), intern(context.absentValue().toFuture()));
 
     runVariableExpiration(context);
@@ -586,7 +599,8 @@ public void put_insert(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_insert_async(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     var future = new CompletableFuture<Int>();
     cache.put(context.absentKey(), future);
@@ -611,7 +625,8 @@ public void put_insert_async(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     var future = context.absentValue().toFuture();
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
@@ -641,9 +656,10 @@ public void put_replace(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void isEmpty(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.isEmpty()).isFalse();
   }
 
@@ -652,9 +668,10 @@ public void isEmpty(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void size(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.size()).isEqualTo(context.initialSize());
   }
 
@@ -663,9 +680,10 @@ public void size(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void containsKey(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.containsKey(context.firstKey())).isFalse();
   }
 
@@ -691,9 +709,10 @@ public void containsKey_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext contex
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void containsValue(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.containsValue(context.original().get(context.firstKey()))).isFalse();
   }
 
@@ -717,9 +736,10 @@ public void containsValue_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext cont
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void clear(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     map.clear();
 
     assertThat(context).notifications().withCause(EXPIRED)
@@ -748,9 +768,10 @@ public void putIfAbsent_weighted(Map<Int, List<Int>> map, CacheContext context)
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_insert(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.put(context.firstKey(), context.absentValue())).isNull();
 
     assertThat(map).hasSize(1);
@@ -768,7 +789,8 @@ public void put_insert(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
 
@@ -818,9 +840,10 @@ public void put_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void replace(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.replace(context.firstKey(), context.absentValue())).isNull();
 
     if (!map.isEmpty()) {
@@ -836,11 +859,12 @@ public void replace(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void replace_updated(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     assertThat(map.replace(context.firstKey(), context.absentValue())).isNotNull();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(45));
 
     context.cleanUp();
     assertThat(map).hasSize(1);
@@ -868,10 +892,11 @@ public void replace_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void replaceConditionally(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.replace(key, context.original().get(key), context.absentValue())).isFalse();
 
     if (!map.isEmpty()) {
@@ -887,12 +912,13 @@ public void replaceConditionally(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void replaceConditionally_updated(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     assertThat(map.replace(key, context.original().get(key), context.absentValue())).isTrue();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(45));
 
     context.cleanUp();
     assertThat(map).hasSize(1);
@@ -920,9 +946,10 @@ public void replaceConditionally_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheConte
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void remove(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.remove(context.firstKey())).isNull();
     assertThat(context).notifications().withCause(EXPIRED)
         .contains(context.original()).exclusively();
@@ -950,10 +977,11 @@ public void remove_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void removeConditionally(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
 
     assertThat(map.remove(key, context.original().get(key))).isFalse();
     assertThat(context).notifications().withCause(EXPIRED)
@@ -982,10 +1010,11 @@ public void removeConditionally_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContex
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void computeIfAbsent_prescreen(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     var result = map.computeIfAbsent(key, k -> context.absentValue());
     assertThat(result).isEqualTo(context.absentValue());
 
@@ -1004,9 +1033,10 @@ public void computeIfAbsent_prescreen(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, mustExpireWithAnyOf = {AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE},
       expiry = {CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS},
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void computeIfAbsent_expiresInCompute(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
 
     assertThat(map.computeIfAbsent(context.firstKey(), k -> null)).isNull();
     assertThat(context.cache()).whenCleanedUp().isEmpty();
@@ -1053,7 +1083,8 @@ public void computeIfAbsent_writeTime(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.ACCESS, CacheExpiry.WRITE },
       expireAfterAccess = { Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE },
-      expireAfterWrite = { Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE })
+      expireAfterWrite = { Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE },
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void computeIfAbsent_error(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
@@ -1094,9 +1125,10 @@ public void computeIfAbsent_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext co
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void computeIfPresent_prescreen(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.computeIfPresent(context.firstKey(), (k, v) -> {
       throw new AssertionError("Should never be called");
     })).isNull();
@@ -1119,7 +1151,8 @@ public void computeIfPresent_prescreen(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context)
       expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, mustExpireWithAnyOf = {AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE},
       expiry = {CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS},
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void computeIfPresent_expiresInCompute(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(59));
     context.ticker().setAutoIncrementStep(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
@@ -1208,11 +1241,12 @@ public void computeIfPresent_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext c
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.MOCKITO },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void compute(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
     Int value = context.absentValue();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.compute(key, (k, v) -> {
       assertThat(v).isNull();
       return value;
@@ -1275,7 +1309,8 @@ public void compute_writeTime(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.ACCESS, CacheExpiry.WRITE },
       expireAfterAccess = { Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE },
-      expireAfterWrite = { Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE })
+      expireAfterWrite = { Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE },
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void compute_absent_error(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
@@ -1294,9 +1329,10 @@ public void compute_absent_error(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL, compute = Compute.SYNC,
       expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
-      expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.ACCESS, CacheExpiry.WRITE })
+      expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.ACCESS, CacheExpiry.WRITE },
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void compute_present_error(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     var access = cache.policy().expireAfterAccess()
         .flatMap(policy -> policy.ageOf(context.firstKey()));
     var write = cache.policy().expireAfterWrite()
@@ -1349,11 +1385,12 @@ public void compute_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void merge(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
     Int value = context.absentValue();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(1));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
     assertThat(map.merge(key, value, (oldValue, v) -> {
       throw new AssertionError("Should never be called");
     })).isEqualTo(value);
@@ -1411,7 +1448,8 @@ public void merge_writeTime(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void keySet_toArray(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(context.expiryTime().duration().multipliedBy(2));
     assertThat(map.keySet().toArray(new Int[0])).isEmpty();
@@ -1425,7 +1463,8 @@ public void keySet_toArray(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void keySet_iterator(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(10));
     assertThat(map.keySet().iterator().hasNext()).isFalse();
@@ -1439,7 +1478,8 @@ public void keySet_iterator(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void keySet_iterator_traversal(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     var iterator = map.keySet().iterator();
     assertThat(iterator.next()).isNotNull();
@@ -1476,7 +1516,8 @@ public void keySet_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void values_toArray(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(context.expiryTime().duration().multipliedBy(2));
     assertThat(map.values().toArray(new Int[0])).isEmpty();
@@ -1490,7 +1531,8 @@ public void values_toArray(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = {AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE},
       expiry = {CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS},
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void values_iterator(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(10));
     assertThat(map.values().iterator().hasNext()).isFalse();
@@ -1504,7 +1546,8 @@ public void values_iterator(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void values_iterator_traversal(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     var iterator = map.values().iterator();
     assertThat(iterator.next()).isNotNull();
@@ -1541,7 +1584,8 @@ public void values_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void entrySet_toArray(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(context.expiryTime().duration().multipliedBy(2));
     assertThat(map.entrySet().toArray(new Map.Entry<?, ?>[0])).isEmpty();
@@ -1555,7 +1599,8 @@ public void entrySet_toArray(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void entrySet_iterator(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(10));
     assertThat(map.entrySet().iterator().hasNext()).isFalse();
@@ -1569,7 +1614,8 @@ public void entrySet_iterator(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE}, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void entrySet_iterator_traversal(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     var iterator = map.entrySet().iterator();
     assertThat(iterator.next()).isNotNull();
@@ -1606,7 +1652,8 @@ public void entrySet_inFlight(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context)
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void entrySet_equals(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     map.putAll(context.absent());
@@ -1625,7 +1672,8 @@ public void entrySet_equals(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void entrySet_hashCode(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     map.putAll(context.absent());
@@ -1642,7 +1690,8 @@ public void entrySet_hashCode(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void equals(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     map.putAll(context.absent());
@@ -1661,7 +1710,8 @@ public void equals(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void hashCode(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     map.putAll(context.absent());
@@ -1678,7 +1728,8 @@ public void hashCode(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
       mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
       expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
       expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+      expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void toString(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     map.putAll(context.absent());
@@ -1703,7 +1754,8 @@ private static Map<String, String> parseToString(Map<Int, Int> map) {
     expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, mustExpireWithAnyOf = { AFTER_ACCESS, AFTER_WRITE, VARIABLE },
     expiry = { CacheExpiry.DISABLED, CacheExpiry.CREATE, CacheExpiry.WRITE, CacheExpiry.ACCESS },
     expireAfterAccess = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
-    expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE})
+    expireAfterWrite = {Expire.DISABLED, Expire.ONE_MINUTE},
+    startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void getIfPresentQuietly_expired(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     assertThat(cache.policy().getIfPresentQuietly(context.firstKey())).isNotNull();
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofMinutes(10));
diff --git a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpireAfterVarTest.java b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpireAfterVarTest.java
index aa808ab709..7cd7728996 100644
--- a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpireAfterVarTest.java
+++ b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/ExpireAfterVarTest.java
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Listener;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Loader;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Population;
+import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.StartTime;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheValidationListener;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CheckMaxLogLevel;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CheckNoEvictions;
@@ -174,7 +175,8 @@ public void getAll_absent(LoadingCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
 
@@ -198,7 +200,8 @@ public void put_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     var future = context.absentValue().toFuture();
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
@@ -223,7 +226,8 @@ public void put_replace(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
 
@@ -247,7 +251,8 @@ public void put_replace(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void putAll_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
 
@@ -272,11 +277,12 @@ public void putAll_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext context) {
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void replace_updated(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     assertThat(map.replace(context.firstKey(), context.absentValue())).isNotNull();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(45));
 
     context.cleanUp();
     assertThat(map).isExhaustivelyEmpty();
@@ -311,12 +317,13 @@ public void replace_expiryFails_async(AsyncCache<Int, Int> cache, CacheContext c
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE)
+      expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE, expiry = CacheExpiry.CREATE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void replaceConditionally_updated(Map<Int, Int> map, CacheContext context) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
     context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
     assertThat(map.replace(key, context.original().get(key), context.absentValue())).isTrue();
-    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
+    context.ticker().advance(Duration.ofSeconds(45));
 
     context.cleanUp();
     assertThat(map).isExhaustivelyEmpty();
@@ -1031,7 +1038,8 @@ public void putIfAbsent_excessiveDuration(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void putIfAbsent_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
       CacheContext context, VarExpiration<Int, Int> expireAfterVar) {
     Int key = context.absentKey();
@@ -1049,7 +1057,8 @@ public void putIfAbsent_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void putIfAbsent_present(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
       CacheContext context, VarExpiration<Int, Int> expireAfterVar) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
@@ -1136,7 +1145,8 @@ public void put_nullDuration(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
       CacheContext context, VarExpiration<Int, Int> expireAfterVar) {
     Int key = context.absentKey();
@@ -1154,7 +1164,8 @@ public void put_insert(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
 
   @Test(dataProvider = "caches")
   @CacheSpec(population = Population.FULL,
-      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE)
+      expiry = CacheExpiry.WRITE, expiryTime = Expire.ONE_MINUTE,
+      startTime = {StartTime.RANDOM, StartTime.ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX})
   public void put_replace(Cache<Int, Int> cache,
       CacheContext context, VarExpiration<Int, Int> expireAfterVar) {
     Int key = context.firstKey();
diff --git a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheContext.java b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheContext.java
index 60dfd39c85..5b1c365e95 100644
--- a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheContext.java
+++ b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheContext.java
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Maximum;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Population;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.ReferenceType;
+import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.StartTime;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Stats;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.GuavaCacheFromContext.GuavaLoadingCache;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.GuavaCacheFromContext.SingleLoader;
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ public final class CacheContext {
   final Population population;
   final Maximum maximumSize;
   final Scheduler scheduler;
+  final StartTime startTime;
   final Expire afterAccess;
   final Expire afterWrite;
   final Expire expiryTime;
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ public CacheContext(CacheContext context) {
         context.keyStrength, context.valueStrength, context.cacheExecutor, context.cacheScheduler,
         context.removalListenerType, context.evictionListenerType, context.population,
         context.isAsyncLoader, context.compute, context.loader, context.implementation,
-        context.expiryTime);
+        context.startTime, context.expiryTime);
   }
 
   @SuppressWarnings({"NullAway.Init", "PMD.ExcessiveParameterList", "TooManyParameters"})
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ public CacheContext(InitialCapacity initialCapacity, Stats stats, CacheWeigher c
       Expire refresh, ReferenceType keyStrength, ReferenceType valueStrength,
       CacheExecutor cacheExecutor, CacheScheduler cacheScheduler, Listener removalListenerType,
       Listener evictionListenerType, Population population, boolean isAsyncLoader, Compute compute,
-      Loader loader, Implementation implementation, Expire expiryTime) {
+      Loader loader, Implementation implementation, StartTime startTime, Expire expiryTime) {
     this.initialCapacity = requireNonNull(initialCapacity);
     this.stats = requireNonNull(stats);
     this.weigher = cacheWeigher.create();
@@ -163,13 +165,14 @@ public CacheContext(InitialCapacity initialCapacity, Stats stats, CacheWeigher c
     this.population = requireNonNull(population);
     this.loader = requireNonNull(loader);
     this.isAsyncLoader = isAsyncLoader;
-    this.ticker = new SerializableFakeTicker();
     this.implementation = requireNonNull(implementation);
     this.original = new LinkedHashMap<>();
     this.initialSize = -1;
-    this.compute = compute;
-    this.expiryType = expiryType;
-    this.expiryTime = expiryTime;
+    this.compute = requireNonNull(compute);
+    this.expiryType = requireNonNull(expiryType);
+    this.expiryTime = requireNonNull(expiryTime);
+    this.startTime = requireNonNull(startTime);
+    this.ticker = new SerializableFakeTicker(startTime.create());
     this.expiry = (expiryType == CacheExpiry.DISABLED) ? null : expiryType.createExpiry(expiryTime);
   }
 
@@ -536,9 +539,9 @@ static final class SerializableFakeTicker extends FakeTicker implements Serializ
 
     final long startTime;
 
-    public SerializableFakeTicker() {
-      startTime = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextLong(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+    public SerializableFakeTicker(long startTime) {
       advance(Duration.ofNanos(startTime));
+      this.startTime = startTime;
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheGenerator.java b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheGenerator.java
index f0ad656e5d..6bb808d813 100644
--- a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheGenerator.java
+++ b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheGenerator.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Maximum;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Population;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.ReferenceType;
+import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.StartTime;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.testing.CacheSpec.Stats;
 import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.testing.Int;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ private Set<List<Object>> combinations() {
     var weigher = Sets.immutableEnumSet(Arrays.asList(cacheSpec.weigher()));
     var executor = Sets.immutableEnumSet(Arrays.asList(cacheSpec.executor()));
     var scheduler = Sets.immutableEnumSet(Arrays.asList(cacheSpec.scheduler()));
+    var startTime = Sets.immutableEnumSet(Arrays.asList(cacheSpec.startTime()));
     var population = Sets.immutableEnumSet(Arrays.asList(cacheSpec.population()));
     var maximumSize = Sets.immutableEnumSet(Arrays.asList(cacheSpec.maximumSize()));
     var implementations = filterTypes(options.implementation(), cacheSpec.implementation());
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ private Set<List<Object>> combinations() {
     return Sets.cartesianProduct(initialCapacity, statistics, weigher, maximumSize, expiry,
         expireAfterAccess, expireAfterWrite, refreshAfterWrite, keys, values, executor, scheduler,
         removalListener, evictionListener, population, asyncLoader, computations, loaders,
-        implementations);
+        implementations, startTime);
   }
 
   /** Returns the set of options filtered if a specific type is specified. */
@@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ private CacheContext newCacheContext(List<Object> combination) {
         (Compute) combination.get(index++),
         (Loader) combination.get(index++),
         (Implementation) combination.get(index++),
+        (StartTime) combination.get(index),
         cacheSpec.expiryTime());
   }
 
diff --git a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheSpec.java b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheSpec.java
index d1d5c7e96d..e0f944a30e 100644
--- a/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheSpec.java
+++ b/caffeine/src/test/java/com/github/benmanes/caffeine/cache/testing/CacheSpec.java
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import java.util.function.LongSupplier;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
 import org.mockito.Mockito;
@@ -795,7 +796,7 @@ public TrackingExecutor create() {
 
   /* --------------- Scheduler --------------- */
 
-  /** The executors retrieved from a supplier, each resulting in a new combination. */
+  /** The schedulers retrieved from a supplier, each resulting in a new combination. */
   CacheScheduler[] scheduler() default {
     CacheScheduler.DISABLED,
   };
@@ -818,6 +819,29 @@ public Scheduler create() {
     }
   }
 
+  /* --------------- Ticker --------------- */
+
+  /** The starting time retrieved from a supplier, each resulting in a new combination. */
+  StartTime[] startTime() default {
+    StartTime.RANDOM,
+  };
+
+  /** The starting time that the ticker can be configured with. */
+  enum StartTime {
+    RANDOM(() -> ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextLong(Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE)),
+    ONE_MINUTE_FROM_MAX(() -> Long.MAX_VALUE - TimeUnit.MINUTES.toNanos(1));
+
+    private final LongSupplier startTime;
+
+    StartTime(LongSupplier startTime) {
+      this.startTime = requireNonNull(startTime);
+    }
+
+    public long create() {
+      return startTime.getAsLong();
+    }
+  }
+
   /* --------------- Populated --------------- */
 
   /**