diff --git "a/Page/uk/Manual/\320\241\320\270\320\263\320\275\320\260\320\273\320\270.mediawiki" "b/Page/uk/Manual/\320\241\320\270\320\263\320\275\320\260\320\273\320\270.mediawiki" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..94cb43e0c2 --- /dev/null +++ "b/Page/uk/Manual/\320\241\320\270\320\263\320\275\320\260\320\273\320\270.mediawiki" @@ -0,0 +1,248 @@ +[[Translation:en/Manual/Signals]] +{{uk/Manual/Зміст}} +{{uk/Переклад|оригінал= en/Manual/Signals +|з = en +|Відсоток =22 +}} +''Дивіться [[uk/Manual/Будівництво сигналів]] - посібник по будівництву колійних сигналів.'' + +'''[[uk/Manual/Будівництво залізничних шляхів|Залізничні]] сигнали''' дуже корисні прилади, які дозволяють контролювати рух [[uk/Manual/Поїзди|поїздів]]. Вони не дозволяють поїзду заїхати на ту ділянку залізничного шляху, на якій може знаходитись іншій поїзд, таким чином попереджуючи зіткнення. Щоб досягти цього, секція залізничного шляху, що знаходиться після сигналу. передає інформацію цьому сигналу. Існують три типи сигналів: блок-сигнали, які просто забороняють доступ, якщо на ділянці знаходиться інший поїзд; пре-сигнали, які працюють схожим чином, але також потребують щоб на ділянці був доступний вихід з неї; та шляхові сигнали, який порівнює шлях, який поїзд хоче зайняти з поточним положенням поїзду і дозволяє проїзд якщо вони не пересікаються. + +__TOC__ +{{en/-}} +== Блок-сигнали == +Блок-сигнали поділяють колії на блоки і працюють згідно з рухом поїзда цими блоками. Блок-сигнали зупиняють поїзд, якщо наступний блок зайнятий іншим поїздом. В такому випадку сигнал буде червоним, в усіх інших випадках - зеленим, що дозволить проїзд. Всі клітинки шляху між цим сигналом і наступним вважаються одним блоком, навіть якщо цей шлях розгалужується і має багату кількість різних гілок. Навіть якщо шлях, яким збирається рухатись поїзд ніяким чином не пересікаються зі шляхом поїзду який вже рухається блоком, все одно блок-сигнал не дозволить подальший рух цьому поїзду, на протилежність [[#shliakhovi-signali|шляховим сигналам]]. + +===Двосторонні сигнали=== +[[File:en/Manual/2-way signals.png|frame|Двосторонній сигнал біля станції]] +
+[[File:en/Manual/Two-way signal.png]] +
+Двосторонні сигнали тоді, коли поїзди рухаються по одним і тим самим коліям в обох напрямках. Найпоширеніший приклад - кінцеві станції, на яких потяг заїжджає і виїжджає з одного і того самого боку.На прикладі праворуч сигнали дозволяють поїзду заїхати на незайняту станцію. Але також не дають поїзду покинути станцію, якщо інший поїзд перешкоджає руху. + +Якщо поїзд буде вибирати між двома напрямками, які мають сигнали, він обере той напрям, на якому сигнал "зелений". Якщо всі сигнали "червоні" поїзд обере найлегший шлях і буде чекати на зміну сигналу. + +Двосторонні сигнали були першими і єдиними колійними сигналами представленими в оригінальній ''[[uk/Archive/OpenTTD/Transport Tycoon Deluxe]]''. +{{en/-}} +===Односторонні сигнали=== +[[File:en/Manual/One-way signal.png|right]] + +Односторонні сигнали обмежують рух поїздів в одному напрямку. На прикладі нижче ви можете побачити, що такі сигнали примушують поїзд рухатись по колу. + +[[File:en/Manual/1-way signal loop.png|frame|center|Односторонні сигнали на "петлі"]] + +Є дві основні переваги використання цих сигналів: +*[[uk/Manual/Будівництво залізничних станцій|"Ролкер" станція]] дозволяє поїздам зупинятись на ній не розгортаючись назад та не блокуючи вʼїзд на неї. Це дозволяє поїздам заїжджати та виїжджати зі станції більш ефективно. +*Подвійні колії дозволяють більше ніж двом поїздам пересуватися ними не здаючи назад і не заважати один одному. На одноколійних шляхах, якщо на них присутній поїзд, то жоден поїзд не може рухатись у зворотньому напрямку, тому що вони колись зіштовхнуться. На подвійних коліях всі поїзди рухаються в одному напрямку і ніколи не зіштовхнуться, що значить, що поїзди не повинні чекати на інших і можуть постійно рухатись по цим шляхам. + +Якщо поїзд прибув з "неправильного" боку одностороннього сигналу, його рух далі буде заборонений і він одразу розвернеться, якщо гравець не виключить цю опцію у розширених опціях. Коли використовуєте односторонні сигнали, переконайтесь, що вони ''всі'' дивляться у "правильний" бік. Хорошою ідеєю буде поспостерігати за першим поїздом, що рухається шляхом з новими сигналами, щоб не допустити помилок. + +Клікніть на існуючому двосторонньому сигналі, щоб перетворити його на односторонній. Клікніть знову, щоб поміняти напрямок сигналу (він залишиться одностороннім). Третій клік змінить його назад на двосторонній. + +Якщо в поїзда на вибір будуть колії, на кожному з яких знаходяться односторонні сигнали, він обере той, який спрямований у бік пункту призначення (він буде чекати, доки сигнал, який спрямований у бік пункту призначення стане "зеленим", на противагу "сліпого" вибору будь-якого "зеленого" сигналу, якщо хоча б один з них "червоний"). Це те, що відрізняє односторонні сигнали з двосторонніми. + +Не зважаючи на те, що односторонній блок-сигнал виглядає так, ніби стоїть всього один сигнал, спрямований у бік з якого буде наближатись потяг, але з технічного боку, той сигнал що "зник" все ще знаходиться з іншого боку колії і він постійно "червоний", щоб не дозволяти проїзд потягів з іншого боку. Така поведінка не збігається з поведінкою сигналів на реальних залізницях та збиває гравців з правильного шляху, якщо вони хочуть навчитись використанню більш вдосконаленої [[#shliakhovi-signali|шляхової сигнальної системи]], яка є більш реалістичною та ефективною. + +Односторонній сигнал був вперше представлений у ''[[uk/Archive/OpenTTD/Transport Tycoon Deluxe]]''. + +==Шляхові сигнали == +[[File:en/Manual/Yapp signalgui.png|frame|right|Два нових типа сигналів.]] + +"Шляховий сигнал" - це тип колійного сигнали, задача якого обійти обмеження блок-сигналу гри ''Transport Tycoon''. Ці сигнали дозволяють потягу зарезервувати шлях через блок до наступного сигналу, до того як він заїде на цей блок. Якщо інший потяг хоче заїхати на цей же самий блок і успішно зарезервував собі шлях по цьому блоку, шляховий сигнал дозволить рух цьому потягу по блоку навіть якщо інша колія цього блоку використовується іншим потягом. Така поведінка неможлива для традиційних сигналів% блок-сигналів окремо або в комбінації з пре-сигналами. Завдяки здібності шляхових сигналів попереджувати повне блокування руху по перехрестям, стає можливим будівництво витонченої залізничної мережі (не гірше Укрзалізниці). + +[[File:uk/Manual/Difference block path signals.png|frame|center|Найважливіша різниця між схемою з блок-сигналами та шляховими сигналами, як то показане на прикладі з двома паралельними коліями зʼєднаними переїздом: +]] + +Path signalling is an attempt to simulate a more realistic [[en/Archive/Community/Realistic Path Based Signalling|path based signalling (PBS) system]] because: +# Real signal is constantly red and only green temporarily when a train approaches in front of it and the path ahead does not collide with the path of another train. In a realistic junction setup, it is possible to allow multiple trains in the intersection of same block to pass-by safely due to [https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/railroad switch railroad switch] limiting which side of the junction the train can turn to. +# Exit-signal (either the generic block signal or exit-signal in the pre-signal setup) immediately after the intersection which is used to quickly free the intersection block for another train to enter in ''Transport Tycoon'' does not exist in real world signalling system because of the risk of the train getting stuck right on the junction, creating a deadlock. +# A single signal facing one side is not necessarily one-way in the real world (unless player is using the "one-way path signal" specifically to limit the passing direction). Train can still pass through the track with signal from behind as if there is no signal. As mentioned in the previous point, exit-signal does not exist in the real world. This is particularly important for a station with single sided entrance/exit in front of a junction, (non one-way) path signal is placed in front of the station exit, facing the station side. + +Here is an example as illustration: +{|class=wikitable +!style="background:white"|Block signals far beyond the junction +!Block signals immediately after the junction +!style="background:white"|Path signal before the junction +|- +|style="background:white"|We have here a Y block among three signals. +The right track is used by a train. A train arrives from the lower track and wants to go to the left track. A standard block signal considers that all the block is occupied (even if the left track is free). +|A solution is to split this block into smaller blocks by adding signals after the junction. With two additional block signals, the''Y'' has been split into three blocks: right arm, left arm and junction. +|style="background:white"|On the contrary, the path signal authorizes the train coming from the bottom to enter the Y block, as the path it tries to reserve is free (the left track). No need to split the block into smaller blocks (i.e. no need for signals immediately after the junction). +|- +|style="background:white"|[[File:en/Manual/Signal bloc.png]] +Y block among three ''block signals''. +|[[File:en/Manual/Multiples standard.png]] +With two additional block signals, the Y has been split into three blocks: right arm, left arm and junction. +|style="background:white"|[[File:en/Manual/Chemin.png|Chemin.png]] +Y block between a ''path signal'' and two ''block signals''. +|} + +There are two things you should know about this signal: +* Place it only where trains can stop and wait without blocking junctions ; +* This signal only works in one direction. In the other direction, it is either ignored or considered a one-way signal, depending on the signal path (see below). +{|class=wikitable style="width:600px; margin:auto" +|[[File:en/Manual/Yapp pbssignal.png]] +|'''Path Signal''' (PS): trains can pass through this signal from the back side. Not to be confused with the one-way (block) signal. +|- +|[[File:en/Manual/Yapp onewaypbssignal.png]] +|'''One-way Path Signal''' (1W PS): trains '''cannot''' pass through this signal from the back side, as if there is another signal facing the opposite side permanently red. +|} +Most of the time it will be sufficient to use a default path signal, as passing a path signal from the back is penalised by the pathfinder, unless the destination (station or waypoint) is right after the path signal facing backward. However, one-way path signals might be useful in certain specific cases. + +The two new signal types behave a bit differently than standard block signal types. The path signals are red by default, and will only show green as soon as a train can reserve a path to the next safe waiting position on its route. Safe waiting positions are - by definition - in front of signals, depots and track ends. The back of a path signal is not considered a safe waiting position, and therefore paths are reserved through these signals. + +Because the front of every signal is defined as a safe waiting position, you would normally not want to place a signal immediately behind a junction, only in front of a junction. This is because it is only safe for a train to wait in front of a junction. It is not safe for a a train to wait at a signal immediately after a junction before the whole train has cleared the junction, as it would be blocking the junction while waiting, as illustrated in the example below. This is a major advantage against traditional block signals, where you had to place signals before and after junctions, which caused trains to block junctions while waiting. +{|class=wikitable style="margin:auto" +|style="background:#fee"|[[File:en/Manual/Yapp unsafewaitinglocation.png|center]] +'''Bad''': The signal indicated by the arrow is a bad waiting location, as the train in the junction now blocks the otherwise free path of the train coming from the top. There's a second bad waiting location in this picture. Can you find it? +|style="background:#efe"|[[File:en/Manual/Yappgoodexample.png|center]] +'''Good''': Here there is enough space after the juction for a train to wait. As long as this space is unavailable, the next train will wait before the junction rather than blocking it. This allows the train coming from the top to proceed. +|} + +This is one other example of what you can do with those path signals. This works far better than using pre-signals because you can have two trains leaving the station at the same time AND share the same depot (there is no way to make it with pre-signals, because of the block share). In this case there are one-way path signals for trains leaving the station, and simple path signal for trains leaving the depot. +[[File:en/Manual/Pathsignal station exit.png|frame|center|Two exit station. Note that the signals in front of the depot are not required, as depots have built-in signals. However, path signals in front of depots like this give trains leaving the depot priority over trains wanting to enter the depot.]] + +Although the screen shot above does not show, it is unnecessary to place any signal between the pass-through station entrance and junction (effectively an "exit-signal" in the traditional block signal setup) if the signal of entrance tracks in front of the junction is path signal. + +[[File:en/Manual/Rpbs img10.png|center|frame|Pass-through station does not require exit signal in front of the station entrance, if all signals are path signal type.]] + +====Advanced Settings==== +[[File:en/Manual/Yapp patch-options.png|frame|right|YAPP Advanced Settings]] +There are three [[en/Archive/Manual/Settings/Advanced Settings]] related to path signals. + +One option is to highlight reserved tracks. This option is useful to troubleshoot your path-signaled junctions, as you can see what paths trains have reserved through a junction. + +The other two options control how the build signal tool should behave. You can set the signal type which should be built +by default when building a new signal with the signal tool and change which signal types should be cycled through on ctrl-clicking +an already existing signal. + +There are a few more path signal related options which are not available through the Advanced Settings window. What these options are, and how to edit them is covered under [[en/Archive/Manual/Settings/Advanced path signal options & features]]. + +===Basic examples of path signals=== +Below are some example track layouts which use the path signals. There are also [[en/Community/Junctionary/Advanced path signal layouts|Advanced track layouts]] that are not recommended for beginners. + +====Basic junction==== +This basic junction now has a much higher throughput because trains only have to wait for trains running on the same line. The train coming from the right (going up) would usually have to wait for other trains coming back from the left tracks. It would now only have to wait if it wishes to switch lines. Note the 6 bounding signals to the 'junction block', and 3 total path signals, one at each entryway. + +[[File:en/Manual/Yapp basicjunction.png|frame|center|Basic junction for trains (optimised for 3-tile length). Path signals are present at all entries to the junction block. Note the use of normal signals on plain track.]] + +====Basic two-way station==== +With this station layout, trains can use both platforms when coming from either direction. Because path signals do not create blocks on their reverse, the train cannot enter until there is a clear path until the signal on the ''opposite'' side of the platform (which must include the platform space), allowing it to safely stop. Note that this setup could alternatively be replicated with a set of block-exit presignals in-front of the station. + +[[File:en/Manual/Yapp basicstation.png|frame|center|Basic station.]] + +{{en/Feature|0.7}} + +==Pre-signals== +Pre-signals are a group of specialised block signals. They are so named because block entry pre-signal input comes from not just the track in the block, but any other pre-signals placed on the other side of the block (that is to say exits from that block). They are used to limit the entry of trains into blocks that cannot be obstructed or occupied. In most cases you can use path signals to solve situations where trains can choose between multiple alternatives, for instance at stations or single-track lines that are used by trains in both directions. + +
+[[File:en/Manual/Station no pre-signals.png|frame|right|A problem with block signal only setup - the left train may leave first, the train waiting behind may get stuck in the track right behind the right train.]] +[[File:en/Manual/Station with pre-signals.png|frame|right|Solve the problem using presignals]] +
+The image on the top right shows a setup where entry to a station is controlled using ordinary signals. When at least one platform is empty, this works well, as an incoming train is always directed to a free platform. However, consider what happens when all platforms are full, as in the screenshot. All branches are showing red, so the incoming train picks the shortest path - straight on. But suppose the train on the platform to the right is going to be in the station for some time. Meanwhile, the train on the left leaves. The incoming train has committed itself to a platform and is stuck between the signals, waiting for a train to depart even though there is now an empty platform available. We need to stop that incoming train before the track splits so that it picks the empty platform when a train leaves. For this you can use path signals, but you can also solve this situation with pre-signals. In fact, this was the way to build stations before path signals were invented. + +Pre-signals function as block signals, but additionally decide on which colour to show by the status of other pre-signals in the same direction down the track. Specifically, an entry pre-signal allows trains to enter if, and only if, there is at least one green exit out of the adjacent/following block. You, as the planner, need to identify which signals are to be the block entry pre-signals and which are to identify exits. + +====Block Entry Pre-signal==== +
+[[File:en/Manual/Entry presignal.png|60px]] +
+An entry pre-signal checks the signal aspect of all exit pre-signals of the signal block following the entry pre-signal. If there is at least one green exit pre-signal, the entry pre-signal wil also show green. If all exit pre-signals of the next block are red, then the entry pre-signal is also red. + +This prevents trains from entering the block and obstructing it until there is an available exit. Note that depots have a built-in two way signal (it works as an entry pre-signal in a pre-signal set). + +If there are no signals designated as exits on the block directly behind the entry pre-signal, it behaves as a normal block signal. This is convenient for bi-directional pre-signals where only one direction needs pre-signal functionality. + +====Block Exit pre-signal==== +
+[[File:en/Manual/Exit presignal.png|60px]] +
+The exit pre-signals are what an entry pre-signal looks for to decide what aspect to show. They otherwise behave in the same way as a normal block signal. + +To summarize: in the direction of travel you first have an entry pre-signal, then a junction where the track splits in at least two directions. After the junction there is an exit pre-signal on each branch. If the first block of each branch after the junction is occupied, then no trains will be allowed onto the junction. If at least one branch is available, then the junction will be available as well. Note that trains still can choose the occupied branch, if that is the only route to its destination. If both branches lead to the destination, then the train will choose the branch that is not occupied. + +{{en/-}} + +====Combo-signal==== +[[File:en/Manual/Station with pre-signals2.png|frame|Station with 1 entry pre-signal, 2 combo-signals, and 4 exit-signals]] +
+[[File:en/Manual/Combo presignal.png|60px]] +
+There is a third type of pre-signal called the combo signal and simply acts as both an entry and exit signal. They effectively combine many exit signals into one signal, effectively copying their effect down the chain. Any one green exit signal will make any combo signals up the line become green, which will successively relay up to the original block entry signal. This allows you to build large "trees" of pre-signals spanning several blocks, as shown on the right. + +In a tree of pre-signals, combo-signals are placed in between the entry pre-signals and exit-signals for that reason above, the other 2 types of signals are placed at the very beginning and end of the setup respectively. +{{en/-}} +====Building pre-signals==== +To build a pre-signal select the appropriate button in [[#signal-interface|signal selection toolbar]]. + +In previous versions, first place an ordinary signal. Then, with ''Ctrl'' held down, click the signal to cycle through the different kinds of presignal: +*Note that you can build one way pre-signals in the same way as you build ordinary one way signals. Remember: holding ''Ctrl'' and clicking toggles the type of (pre)signal, clicking without ''Ctrl'' changes the direction of signaling - if interface signals not enabled. +*Remember not to hold down ''Ctrl'' when placing the signal initially or you will end up with a semaphore (see below). Also use ''Ctrl'' if you have enabled the signal interface. + +====Limitation==== +[[File:en/Manual/PresignalLimitation.png|frame|The problem with pre-signals...]] +An important point to note with exit signals is that a green exit signal will trigger a green on the entry pre-signal at the beginning of the block even if it is not actually possible for a train to get to that exit signal because of the track layout (as in the image to the right with a train entering on the bottom track cannot technically exit from the top track). This can ruin more complicated pre-signaling setups, so care needs to be taken with planning. + +One of the bugs that are noted as "will not be solved" is: lost trains ignore (block) exit signals. If trains are lost, a random direction is chosen at each junction, so they ignore block exit signals, and may easily block junctions with pre-signals. Such case, however, can be easily resolved by replacing with [[#path-signals|path signals]]. +{{en/-}} + +==Directing trains== +Signals are intended to prevent trains from crashing into each other, and to help them choose between several track sections to the same destination. If you want to direct a train to a particular destination via a certain route, you should use [[en/Manual/Waypoints]]. + +==Signals in the game versus Signals in real life== +Just as in game, trains in real life uses a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_block_system block system] where each length between signals is indicated as a block, but is most often limited to one track. The difference between the signaling systems, is that real trains uses signals that is connected to a large computer network (signalling control) rather than being dependent on block-by-block occupation. + +There is a somewhat heated discussion between players saying that the signal system is realistic to its real life counterpart, but the differences are very clear. Real life signalling control takes all the blocks after a signal into account as to prevent a train from driving into a dead end or over to the wrong track, based on the information on all preceding trains. Some of the differences between the trains in the game and real life is that the deceleration is completely different, requiring a 52 coach train more than 2 kilometers in distance to come to a complete halt depending on the speed, weight and inclination of the ground. + +Real life signals uses a combination of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_of_railway_signals#Main_signal main signals], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_of_railway_signals#Distant_signal distant signals] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_of_railway_signals#Shunting_signal dwarf signals] to handle traffic load and many countries' signal systems have different signals to indicate more than just a simple "Stop" or "Go". + +'''Here's an example:''' + +[[File:en/Manual/Difference between real and in game signals.png|400px|thumb|right|In game example with signals replaced with UK railway signals. Real life signals would not allow a train to have two green blocks ahead, only the specific path a train will take is lit green.]] + +On the picture on the right is an in game example using real signals instead of the in game ones. The fastest train is catching up to the second train and the second train is catching up to the first. The UK railway signal system would indicate to the driver that the two blocks ahead of the train is red, by giving a double yellow. The single yellow tells the train that the next signal in the next block will indicate "Stop". By using this kind of three step system before a complete stop, the driver can slow down the train but doesn't have to bring the train to a complete stop. + +In OpenTTD, the fastest train would catch up to the slowest, forcing it to come to a complete halt for the next block that the slow train is occupying. This then forces the fast train to start from a standstill and eventually catch up with the slow train again and repeat the process. In reality, this would be a big waste of energy and the breaks of a train as it takes an enormous amount of energy to start and generates a lot of heat to stop. + +The game is also not programmed to make the slower train shunt on to a side track and allow the trains to pass unless you use time tables and waypoints to manually create this event. + +When inside a train yard (the area with many tracks found outside stations and loading areas), trains uses dwarf signals instead of block signals. The dwarf signal resembles the in game path signal as it requires the driver to request permission to pass it if the junction ahead is not completely clear. Dwarf signals may also allow a train to pass over an occupied junction on its free track even if a train is blocking the parallel track. + +There is also no real life equivalent of the entry signals, combo signals or exit signals. The signalling control system will indicate green when a train is allowed to go into the next block based on trains' schedules. After exiting a track of block signals entering for example: a station, dwarf signals are used to give instructions on which track to shunt to. + +The biggest comparison between the game and real train signals is that the game is a "control free" system based on workload and occupation, whereas the real life signal system is automated to be able to create much more complex tasks and handling of trains as to allow a fluid movement. The in game system also does not require any interaction from the train driver since the signals handles all the commands whereas in real life, train drivers have much more to say to the control system and can request complex routes. + + +'''Read more about real life train signals on Wikipedia:''' + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signal Railway signal] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_control Signalling control] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_block_system Signalling block system] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_railway_signalling Dutch railway signaling, designed to be one of the simplest in Europe] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_railway_signalling UK railway signalling] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_railroad_signals North American railroad signals] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_signalling German railway signalling] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_railway_signalling Swedish railway signalling] + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_railway_signals Japanese railway signals] + +==See Also== +* [[en/Community/Junctionary/Advanced signalling examples|Examples of advanced presignal setups]] +* [[en/Manual/Building depots]] +* [[:Category:en/Manual/Train Junctions]] for examples of complex junctions that take advantage of pre-signals. +* [http://www.darkcoding.net/misc/openttd-trains-and-signals-for-beginners-a-tutorial/ Signals for the complete beginner] +* [http://kokolokus.de/?s=blog&v=6 A tutorial written by domsson, on the forums] [http://www.tt-forums.net/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=51395 here] + +[[Category:uk/Manual/Залізниця]] +[[Category:uk/Manual/Будівництво]] \ No newline at end of file