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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Software Carpentry: Programming with MATLAB</title>
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<h1 class="title">Programming with MATLAB</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle">Reference</h2>
<h2 id="glossary">Glossary</h2>
<dl>
<dt><span id="additive-color-model">additive color model</span></dt>
<dd><p>A way to represent colors as the sum of contributions from primary colors such as <a href="#rgb">red, green, and blue</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="argument">argument</span></dt>
<dd><p>A value given to a function or program when it runs. The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with <a href="#parameter">parameter</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="assertion">assertion</span></dt>
<dd><p>An expression which is supposed to be true at a particular point in a program. Programmers typically put assertions in their code to check for errors; if the assertion fails (i.e., if the expression evaluates as false), the program halts and produces an error message. See also: <a href="#invariant">invariant</a>, <a href="#precondition">precondition</a>, <a href="#postcondition">postcondition</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="assign">assign</span></dt>
<dd><p>To give a value a name by associating a variable with it.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="body">body</span></dt>
<dd><p>(of a function): the statements that are executed when a function runs.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="call-stack">call stack</span></dt>
<dd><p>A data structure inside a running program that keeps track of active function calls.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="case-insensitive">case-insensitive</span></dt>
<dd><p>Treating text as if upper and lower case characters of the same letter were the same. See also: <a href="#case-sensitive">case-sensitive</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="case-sensitive">case-sensitive</span></dt>
<dd><p>Treating text as if upper and lower case characters of the same letter are different. See also: <a href="#case-insensitive">case-insensitive</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="comment">comment</span></dt>
<dd><p>A remark in a program that is intended to help human readers understand what is going on, but is ignored by the computer. Comments in MATLAB start with a <code>%</code> character and run to the end of the line;</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="compose">compose</span></dt>
<dd><p>To apply one function to the result of another, such as <code>f(g(x))</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="conditional-statement">conditional statement</span></dt>
<dd><p>A statement in a program that might or might not be executed depending on whether a test is true or false.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="comma-separated-values">comma-separated values</span></dt>
<dd><p>(CSV) A common textual representation for tables in which the values in each row are separated by commas.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="default-value">default value</span></dt>
<dd><p>A value to use for a <a href="#parameter">parameter</a> if nothing is specified explicitly.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="defensive-programming">defensive programming</span></dt>
<dd><p>The practice of writing programs that check their own operation to catch errors as early as possible.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="delimiter">delimiter</span></dt>
<dd><p>A character or characters used to separate individual values, such as the commas between columns in a <a href="#comma-separated-values">CSV</a> file.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="documentation">documentation</span></dt>
<dd><p>Human-language text written to explain what software does, how it works, or how to use it.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="empty-string">empty string</span></dt>
<dd><p>A character string containing no characters, often thought of as the “zero” of text.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="encapsulation">encapsulation</span></dt>
<dd><p>The practice of hiding something’s implementation details so that the rest of a program can worry about <em>what</em> it does rather than <em>how</em> it does it.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="floating-point-number">floating-point number</span></dt>
<dd><p>A number containing a fractional part and an exponent. See also: <a href="#integer">integer</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="for-loop">for loop</span></dt>
<dd><p>A loop that is executed once for each value in some kind of set, list, or range. See also: <a href="#while-loop">while loop</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="function-call">function call</span></dt>
<dd><p>A use of a function in another piece of software.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="in-place-operators">in-place operators</span></dt>
<dd><p>An operator such as <code>+=</code> that provides a shorthand notation for the common case in which the variable being assigned to is also an operand on the right hand side of the assignment. For example, the statement <code>x += 3</code> means the same thing as <code>x = x + 3</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="index">index</span></dt>
<dd><p>A subscript that specifies the location of a single value in a collection, such as a single pixel in an image.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="inner-loop">inner loop</span></dt>
<dd><p>A loop that is inside another loop. See also: <a href="#outer-loop">outer loop</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="integer">integer</span></dt>
<dd><p>A whole number, such as -12343. See also: <a href="#floating-point-number">floating-point number</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="invariant">invariant</span></dt>
<dd><p>An expression whose value doesn’t change during the execution of a program, typically used in an <a href="#assertion">assertion</a>. See also: <a href="#precondition">precondition</a>, <a href="#postcondition">postcondition</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="library">library</span></dt>
<dd><p>A family of code units (functions, classes, variables) that implement a set of related tasks.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="loop-variable">loop variable</span></dt>
<dd><p>The variable that keeps track of the progress of the loop.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="outer-loop">outer loop</span></dt>
<dd><p>A loop that contains another loop. See also: <a href="#inner-loop">inner loop</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="parameter">parameter</span></dt>
<dd><p>A variable named in the function’s declaration that is used to hold a value passed into the call. The term is often used interchangeably (and inconsistently) with <a href="#argument">argument</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="pipe">pipe</span></dt>
<dd><p>A connection from the output of one program to the input of another. When two or more programs are connected in this way, they are called a “pipeline”.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="postcondition">postcondition</span></dt>
<dd><p>A condition that a function (or other block of code) guarantees is true once it has finished running. Postconditions are often represented using <a href="#assertion">assertions</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="precondition">precondition</span></dt>
<dd><p>A condition that must be true in order for a function (or other block of code) to run correctly.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="regression">regression</span></dt>
<dd><p>To re-introduce a bug that was once fixed.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="rgb">RGB</span></dt>
<dd><p>An <a href="#additive-color-model">additive model</a> that represents colors as combinations of red, green, and blue. Each color’s value is typically in the range 0..255 (i.e., a one-byte integer).</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="shape">shape</span></dt>
<dd><p>An array’s dimensions, represented as a vector. For example, a 5×3 array’s shape is <code>(5,3)</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="silent-failure">silent failure</span></dt>
<dd><p>Failing without producing any warning messages. Silent failures are hard to detect and debug.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="slice">slice</span></dt>
<dd><p>A regular subsequence of a larger sequence, such as the first five elements or every second element.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="stack-frame">stack frame</span></dt>
<dd><p>A data structure that provides storage for a function’s local variables. Each time a function is called, a new stack frame is created and put on the top of the <a href="#call-stack">call stack</a>. When the function returns, the stack frame is discarded.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="standard-input">standard input</span></dt>
<dd><p>A process’s default input stream. In interactive command-line applications, it is typically connected to the keyboard; in a <a href="#pipe">pipe</a>, it receives data from the <a href="#standard-output">standard output</a> of the preceding process.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="standard-output">standard output</span></dt>
<dd><p>A process’s default output stream. In interactive command-line applications, data sent to standard output is displayed on the screen; in a <a href="#pipe">pipe</a>, it is passed to the <a href="#standard-input">standard input</a> of the next process.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="string">string</span></dt>
<dd><p>Short for “character string”, a <a href="#sequence">sequence</a> of zero or more characters.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="syntax-error">syntax error</span></dt>
<dd><p>CHECKME: a programming error that occurs when statements are in an order or contain characters not expected by the programming language</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="test-oracle">test oracle</span></dt>
<dd><p>A program, device, data set, or human being against which the results of a test can be compared.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="test-driven-development">test-driven development</span></dt>
<dd><p>The practice of writing unit tests <em>before</em> writing the code they test.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="type">type</span></dt>
<dd><p>CHECKME The classification of something in a program (for example, the contents of a variable) as a kind of number (e.g. <a href="#float">floating-point</a>, <a href="#integer">integer</a>), <a href="#string">string</a>, or something else.</p>
</dd>
<dt><span id="while-loop">while loop</span></dt>
<dd><p>A loop that keeps executing as long as some condition is true. See also: <a href="#for-loop">for loop</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
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