messages.xml

<messages>
<message soid="TREES MS 15 TOOBIG" text="If you choose to plant medium or large maturing trees here, skilled technicians will need to prune the tree so it will not touch the wires.  This is a hazardous and costly procedure. We recommend that you plant farther away from the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES MS 25 TOOBIG" text="If you choose to plant medium or large maturing trees here, skilled technicians will need to prune the tree so it will not touch the wires.  This is a hazardous and costly procedure. We recommend that you plant a very small tree here or plant farther away from the wire.
"/>

<message soid="TREES MS ANYTREE" text="You have chosen to plant a tree of any size 5 to 10 feet from the building.  Be sure that the branches form good attachments to the tree.  Be sure you are prepared to train and prune the large trees in the recommended tree list so the major branches clear the roof line and grow over the building. Large sized trees are best located farther from the building.  Branches on small trees will need to be pruned so they stay clear of the building."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ANYTREEFIF" text="You have chosen to plant a tree of any size 15 to 20 feet from the building.  Be sure that the branches form good attachments to the tree.  Be sure you are prepared to train and prune the large trees in the recommended tree list so the major branches clear the roof line and grow over the building.  Large sized trees are best located farther from the building."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ANYTREETEN" text="You have chosen to plant a tree of any size 10 to 15 feet from the building.  Be sure that the branches form good attachments to the tree.  Be sure you are prepared to train and prune the large trees in the recommended tree list so the major branches clear the roof line and grow over the building."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ANYTREETWE" text="You chose to plant a tree of any size 20 to 30 feet from the building.  Be sure you are prepared to train and prune the large trees in the recommended tree list so the major branches clear the building.  Be sure that the branches are well attached to the tree.  Large spreading trees are best located far enough away from the building so the crowns will not touch the building as they grow older."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ATTACHED" text="Check with the traffic department, public works, planning office or engineering office to see if there are plans to widen the road.  Plant as far away from the edge of the road as possible to minimize future damage from tree roots."/>

<message soid="TREES MS BREAK" text="You have decided that the benefits of choosing from a larger list of trees is more important than the liability resulting from branch breakage.  Some of the trees in the list will require more frequent pruning in order to develop strong structure."/>

<message soid="TREES MS BUFFERSTRIP" text="To install large-maturing shade trees in a parking lot buffer strip, plant as far away from the curb as possible."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CLPOOL" text="This may be too close to plant anything but a small tree since roots could become a problem."/>

<message soid="TREES MS COMPACTCLAY" text="You indicated that drainage is good, but compacted clay soil does not drain well.  We changed drainage to &quot;drains slowly&quot;."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CUTOUTTOOLOW" text="It is not possible to plant in a cutout with wires this close. Move cutout site or plant shrubs and prune."/>

<message soid="TREES MS DONTDRAIN" text="Knowledge of soil drainage is vital to proper tree selection.  The tree selection session will end now.  Come back through the program after you evaluate the drainage at the site."/>

<message soid="TREES MS DOTSMALL" text="Due to DOT restrictions, the program just reduced the number of trees eligible for inclusion in the recommended tree list by 65%."/>

<message soid="TREES MS END" text="The tree selection session will end at this point."/>

<message soid="TREES MS EXLOW PH" text="The pH at this site is less than 4.5.  Few trees will survive in this soil.  Consult local experts concerning the special conditions at this site.  The tree selection session will now end."/>

<message soid="TREES MS FORGETIT PAL" text="This island is too small to plant trees.  Increase the size of the island or plant grass, ground cover or very low-growing shrubs."/>

<message soid="TREES MS HARDINESS MAP" text="On the following map, move the arrow to the state in which you live and press the left button on your mouse.  When the state map appears, move the arrow to the location of the planting site and press the left button on the mouse."/>

<message soid="TREES MS HEIGHT CONFLICT" text="Due to earlier height restrictions it is not possible to plant a medium or large tree here."/>

<message soid="TREES MS INDOORS" text="This list of trees includes plants that have been successfully used indoors.  Longevity of most trees grown indoors is enhanced if the plants are maintained in a high light environment."/>

<message soid="TREES MS INVADE" text="Some trees can seed themselves into the landscape and could create a weed problem."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LGROOTBAR" text="The medium and large sized trees could heave pavement, curb or sidewalk.  Installing root barriers along the inside of the curb or walk could help reduce this type of damage."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LGTREES LGLAWN" text="Some of the large sized trees in the recommended tree list may cause damage to the curb or sidewalk.  Surface roots can raise these as they grow beneath the curb or sidewalk, even in a wide tree lawn such as this one."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LGTREES MEDLAWN" text="Some of the large sized trees in the recommended tree list may cause damage to the curb or sidewalk.  Surface roots can raise these as they grow beneath the curb or sidewalk."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LIGHTHEIGHT RESTRICT" text="Tall trees cannot be planted here due to a high water table or overhaed wires.  Please move the planting site away from the light or move the light, and do not plant a large tree."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LINEAR" text="The Department of Transportation or local governments may regulate planting in public Rights- of-Way.  Check with appropriate officials before planting."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LOOKOUTWIRES" text="The next screen gives you the choice between planting trees that will not interfere with overhead wires, and planting trees that could interfere with wires.  It is far better to select trees that do not interfere with the wires.  If you choose to plant trees that grow into wires, some trees in the recommended list will grow into the wires and will require pruning.  This is not recommended."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LOWIRE" text="Only small trees which mature at less than 25 to 30 feet in height are suited for this site. Consider planting farther from the wire so you can select from a greater variety of trees."/>

<message soid="TREES MS MEDILE" text="This medium sized planting area should be at least 8 feet wide to accommodate growth of the trunk and large roots close to the trunk.  Trees will grow best in a planting area of at least 400 square feet."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NO IRRI" text="Trees should be planted as seedlings or small saplings at the beginning of the rainy season. If irrigation could be provided at least until trees are established, trees of any size could be planted."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOLIGHT" text="You did not indicate the light exposure at the site.  Therefore, some of the trees in the recommended list may grow poorly because they are poorly adapted to the light conditions at the site. Please determine the light exposure at the site and answer the light exposure question correctly when you use this program again."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOMESS" text="The trees in the list of recommended trees do not normally create a mess and are fairly `clean'."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOPH" text="You did not indicate the soil pH at the site.  Therefore, some of the trees in the recommended list may grow poorly because they are poorly adapted to the soil pH at the site.  For the best results, please determine the soil pH at the site and answer the pH question correctly when you use this program again."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOSALT" text="Check with local experts as to the salt tolerance of the trees which you would like to plant."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOTREESWIRES" text="Due to the low wires at this site, the program finds that there are no trees suited for planting here."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOWAY" text="This space is too small to plant trees.  Consider planting on the other side of the sidewalk where there may be more soil space for root growth."/>

<message soid="TREES MS PESTFREE" text="Choosing only pest-free trees will make the list of recommended trees short.  But the benefits of planting nearly pest-free trees could include less maintenance and healthier trees."/>

<message soid="TREES MS PESTRES" text="Pest resistant trees include those which may get pests but are usually not seriously affected by them.  Choosing pest resistant trees instead of pest free trees will give you a much broader selection of trees."/>

<message soid="TREES MS PESTSEN" text="Some trees in the list are sensitive to pests under certain conditions.  Be prepared to provide control measures in some years.  Consult the fact sheets of the trees you select for your site for details on the pests."/>

<message soid="TREES MS PLANT AWAY OR END" text="The proper selections in the next screen are to plant farther away or end the sesssion."/>

<message soid="TREES MS PLANT AWAY OR SMALL" text="The proper selection for the next screen is to plant farhter away or a small tree."/>

<message soid="TREES MS PRUNELT" text="If you are not planting a narrow-crowned columnar tree, be sure you are prepared to train the tree so it grows over the light to allow the light to shine below the crown.  If not, the tree might be hat racked or topped to keep it below the light.  This will shorten the life of the tree and it will never develop into a useful plant."/>

<message soid="TREES MS REQPRUNE" text="You have decided that you can perform the required pruning to achieve strong trunk and branch structure.  A portion of this pruning can be eliminated by purchasing top quality trees which have a central leader and good branch structure."/>

<message soid="TREES MS RESTRICT" text="The Department of Transportation and other authorities may regulate planting along these roads. Always check with them before planting."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ROADSALT" text="The salt tolerance of all the trees in this data base is not known."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SEEYAPAL LIGHTS" text="Oops! Since the planting site will now be moved farther or closer to a street or security light, you will need to go back through the program and answer all the site questions again indicating the new distance from the light.  You will now be sent back to the main menu."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMALLILE" text="This small planting area should be at least 8 feet wide to accommodate growth of the trunk and large roots close to the trunk.  Trees will grow best in a planting area of at least 400 square feet."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMISLAND GOOD" text="Small trees are well suited for this site."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMLINEAR" text="The planting strip is probably too narrow for planting trees.  The trees in the recommended list will grow here but they are unlikely to reach their full size due to the stressful nature of this site.  Consider planting grass or ground covers or very low growing shrubs."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMMED SIZE" text="Some medium sized trees may not grow to their potential due to the confined root system."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMTREES LGLAWN" text="You have chosen to plant small or medium sized trees which is a good choice for this sized tree lawn."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TENFOOT TALL" text="Earlier restrictions allow only small trees to be planted at this site. "/>

<message soid="TREES MS THIMOVE" text="The planting hole is more than 35 feet away from the light.  Even a large tree will have little impact on a light this far away."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TOOLOW" text="Only very small trees or tall shrubs trained as trees are recommended for this site.  Consider planting farther from the wire so you can select from a greater variety of trees.  If you are not restricted by your earlier choices, the program will allow you to plant a medium or large maturing tree here but it will have to be trained and pruned by skilled technicians to grow over the wire so the branches will not touch the wire.  This is a hazardous and costly procedure.  We recommend that you plant a small tree here or plant farther away from the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TOOLOWDC" text="Only small trees that mature at less than 25 to 30 feet are recommended for this site.  Some of the taller trees on the recommended list will grow into the wires.  Consider planting farther from the wire so you can select from a greater variety of trees.  If you are not restricted by your earlier choices, you may plant a medium or large maturing tree here but it will have to be trained and pruned by skilled technicians to grow over the wire so the branches will not touch the wire.  This is a hazardous and costly procedure. We recommend that you plant a small tree here or plant farther away from the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TWFMOVE" text="The planting hole is 25 to 35 feet away from the light.  A greater number of trees will be suited for this site if the tree is moved away from the light or the light is moved away from the planting hole."/>

<message soid="TREES HE CAP" text="The municipal engineering or public works department should be able to answer this question for you.  It is important to answer this question correctly because sites with a cap present fewer problems for trees because gas contamination of the cover soil tends to be localized, not widespread.  Although many caps eventually crack as the refuse settles allowing landfill gas to migrate into the cover soil in these localized areas, tree growth on the rest of the landfill should be better than on a landfill without a cap."/>

<message soid="TREES HE CONTAN" text="If you indicate that the planting will be in above-ground containers, then the trees in the recommended list will be hardy to one USDA hardiness zone to the north of the planting site to account for the increased exposure of the root systems to the cold."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DRAINS POORLY" text="You indicated earlier that the soil drains at a moderate or fast rate.  However, many compacted soils drain slowly, especially if they contain some clay.  * If you indicate that the soil drains well, all trees in the data base will be eligible for inclusion on the recommended tree list.  * If you indicate here that the soil drains slowly, only trees tolerant of wet soil will be included on the recommended list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DRIVE" text="Roots on large trees planted too close to a driveway, walk or garden wall can cause damage as roots grow beneath them.  * If the planting hole is 3 to 4 feet away, only small trees will be included on the list of recommended trees.  * If the planting hole is 4 to 6 feet away, small or medium maturing trees will be included.  * If it is 6 to 8 feet away, small, medium and medium-large trees are recommended.  * If the planting site is more than 8 feet away, a tree of any size will be included on the list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE ENDHELP" text="* Pressing &quot;Report&quot; will display a report that describes the planting site, provides tree planting and maintenance recommendations, and displays warnings that apply to your site.  * Pressing &quot;Tree list&quot; will display the list of trees that are suited for your site.  * Pressing &quot;Select other attributes&quot; will allow you to narrow the list of trees by selecting on other tree attributes.  When the Tree Selector menu appears, mark any attributes that you wish by moving the arrow to the &quot;+&quot; sign and pressing the left button on the mouse.  Then move the mouse arrow to the characteristic that you wish to choose and press the left button.  This puts the characteristic you chose into the selection screen.  Although you may select as many attributes or characteristics as you care to, the tree list becomes short when many are selected.  We recommend that you look at the tree list by pressing the &quot;Tree list&quot; button on the menu before selecting other attributes.  If it is very short, there is no point in selecting other attributes."/>

<message soid="TREES HE ENERGY" text="Planting trees on the west and east sides of a building can significantly reduce the energy required for air conditioning the building.  Shading the roof, the south side of the building and the air conditioner unit in the summer will also reduce energy consumption.  Deciduous trees may provide the most benefit for buildings in areas north of USDA hardiness zone 9 since sunlight passes through the crown in winter providing some warming of the structure."/>

<message soid="TREES HE FARMORE" text="It is not possible to plant a tree here due to Department of Transportation restrictions, low overhead wires or other restrictions you indicated were at the site."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LEVELWAT" text="The first two menu items are self explanatory.  An example of a site with a drastically fluctuating water level is a storm retention area for catching rain runoff.  There may be no water in the retention area until rain runoff fills it up.  * If the planting hole is below the high water level, chose &quot;Fluctuate drastically and erratically&quot; from the menu.  Only trees tolerant of wet soil will be included in the recommended tree list.  Although some trees are tolerant of flooding and wet soil, most grow better and remain healthier if they are not submerged in water.  Therefore, it is usually best to plant above the high water mark."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LGLAWN" text="* Medium maturing trees are best suited for this size treelawn.  * Some large maturing trees could raise the sidewalks as they grow older.  The sidewalk repair process can be costly and can severely damage the tree, causing internal injury and compromising the stability of the tree."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE15-30" text="You have the choice between planting a tree with a narrow crown so branches do not grow into the light, or planting a small tree with any crown shape or width.  * Selecting &quot;Columnar tree&quot; from the menu will eliminate 75 percent of the trees in the data base from the list of recommended trees and the list will be short.  But the branches of these narrow trees on the recommended list will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a small tree&quot; will give you a longer list of trees from which to choose and these trees will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDIAN" text="* Only small, drought tolerant trees will be selected if the median is less than 6 feet wide.  * Small and medium maturing trees will be selected if it is 6 to 8 feet wide.  * Larger trees can be planted if the median is wider."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDLAWN" text="* Small and medium maturing trees are best suited for a 4 to 6-foot-wide treelawn.  * The roots of some large maturing trees could cause sidewalk damage as the trees grow older.  Roots often grow freely beneath sidewalks and they can lift the sidewalk when they increase in diameter.  Roots need to be cut in order to replace the damaged section of the walk and this causes severe injury to the tree and could make it unstable.  Trees with thorns on the trunk or branches will not be included on the recommended tree list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDNARTREE" text="* If you select &quot;A tree of any height with a narrow crown&quot;, the list of recommended trees will contain trees which will not grow wide enough to reach the wires.  * If you select &quot;A small tree&quot;, only trees that grow 25 to 30 feet tall will be included in the recommended tree list.  These will not grow wide enough to interfere with the wires."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDPKLS" text="* Small and medium maturing trees are probably best suited for this site, but some large maturing trees may grow fine for a period of time.  Trees planted in this poorly-drained, loose soil will have many shallow roots.  * Large-maturing trees may become unstable as the tree grows older due to a shallow, confined root system.  These roots could also cause curb damage as the roots grow next to and perhaps beneath the curb.  Curbs and/or pavement may need to be replaced in order to make the area safe for pedestrians.  Tree roots are often severely damaged during curb replacement.  Small trees will not cause this type of damage, but they will not provide the shade that larger trees do.  The best alternative is to increase the size of the island.  If you can do this, quit the program now by pressing the right button on the mouse and start over indicating a larger island size."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDPKWL" text="The loose, well-drained soil which you indicated is present at this site is rare in parking lot islands.  You may want to reevaluate the water drainage and soil compaction at the planting site!  The loose, well-drained soil at this site will allow some roots to grow down and anchor the trees.  * Small and medium maturing trees are probably best suited for this size island, but some large maturing trees should grow fine for a period of time.  * If large maturing trees grow well in the island, they will create shade but surface roots could cause curb and pavement damage as the roots grow next to and beneath the curb.  Curbs and/or pavement may need to be replaced in order to make the area safe for pedestrians.  Tree roots are often severely damaged during curb replacement.  Small and medium maturing trees will not usually cause this type of damage, but they will not provide the shade that larger trees do.  The best alternative is to increase the size of the island.  If you can do this, quit the program now by pressing the right button on the mouse and start over with a larger island size."/>

<message soid="TREES HE OTHER" text="* If you select &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu, you will be able to eliminate trees susceptible to breakage, those with messy fruit or leaves, those with drooping branches which would require regular pruning, or those sensitive to pests or diseases.  * If you select &quot;No&quot;, you will move through the program without considering these."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PEST" text="* Selecting &quot;Pest-free trees&quot; will eliminate 75 percent of the trees in the data base from the recommended tree list, but pests will generally not be a problem on these trees.  * Selecting from &quot;Pest resistant and pest-free trees&quot; will provide you with a much broader list of trees from which to choose.  Pest-resistant trees may get pests, but control is usually not needed.  * Selecting &quot;Not be concerned about pests&quot; will not eliminate any trees from the recommended list, but some of the trees on this list will be sensitive to injury from pests or disease."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PESTEX" text="A number of trees, such as American Elm, are sensitive to at least one disease or pest which has had a severe impact on tree health in many areas of its range.  These trees have been rated pest sensitive and they represent 21 percent of the trees in the data base.  * Choose &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu if you would like to consider eliminating these pest sensitive trees from the recommended tree list, or if you would like to select only pest free or pest resistant trees.  * Choosing &quot;No&quot; will include all trees from the database in the list of recommended trees, regardless of pest sensitivity."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PLANTSITE" text="Pick the category which most closely matches your planting site.  Please do not be too concerned about your choice since you will be asked many of the same questions regardless of the choice you make.  However, be sure to select &quot;A former landfill or other reclamation or extreme site&quot; if you are planting on this type of site."/>

<message soid="TREES HE POOL" text="Large trees planted too close to the pool can cause trouble in two ways.  Roots can grow into the plumbing and into the pool wall, and leaves, twigs, flowers and fruit can litter the water and clog the filter.  Plant trees as far away from the pool as possible.  * Only small trees and palms will be included on the list of recommended trees if you indicate that you will be planting within 30 feet of the pool.  * Small and medium maturing trees will be included if you plant 30 to 40 feet away.  * Trees of any size will be included if the planting hole is more than 40 feet away.  Trees that are known to have invasive roots will not be included on the list of recommended trees."/>

<message soid="TREES HE POOLPALMS" text="Palms and small trees can be planted within 30 feet of the pool because they will not cause problems from roots or dropping leaves.  If you would like to plant larger trees select &quot;Plant farther away and try question again&quot; from the menu, and then choose a distance more than 30 feet from the pool."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PUMP" text="When gas is actively pumped from the refuse, the cover soil remains oxygenated because little or no methane or carbon dioxide will migrate into the cover soil.  Simply installing a series of vertical and/or horizontal vent pipes throughout the landfill will do little, if anything, to reduce landfill gas contamination of the cover soil.  If gas is not pumped from the landfill, only trees tolerant of low soil oxygen conditions will be included on the recommended tree list.  More trees will be recommended for planting on the landfill if gas is pumped from the refuse, because they will not have to tolerate a low soil oxygen concentration."/>

<message soid="TREES HE RECWET" text="Many compacted clay soils drain poorly. * By choosing the first answer you are selecting wet site tolerant trees (such as Green Ash) for this site, helping ensure that trees grow well in this compacted soil.  * By choosing the second answer, you are choosing to ignore this advice and you will be selecting from a list of trees including many that do not tolerate wet soil.  This will provide you with a longer list of trees from which to choose, but remember that some may grow poorly in this compacted soil if water drains slowly.  * If this site is on a slope, trees not tolerant of wet soil may grow fairly well if water does not pool in the planting hole."/>

<message soid="TREES HE REPRU" text="* Some trees require regular pruning in the first 15 to 25 years after planting to develop good trunk and branch structure.  If you are unable to provide this, consider eliminating trees that need pruning from the list of recommended trees by selecting &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu.  This will eliminate 50 percent of the trees in the data base from your list of recommended trees.  In addition, trees which are susceptible to limb and trunk failure will be eliminated from the list of recommended trees since branches on the larger trees will be growing over the roof.  * If you select &quot;No&quot;, then trees will be incorporated into the recommended tree list regardless of their pruning requirements.  However, trees which are known to be susceptible to breakage will not be included on the list since branches will be trained to grow over the roof."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SIXHELP" text="The wires are too low to plant a tree at this location.  You will have to move farther from the wire in order to plant a tree."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SMALLPKWL" text="The loose, well-drained soil which you indicated is present at this site is rare in parking lot islands.  You may want to reevaluate the water drainage and soil compaction at the planting site!  If soil is loose and well-drained, some roots will grow down and anchor the trees.  * Although small and medium maturing trees are probably best suited for this size island, most large maturing trees should grow fine for a period of time.  * Large-maturing trees, such as oaks, are not likely to reach their mature size, and they will be under stress in this small island.  This will increase the maintenance requirements on large trees.  If medium and large maturing trees grow well in the island, they will create shade but surface roots could cause curb and pavement damage as the roots grow next to and beneath the curb.  Curbs and/or pavement may need to be replaced in order to make the area safe for pedestrians.  Tree roots are often severely damaged when the curb is replaced.  Small trees will not usually cause this type of damage, but they will not provide the shade that larger trees do.  The best alternative is to increase the size of the island.  If you can do this, quit the program now by pressing the right button on the mouse and start over, indicating a larger island size."/>

<message soid="TREES HE TOONARMED" text="Only small-maturing, drought tolerant trees are suited for narrow medians.  Recommended trees will be very drought tolerant.  The island would have to be wider to accommodate larger trees."/>

<message soid="TREES HE TREELAWN" text="The treelawn is the soil or grassy strip between the curb and the sidewalk.  Small and medium maturing trees can be planted in 3 to 4 foot wide treelawns.  Large trees planted in small treelawns often raise sidewalks and displace curbs.  They are considered too big for this small space.  Repairing the sidewalk and curb can be costly and can severely damage the tree.  Larger trees can be planted in wider treelawns.  Trees with thorns on the trunk or branches will not be included in the list of recommended trees if you are planting in a treelawn.  After this program generates the recommended tree list, consider deleting trees from the list that have invasive root systems that would be more likely to damage walks than trees without these roots.  You will be able to do this after the first tree list is generated in a few minutes."/>

<message soid="TREES HE WALKDIS" text="* If you select &quot;3-4 feet&quot; from the menu, only small trees will be included on the recommended tree list.  * If you choose &quot;4-6 feet&quot;, small and medium trees will be included.  * If you select &quot;6-8 feet&quot;, small, medium and large trees will be selected.  * All trees in the data base will be included if you are more than 8 feet from the walk.  * These rules are designed to help prevent root damage to the walk or pavement.  If you are not concerned about roots damaging the walk or pavement, then indicate that you will be planting more than 8 feet from the walk and plant as close to the walk as you like.  Although this program does not recommended that you do this, it will give you the longest list of trees from which to choose.  But expect walk and pavement damage as roots on some large maturing trees grow under and lift the walk or pavement."/>

<message soid="TREES HE WALKMED" text="* If you would like to plant large-maturing trees, select &quot;Plant larger trees farther from the walk&quot; from the menu.  * If you must plant within 6 feet of the walk, choose &quot;Plant small or medium trees 4 to 6 feet from the walk&quot;.  This program will recommended that only small and medium-maturing trees be planted this close to the walk in order to minimize sidewalk damage from roots.  * If you choose to ignore this advice and would still like to plant large-maturing trees within 6 feet of the walk, select &quot;Plant larger trees farther from the walk&quot; and be sure to read the help screen on the next menu."/>

<message soid="TREES HE query form" text="Use the scroll bar to page up and down and you will see a list of tree characteristics.  Use the &quot;+&quot; button to select values for one or more characteristics. Then press the &quot;SEARCH&quot; button to find trees matching the characteristics you have selected.  Press &quot;QUIT&quot; to exit at any time without searching."/>

<message soid="TREES HE query form 3" text="The expert system has selected some trees which are suitable for planting at your site.  You may further refine (reduce) this list by specifying additional characteristics.  Use the scroll bar to page up and down and you will see a list of tree characteristics.  Use the &quot;+&quot; button to select values for one or more characteristics. Then press the &quot;SEARCH&quot; button to find trees matching the characteristics you have selected.  Only trees selected by the expert system will be searched.  Press &quot;QUIT&quot; to exit at any time without searching."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SMALLPKLS" text="Trees planted in this poorly-drained, loose soil will have many shallow roots.  Although small and medium maturing trees are best suited for this site, some large maturing trees may grow fine for a period of time.  However, due to the shallow, confined root system, large trees are not likely to reach their mature size, they may become unstable as the tree grows older, and surface roots could cause curb damage as the roots grow next to the curb.  Curbs and/or pavement may need to be replaced after a period of time in order to make the area safe for pedestrians.  Tree roots are often severely damaged during curb replacement.  Small trees will not usually cause this type of damage, but they will not provide the shade that larger trees do.  The best alternative is to increase the size of the island.  If you can do this, quit the program now by pressing the right button on the mouse and start over, indicating a larger island size."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SMALLPK" text="Trees planted in this poorly-drained, compacted soil will be shallow rooted.  The root system is often confined to the parking lot island and they are not likely to grow beneath the pavement in this type soil.  Therefore, large trees are not suited for this island and they are not recommended by this program due to the chance of wind-throw and future curb damage.  Although small trees are probably best suited for this site, most medium maturing trees should grow fine also.  Some of the larger medium maturing trees may become unstable as the tree grows older due to a confined root system."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SMALLLAWN" text="* Small maturing trees are best suited for a 3 to 4-foot-wide treelawn.  * The roots of some medium maturing trees could cause sidewalk damage as the trees grow older.  Roots often grow freely beneath sidewalks and they can lift the sidewalk as they increase in diameter.  Roots need to be cut in order to replace the damaged section of the walk and this causes severe injury to the tree and could make it unstable.  Large-maturing trees are not suited for planting in this small area.  Trees with thorns on the trunk or branches will not be included on the recommended tree list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE TALLBUILD" text="You indicated earlier that you will be training a tree over wires or over a light.  By choosing &quot;A tree with a branch crown diameter less than 25 feet&quot;, the trees in the recommended list will stay clear of the building with little or no pruning.  Since only % of the trees in the data base are less than 25 feet at maturity, your list of recommended trees will be short.  By choosing &quot;A tree that matures at more than 25 feet tall&quot;, some pruning will need to be performed to help the tree clear the roof line, but the list of recommended trees will be much longer."/>

<message soid="TREES HE TABLE" text="Dig several holes on the site about 2 feet deep and wait 2 or 3 hours.  * If there is no water in the hole, or the distance between the top of the water and the soil surface is greater than 18 inches, then select &quot;More than 18 inches below the soil surface&quot;.  If this is the case, all trees in the database will be eligible for inclusion on the recommended tree list.  * If water fills the hole, measure the distance between the soil surface and the top of the water after 2 to 3 hours.  If this distance is less than 18 inches, select &quot;Within 18 inches of the soil surface&quot; from the menu.  Only trees that are tolerant of wet sites will be included on the list of recommended trees if the water table is within 18 inches of the surface."/>

<message soid="TREES MS MEDISLAND GOOD" text="Small and medium sized trees are well suited for this site."/>

<message soid="TREES MS MEDISLAND HWTCP" text="The soil drainage and density at this site are likely to confine the roots to soil within the island, therefore, only small and medium sized trees are recommended.  Large sized trees could become top heavy and fall over as they grow older due to the confined root system."/>

<message soid="TREES MS MEDROOTBAR" text="The medium sized trees could heave pavement, curb or sidewalk.  Installing root barriers along the inside of the curb or walk could help reduce this type of damage."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NATIVE" text="You chose native trees for your site.  Many people believe that native trees are better adapted to planting in urban areas than introduced or non-native trees, although there is no scientific data to support this notion."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LANDCOV" text="Consider adding soil so there is at least 2 feet of final cover over the refuse or over the cap, if one is present.  Trees, shrubs and grasses grow poorly in cover soil less than 2 feet thick."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ISLAND SIZE" text="Parking lot islands should be at least 8 feet wide to allow for adequate trunk and root growth and to prevent car bumpers and doors from injuring the trunk.  A smaller one will not allow for adequate growth.  The best shape for the island is a circle or square.  Trees grow best in islands which are greater than 400 square feet."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CUTOUT" text="This is a very stressful place to grow trees.  Tree life averages about 7 to 12 years in this type of site.  Be sure that the soil drainage and soil compaction tests were conducted carefully.  If you have the option, plant in an area with more open soil.  The minimum cutout size is 4 feet x 4 feet."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CUTOUT LIGHT" text="This cutout is too close to the light to plant. Consider moving the cutout or planting a shrub and prunning."/>

<message soid="TREES MS WIRES" text="Do not plant near wires unless you have alerted the local utility company."/>

<message soid="TREES MS WALKDIS SHORT" text="Only small trees will be recommended because the tree will be planted so close to the walk."/>

<message soid="TREES MS WALKDIS MEDIUM" text="Only small and medium sized trees will be recommended because the tree will be planted close to the walk."/>

<message soid="TREES MS WALKAWAY" text="Plant as far away from the sidewalk as possible to prevent future sidewalk damage from tree roots."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LINEAR" text="A linear planting bed is a long strip of soil surrounded by pavement on all or three sides.  * Strips less than 6 feet wide are usually not suited for planting anything but small trees, grass, ground covers or shrubs.  Only drought tolerant, small trees will be included on the recommended tree list if you select &quot;Less than 6 feet wide&quot;.  * Small and medium maturing trees which are moderately or highly drought tolerant will be recommended for 6 to 8-foot-wide strips.  * Medium-large trees which are moderately or highly drought tolerant can be planted in 8 to 12-foot-wide strips.  * A tree of any size can be planted in median strips that are more than 12 feet wide."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SMALLESP" text="If you select &quot;Planting farther away&quot;, only small trees will be included on the recommended tree list.  If you select&quot; End this session&quot;, then you will be sent back to the main menu to start over."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LIGHTPOLE" text="This question refers to the horizontal distance between the planting hole and the light bulb.  You will be asked about the distance between the ground and the light in the next question."/>

<message soid="TREES MS WIRESAGAIN" text="You indicated earlier that wires were within 30 feet of the planting site.  Moving the tree farther from the building may move the proposed planting site closer or farther from the wires."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MESS" text="Messy trees are those which stain cars or sidewalks (such as Black Olive), drop slimy (such as Mulberry) or large fruit (such as Hickory), twigs or branches (such as Mango) on a regular basis, or those that drop leaves over a long period of time (such as Sycamore).  This usually is of most concern when planting in parking lots or along streets, sidewalks or hard-surfaced recreation areas.  * If you select &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu, 30 percent of the trees in the data base will be eliminated from the list of recommended trees because they have been rated as messy.  * If you pick &quot;No&quot; from the menu, you will get more trees on the recommended tree list.  You can then read the descriptive information about the tree when you are finished with this tree selection session to determine which trees may not be suited for your site due to messy habit."/>

<message soid="TREES MS MESS" text="Some trees create a mess on hard surfaces for a period of time during the year.  Messy trees are those that stain cars or sidewalks (such as Black Olive), drop slimy (such as Mulberry) or large fruit (such as Hickory), twigs or branches (such as Mango) on a regular basis, or those that drop leaves over a long period of time (such as Sycamore).  This usually is of most concern when planting in parking lots or along streets, sidewalks or hard- surfaced recreation areas."/>

<message soid="TREES MS DROOP" text="Many trees have drooping branches and could be a nuisance near walks, streets and parking lots.  To reduce the tree pruning requirement in these sites, plant trees with upright growth habits that do not have drooping branches."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LIGHTS AGAIN" text="You indicated earlier that overhead street lights, aesthetic lights or security lights were within 35 feet of the planting site.  Moving the tree farther from the building may move the proposed planting site closer or farther from the lights."/>

<message soid="TREES MS WATER NO TREES" text="THE PROGRAM WILL NOW END.  Trees at least 1.5 to 2 inches in caliper are best suited for planting in areas where vandalism is a problem.  Since you indicated that there will be no irrigation provided at the site after planting you should plant only seedlings or small saplings.  These two conditions combine to make planting trees at this site impractical.  In order to plant trees at this site, either reduce vandalism or provide irrigation."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMISLAND HWTCP" text="The soil drainage and density at this site are likely to confine the roots to soil within the island, therefore, only small trees are recommended.  Large sized trees could become top heavy and fall over as they grow older due to the confined root system."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMISLAND HWTNCP" text="Poor drainage may cause surface rooting.  As surface roots on some medium and large sized trees grow under the surrounding pavement, curbs or sidewalks through the loose soil which you indicated was present at this site, they may cause damage by heaving them up.  (PHOTO:CURBDAM)"/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMISLAND WDSOIL" text="Since soil conditions beneath the pavement are probably suitable for root growth due to the well drained soil at this site, small, medium or large sized trees can be planted in the island.  However, some roots on medium and large-sized trees are likely to heave the pavement, curb or sidewalk as the tree grows older."/>

<message soid="TREES MS LOW HEIGHT LIGHT" text="Due to previous selections you cannot plant a large tree to train over the light. Move site or select small tree."/>

<message soid="TREES MS NOCUTWIRE" text="It is not possible to plant in a tree pit with low overhead wires."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CUTOUT DOT LIGHT" text="Due to the Department of Transportation or other restrictions that you said were placed on the site, no trees are recommended for planting here."/>

<message soid="TREES HE START" text="The Southern Trees Expert System is an interactive program designed to help you select trees for an urban, surburban, or rural landscape.  It will ask you a series of questions about the site and use your answers to formulate a list of recommended trees.  Select the most appropriate answer by clicking on it with the left mouse button.  If you need help interpreting the question or the answers, click on the Help button in the lower left corner of the window.  When you are finished reading the help screen, select the OK button to close the help window.  The ? button next to an answer will bring up a photo to help you interpret the answer.  In the DOS version left click on the photo to close it; in the Windows version left click on the control button in the top left corner of the photo window to close the photo.  In the DOS version, the right mouse button can be used to exit the Expert System at any time.  A site evaluation form listing all of the site questions and answers can be printed from the &quot;Introduction&quot; section in main menu.  Press the START button to begin the Expert System."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TWEMOVE" text="The planting hole is 20 to 25 feet away from the light.  A greater number of trees will be suited for this site if the tree is moved away from the light or the light is moved away from the planting hole."/>

<message soid="TREES MS FIFMOVE" text="The planting hole is 15 to 20 feet away from the light.  A greater number of trees will be suited for this site if the tree is moved away from the light or the light is moved away from the planting hole."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TENMOVE" text="The planting hole is 10 to 15 feet away from the light.  A greater number of trees will be suited for this site if the tree is moved away from the light or the light is moved away from the planting hole."/>

<message soid="TREES MS FIVEMOVE" text="The planting hole is 5 to 10 feet away from the light pole.  A greater number of trees will be suited for this site if the tree is moved away from the light or the light is moved away from the planting hole."/>

<message soid="TREES HE NARTREE" text="* If you select &quot;A tree with a crown diameter less than 35 feet&quot;, the list of recommended trees will contain trees which will not grow wide enough to reach the wires.  * If you select &quot;A small tree&quot;, only trees that grow 25 to 30 feet tall will be included in the recommended tree list.  These will not grow wide enough to interfere with the wires."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDTREEBIG" text="* If you select &quot;Any tree less than 75 feet at maturity&quot;, the list of recommended trees will contain some trees that grow to 75 feet tall, and these could grow into the wires as the tree grows bigger.  This choice will give you the longest tree list, but eventually, more maintenance will be required to prune the large trees in the list in order to keep them from the wires. * If you select &quot;Any tree with a narrow spread&quot;, only trees with a crown diameter less than 50 feet will be included on the recommended tree list.  Some side branches on the widest spreading trees on the list may grow into the wires as the tree gets older."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD5-10" text="* If you select &quot;Plant a small tree&quot; from the menu, only those with a height and width less than 25 to 30 feet will be included on the list of recommended trees.  * If you select &quot;Plant a tree of any height with a narrow crown&quot;, all trees in the data base regardless of height will be included on the list as long as the crown width is less than 25 to 30 feet.  This will help ensure that tree branches will not interfere with the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD3-20" text="Trees that have a crown diameter greater than about 50 feet will not be included in the list of recommended trees.  The choice on the menu between &quot;A small or medium maturing tree&quot; and &quot;Any tree with a crown diameter less than 50 feet&quot; should be made from a design perspective, since trees in either group will grow fine at this site."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BUILDTALL" text="* If the building is less than 30 feet tall select &quot;The building is one or two stories high&quot;.  The next several menus will allow you to select large trees for planting near one to two story buildings, but you will be warned that pruning will be needed to train these trees away from and over the building.  * If the building is more than 30 feet tall, select &quot;The building is three or more stories high&quot;.  The program will not allow you to select wide spreading trees for planting close to tall buildings since these trees cannot be trained to grow over the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BUILD" text="Only small trees will be recommended for planting close to the building.  Medium and large trees can be planted 10 feet or more from the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE ESPAL" text="If the tree will be maintained as an espalier, it can be planted within 5 feet of the building.  * If you select &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu, then only trees suited for espalier training will be included in the list of recommended trees.  Espaliers require regular pruning to keep the plant flat against the wall.  * If you select &quot;No&quot;, then you will be asked if you would like to plant farther from the building since trees not maintained as espaliers should not be planted within 5 feet of a building."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMALLESP" text="Planting a tree within 5 feet of the building is not recommended unless you will maintain it as an espalier.  Since you will not be creating an espalier at this site, you must plant farther from the building in order to plant a tree."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PLANTOK" text="If you select &quot;Plant a medium or large maturing tree and train it to grow over the wire&quot;, then be prepared to prune side branches so they do not touch the wire.  Small trees will not be included on the recommended list since they will not grow tall enough to grow over the wires."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PLANTVEFAR" text="In order to prevent trees from growing into the wires, only small trees that mature at about 25 to 30 feet tall will be recommended for this site.  To plant a larger tree, move farther away from the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PLANT VEFAR" text="In order to prevent trees from growing into the wires, only small trees that mature at about 25 to 30 feet tall will be recommended for this site.  To plant a larger tree, move farther away from the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES HE STLITE" text="This question refers to the horizontal distance between the planting hole and the light.  You will be asked about the distance between the ground and the light in the next question.  Trees selected in this portion of the program will not grow into the light.  * However, if you are not concerned about branches growing into the light, select &quot;Not concerned about lights&quot;.  If you select this, trees will be included on the recommended list regardless of their size, and some will grow into the light.  Unfortunately, these might be topped or otherwise abused to provide clearance for the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LIGHTHT" text="This refers to the vertical distance between the ground and the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BYEBYE" text="If you indicate that the tree will now be closer or farther from the wire, you will be sent back to the beginning of the program.  You will have to answer all the questions again, indicating the new distance from the wire and the light.  If the tree will not move relative to the overhead wire, Choose &quot;The same distance from the wires as indicated earlier&quot;."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SEEYAPAL" text="Oops! Since the planting site will now be moved farther or closer to the overhead wires, you will need to go back through the program and answer all the site questions again indicating the new distance from the wire.  You will now be sent back to the main menu."/>

<message soid="TREES HE RAIN" text="* Parts of western Texas, western Oklahoma, and other areas in the far west receive less than 20 inches of rainfall per year.  Even if you indicate that irrigation will be installed at the planting site, only trees suited for the drier parts of the country will be included in the list of recommended trees if you receive less than 20 inches of rainfall.  * The eastern half of the country receives more than 20 inches of rain.  All trees in the program will be eligible for inclusion if you receive more than 20 inches.  Consult the local library or your County Extension agent for rainfall information if you are unsure."/>

<message soid="TREES HE TEXTURE" text="* Clay soil is composed of very small particles and it smears in your hand when it is wet.  * Loam soil may or may not smear and there may be some sand particles evident.  * Sandy soil has a distinctive sand feel and is gritty.  * If bedrock comes close to the surface leaving only a thin layer of soil on top, select &quot;There is little soil&quot; from the menu.  If there is little soil, consider planting only small or medium-maturing trees to help prevent large surface roots from forming.  If you choose to plant large maturing trees on a site with little soil, select those with non-invasive roots.  You will be able to make this choice later in the program.  * If the soil is mixed with construction-type debris, select from the menu the texture which most closely matches the soil component of the mixture.  Consider replacing the soil if there are bricks, concrete or other construction debris mixed with the soil.  No trees will be eliminated from the recommended tree list with any of these four choices.  Your answer to this question will govern which questions you will be asked next."/>

<message soid="TREES HE TRLIGHT" text="If you move &quot;The tree&quot;, it may be closer to, or farther from overhead wires at the planting site.  If you indicated wires were within 30 feet of the planting site, you will be asked about this in the next question.  If you move &quot;The light&quot; away from the planting site, you will be asked to specify a new distance between the light and the planting site."/>

<message soid="TREES HE FARTHER" text="The proposed planting site is too close to the light post.  If you would like to plant a tree, move the light or plant farther from the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MOVELITE" text="A longer list of trees will be generated if the light or the tree is moved to increase the distance between the light and the tree.  If you select &quot;Yes&quot; you will be able to increase the distance between the light and the tree."/>

<message soid="TREES HE VANDAL" text="People sometimes intentionally destroy or injure trees after they are planted.  Trees may be unintentionally injured in downtown planting sites such as in a tree pit where many people regularly walk close to the tree.  * If you are planting in an area where trees may be vandalized or injured, select &quot;Yes&quot; in the menu.  The program will eliminate trees which have thin bark, such as Red Maple, from the list of recommended trees.  In addition, the report which is printed at the end of this tree selection session will indicate that it is best to purchase trees which are at least 1.5 to 2 inches in caliper since trees of this size appear to perform better than smaller trees in areas where vandalism is a problem.  * If vandalism is not a problem, or if it is a problem but you choose to ignore this advice, select &quot;No&quot; from the menu.  This will ensure that thin-barked trees are not eliminated from the recommended tree list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DENSITY" text="* If the soil is very difficult to dig into with a shovel, it may be compacted.  Another sign of compaction is standing water for a day or more after a period of rain.  If a pick ax appears to be the best tool for digging a planting hole, then the soil is probably compacted.  If the soil is very hard all the way down to the bottom of the planting hole, then select &quot;compacted&quot; from the menu.  If the soil is compacted only on the surface and you can break up the surface compacted layer for 15 feet or more around the tree before planting, then select &quot;not compacted&quot; from the menu.  * If the soil is fairly easy to dig into with a shovel, it is probably not compacted."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMTREES MEDLAWN" text="You have chosen to plant small or medium sized trees which is a good choice for this moderately sized tree lawn."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DOTHELP" text="The State Department of Transportation, or local public works departments may restrict the size of trees that can be planted along highways and streets.  Contact them if you do not know if restrictions apply.  * If you choose &quot;Yes&quot;, then only trees that mature at about 25 feet tall will be included in the recommended tree list.  Many of the multi-trunked trees in this recommended list of small trees may meet the DOT requirements that trunks stay less than 4 inches in diameter.  * If you choose &quot;No&quot;, then trees of any size will be included in the recommended list.  ADVICE: To eliminate a DOT restriction, consider planting farther from the road."/>

<message soid="TREES HE NARTREEBIG" text="* If you select &quot;A tree with a crown diameter less than 50 feet&quot;, the list of recommended trees will contain some trees that will grow into the wires.  * If you select &quot;A small or medium maturing tree&quot;, only trees that mature at less than 50 feet will be included in the recommended tree list.  The larger trees in this list could grow into the wires as the trees grow older."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD2-20" text="* The choice between &quot;A small or medium-sized tree&quot; and &quot;Any tree with a canopy diameter less than 50 feet&quot; should be made from a design perspective, since trees in either group will grow fine at this site.  * Selecting &quot;A tree of any size&quot; will provide you with the longest tree list and this list will include small, medium and large trees.  Large, wide-spreading trees can be planted this close to the building but branches will have to be trained to grow over the roof as the tree gets larger.  Be sure that branches that are allowed to grow over the roof are well attacked to the trunk.  Leaves, fruit and other debris will have to be periodically cleaned from the gutters on the building.  Trees selected from the first 2 menu items will not grow into, and damage the side of the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE20-20" text="You have the choice between planting a tree with a narrow crown spread so branches will not grow into the light, or training a medium or large maturing tree so its branches grow over the light.  * Selecting &quot;Tree that grows no more than about 35 feet wide&quot; from the menu will eliminate 35 percent of the trees in the data base from the list of recommended trees, so the list may be short.  But the branches of these narrow trees will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned for clearance.  * Selecting &quot;Train a tall tree....&quot; will give you a broader list of trees from which to choose, but they will require pruning to train the branches over or away from the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE20-40" text="You have the choice between  1) planting a tree of any height with a crown spread diameter less than 35 feet, or  2) planting a small or medium maturing tree with any crown shape or width.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 35 feet wide&quot; from the menu will eliminate 35 percent of the trees in the database from the recommended tree list.  The recommended tree list will then contain only those whose branches will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet tall&quot; will give you a list of small and medium maturing trees which will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE10-20" text="You have the choice between planting a tree with a narrow crown so branches will not reach the light, or training a medium or large maturing tree so its branches grow over the light.  * Selecting &quot;Columnar tree&quot; from the menu will eliminate 91 percent of the trees in the data base from the list of recommended trees and the list will be very short.  However, the branches of these narrow trees on the recommended list will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  You may even find that no trees are recommended if you select this route.  * Selecting &quot;Train a tall tree.....&quot; will give you a much longer list of trees from which to choose, but they will require pruning to train the branches so they grow over, not into, the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE10-30" text="You have the choice between planting a tree of any height with a narrow crown, or planting a small tree with any crown shape or width.  * Selecting &quot;Columnar tree&quot; from the menu will eliminate 91 percent of the trees in the data base from the list of recommended trees and the list will be very short.  However, the branches of these narrow trees on the recommended list will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  You may even find that no trees are recommended if you select this route.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 30 feet tall&quot; will give you a broader list of trees from which to choose and these trees will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE15-20" text="You have the choice between planting a tree with a narrow crown so branches do not grow into the light, or training a medium or large maturing tree so its branches grow over, not into, the light.  * Selecting &quot;Tree with a narrow crown&quot; from the menu will eliminate 75 percent of the trees in the data base from the list of recommended trees, and the list will be short.  But the branches of these narrow trees on the recommended list will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  * Selecting &quot;Train a tall tree....&quot; will give you a longer list of trees from which to choose, but they will require pruning to train branches to grow over the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SMALLWIRE" text="* If you select &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet tall&quot;, trees of any size will be included in the recommended tree list as long as the crown diameter is less than 50 feet.  This will help ensure that branches stay clear of the wire.  * If you select &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 30 feet tall&quot;, trees on the recommended list will not grow tall enough to interfere with the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE20-30" text="You have the choice between planting a tree with a narrow crown so branches do not grow into the light, or planting a small tree with any crown shape or width.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 35 feet wide&quot; from the menu will eliminate 35 percent of the trees in the data base from the list of recommended trees, so the list will be short.  But the branches of these narrow trees on the recommended list will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 30 feet tall&quot; will give you a list of small trees which will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE25-20" text="You have the choice between:  1) planting a tree with a crown spread diameter less than 50 feet wide so branches will not grow into the light, or  2) training a tree so its branches grow over the light.  * By selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet wide&quot; from the menu, the recommended tree list will contain only trees whose branches will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned for clearance.  This will eliminate 25 percent of the trees in the data base from the recommended tree list.  * Selecting &quot;Train a tall tree....&quot; will give you a broader list of trees from which to choose, but they will require pruning to train the branches over the light and to eliminate branches that block the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE20-50" text="You have the choice between  1) planting a tree of any height with a crown spread diameter less than 50 feet, or  2) planting a small or medium maturing tree with any crown shape or width.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet wide&quot; from the menu will eliminate 25 percent of the trees in the database from the recommended tree list.  The recommended tree list will then contain only those whose branches will not grow into and block the light, so they will not have to be pruned for clearance.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet tall&quot; will give you a list of small and medium trees which will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE25-30" text="You have the choice between  1) planting a tree of any height with a crown spread diameter less than 50 feet, or  2) planting a small tree with any crown shape or width.  * By selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than 50 feet wide&quot; from the menu, the recommended tree list will contain only those whose branches will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned for clearance.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 30 feet tall&quot; will give you a list of small trees which will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE25-40" text="You have the choice between  1) planting a tree of any height with a crown spread diameter less than 50 feet, or  2) planting a small or medium maturing tree with any crown shape or width.  * By selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet wide&quot; from the menu, the recommended tree list will contain only trees whose branches will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  * Selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet tall&quot; will give you a list of trees which will not grow tall enough to interfere with the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LITE35-20" text="You have the choice between:  1) planting a tree with a crown less than 50 feet wide so branches will not grow into the light, or  2) training a medium or large maturing tree so its branches grow over the light. * By selecting &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet wide&quot; from the menu, the recommended tree list will contain only trees whose branches will not grow into and block the light so they will not have to be pruned.  * Selecting &quot;Train a tall tree&quot; will give you a broader list of trees from which to choose, but they will require pruning to train the branches over the light and to eliminate branches that block the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LOW LIGHT" text="If the light is within 5 feet of the planting site and it is less than 20 feet from the ground then select &quot;Yes&quot;.  This will eliminate trees that grow more than 15 feet tall so they will not grow into the light.  It would be best to move the tree farther from the light so you can plant larger trees.  Select &quot;No&quot; if either condition above are false."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PLANTFAR" text="* In order to prevent trees from growing into the wires, select only trees that grow no more than 15 feet tall by choosing &quot;Plant a small-maturing tree&quot;.  * By selecting &quot;Plant farther away from the wire&quot; you will be able to choose from a large variety of trees.  * If you select &quot;train trees to grow over the wire&quot; then plan on executing a pruning program for decades to keep trees from growing over the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD3-15" text="Trees that have a crown diameter greater than about 35 feet will not be included in the list of recommended trees.  The choice on the menu between &quot;A small or medium sized tree&quot; and &quot;Any tree with a crown diameter less than 35 feet&quot; should be made from a design perspective, since trees in either group will grow fine at this site."/>

<message soid="TREES HE ESTABLISH" text="Trees require 6 (hardiness zones 8-11) to 12 (hardiness zones 2-7) months for each inch of trunk diameter to become established in the landscape provided they are regularly irrigated.  For example, a 1-inch-diameter tree will be established 6 to 12 months after planting; a 2-inch-diameter tree will be established 12 to 24 months after planting.  Trees that are irrigated regularly are likely to establish quicker than those which receive only a minimum of irrigation.  In the northern part of the country, trees  establish at a slower rate than in the south."/>

<message soid="TREES HE IRRIGATION" text="* If trees will be irrigated only once or twice after planting, select &quot;No irrigation after planting&quot;.  The program will recommend that only seedlings or small saplings of drought tolerant trees be planted if there is no irrigation.  * If trees will be irrigated regularly only until they are established (establishment requires about 6 -12 months per inch of trunk diameter measured 12 inches above the ground), select &quot;Irrigation during establishment only&quot;.  In this case the program will recommend only drought tolerant trees be planted and nursery stock of any size can be selected.  * If irrigation can be supplied during establishment and during extended drought, then drought tolerant and moderately drought tolerant trees will be included on the recommended list of trees.  * If irrigation is installed or will be supplied regularly for the life of the tree, then all trees in the data base will be eligible for inclusion on the recommended list."/>

<message soid="TREES MS ZONEHELP" text="After reading this message please move the arrow to the &quot;OK&quot; box and press the left mouse button and follow the following instructions.  Move the arrow to the question mark next to the &quot;Do not know&quot; box and press the left button on the mouse.  When the map appears, locate your planting site on the map and remember the USDA number and letter code for that spot.  If you have trouble locating the exact location of the planting site, error on the northern side.  When you finish with the map, click the left button on the mouse and choose the appropriate zone."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SALTGROUND" text="Selecting &quot;yes&quot; will eliminate more than about 70% of the trees in the database because there are only a small number of trees with a known tolerance for high soil salt concentration."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SHCOV" text="Consider adding soil so there is at least 2 feet of final soil cover over the refuse or over the cap, if a cap is present.  Trees, shrubs and grasses grow poorly in cover soil less than 2 feet thick.  A greater variety of trees can be planted in deeper soil, and trees will be healthier than in shallow cover soil."/>

<message soid="TREES HE ZONEHELP" text="Each tree is tolerant of a certain low winter temperature.  If the winter temperature drops below this critical point, the tree will be damaged.  It is very important to select the correct USDA hardiness zone for your planting site.  If you are unsure of the hardiness zone at the planting site, choose &quot;Do not know&quot;."/>

<message soid="TREES HE WIREBIG" text="* If you &quot;Select trees that will not interfere with the wires&quot;, then branches on the trees in your recommended tree list will not grow into the wires.  * If you &quot;Select from a broader list knowing that some could grow into the wires&quot;, then some of the smaller twigs and branches on the larger trees in the recommended list may grow into the wires and require some trimming or pruning to keep them away from the wires.  However, major pruning will not be needed!  When the branches on these larger trees reach the wires, the utility company must prune or trim the tree to ensure continued service.  This costs utility companies (and ultimately the customers) about 2 billion dollars (1993 dollars) each year in the United States.  This cost could be lowered by planting only a properly sized tree near wires.  We recommend that you select trees that will not interfere with the wires."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PRUNE" text="Some trees, such as sycamore and Baldcypress and some cultivars, develop a dominant trunk and a strong branch structure with little or no pruning.  For these trees, one or two structural prunings during the first 12 years in the life of the tree are usually all that is needed to create a well structured tree.  Planting these type of trees could help to reduce your tree maintenance budget.  * Select &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu if you would like to plant only these trees.  A word of caution is in order: Only 50 percent of the trees in this data base have this characteristic.  Most large-maturing trees benefit from regular pruning in the first 15 to 25 years after planting to develop strong structure.  * Select &quot;No&quot; if you would like to include all of the trees in the database, regardless of their pruning requirements.  Please note that most trees need pruning during their life for a variety of reasons, and no tree should be considered completely maintenance free."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BREAK" text="Some trees, such as Boxelder, are reported to be susceptible to breakage in storms.  These trees may have weaker wood than other trees or be more prone to developing bark inclusions in branch crotches (especially if they are not properly pruned).  * Select &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu if you want to exclude these trees from your recommended tree list.  This will eliminate (during this tree selection session only) 20 percent of the trees in the database from the list of recommended trees.  * Select &quot;No&quot; if this does not concern you.  Selecting &quot;No&quot; will give you the longest tree list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE WIRE" text="This question refers to the horizontal distance between the planting hole and the wire.  You may be asked about the distance between the ground and the wire in the next question.  Unfortunately, trees are often planted too close to wires.  When the branches reach the wires, the utility company must prune or trim the tree to ensure continued service.  This costs utility companies (and ultimately the customers) more than about 2 billion dollars (2005 dollars) each year in the United States.  This cost could be lowered by planting only a properly sized tree near wires.  It is best to plant trees as far away from wires as possible.  Planting farther from the wire will increase the size of the recommended tree list."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DROOP" text="Branches on many trees, such as many of the oaks, droop toward the ground as they grow older and they will need to be removed periodically to allow vehicles or pedestrians to pass beneath.  The pruning requirements on your trees can be reduced by selecting trees without drooping branches, such as the upright cultivars of a variety of trees.  * If you want to exclude trees with drooping branches, select &quot;Yes&quot; from the menu.  A word of caution is in order: Forty-four percent of the trees in the data base have drooping branches, and if you select &quot;Yes&quot; they will be eliminated (during this tree selection session only) from the list of recommended trees.  Your list of recommended trees may be short."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BUILDFAR" text="* If you select &quot;A small or medium sized tree&quot; or &quot;Any tree with a crown diameter less than 50 feet&quot; then branches on the trees in the recommended tree list will not touch the building.  * If you select &quot;A tree of any size&quot; then be sure you are prepared to train and prune the large trees in the recommended tree list so the major branches clear the building.  Be sure that the branches which are trained to grow over the building are well attached to the tree."/>

<message soid="TREES HE PH" text="Soil pH should be determined before selecting trees for planting.  A number of trees grow poorly in soil with a pH less than 4.2 or greater than 8.2.  If you indicate that the pH is between 4.2 and 7.5, then all trees in this database will be eligible for inclusion in the recommended tree list.  If you indicate that the pH is greater than 7.5, only trees tolerant of alkaline soil will be included on the list.  * Collect a combined soil sample from five or more 12-inch-deep holes at the planting site.  If the planting site is large or the soil is variable throughout the site, several separate samples are recommended.  Mix the soil together from the five or more holes and have it analyzed by a soil testing laboratory.  Some local County Cooperative Extension Service offices can perform the analysis or they can direct you to a commercial laboratory."/>

<message soid="TREES HE SIDEWALK" text="Plant far away from the walk to minimize future damage to the sidewalk from tree roots.  * Only small trees will be recommended for planting 2 to 4 feet from the walk.  * Small and medium maturing trees will be recommended for planting 4 to 6 feet from the walk.  * Small, medium and large trees will be recommended for planting 6 to 8 feet away.  * Trees of any size (including very large ones like sycamore) will be eligible for inclusion on the list if you are planting more than 8 feet from the walk or curb.  * If you indicate that you are planting within 8 feet of the sidewalk, the recommended tree list will not include trees which are known to have large, invasive root systems which would be likely to raise the sidewalk.  * If past experience in your community shows that medium and large maturing trees can be planted closer than suggested in these guidelines, choose &quot;More than 8 feet away&quot; from the menu.  This will provide you with a list of trees of all sizes, but remember that walks may be damaged if you plant medium and large trees too close."/>

<message soid="TREES HE WALKCLO" text="* If you would like to plant medium or large maturing trees, select &quot;Plant larger trees farther from the walk&quot; from the menu.  * If you must plant within 4 feet of the walk, choose &quot;Plant only small trees 2 to 4 feet from the walk&quot;.  This program will recommended that only small trees be planted this close to the walk in order to minimize sidewalk damage from roots.  * If you choose to ignore this advice and would still like to plant medium or large maturing trees within 4 feet of the walk, select &quot;Plant larger trees farther from the walk&quot; and be sure to read the help screen on the next menu."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CUT FRUIT" text="If you are planting in a cutout in a heavily traveled sidewalk, we recommend that you eliminate trees with messy fruit from the recommended tree list."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CLLIGHT" text="Do not plant a tree here.  Move the light or plant further from the light."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TOOBAD" text="You indicated in the wires or light questions that you would like to train the tree to grow over or next to a nearby wire or light.  Only large maturing trees are suited for this type of training.  This is too close to the building to plant a large maturing tree.  Therefore, you will now exit the program.  If you must plant a tree this close to the building, select a small or medium maturing tree or a narrow-crowned tree in the wires or lights questions."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TOO CLOSE TO BUILDING" text="Unless the tree will be trained as an espalier, do not plant here because it is too close to the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DRAIN" text="To evaluate water drainage, dig several holes 18 inches deep in several areas on the site and fill each one with water.  * If water drains completely away within one hour, select &quot;Fast&quot; from the menu.  * If water is still in the hole after one hour but drains completely away within one day, select &quot;Moderate&quot; from the menu.  * If water takes longer than one day to drain away, select &quot;Slowly&quot; from the menu.  * If water stands for long periods after it rains, select &quot;water stands for long periods&quot; - most trees will be eliminated from the list of recommended trees by selecting this route.  * Soil drainage characteristics must be carefully evaluated at the planting site.  Many tree species do not grow well in poorly drained, wet soil.  If you can improve the drainage on a poorly drained site by modifying the site, you will be able to select from a much wider variety of trees."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDPK" text="* Small and medium maturing trees are probably best suited for this site, but some large maturing trees, such as oaks, may grow fine for a period of time.  Trees planted in this poorly-drained, compacted soil will be shallow rooted.  The root system is often confined to the parking lot island and they are not likely to grow beneath the pavement in this type soil.  * Large trees are not well suited for this island due to the chance of wind-throw and future curb damage from roots growing along the curb.  Large-maturing trees are not likely to reach their mature size, and they will be under more stress than smaller maturing trees in this size island.  This will increase the maintenance requirements on large trees."/>

<message soid="TREES HE MEDTREE" text="If you select &quot;A small or medium-sized tree&quot;, the list of recommended trees will contain small and medium maturing trees which will not grow tall enough to reach the wires.  * If you select &quot;Any tree with a narrow spread&quot;, only trees with a crown diameter of less than 35 feet will be included in the recommended tree list.  The tips of branches on some of the larger trees in the recommended list may reach the wires as the trees reach maturity."/>

<message soid="TREES MS VERYLOW" text="If you are not restricted by your earlier choices, you may plant a medium or large maturing tree here but it will have to be trained and pruned to grow over the wire so the branches will not touch the wire. You may want to plant the tree farther from the wire."/>

<message soid="TREES MS TREELAWN" text="Trees live longer and curb and sidewalk damage will be reduced by planting on the other side of the walk."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SMTREES SMLAWN" text="You have chosen to plant small sized trees which is a good choice for this small tree lawn."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SORRYPAL" text="Because the light is low and so close to the planting site, and the Department of Transportation restrictions or some other factors do not allow you to plant large trees that could grow over the light, no trees are suited for the planting site.  You will now exit the program.  If you can move the planting site farther from the light, run the program again indicating the new distance from the light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD2-15" text="* Selecting &quot;Plant a tree of any size&quot; will provide you with the longest tree list and this list will include small, medium and large trees.  Large, wide-spreading trees can be planted this close to the building but branches will have to be trained to grow over the roof as the tree gets larger.  Be sure that branches that are allowed to grow over the roof are well attached to the trunk.  Leaves, fruit and other debris will have to be periodically cleaned from the roof and gutters on the building.  * The choice between &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 50 feet tall&quot; and &quot;Plant a tree that grows no more than about 25 feet wide&quot; should be made from a design perspective, since trees in either group will grow fine at this site.  Trees selected from the first 2 menu items will not grow into the side of the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE DUMP" text="Refuse with organic material such as that from homes and restaurants contains biodegradable garbage.  Select this if the planting will be done on the top or sides of this type landfill.  * Non-biodegradable landfills contain only bricks, concrete, appliances and other products which do not decompose.  Select this if the planting will be done on the top or sides of this type landfill.  * If the planting site is next to (but not on) a landfill containing biodegradable refuse, landfill gas could migrate from the refuse into the soil around the landfill.  This could have an adverse impact on plant growth.  This is usually not as great a problem as growing trees on the top and sides of the landfill.  Select this if the planting will be near but not on the landfill.  * A mine or other severe site could be an old strip mine or other disturbed soil area where subsoil has been mixed with or moved to the surface."/>

<message soid="TREES MS CONTAINERS" text="Trees in containers or other above-ground planters often grow poorly and require frequent replacement.  The planter must be properly designed.  The soil or media in the planter must provide for good drainage and proper pH, and regular fertilization and irrigation must be provided for the life of the tree. After considering the increased care required to maintain trees in containers,"/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD3-10" text="* If you select &quot;Plant a small tree&quot; from the menu, only those with a height and width less than 25 to 30 feet will be included on the list of recommended trees.  * If you select &quot;Plant a tree of any height with a narrow crown&quot;, all trees in the data base regardless of height will be included on the list as long as the crown width is less than 25 to 30 feet.  This will help ensure that tree branches will not interfere with the building."/>

<message soid="TREES HE LIGHT" text="The following helps you decide if the site has reflected light.  Sunlight reflected from a glass covered building, a building with most of the side covered in glass or a white wall increases the heat load on a tree planted near a building.  Even though the site may receive only 2 to 5 hours of direct sun, the plant must tolerate a high heat load during that time due to the reflected light.  To account for this, only drought tolerant trees which tolerate full sun will be selected for this site.  Be sure that there is a large area of soil for roots to explore since this often helps trees withstand reflected light."/>

<message soid="TREES HE NATIVE" text="Native to North America in this program refers to trees that are naturally found in the wild from central Mexico through Canada."/>

<message soid="TREES STREETSITE" text="A treelawn is defined as the soil space between the curb and the sidewalk, provided there is soil on the other side of the walk.  If there is no soil on the other side of the walk then choose &quot;A soil strip or buffer strip along the edge of the road&quot;."/>

<message soid="TREES HE COVER" text="Some landfills are capped with a clay layer, plastic or other material to help prevent rain water from entering the landfill.  To answer this question, determine the depth of the soil over this cap, if there is a cap.  Do not include the depth of the clay layer or other cap material.  Consider adding soil so there is at least 2 feet of soil over the refuse or over the cap.  Trees, shrubs and grasses grow poorly in cover soil that is less than 2 feet thick.  A greater variety of trees can be planted in deeper soil, and all trees will be healthier than in shallow cover soil."/>

<message soid="TREES HE BLD2-10" text="* Selecting &quot;Plant a tree of any size&quot; will provide you with the longest tree list and this list will include small, medium and large trees.  Large, wide-spreading trees can be planted this close to the building but branches will have to be trained to grow over the roof as the tree gets larger.  Be sure that branches that are allowed to grow over the roof are well attached to the trunk.  Leaves, fruit and other debris will have to be periodically cleaned from the gutters and roof on the building.  * The choice between &quot;Plant a small tree&quot; and &quot;Plant any tree with a canopy diameter less than 25 feet&quot; should be made from a design perspective, since trees in either group will grow fine at this site.  Of the two choices, more trees will be included on the recommended tree list if you select &quot;Plant a small tree&quot;."/>

<message soid="TREES MS SALTGROUNDQ" text="Only a very small number of trees are tolerant of excessive soil salts. If you select &quot;Choose trees tolerant of soil salt  knowing that the list will be short&quot; from the following screen more than 70 percent of the trees in the database will be eliminated from the list of recommended trees."/>

</messages>