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Introduction
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First Exploration with GNU/Linux
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Installing Tools
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在开始愉快的PA之旅之前
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表达式求值
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监视点
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如何阅读手册
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PA2 - 简单复杂的机器: 冯诺依曼计算机系统
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不停计算的机器
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程序, 运行时环境与AM
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输入输出
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PA3 - 穿越时空的旅程: 批处理系统
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最简单的操作系统
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穿越时空的旅程
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用户程序和系统调用
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文件系统
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精彩纷呈的应用程序
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PA4 - 虚实交错的魔法: 分时多任务
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多道程序
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虚实交错的魔法
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超越容量的界限
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来自外部的声音
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编写不朽的传奇
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杂项
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常见问题(FAQ)
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git入门教程
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更新日志
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<h1>
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<h1 id="南京大学-计算机科学与技术系-计算机系统基础-课程实验-2024">南京大学 计算机科学与技术系 计算机系统基础 课程实验 2024</h1>
<h2 id="实验前阅读">实验前阅读</h2>
<div class="panel panel-info"><div class="panel-heading"><h5 class="panel-title" id="最新消息请每天至少关注一次"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> 最新消息(请每天至少关注一次)</h5></div><div class="panel-body"><ul>
<li><a href="http://integrity.mit.edu/" target="_blank">学术诚信(什么事情能做, 什么不能)</a></li>
<li><a href="FAQ.html">常见问题(对PA的各种困惑)</a></li>
<li>如何正确求助: <a href="https://github.com/ryanhanwu/How-To-Ask-Questions-The-Smart-Way/blob/master/README-zh_CN.md" target="_blank">提问的智慧</a>和<a href="https://github.com/tangx/Stop-Ask-Questions-The-Stupid-Ways/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank">别像弱智一样提问</a></li>
<li>外部资源<ul>
<li>PA习题课 (2023 秋季学期, <a href="https://cocowhy1013.github.io/" target="_blank">王慧妍</a>老师): <a href="http://why.ink:8080/ICS/2023/" target="_blank">课程资料</a></li>
<li>中国大学MOOC的ICS理论课 (袁春风老师): <a href="https://www.icourse163.org/course/NJU-1001625001" target="_blank">上</a>, <a href="https://www.icourse163.org/course/NJU-1001964032" target="_blank">中</a>, <a href="https://www.icourse163.org/course/NJU-1002532004" target="_blank">下</a></li>
<li><a href="https://nju-sicp.bitbucket.io/" target="_blank">南大SICP编程课</a><ul>
<li><font color="red">如果你觉得自己的编程基础不过关, 墙裂推荐自学这门课</font></li>
<li>虽然它教的是python, 但语言的语法是次要的, 对编程思维的锻炼才是最重要的</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://jyywiki.cn/OS/2023/" target="_blank">OS课</a> (2023 春季学期, <a href="http://ics.nju.edu.cn/~jyy" target="_blank">蒋炎岩</a>老师)</li>
<li>PA往期习题课<ul>
<li>2022 秋季学期, <a href="https://cocowhy1013.github.io/" target="_blank">王慧妍</a>老师: <a href="http://why.ink:8080/ICS/2022/" target="_blank">课程资料</a></li>
<li>2021 秋季学期, <a href="https://cocowhy1013.github.io/" target="_blank">王慧妍</a>老师: <a href="http://jyywiki.cn/ICS/2021/" target="_blank">课程资料</a></li>
<li>2020 秋季学期, <a href="http://ics.nju.edu.cn/~jyy" target="_blank">蒋炎岩</a>老师: <a href="http://jyywiki.cn/ICS/2020/" target="_blank">课程资料</a>, <a href="https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qa4y1j7xk/" target="_blank">B站录播</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul><hr><ul>
<li>2024/01/25<ul>
<li><del>本讲义目前处于测试阶段, 在2024年秋季学期开始前, 将被视为往届讲义材料.
如果你是修读2024年秋季ICS课程的学生, 请勿使用本讲义代替2024年秋季ICS课程的PA实验讲义,
提交本实验内容将被视为没有提交.</del></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></div></div>
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<div class="panel panel-info"><div class="panel-heading"><h5 class="panel-title" id="建议阅读在线版本的讲义"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> 建议阅读在线版本的讲义</h5></div><div class="panel-body"><p>如果你阅读的是PDF版本的实验讲义, 某些内容可能会因为排版问题而影响阅读体验.
我们建议你阅读实验讲义的<a href="https://nju-projectn.github.io/ics-pa-gitbook/" target="_blank">在线版本</a>, 同时也能及时获取讲义的最新内容.</p></div></div>
<div class="panel panel-info"><div class="panel-heading"><h5 class="panel-title" id="离线阅读实验讲义"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> 离线阅读实验讲义</h5></div><div class="panel-body"><p>实验讲义页面通过github page发布, 但其网络可能不稳定.
你可以把<a href="https://github.com/NJU-ProjectN/ics-pa-gitbook" target="_blank">这个仓库</a>克隆到本地, 然后通过浏览器来离线阅读讲义.</p><p>但随着讲义内容的更新, 你将无法自动地阅读到最新版本的内容.
你需要在仓库路径中手动执行<code>bash update.sh</code>来将最新版本的内容同步到本地.
再次强调, <font color="red">如果你选择了离线阅读方式, 将由你来负责获取最新的讲义内容. </font></p></div></div>
<div class="panel panel-success"><div class="panel-heading"><h5 class="panel-title" id="如何求助"><i class="fa fa-lightbulb-o"></i> 如何求助</h5></div><div class="panel-body"><ul>
<li>实验前请先仔细阅读<a href=".">本页面</a>以及<a href="why.html">为什么要学习计算机系统基础</a>.</li>
<li>如果你在实验过程中遇到了困难, 并打算向我们寻求帮助,
请先阅读<a href="https://github.com/ryanhanwu/How-To-Ask-Questions-The-Smart-Way/blob/master/README-zh_CN.md" target="_blank">提问的智慧</a>和<a href="https://github.com/tangx/Stop-Ask-Questions-The-Stupid-Ways/blob/master/README.md" target="_blank">别像弱智一样提问</a>这两篇文章.</li>
<li>如果你发现了实验讲义和材料的错误或者对实验内容有疑问或建议,
请通过邮件的方式联系余子濠(zihaoyu.x#gmail.com)</li>
</ul></div></div>
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<div class="panel panel-success"><div class="panel-heading"><h5 class="panel-title" id="小百合系版有像我一样不会写代码的cser么回复节选"><i class="fa fa-lightbulb-o"></i> 小百合系版"有像我一样不会写代码的cser么?"回复节选</h5></div><div class="panel-body"><ul>
<li>我们都是活生生的人, 从小就被不由自主地教导用最小的付出获得最大的得到, 经常会忘记我们究竟要的是什么.
我承认我完美主义, 但我想每个人心中都有那一份求知的渴望和对真理的向往,
"大学"的灵魂也就在于超越世俗, 超越时代的纯真和理想
-- 我们不是要讨好企业的毕业生, 而是要寻找改变世界的力量. -- jyy</li>
<li>教育除了知识的记忆之外, 更本质的是能力的训练, 即所谓的training.
而但凡training就必须克服一定的难度, 否则你就是在做重复劳动, 能力也不会有改变.
如果遇到难度就选择退缩, 或者让别人来替你克服本该由你自己克服的难度,
等于是自动放弃了获得training的机会, 而这其实是大学专业教育最宝贵的部分. -- etone</li>
<li>这种"只要不影响我现在survive, 就不要紧"的想法其实非常的利己和短视:
你在专业上的技不如人, 迟早有一天会找上来, 会影响到你个人职业生涯的长远的发展;
更严重的是, 这些以得过且过的态度来对待自己专业的学生,
他们的survive其实是以透支南大教育的信誉为代价的 -- 如果我们一定比例的毕业生都是这种情况,
那么过不了多久, 不但那些混到毕业的学生也没那么容易survive了,
而且那些真正自己刻苦努力的学生, 他们的前途也会受到影响. -- etone</li>
</ul></div></div>
<h2 id="实验方案">实验方案</h2>
<p>理解"程序如何在计算机上运行"的根本途径是从"零"开始实现一个完整的计算机系统.
南京大学计算机科学与技术系<code>计算机系统基础</code>课程的小型项目
(Programming Assignment, PA)将提出x86/mips32/riscv32(64)架构相应的教学版子集,
指导学生实现一个经过简化但功能完备的x86/mips32/riscv32(64)模拟器NEMU(NJU EMUlator),
最终在NEMU上运行游戏"仙剑奇侠传", 来让学生探究"程序在计算机上运行"的基本原理.
NEMU受到了<a href="http://www.qemu.org" target="_blank">QEMU</a>的启发, 并去除了大量与课程内容差异较大的部分.
PA包括一个准备实验(配置实验环境)以及5部分连贯的实验内容:</p>
<ul>
<li>图灵机与简易调试器</li>
<li>冯诺依曼计算机系统</li>
<li>批处理系统</li>
<li>分时多任务</li>
<li>程序性能优化</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="实验环境">实验环境</h2>
<ul>
<li>CPU架构: x64</li>
<li>操作系统: GNU/Linux</li>
<li>编译器: GCC</li>
<li>编程语言: C语言</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="如何获得帮助">如何获得帮助</h2>
<p>在学习和实验的过程中, 你会遇到大量的问题.
除了参考课本内容之外, 你需要掌握如何获取其它参考资料.</p>
<p>但在此之前, 你需要适应查阅英文资料.
和以往程序设计课上遇到的问题不同, 你会发现你不太容易搜索到相关的中文资料.
回顾计算机科学层次抽象图, 计算机系统基础处于程序设计的下层.
这意味着, 懂系统基础的人不如懂程序设计的人多, 相应地, 系统基础的中文资料也会比程序设计的中文资料少.</p>
<p>如何适应查阅英文资料? 方法是<font color="red">尝试并坚持查阅英文资料</font>.</p>
<h3 id="搜索引擎-百科和问答网站">搜索引擎, 百科和问答网站</h3>
<p>为了查找英文资料, 你应该使用下表中推荐的网站:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>搜索引擎</th>
<th>百科</th>
<th>问答网站</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>推荐使用</td>
<td><a href="https://dir.scmor.com" target="_blank">这里</a>有google搜索镜像</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org</a></td>
<td><a href="http://stackoverflow.com" target="_blank">http://stackoverflow.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>不推荐使用</td>
<td><del><a href="http://www.baidu.com" target="_blank">http://www.baidu.com</a></del></td>
<td><del><a href="http://baike.baidu.com" target="_blank">http://baike.baidu.com</a></del></td>
<td><del><a href="http://zhidao.baidu.com" target="_blank">http://zhidao.baidu.com</a></del> <br> <del><a href="http://bbs.csdn.net" target="_blank">http://bbs.csdn.net</a></del></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>一些说明:</p>
<ul>
<li>一般来说, 百度对英文关键词的处理能力比不上Google.</li>
<li>通常来说, 英文维基百科比中文维基百科和百度百科包含更丰富的内容.
为了说明为什么要使用英文维基百科, 请你对比词条<code>前束范式</code>分别在<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/143343.htm" target="_blank">百度百科</a>,
<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%9D%9F%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" target="_blank">中文维基百科</a>和<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenex_normal_form" target="_blank">英文维基百科</a>中的内容.</li>
<li>stackoverflow是一个程序设计领域的问答网站,
里面除了技术性的问题(<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9229601/what-is-in-c-code/9229793" target="_blank">What is ":-!!" in C code?</a>)之外,
也有一些学术性(<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/172303/is-there-a-regular-expression-to-detect-a-valid-regular-expression" target="_blank">Is there a regular expression to detect a valid regular expression?</a>)
和一些有趣的问题(<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1642028/what-is-the-operator-in-c" target="_blank">What is the “-->” operator in C++?</a>).</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="官方手册">官方手册</h3>
<p>官方手册包含了查找对象的<font color="red">所有</font>信息,
关于查找对象的<font color="red">一切</font>问题都可以在官方手册中找到答案.
通常官方手册的内容十分详细, 在短时间内通读一遍基本上不太可能, 因此你需要懂得"如何使用目录来定位你所关心的问题".
如果你希望寻找一些用于快速入门的例子, 你应该使用搜索引擎.</p>
<p>这里列出一些本课程中可能会用到的手册:</p>
<ul>
<li>x86<ul>
<li>Intel 80386 Programmer's Reference Manual (<a href="http://css.csail.mit.edu/6.858/2013/readings/i386.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>)(<a href="https://nju-projectn.github.io/i386-manual/toc.htm" target="_blank">HTML</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/devel/assembly/abi386-4.pdf" target="_blank">System V ABI for i386</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>mips32<ul>
<li>MIPS32 Architecture For Programmers (<a href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3410/2008fa/MIPS_Vol1.pdf" target="_blank">Volume I</a>, <a href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3410/2008fa/MIPS_Vol2.pdf" target="_blank">Volume II</a>, <a href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs3410/2008fa/MIPS_Vol3.pdf" target="_blank">Volume III</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://math-atlas.sourceforge.net/devel/assembly/mipsabi32.pdf" target="_blank">System V ABI for mips32</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>riscv32(64)<ul>
<li>The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual (<a href="https://github.com/riscv/riscv-isa-manual/releases/download/riscv-isa-release-382fd8b-2024-04-11/unpriv-isa-asciidoc.pdf" target="_blank">Volume I</a>, <a href="https://github.com/riscv/riscv-isa-manual/releases/download/riscv-isa-release-382fd8b-2024-04-11/priv-isa-asciidoc.pdf" target="_blank">Volume II</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/riscv-non-isa/riscv-elf-psabi-doc" target="_blank">ABI for riscv</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>ISA无关的手册<ul>
<li><a href="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/gabi41.pdf" target="_blank">System V generic ABI</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf" target="_blank">C99 Standard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-10.3.0/gcc.pdf" target="_blank">GCC 10.3.0 Manual</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb" target="_blank">GDB User Manual</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/make.pdf" target="_blank">GNU Make Manual</a></li>
<li>On-line Manual Pager (即man, <a href="man.html">这里</a>有一个入门教程)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="gnulinux入门教程">GNU/Linux入门教程</h3>
<p>jyy为我们准备了一些GNU/Linux入门教程, 如果你是第一次使用GNU/Linux, 请阅读以下材料</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="linux.html">流传自远古时代的OS实验课程网站中的Linux入门教程</a></li>
<li><a href="https://missing.csail.mit.edu/" target="_blank">The Missing Semester of Your CS Education(墙裂推荐)</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="许可协议">许可协议</h2>
<p>本作品采用<code>知识共享 署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 3.0 中国大陆</code>许可协议进行许可.
要查看该许可协议, 可访问<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/cn/" target="_blank">这里</a>,
或者写信到 Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.</p>
<footer class="page-footer-ex"> <span class="page-footer-ex-copyright"> By <a href="https://sashimi-yzh.github.io/" target="_blank">Zihao Yu</a>, 采用<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/cn/" target="_blank">知识共享 署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 3.0 中国大陆 许可协议</a>发布 </span>            <span class="page-footer-ex-footer-update"> 此页面修订于: 2024-11-01 14:42:57 </span> </footer>
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