diff --git a/.gnoversion b/.gnoversion
index ddef93042d..5aa07b31e4 100644
--- a/.gnoversion
+++ b/.gnoversion
@@ -1 +1 @@
-9786fa366f922f04e1251ec6f1df6423b4fd2bf4
+d69b5529e938f89b05b449fcd0a0bdcf7bcdc09e
diff --git a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/airdrop_grc20.gno b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/airdrop_grc20.gno
index be3ea4ca8d..ea7cace9b9 100644
--- a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/airdrop_grc20.gno
+++ b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/airdrop_grc20.gno
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ func (a *Airdrop) isOnGoing() bool {
 func (a *Airdrop) ToJSON() *json.Node {
 	return json.ObjectNode("", map[string]*json.Node{
 		"id":             json.StringNode("", ufmt.Sprintf("%d", uint64(a.id))),
-		"tokenName":      json.StringNode("", a.token.banker.GetName()),
-		"tokenSymbol":    json.StringNode("", a.token.banker.GetSymbol()),
+		"tokenName":      json.StringNode("", a.token.GetName()),
+		"tokenSymbol":    json.StringNode("", a.token.GetSymbol()),
 		"amountPerAddr":  json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatUint(a.amountPerAddr, 10)),
 		"startTimestamp": json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatInt(a.startTimestamp, 10)),
 		"endTimestamp":   json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatInt(a.endTimestamp, 10)),
diff --git a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/render.gno b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/render.gno
index 3a6dddc969..19cc0cdce3 100644
--- a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/render.gno
+++ b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/render.gno
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ func renderTokenPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 		res.Write("## Last tokens created\n")
 
 		for _, token := range lastTokensCreated {
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Name: %s - Symbol: %s\n", token.banker.GetName(), token.banker.GetSymbol()))
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Total Supply: %d %s\n", token.banker.TotalSupply(), token.banker.GetSymbol()))
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Decimals: %d\n", token.banker.GetDecimals()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Name: %s - Symbol: %s\n", token.GetName(), token.GetSymbol()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Total Supply: %d %s\n", token.TotalSupply(), token.GetSymbol()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Decimals: %d\n", token.GetDecimals()))
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Admin: %s\n\n", token.admin.Owner().String()))
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("> Link: [:token/%s](launchpad_grc20:token/%s)\n\n", token.banker.GetName(), token.banker.GetName()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("> Link: [:token/%s](launchpad_grc20:token/%s)\n\n", token.GetName(), token.GetName()))
 		}
 	}
 	renderFooter(res, "")
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ func renderTokenDetailPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 
 	res.Write("# 🪙 Token Details 🪙\n")
 
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Name: %s - Symbol: %s\n", token.banker.GetName(), token.banker.GetSymbol()))
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Total Supply: %d %s\n", token.banker.TotalSupply(), token.banker.GetSymbol()))
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Decimals: %d\n", token.banker.GetDecimals()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Name: %s - Symbol: %s\n", token.GetName(), token.GetSymbol()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Total Supply: %d %s\n", token.TotalSupply(), token.GetSymbol()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Decimals: %d\n", token.GetDecimals()))
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Admin: %s\n\n", token.admin.Owner().String()))
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Total Supply Cap (0 = unlimited): %d %s\n\n", token.totalSupplyCap, token.banker.GetSymbol()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Total Supply Cap (0 = unlimited): %d %s\n\n", token.totalSupplyCap, token.GetSymbol()))
 
 	if token.allowMint {
 		res.Write("#### Mintable: true\n\n")
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func renderTokenDetailPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 		sale := mustGetSale(uint64(id))
 		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Sale #%d\n", uint64(id)))
 		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Price per token: %d $GNOT\n", sale.pricePerToken))
-		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Limit per address: %d $%s\n", sale.limitPerAddr, token.banker.GetSymbol()))
+		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Limit per address: %d $%s\n", sale.limitPerAddr, token.GetSymbol()))
 		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Min goal: %d $GNOT\n", sale.minGoal))
 		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Max goal: %d $GNOT\n", sale.maxGoal))
 		res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Already sold: %d $GNOT\n\n", sale.alreadySold))
@@ -120,10 +120,10 @@ func renderTokenBalancePage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 	tokenName := req.GetVar("name")
 	address := req.GetVar("address")
 	token := mustGetToken(tokenName)
-	balance := token.banker.BalanceOf(std.Address(address))
+	balance := token.BalanceOf(std.Address(address))
 
 	res.Write("# 🪙 Token Balance 🪙\n")
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### 📍 Address: %s\n ### 🏦 Balance: %d %s\n", address, balance, token.banker.GetSymbol()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### 📍 Address: %s\n ### 🏦 Balance: %d %s\n", address, balance, token.GetSymbol()))
 	renderFooter(res, "../../../")
 }
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ func renderAirdropPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 			}
 			airdrop := mustGetAirdrop(uint64(i))
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Airdrop #%d\n", i))
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Token: %s\n", airdrop.token.banker.GetName()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Token: %s\n", airdrop.token.GetName()))
 			if airdrop.isOnGoing() {
 				res.Write("#### Status: Ongoing\n")
 			} else {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func renderAirdropDetailPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("# 🎁 Airdrop #%d Details 🎁\n", airdropID))
 
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Token: %s\n", airdrop.token.banker.GetName()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Token: %s\n", airdrop.token.GetName()))
 	if airdrop.isOnGoing() {
 		res.Write("### Status: Ongoing\n")
 	} else {
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func renderSalePage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 			}
 			sale := mustGetSale(uint64(i))
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Sale #%d\n", i))
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Token: %s\n", sale.token.banker.GetName()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Token: %s\n", sale.token.GetName()))
 			if sale.isOnGoing() {
 				res.Write("#### Status: Ongoing\n")
 			} else {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func renderSalePage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 				res.Write("#### Sale is public\n")
 			}
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Price per token: %d $GNOT\n", sale.pricePerToken))
-			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Limit per address: %d $%s\n", sale.limitPerAddr, sale.token.banker.GetSymbol()))
+			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Limit per address: %d $%s\n", sale.limitPerAddr, sale.token.GetSymbol()))
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Min goal: %d $GNOT\n", sale.minGoal))
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Max goal: %d $GNOT\n", sale.maxGoal))
 			res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("#### Already sold: %d $GNOT\n\n", sale.alreadySold))
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func renderSaleDetailPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("# 🛒 Sale #%d Details 🛒\n", saleID))
 
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Token: %s\n", sale.token.banker.GetName()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Token: %s\n", sale.token.GetName()))
 	if sale.isOnGoing() {
 		res.Write("### Status: Ongoing\n")
 	} else {
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func renderSaleDetailPage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 		res.Write("### Sale is public\n")
 	}
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Price per token: %d $GNOT\n", sale.pricePerToken))
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Limit per address: %d $%s\n", sale.limitPerAddr, sale.token.banker.GetSymbol()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Limit per address: %d $%s\n", sale.limitPerAddr, sale.token.GetSymbol()))
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Min goal: %d $GNOT\n", sale.minGoal))
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Max goal: %d $GNOT\n", sale.maxGoal))
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### Already sold: %d $GNOT\n\n", sale.alreadySold))
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ func renderSaleBalancePage(res *mux.ResponseWriter, req *mux.Request) {
 
 	res.Write("# 🛒 Sale Balance 🛒\n")
 	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### 🛒 Sale ID: %d\n", saleID))
-	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### 📍 Address: %s\n ### 🏦 Balance (Tokens from this sale only): %d %s\n", address, balance, sale.token.banker.GetSymbol()))
+	res.Write(ufmt.Sprintf("### 📍 Address: %s\n ### 🏦 Balance (Tokens from this sale only): %d %s\n", address, balance, sale.token.GetSymbol()))
 
 	res.Write("> ⚠️ *The tokens will be transfered or refunded after the sale ends depending if the sale reached the min goal or not* ⚠️\n")
 	renderFooter(res, "../../../")
diff --git a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/sale_grc20.gno b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/sale_grc20.gno
index e8bead8124..0ba34c154a 100644
--- a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/sale_grc20.gno
+++ b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/sale_grc20.gno
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func (s *Sale) payAllBuyers() {
 func (s *Sale) ToJSON() *json.Node {
 	return json.ObjectNode("", map[string]*json.Node{
 		"id":             json.StringNode("", ufmt.Sprintf("%d", uint64(s.id))),
-		"tokenName":      json.StringNode("", s.token.banker.GetName()),
+		"tokenName":      json.StringNode("", s.token.GetName()),
 		"pricePerToken":  json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatUint(s.pricePerToken, 10)),
 		"limitPerAddr":   json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatUint(s.limitPerAddr, 10)),
 		"minGoal":        json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatUint(s.minGoal, 10)),
diff --git a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/token_factory_grc20.gno b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/token_factory_grc20.gno
index 5f6e279cf2..3233b94b4e 100644
--- a/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/token_factory_grc20.gno
+++ b/gno/r/launchpad_grc20/token_factory_grc20.gno
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ import (
 const LENGTH_LAST_TOKENS_CACHE = 10
 
 type Token struct {
-	banker         *grc20.Banker
+	banker         *grc20.PrivateLedger
+	token          *grc20.Token
 	admin          *ownable.Ownable
 	image          string
 	totalSupplyCap uint64
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ type Token struct {
 	SalesIDs       []seqid.ID
 }
 
-var _ grc20.Token = (*Token)(nil)
+var _ grc20.Teller = (*Token)(nil)
 
 var (
 	tokens            *avl.Tree // name -> token
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ func NewToken(name, symbol, image string, decimals uint, initialSupply, totalSup
 		panic("decimals must be 18 or less")
 	}
 
-	banker := grc20.NewBanker(name, symbol, decimals)
+	token, banker := grc20.NewToken(name, symbol, decimals)
 
 	fee := initialSupply * 25 / 1000
 	netSupply := initialSupply - fee
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ func NewToken(name, symbol, image string, decimals uint, initialSupply, totalSup
 	}
 
 	inst := Token{
+		token:          token,
 		banker:         banker,
 		admin:          ownable.NewWithAddress(admin),
 		image:          image,
@@ -141,33 +143,32 @@ func TransferFrom(name string, from, to std.Address, amount uint64) {
 	checkErr(token.TransferFrom(from, to, amount))
 }
 
-func (token Token) Token() grc20.Token                 { return token.banker.Token() }
-func (token Token) GetName() string                    { return token.banker.GetName() }
-func (token Token) GetSymbol() string                  { return token.banker.GetSymbol() }
-func (token Token) GetDecimals() uint                  { return token.banker.GetDecimals() }
-func (token Token) TotalSupply() uint64                { return token.Token().TotalSupply() }
-func (token Token) BalanceOf(owner std.Address) uint64 { return token.Token().BalanceOf(owner) }
+func (token Token) GetName() string                    { return token.token.GetName() }
+func (token Token) GetSymbol() string                  { return token.token.GetSymbol() }
+func (token Token) GetDecimals() uint                  { return token.token.GetDecimals() }
+func (token Token) TotalSupply() uint64                { return token.token.TotalSupply() }
+func (token Token) BalanceOf(owner std.Address) uint64 { return token.token.BalanceOf(owner) }
 func (token Token) Transfer(to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
-	return token.Token().Transfer(to, amount)
+	return token.token.CallerTeller().Transfer(to, amount)
 }
 
 func (token Token) Allowance(owner, spender std.Address) uint64 {
-	return token.Token().Allowance(owner, spender)
+	return token.token.Allowance(owner, spender)
 }
 
 func (token Token) Approve(spender std.Address, amount uint64) error {
-	return token.Token().Approve(spender, amount)
+	return token.token.CallerTeller().Approve(spender, amount)
 }
 
 func (token Token) TransferFrom(from, to std.Address, amount uint64) error {
-	return token.Token().TransferFrom(from, to, amount)
+	return token.token.CallerTeller().TransferFrom(from, to, amount)
 }
 
 func (token Token) ToJSON() *json.Node {
 	return json.ObjectNode("", map[string]*json.Node{
-		"name":           json.StringNode("", token.banker.GetName()),
-		"symbol":         json.StringNode("", token.banker.GetSymbol()),
-		"decimals":       json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatUint(uint64(token.banker.GetDecimals()), 10)),
+		"name":           json.StringNode("", token.GetName()),
+		"symbol":         json.StringNode("", token.GetSymbol()),
+		"decimals":       json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatUint(uint64(token.GetDecimals()), 10)),
 		"admin":          json.StringNode("", token.admin.Owner().String()),
 		"image":          json.StringNode("", token.image),
 		"totalSupply":    json.StringNode("", strconv.FormatInt(int64(token.TotalSupply()), 10)),
diff --git a/gno/r/tori/gno.mod b/gno/r/tori/gno.mod
index cc72eab861..213ef54615 100644
--- a/gno/r/tori/gno.mod
+++ b/gno/r/tori/gno.mod
@@ -1,11 +1 @@
 module gno.land/r/teritori/tori
-
-require (
-	gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20 v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/p/demo/json v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/p/demo/ufmt v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/p/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/p/teritori/dao_interfaces v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/p/teritori/jsonutil v0.0.0-latest
-	gno.land/r/demo/users v0.0.0-latest
-)
diff --git a/gno/r/tori/messages.gno b/gno/r/tori/messages.gno
index a583af5517..30adafc73a 100644
--- a/gno/r/tori/messages.gno
+++ b/gno/r/tori/messages.gno
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package tori
 
 import (
+	"std"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -10,17 +11,19 @@ import (
 	"gno.land/p/teritori/jsonutil"
 )
 
+// TODO: move this file in a generic package to administrate grc20s via daos
+
 type ExecutableMessageMintTori struct {
 	dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage
 
-	Recipient users.AddressOrName
+	Recipient std.Address
 	Amount    uint64
 }
 
 var _ dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage = &ExecutableMessageMintTori{}
 
 func (msg ExecutableMessageMintTori) Type() string {
-	return "gno.land/r/teritori/tori.Mint"
+	return "gno.land/r/teritori/tori.MintTori"
 }
 
 func (msg *ExecutableMessageMintTori) String() string {
@@ -37,13 +40,13 @@ func (msg *ExecutableMessageMintTori) String() string {
 
 func (msg *ExecutableMessageMintTori) FromJSON(ast *json.Node) {
 	obj := ast.MustObject()
-	msg.Recipient = jsonutil.MustAddressOrName(obj["recipient"])
+	msg.Recipient = jsonutil.MustAddress(obj["recipient"])
 	msg.Amount = jsonutil.MustUint64(obj["amount"])
 }
 
 func (msg *ExecutableMessageMintTori) ToJSON() *json.Node {
 	return json.ObjectNode("", map[string]*json.Node{
-		"recipient": jsonutil.AddressOrNameNode(msg.Recipient),
+		"recipient": jsonutil.AddressNode(msg.Recipient),
 		"amount":    jsonutil.Uint64Node(msg.Amount),
 	})
 }
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ func NewMintToriHandler() *MintToriHandler {
 
 func (h *MintToriHandler) Execute(imsg dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage) {
 	msg := imsg.(*ExecutableMessageMintTori)
-	Mint(msg.Recipient, msg.Amount)
+	Mint(users.AddressOrName(msg.Recipient), msg.Amount)
 }
 
 func (h MintToriHandler) Type() string {
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ type ExecutableMessageBurnTori struct {
 var _ dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage = &ExecutableMessageBurnTori{}
 
 func (msg ExecutableMessageBurnTori) Type() string {
-	return "gno.land/r/teritori/tori.Burn"
+	return "gno.land/r/teritori/tori.BurnTori"
 }
 
 func (msg *ExecutableMessageBurnTori) String() string {
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@ func (h *BurnToriHandler) Instantiate() dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage {
 type ExecutableMessageChangeAdmin struct {
 	dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage
 
-	NewAdmin users.AddressOrName
+	NewAdmin std.Address
 }
 
 var _ dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage = &ExecutableMessageChangeAdmin{}
@@ -154,12 +157,12 @@ func (msg *ExecutableMessageChangeAdmin) String() string {
 
 func (msg *ExecutableMessageChangeAdmin) FromJSON(ast *json.Node) {
 	obj := ast.MustObject()
-	msg.NewAdmin = jsonutil.MustAddressOrName(obj["newAdmin"])
+	msg.NewAdmin = jsonutil.MustAddress(obj["newAdmin"])
 }
 
 func (msg *ExecutableMessageChangeAdmin) ToJSON() *json.Node {
 	return json.ObjectNode("", map[string]*json.Node{
-		"newAdmin": jsonutil.AddressOrNameNode(msg.NewAdmin),
+		"newAdmin": jsonutil.AddressNode(msg.NewAdmin),
 	})
 }
 
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ func NewChangeAdminHandler() *ChangeAdminHandler {
 
 func (h *ChangeAdminHandler) Execute(imsg dao_interfaces.ExecutableMessage) {
 	msg := imsg.(*ExecutableMessageChangeAdmin)
-	ChangeAdmin(msg.NewAdmin)
+	owner.TransferOwnership(msg.NewAdmin)
 }
 
 func (h ChangeAdminHandler) Type() string {
diff --git a/gno/r/tori/tori.gno b/gno/r/tori/tori.gno
index 1572f5e09a..bffc8b4846 100644
--- a/gno/r/tori/tori.gno
+++ b/gno/r/tori/tori.gno
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// tori is a copy of foo20 that can be administred by a dao
 package tori
 
 import (
@@ -5,99 +6,87 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"gno.land/p/demo/grc/grc20"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/ownable"
 	"gno.land/p/demo/ufmt"
-	"gno.land/p/demo/users"
-	rusers "gno.land/r/demo/users"
+	pusers "gno.land/p/demo/users"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/grc20reg"
+	"gno.land/r/demo/users"
 )
 
 var (
-	tori     *grc20.Banker
-	userTori grc20.Token
-	admin    std.Address = std.DerivePkgAddr("gno.land/r/teritori/dao_realm")
+	Token, privateLedger = grc20.NewToken("Tori", "TORI", 4)
+	UserTeller           = Token.CallerTeller()
+	owner                = ownable.NewWithAddress(std.DerivePkgAddr("gno.land/r/teritori/dao_realm"))
 )
 
 func init() {
-	tori = grc20.NewBanker("Tori", "TORI", 6)
-	userTori = tori.Token()
+	privateLedger.Mint(owner.Owner(), 1_000_000*10_000)
+	getter := func() *grc20.Token { return Token }
+	grc20reg.Register(getter, "")
 }
 
-// method proxies as public functions.
-//
-
-// getters.
-
 func TotalSupply() uint64 {
-	return tori.TotalSupply()
+	return UserTeller.TotalSupply()
 }
 
-func BalanceOf(owner users.AddressOrName) uint64 {
-	return tori.BalanceOf(rusers.Resolve(owner))
+func BalanceOf(owner pusers.AddressOrName) uint64 {
+	ownerAddr := users.Resolve(owner)
+	return UserTeller.BalanceOf(ownerAddr)
 }
 
-func Allowance(owner, spender users.AddressOrName) uint64 {
-	return tori.Allowance(rusers.Resolve(owner), rusers.Resolve(spender))
+func Allowance(owner, spender pusers.AddressOrName) uint64 {
+	ownerAddr := users.Resolve(owner)
+	spenderAddr := users.Resolve(spender)
+	return UserTeller.Allowance(ownerAddr, spenderAddr)
 }
 
-// setters.
-
-func Transfer(to users.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
-	tori.Transfer(caller, rusers.Resolve(to), amount)
+func Transfer(to pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
+	toAddr := users.Resolve(to)
+	checkErr(UserTeller.Transfer(toAddr, amount))
 }
 
-func Approve(spender users.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
-	tori.Approve(caller, rusers.Resolve(spender), amount)
+func Approve(spender pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
+	spenderAddr := users.Resolve(spender)
+	checkErr(UserTeller.Approve(spenderAddr, amount))
 }
 
-func TransferFrom(from, to users.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
-	tori.TransferFrom(caller, rusers.Resolve(from), rusers.Resolve(to), amount)
+func TransferFrom(from, to pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
+	fromAddr := users.Resolve(from)
+	toAddr := users.Resolve(to)
+	checkErr(UserTeller.TransferFrom(fromAddr, toAddr, amount))
 }
 
-// administration.
-
-func ChangeAdmin(newAdmin users.AddressOrName) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
-	assertIsAdmin(caller)
-	admin = rusers.Resolve(newAdmin)
+func Mint(to pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
+	owner.AssertCallerIsOwner()
+	toAddr := users.Resolve(to)
+	checkErr(privateLedger.Mint(toAddr, amount))
 }
 
-func Mint(address users.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
-	assertIsAdmin(caller)
-	tori.Mint(rusers.Resolve(address), amount)
+func Burn(from pusers.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
+	owner.AssertCallerIsOwner()
+	fromAddr := users.Resolve(from)
+	checkErr(privateLedger.Burn(fromAddr, amount))
 }
 
-func Burn(address users.AddressOrName, amount uint64) {
-	caller := std.PrevRealm().Addr()
-	assertIsAdmin(caller)
-	tori.Burn(rusers.Resolve(address), amount)
-}
-
-// render.
-//
-
 func Render(path string) string {
 	parts := strings.Split(path, "/")
 	c := len(parts)
 
 	switch {
 	case path == "":
-		return tori.RenderHome()
-
+		return Token.RenderHome()
 	case c == 2 && parts[0] == "balance":
-		owner := users.AddressOrName(parts[1])
-		balance := tori.BalanceOf(rusers.Resolve(owner))
+		owner := pusers.AddressOrName(parts[1])
+		ownerAddr := users.Resolve(owner)
+		balance := UserTeller.BalanceOf(ownerAddr)
 		return ufmt.Sprintf("%d\n", balance)
-
 	default:
 		return "404\n"
 	}
 }
 
-func assertIsAdmin(address std.Address) {
-	if address != admin {
-		panic("restricted access")
+func checkErr(err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
 	}
 }