[C++] Add support for boost 1.87

[h-vetinari]

Describe the enhancement requested

Unfortunately boost seems to be playing fast and loose recently - after #43746 for 1.86, 1.87 seems to break yet again:

Linux (GCC 13)

[294/950] Building CXX object src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o
FAILED: src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o 
$BUILD_PREFIX/bin/x86_64-conda-linux-gnu-c++ -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_AVX2 -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_AVX512 -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_BMI2 -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_SSE4_2 -DARROW_TESTING_EXPORTING -DBOOST_CONTEXT_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_CONTEXT_NO_LIB -DBOOST_DATE_TIME_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_DATE_TIME_NO_LIB -DBOOST_FILESYSTEM_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_FILESYSTEM_NO_LIB -DBOOST_PROCESS_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_PROCESS_HAVE_V1 -DBOOST_PROCESS_HAVE_V2 -DBOOST_PROCESS_NO_LIB -DBOOST_SYSTEM_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_SYSTEM_NO_LIB -DGTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1 -I$SRC_DIR/cpp/build/src -I$SRC_DIR/cpp/src -I$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/generated -isystem $SRC_DIR/cpp/thirdparty/flatbuffers/include -Wno-noexcept-type -Wno-self-move -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -fmessage-length=0 -march=nocona -mtune=haswell -ftree-vectorize -fPIC -fstack-protector-strong -fno-plt -O2 -ffunction-sections -pipe -isystem $PREFIX/include -fdebug-prefix-map=$SRC_DIR=/usr/local/src/conda/apache-arrow-18.1.0 -fdebug-prefix-map=$PREFIX=/usr/local/src/conda-prefix -fdiagnostics-color=always -fuse-ld=gold  -Wall -fno-semantic-interposition -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -fmessage-length=0 -march=nocona -mtune=haswell -ftree-vectorize -fPIC -fstack-protector-strong -fno-plt -O2 -ffunction-sections -pipe -isystem $PREFIX/include -fdebug-prefix-map=$SRC_DIR=/usr/local/src/conda/apache-arrow-18.1.0 -fdebug-prefix-map=$PREFIX=/usr/local/src/conda-prefix -O3 -DNDEBUG -O2 -ftree-vectorize  -std=c++17 -fPIC -pthread -MD -MT src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o -MF src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o.d -o src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o -c $SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc
$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc:88:18: error: 'BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE' is not a namespace-name
   88 | namespace asio = BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE;
      |                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc:246:3: error: 'asio' does not name a type
  246 |   asio::io_context ctx_;
      |   ^~~~
$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc: In member function 'arrow::Status arrow::util::Process::Impl::ExecuteV2()':
$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc:296:30: error: 'ctx_' was not declared in this scope
  296 |         new process::process(ctx_, executable_, args_, env,
      |                              ^~~~

OSX (clang 18)

[290/951] Building CXX object src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o
FAILED: src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o 
$BUILD_PREFIX/bin/x86_64-apple-darwin13.4.0-clang++ -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_AVX2 -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_AVX512 -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_BMI2 -DARROW_HAVE_RUNTIME_SSE4_2 -DARROW_TESTING_EXPORTING -DBOOST_ATOMIC_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_ATOMIC_NO_LIB -DBOOST_CONTEXT_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_CONTEXT_NO_LIB -DBOOST_DATE_TIME_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_DATE_TIME_NO_LIB -DBOOST_FILESYSTEM_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_FILESYSTEM_NO_LIB -DBOOST_PROCESS_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_PROCESS_HAVE_V1 -DBOOST_PROCESS_HAVE_V2 -DBOOST_PROCESS_NO_LIB -DBOOST_SYSTEM_DYN_LINK -DBOOST_SYSTEM_NO_LIB -DGTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1 -I$SRC_DIR/cpp/build/src -I$SRC_DIR/cpp/src -I$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/generated -isystem $SRC_DIR/cpp/thirdparty/flatbuffers/include -fno-aligned-new -march=core2 -mtune=haswell -mssse3 -ftree-vectorize -fPIC -fstack-protector-strong -O2 -pipe -stdlib=libc++ -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -fmessage-length=0 -isystem $PREFIX/include -fdebug-prefix-map=$SRC_DIR=/usr/local/src/conda/apache-arrow-18.1.0 -fdebug-prefix-map=$PREFIX=/usr/local/src/conda-prefix -D_LIBCPP_DISABLE_AVAILABILITY -Qunused-arguments -fcolor-diagnostics  -Wall -Wno-unknown-warning-option -Wno-pass-failed -march=core2 -mtune=haswell -mssse3 -ftree-vectorize -fPIC -fstack-protector-strong -O2 -pipe -stdlib=libc++ -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -fmessage-length=0 -isystem $PREFIX/include -fdebug-prefix-map=$SRC_DIR=/usr/local/src/conda/apache-arrow-18.1.0 -fdebug-prefix-map=$PREFIX=/usr/local/src/conda-prefix -D_LIBCPP_DISABLE_AVAILABILITY -O3 -DNDEBUG -O2  -std=c++17 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode_15.2.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.13.sdk -mmacosx-version-min=10.13 -fPIC -MD -MT src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o -MF src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o.d -o src/arrow/CMakeFiles/arrow_testing_objlib.dir/testing/process.cc.o -c $SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc
$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc:88:18: error: expected namespace name
   88 | namespace asio = BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE;
      |                  ^
$SRC_DIR/cpp/src/arrow/testing/process.cc:246:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'asio'; did you mean 'boost::asio'?
  246 |   asio::io_context ctx_;
      |   ^~~~
      |   boost::asio
$PREFIX/include/boost/asio/writable_pipe.hpp:26:11: note: 'boost::asio' declared here
   26 | namespace asio {
      |           ^
2 errors generated.

Component(s)

C++, Packaging

[kou]

We already fixed this :-)
GH-45053