diff --git a/throughput/issuer.go b/throughput/issuer.go
index f74f2e3209..5f5443040b 100644
--- a/throughput/issuer.go
+++ b/throughput/issuer.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package throughput
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
@@ -30,10 +29,13 @@ type issuer struct {
 	ws             *ws.WebSocketClient
 	outstandingTxs int
 	abandoned      error
+
+	// injected from the spammer
+	tracker *tracker
 }
 
 func (i *issuer) Start(ctx context.Context) {
-	issuerWg.Add(1)
+	i.tracker.issuerWg.Add(1)
 	go func() {
 		for {
 			_, wsErr, result, err := i.ws.ListenTx(context.TODO())
@@ -43,28 +45,14 @@ func (i *issuer) Start(ctx context.Context) {
 			i.l.Lock()
 			i.outstandingTxs--
 			i.l.Unlock()
-			inflight.Add(-1)
-			l.Lock()
-			if result != nil {
-				if result.Success {
-					confirmedTxs++
-				} else {
-					utils.Outf("{{orange}}on-chain tx failure:{{/}} %s %t\n", string(result.Error), result.Success)
-				}
-			} else {
-				// We can't error match here because we receive it over the wire.
-				if !strings.Contains(wsErr.Error(), ws.ErrExpired.Error()) {
-					utils.Outf("{{orange}}pre-execute tx failure:{{/}} %v\n", wsErr)
-				}
-			}
-			totalTxs++
-			l.Unlock()
+			i.tracker.inflight.Add(-1)
+			i.tracker.logResult(result, wsErr)
 		}
 	}()
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
 			_ = i.ws.Close()
-			issuerWg.Done()
+			i.tracker.issuerWg.Done()
 		}()
 
 		<-ctx.Done()
@@ -98,7 +86,7 @@ func (i *issuer) Send(ctx context.Context, actions []chain.Action, factory chain
 	i.l.Lock()
 	i.outstandingTxs++
 	i.l.Unlock()
-	inflight.Add(1)
+	i.tracker.inflight.Add(1)
 
 	// Register transaction and recover upon failure
 	if err := i.ws.RegisterTx(tx); err != nil {
@@ -135,37 +123,3 @@ func getRandomIssuer(issuers []*issuer) *issuer {
 	index := rand.Int() % len(issuers)
 	return issuers[index]
 }
-
-func (i *issuer) logStats(cctx context.Context) {
-	// Log stats
-	t := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second) // ensure no duplicates created
-	var psent int64
-	go func() {
-		defer t.Stop()
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-t.C:
-				current := sent.Load()
-				l.Lock()
-				if totalTxs > 0 {
-					unitPrices, err := i.cli.UnitPrices(cctx, false)
-					if err != nil {
-						continue
-					}
-					utils.Outf(
-						"{{yellow}}txs seen:{{/}} %d {{yellow}}success rate:{{/}} %.2f%% {{yellow}}inflight:{{/}} %d {{yellow}}issued/s:{{/}} %d {{yellow}}unit prices:{{/}} [%s]\n", //nolint:lll
-						totalTxs,
-						float64(confirmedTxs)/float64(totalTxs)*100,
-						inflight.Load(),
-						current-psent,
-						unitPrices,
-					)
-				}
-				l.Unlock()
-				psent = current
-			case <-cctx.Done():
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-}
diff --git a/throughput/spam.go b/throughput/spam.go
index 4a6aaf22c8..7a06486528 100644
--- a/throughput/spam.go
+++ b/throughput/spam.go
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"os/signal"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
@@ -41,14 +40,6 @@ const (
 // TODO: remove the use of global variables
 var (
 	maxConcurrency = runtime.NumCPU()
-	issuerWg       sync.WaitGroup
-
-	l            sync.Mutex
-	confirmedTxs uint64
-	totalTxs     uint64
-
-	inflight atomic.Int64
-	sent     atomic.Int64
 )
 
 type Spammer struct {
@@ -69,11 +60,15 @@ type Spammer struct {
 
 	// Number of accounts
 	numAccounts int
+
+	// keep track of variables shared across issuers
+	tracker *tracker
 }
 
 func NewSpammer(sc *Config, sh SpamHelper) (*Spammer, error) {
 	// Log Zipf participants
 	zipfSeed := rand.New(rand.NewSource(0)) //nolint:gosec
+	tracker := &tracker{}
 	balance, err := sh.LookupBalance(sc.key.Address)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -92,6 +87,8 @@ func NewSpammer(sc *Config, sh SpamHelper) (*Spammer, error) {
 		txsPerSecondStep: sc.txsPerSecondStep,
 		numClients:       sc.numClients,
 		numAccounts:      sc.numAccounts,
+
+		tracker: tracker,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +116,7 @@ func (s *Spammer) Spam(ctx context.Context, sh SpamHelper, terminate bool, symbo
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	actions := sh.GetTransfer(s.key.Address, 0, uniqueBytes())
+	actions := sh.GetTransfer(s.key.Address, 0, s.tracker.uniqueBytes())
 	maxUnits, err := chain.EstimateUnits(parser.Rules(time.Now().UnixMilli()), actions, factory)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ func (s *Spammer) Spam(ctx context.Context, sh SpamHelper, terminate bool, symbo
 	}
 
 	// set logging
-	issuers[0].logStats(cctx)
+	s.tracker.logState(cctx, issuers[0].cli)
 
 	// broadcast transactions
 	s.broadcast(cctx, cancel, sh, accounts, funds, factories, issuers, feePerTx, terminate)
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ func (s Spammer) broadcast(
 			start := time.Now()
 
 			// Check to see if we should wait for pending txs
-			if int64(currentTarget)+inflight.Load() > int64(currentTarget*pendingTargetMultiplier) {
+			if int64(currentTarget)+s.tracker.inflight.Load() > int64(currentTarget*pendingTargetMultiplier) {
 				consecutiveUnderBacklog = 0
 				consecutiveAboveBacklog++
 				if consecutiveAboveBacklog >= failedRunsToDecreaseTarget {
@@ -247,7 +244,7 @@ func (s Spammer) broadcast(
 					fundsL.Unlock()
 
 					// Send transaction
-					actions := sh.GetTransfer(recipient, amountToTransfer, uniqueBytes())
+					actions := sh.GetTransfer(recipient, amountToTransfer, s.tracker.uniqueBytes())
 					return issuer.Send(ctx, actions, factory, feePerTx)
 				})
 			}
@@ -290,7 +287,7 @@ func (s Spammer) broadcast(
 
 	// Wait for all issuers to finish
 	utils.Outf("{{yellow}}waiting for issuers to return{{/}}\n")
-	issuerWg.Wait()
+	s.tracker.issuerWg.Wait()
 }
 
 func (s *Spammer) logZipf(zipfSeed *rand.Rand) {
@@ -306,6 +303,7 @@ func (s *Spammer) logZipf(zipfSeed *rand.Rand) {
 // createIssuer creates an [numClients] transaction issuers for each URI in [uris]
 func (s *Spammer) createIssuers(parser chain.Parser) ([]*issuer, error) {
 	issuers := []*issuer{}
+
 	for i := 0; i < len(s.uris); i++ {
 		for j := 0; j < s.numClients; j++ {
 			cli := jsonrpc.NewJSONRPCClient(s.uris[i])
@@ -313,7 +311,14 @@ func (s *Spammer) createIssuers(parser chain.Parser) ([]*issuer, error) {
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			issuer := &issuer{i: len(issuers), cli: cli, ws: webSocketClient, parser: parser, uri: s.uris[i]}
+			issuer := &issuer{
+				i:       len(issuers),
+				cli:     cli,
+				ws:      webSocketClient,
+				parser:  parser,
+				uri:     s.uris[i],
+				tracker: s.tracker,
+			}
 			issuers = append(issuers, issuer)
 		}
 	}
@@ -362,7 +367,7 @@ func (s *Spammer) distributeFunds(ctx context.Context, cli *jsonrpc.JSONRPCClien
 		factories[i] = f
 
 		// Send funds
-		actions := sh.GetTransfer(pk.Address, distAmount, uniqueBytes())
+		actions := sh.GetTransfer(pk.Address, distAmount, s.tracker.uniqueBytes())
 		_, tx, err := cli.GenerateTransactionManual(parser, actions, factory, feePerTx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, nil, nil, err
@@ -416,7 +421,7 @@ func (s *Spammer) returnFunds(ctx context.Context, cli *jsonrpc.JSONRPCClient, p
 
 		// Send funds
 		returnAmt := balance - feePerTx
-		actions := sh.GetTransfer(s.key.Address, returnAmt, uniqueBytes())
+		actions := sh.GetTransfer(s.key.Address, returnAmt, s.tracker.uniqueBytes())
 		_, tx, err := cli.GenerateTransactionManual(parser, actions, factories[i], feePerTx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
diff --git a/throughput/tracker.go b/throughput/tracker.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0fc520a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/throughput/tracker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024, Ava Labs, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// See the file LICENSE for licensing terms.
+
+package throughput
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ava-labs/hypersdk/api/jsonrpc"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/hypersdk/api/ws"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/hypersdk/chain"
+	"github.com/ava-labs/hypersdk/utils"
+)
+
+type tracker struct {
+	issuerWg sync.WaitGroup
+	inflight atomic.Int64
+
+	l            sync.Mutex
+	confirmedTxs int
+	totalTxs     int
+
+	sent atomic.Int64
+}
+
+func (t *tracker) logResult(
+	result *chain.Result,
+	wsErr error,
+) {
+	t.l.Lock()
+	if result != nil {
+		if result.Success {
+			t.confirmedTxs++
+		} else {
+			utils.Outf("{{orange}}on-chain tx failure:{{/}} %s %t\n", string(result.Error), result.Success)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// We can't error match here because we receive it over the wire.
+		if !strings.Contains(wsErr.Error(), ws.ErrExpired.Error()) {
+			utils.Outf("{{orange}}pre-execute tx failure:{{/}} %v\n", wsErr)
+		}
+	}
+	t.totalTxs++
+	t.l.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (t *tracker) logState(ctx context.Context, cli *jsonrpc.JSONRPCClient) {
+	// Log stats
+	tick := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second) // ensure no duplicates created
+	var psent int64
+	go func() {
+		defer tick.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-tick.C:
+				current := t.sent.Load()
+				t.l.Lock()
+				if t.totalTxs > 0 {
+					unitPrices, err := cli.UnitPrices(ctx, false)
+					if err != nil {
+						continue
+					}
+					utils.Outf(
+						"{{yellow}}txs seen:{{/}} %d {{yellow}}success rate:{{/}} %.2f%% {{yellow}}inflight:{{/}} %d {{yellow}}issued/s:{{/}} %d {{yellow}}unit prices:{{/}} [%s]\n", //nolint:lll
+						t.totalTxs,
+						float64(t.confirmedTxs)/float64(t.totalTxs)*100,
+						t.inflight.Load(),
+						current-psent,
+						unitPrices,
+					)
+				}
+				t.l.Unlock()
+				psent = current
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (t *tracker) uniqueBytes() []byte {
+	return binary.BigEndian.AppendUint64(nil, uint64(t.sent.Add(1)))
+}
diff --git a/throughput/utils.go b/throughput/utils.go
deleted file mode 100644
index c1e072db2f..0000000000
--- a/throughput/utils.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2024, Ava Labs, Inc. All rights reserved.
-// See the file LICENSE for licensing terms.
-
-package throughput
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-)
-
-func uniqueBytes() []byte {
-	return binary.BigEndian.AppendUint64(nil, uint64(sent.Add(1)))
-}