This tutorial describes how to set up ExternalDNS for managing records in Azure Private DNS.
It comprises of the following steps:
- Provision Azure Private DNS
- Configure service principal for managing the zone
- Deploy ExternalDNS
- Expose an NGINX service with a LoadBalancer and annotate it with the desired DNS name
- Install NGINX Ingress Controller (Optional)
- Expose an nginx service with an ingress (Optional)
- Verify the DNS records
Everything will be deployed on Kubernetes. Therefore, please see the subsequent prerequisites.
- Azure Kubernetes Service is deployed and ready
- Azure CLI 2.0 and
kubectlinstalled on the box to execute the subsequent steps
The provider will find suitable zones for domains it manages. It will not automatically create zones.
For this tutorial, we will create a Azure resource group named 'externaldns' that can easily be deleted later.
$ az group create -n externaldns -l westeurope
Substitute a more suitable location for the resource group if desired.
As a prerequisite for Azure Private DNS to resolve records is to define links with VNETs. Thus, first create a VNET.
$ az network vnet create \
--name myvnet \
--resource-group externaldns \
--location westeurope \
--address-prefix 10.2.0.0/16 \
--subnet-name mysubnet \
--subnet-prefixes 10.2.0.0/24
Next, create a Azure Private DNS zone for "example.com":
$ az network private-dns zone create -g externaldns -n example.com
Substitute a domain you own for "example.com" if desired.
Finally, create the mentioned link with the VNET.
$ az network private-dns link vnet create -g externaldns -n mylink \
-z example.com -v myvnet --registration-enabled false
ExternalDNS needs permissions to make changes in Azure Private DNS. These permissions are roles assigned to the service principal used by ExternalDNS.
A service principal with a minimum access level of Private DNS Zone Contributor to the Private DNS zone(s) and Reader to the resource group containing the Azure Private DNS zone(s) is necessary.
More powerful role-assignments like Owner or assignments on subscription-level work too.
Start off by creating the service principal without role-assignments.
$ az ad sp create-for-rbac --skip-assignment -n http://externaldns-sp
{
"appId": "appId GUID", <-- aadClientId value
...
"password": "password", <-- aadClientSecret value
"tenant": "AzureAD Tenant Id" <-- tenantId value
}
Note: Alternatively, you can issue
az account show --query "tenantId"to retrieve the id of your AAD Tenant too.
Next, assign the roles to the service principal. But first retrieve the ID's of the objects to assign roles on.
# find out the resource ids of the resource group where the dns zone is deployed, and the dns zone itself
$ az group show --name externaldns --query id -o tsv
/subscriptions/id/resourceGroups/externaldns
$ az network private-dns zone show --name example.com -g externaldns --query id -o tsv
/subscriptions/.../resourceGroups/externaldns/providers/Microsoft.Network/privateDnsZones/example.com
Now, create role assignments.
# 1. as a reader to the resource group
$ az role assignment create --role "Reader" --assignee <appId GUID> --scope <resource group resource id>
# 2. as a contributor to DNS Zone itself
$ az role assignment create --role "Private DNS Zone Contributor" --assignee <appId GUID> --scope <dns zone resource id>
Configure kubectl to be able to communicate and authenticate with your cluster.
This is per default done through the file ~/.kube/config.
For general background information on this see kubernetes-docs. Azure-CLI features functionality for automatically maintaining this file for AKS-Clusters. See Azure-Docs.
Follow the steps for azure-dns provider to create a configuration file.
Then apply one of the following manifests depending on whether you use RBAC or not.
The credentials of the service principal are provided to ExternalDNS as environment-variables.
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: externaldns
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: externaldns
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: externaldns
spec:
containers:
- name: externaldns
image: registry.k8s.io/external-dns/external-dns:v0.13.4
args:
- --source=service
- --source=ingress
- --domain-filter=example.com
- --provider=azure-private-dns
- --azure-resource-group=externaldns
- --azure-subscription-id=<use the id of your subscription>
volumeMounts:
- name: azure-config-file
mountPath: /etc/kubernetes
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: azure-config-file
secret:
secretName: azure-config-fileapiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: externaldns
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: externaldns
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["services","endpoints","pods"]
verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
- apiGroups: ["extensions","networking.k8s.io"]
resources: ["ingresses"]
verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["nodes"]
verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: externaldns-viewer
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: externaldns
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: externaldns
namespace: default
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: externaldns
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: externaldns
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: externaldns
spec:
serviceAccountName: externaldns
containers:
- name: externaldns
image: registry.k8s.io/external-dns/external-dns:v0.13.4
args:
- --source=service
- --source=ingress
- --domain-filter=example.com
- --provider=azure-private-dns
- --azure-resource-group=externaldns
- --azure-subscription-id=<use the id of your subscription>
volumeMounts:
- name: azure-config-file
mountPath: /etc/kubernetes
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: azure-config-file
secret:
secretName: azure-config-fileThis configuration is the same as above, except it only requires privileges for the current namespace, not for the whole cluster.
However, access to nodes requires cluster access, so when using this manifest,
services with type NodePort will be skipped!
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: externaldns
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
name: externaldns
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["services","endpoints","pods"]
verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
- apiGroups: ["extensions","networking.k8s.io"]
resources: ["ingresses"]
verbs: ["get","watch","list"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: externaldns
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: Role
name: externaldns
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: externaldns
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: externaldns
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: externaldns
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: externaldns
spec:
serviceAccountName: externaldns
containers:
- name: externaldns
image: registry.k8s.io/external-dns/external-dns:v0.13.4
args:
- --source=service
- --source=ingress
- --domain-filter=example.com
- --provider=azure-private-dns
- --azure-resource-group=externaldns
- --azure-subscription-id=<use the id of your subscription>
volumeMounts:
- name: azure-config-file
mountPath: /etc/kubernetes
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: azure-config-file
secret:
secretName: azure-config-fileCreate the deployment for ExternalDNS:
$ kubectl create -f externaldns.yaml
This step creates a demo workload in your cluster. Apply the following manifest to create a deployment that we are going to expose later in this tutorial in multiple ways:
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80Apply the following manifest to create a service of type LoadBalancer. This will create a public load balancer in Azure that will forward traffic to the nginx pods.
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
annotations:
service.beta.kubernetes.io/azure-load-balancer-internal: "true"
external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: server.example.com
external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/internal-hostname: server-clusterip.example.com
metadata:
name: nginx-svc
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: nginx
type: LoadBalancerIn the service we used multiple annptations. The annotation service.beta.kubernetes.io/azure-load-balancer-internal is used to create an internal load balancer. The annotation external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname is used to create a DNS record for the load balancer that will point to the internal IP address in the VNET allocated by the internal load balancer. The annotation external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/internal-hostname is used to create a private DNS record for the load balancer that will point to the cluster IP.
Helm is used to deploy the ingress controller.
We employ the popular chart ingress-nginx.
$ helm repo add ingress-nginx https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx
$ helm repo update
$ helm install [RELEASE_NAME] ingress-nginx/ingress-nginx
--set controller.publishService.enabled=true
The parameter controller.publishService.enabled needs to be set to true.
It will make the ingress controller update the endpoint records of ingress-resources to contain the external-ip of the loadbalancer serving the ingress-controller. This is crucial as ExternalDNS reads those endpoints records when creating DNS-Records from ingress-resources. In the subsequent parameter we will make use of this. If you don't want to work with ingress-resources in your later use, you can leave the parameter out.
Verify the correct propagation of the loadbalancer's ip by listing the ingresses.
$ kubectl get ingress
The address column should contain the ip for each ingress. ExternalDNS will pick up exactly this piece of information.
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
nginx1 sample1.aks.com 52.167.195.110 80 6d22h
nginx2 sample2.aks.com 52.167.195.110 80 6d21h
If you do not want to deploy the ingress controller with Helm, ensure to pass the following cmdline-flags to it through the mechanism of your choice:
flags:
--publish-service=<namespace of ingress-controller >/<svcname of ingress-controller>
--update-status=true (default-value)
example:
./nginx-ingress-controller --publish-service=default/nginx-ingress-controller
Apply the following manifest to create an ingress resource that will expose the nginx deployment. The ingress resource backend points to a ClusterIP service that is needed to select the pods that will receive the traffic.
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-svc-clusterip
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: nginx
type: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: nginx
annotations:
kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
spec:
rules:
- host: server.example.com
http:
paths:
- backend:
service:
name: nginx-svc-clusterip
port:
number: 80
pathType: PrefixWhen using ExternalDNS with ingress objects it will automatically create DNS records based on host names specified in ingress objects that match the domain-filter argument in the externaldns deployment manifest. When those host names are removed or renamed the corresponding DNS records are also altered.
Create the deployment, service and ingress object:
$ kubectl create -f nginx.yaml
Since your external IP would have already been assigned to the nginx-ingress service, the DNS records pointing to the IP of the nginx-ingress service should be created within a minute.
Run the following command to view the A records for your Azure Private DNS zone:
$ az network private-dns record-set a list -g externaldns -z example.com
Substitute the zone for the one created above if a different domain was used.
This should show the external IP address of the service as the A record for your domain ('@' indicates the record is for the zone itself).