diff --git a/bin/packages/build-worker.js b/bin/packages/build-worker.js
index 06e30efc6c6dc9..5c431730fab423 100644
--- a/bin/packages/build-worker.js
+++ b/bin/packages/build-worker.js
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ async function buildJS( file ) {
 		JS_ENVIRONMENTS
 	) ) {
 		const destPath = getBuildPath(
-			file.replace( /\.tsx?$/, '.js' ),
+			file.replace( /\.([mt])?tsx?$/, '.$1js' ),
 			buildDir
 		);
 		const babelOptions = getBabelConfig(
@@ -189,6 +189,10 @@ const BUILD_TASK_BY_EXTENSION = {
 	'.js': buildJS,
 	'.ts': buildJS,
 	'.tsx': buildJS,
+	'.cjs': buildJS,
+	'.cts': buildJS,
+	'.mjs': buildJS,
+	'.mts': buildJS,
 };
 
 module.exports = async ( file, callback ) => {
diff --git a/bin/packages/build.js b/bin/packages/build.js
index 61914bab5700a7..a1ad5dba37e237 100755
--- a/bin/packages/build.js
+++ b/bin/packages/build.js
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ if ( files.length ) {
 
 	stream = glob.stream(
 		[
-			`${ PACKAGES_DIR }/*/src/**/*.{js,ts,tsx}`,
+			`${ PACKAGES_DIR }/*/src/**/*.{js,ts,tsx,mts,mjs,cjs,cts}`,
 			`${ PACKAGES_DIR }/*/src/*.scss`,
 			`${ PACKAGES_DIR }/block-library/src/**/*.js`,
 			`${ PACKAGES_DIR }/block-library/src/*/style.scss`,
diff --git a/packages/scripts/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/scripts/CHANGELOG.md
index 43fe001351bc2c..9ab38960546f68 100644
--- a/packages/scripts/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/scripts/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@
 
 ## Unreleased
 
-
 ### Breaking Changes
 
 -   Updated `stylelint` dependency to `^16.8.2` ([#64828](https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/pull/64828)).
 -   Switched default config from `@wordpress/stylelint-config/scss` to use `@wordpress/stylelint-config/scss-stylistic` to keep stylistic rules ([#64828](https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/pull/64828)).
 
+### Enhancements
+
+-   Add support for mjs, cjs, mts, and cts file extensions ([#65101](https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/pull/65101)).
+
 ## 29.0.0 (2024-09-05)
 
 ### Breaking Changes
diff --git a/packages/scripts/config/webpack.config.js b/packages/scripts/config/webpack.config.js
index 91ef19fc27ed6b..6c73114213fce2 100644
--- a/packages/scripts/config/webpack.config.js
+++ b/packages/scripts/config/webpack.config.js
@@ -111,7 +111,16 @@ const baseConfig = {
 		alias: {
 			'lodash-es': 'lodash',
 		},
-		extensions: [ '.jsx', '.ts', '.tsx', '...' ],
+		extensions: [
+			'.jsx',
+			'.ts',
+			'.tsx',
+			'.mjs',
+			'.mts',
+			'.cjs',
+			'.cts',
+			'...',
+		],
 	},
 	optimization: {
 		// Only concatenate modules in production, when not analyzing bundles.
@@ -154,7 +163,7 @@ const baseConfig = {
 	module: {
 		rules: [
 			{
-				test: /\.m?(j|t)sx?$/,
+				test: /\.(m|c)?(j|t)sx?$/,
 				exclude: /node_modules/,
 				use: [
 					{
@@ -209,7 +218,7 @@ const baseConfig = {
 			},
 			{
 				test: /\.svg$/,
-				issuer: /\.(j|t)sx?$/,
+				issuer: /\.(m|c)?(j|t)sx?$/,
 				use: [ '@svgr/webpack', 'url-loader' ],
 				type: 'javascript/auto',
 			},