xarray_01_data_access_CMIP5.ipynb

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    "# Xarray Access CMIP5 Data \n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "In this notebook we demonstrate how to access CMIP5 data locally and remotely using Xarray.\n",
    "\n",
    "* What is Xarray\n",
    "* Remote vs. direct filesystem access\n",
    "* Build a multi-file dataset from an OpenDAP server\n",
    "* File Variables and Attributes\n",
    "\n",
    "This example uses Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) collections. For more information, please visit the [data catalogue](https://geonetwork.nci.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/f3525_9322_8600_7716) and note the terms of use.\n",
    "   \n",
    "---------"
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   "source": [
    "- Authors: NCI Virtual Research Environment Team\n",
    "- Keywords: CMIP, Xarray, OpenDAP, NetCDF\n",
    "- Create Date: 2020-Apr\n",
    "---"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "### Xarray\n",
    "\n",
    "Xarray builds upon and extends the strengths of pandas and numpy. Numpy provides the structure and core for working with multi-dimensional arrays while pandas integrates its indexing and dataframe type capabilities. Xarray is actively developed by the climate science community and a useful tool for analysis. For more information on the developments being undertaken (along with other related projects) see the Pangeo community: https://pangeo.io/\n",
    " \n",
    "We will use xarray to open the CMIP5 file defined below. Opening a file with xarray creates an xarray.Dataset. A 'Dataset' is a collection of multiple variables. A DataArray on the other hand is a single multi-dimensional variable and the coordinates.\n",
    " \n",
    "xarray always loads netCDF data 'lazily' which means that data can be manipulated, sliced and subsetted without loading array values into memory. Data is loaded into memory when the load( ) command is applied or when a computation is performed on the data.\n",
    " \n",
    "xarray is designed for use with multidimensional datasets and is particularly useful for climate data on multidimensional grids with dimensions such as lat, lon, depth and time."
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   "source": [
    "#### Import the xarray and netCDF modules"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import xarray as xr\n",
    "import netCDF4 as nc\n",
    "%matplotlib inline"
   ]
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    "### Remote vs. direct filesystem access\n",
    "\n",
    "In this example, we will use a file from the CMIP5 Australian Published data collection, specifically the monthly historical tasmax data:\n",
    "\n",
    "    /g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/v20120727/tasmax/tasmax_Amon_ACCESS1-0_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc\n",
    "    \n",
    "\n",
    "and we are going to compare direct vs. remote access. Timings (using the `%%time` magic function) will also be shown to help illustrate when it can be useful to conduct analysis on the filesystem."
   ]
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   "source": [
    "#### Local path on /g/data"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "path = '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/Amon/r1i1p1/v20130325/tasmax/tasmax_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc'"
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   "source": [
    "#### OPeNDAP Data URL\n",
    "\n",
    "For more information on where to find the CMIP5 OPeNDAP endpoints, see our \n",
    "<a href=\"https://geonetwork.nci.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/f7448_2157_9857_1076\">Geonetwork catalogue</a>\n"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
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   "source": [
    "url = 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/mon/atmos/\\\n",
    "Amon/r1i1p1/v20130325/tasmax/tasmax_Amon_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_185001-200512.nc'"
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   "source": [
    "#### Open the file, comparing the time on the local filesystem and remote url"
   ]
  },
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPU times: user 86.1 ms, sys: 87.6 ms, total: 174 ms\n",
      "Wall time: 2.86 s\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "f1 = xr.open_dataset(path)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPU times: user 54 ms, sys: 5.77 ms, total: 59.8 ms\n",
      "Wall time: 4.55 s\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "f2 = xr.open_dataset(url)"
   ]
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       "</style><div class='xr-wrap'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-90585159-7ebb-4566-9843-b8ba1994f0b4' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-90585159-7ebb-4566-9843-b8ba1994f0b4' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-38b5e76c-5c2a-4ae6-a1c2-db0b09e2fe3e' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-38b5e76c-5c2a-4ae6-a1c2-db0b09e2fe3e' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00</div><input id='attrs-f0252070-42d7-4575-8ecd-86d1fad184fb' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-f0252070-42d7-4575-8ecd-86d1fad184fb' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-3e5598f4-41f5-49dd-9cb2-d43cddb0881c' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-3e5598f4-41f5-49dd-9cb2-d43cddb0881c' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-3df56ce1-421f-494f-82e8-8c3f3c6de140' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-3df56ce1-421f-494f-82e8-8c3f3c6de140' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-405bf3d8-b909-449b-9738-0c742aa34148' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-405bf3d8-b909-449b-9738-0c742aa34148' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-d8b0b69e-cbc7-4088-ade6-dbedc155dccd' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-d8b0b69e-cbc7-4088-ade6-dbedc155dccd' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d71ad4ab-91bc-4ede-a73f-13041015edb4' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d71ad4ab-91bc-4ede-a73f-13041015edb4' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-55b43593-09e0-4236-8a83-bc8d30b490ae' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-55b43593-09e0-4236-8a83-bc8d30b490ae' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-ffd53e5b-4a75-4981-aa3f-74c190b272f2' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-ffd53e5b-4a75-4981-aa3f-74c190b272f2' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array(1.5)</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-b1d30568-366b-46b4-b633-73b3b8e367cd' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-b1d30568-366b-46b4-b633-73b3b8e367cd' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-5615fca0-541f-495f-a852-9249f6df81c2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-5615fca0-541f-495f-a852-9249f6df81c2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-e79b2c77-9afa-4d4a-a176-2926967afbad' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-e79b2c77-9afa-4d4a-a176-2926967afbad' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([[&#x27;1850-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-04-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-10-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2006-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;]],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-50260960-a360-4613-b894-ee630560e70c' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-50260960-a360-4613-b894-ee630560e70c' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-5b36e052-3dbb-4604-a0ea-3c18efe801b9' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-5b36e052-3dbb-4604-a0ea-3c18efe801b9' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([[-90.   , -89.375],\n",
       "       [-89.375, -88.125],\n",
       "       [-88.125, -86.875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [ 86.875,  88.125],\n",
       "       [ 88.125,  89.375],\n",
       "       [ 89.375,  90.   ]])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-194161e3-4ae7-4f3f-acd1-5dde58994338' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-194161e3-4ae7-4f3f-acd1-5dde58994338' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-8099bc2a-e30a-4d6c-ab7f-c50ae93a2fc7' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-8099bc2a-e30a-4d6c-ab7f-c50ae93a2fc7' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([[ -0.9375,   0.9375],\n",
       "       [  0.9375,   2.8125],\n",
       "       [  2.8125,   4.6875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [353.4375, 355.3125],\n",
       "       [355.3125, 357.1875],\n",
       "       [357.1875, 359.0625]])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tasmax</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-927e9a6f-c4c8-4c27-8d6f-2265924f49c5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-927e9a6f-c4c8-4c27-8d6f-2265924f49c5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f3122ca5-83ee-4558-88e1-58d5dd4dc922' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f3122ca5-83ee-4558-88e1-58d5dd4dc922' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>comment :</span></dt><dd>monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air temperature.</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: maximum within days time: mean over days</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-a59b4342-772f-41da-b372-abef8ab7aac6' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  ><label for='section-a59b4342-772f-41da-b372-abef8ab7aac6' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(28)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>institution :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), and BOM (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)</dd><dt><span>institute_id :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO-BOM</dd><dt><span>experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>source :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-point, 1.875 degrees EW x approx 1.25 degree NS, 38 levels); ocean: NOAA/GFDL MOM4p1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S, 50 levels); sea ice: CICE4.1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S); land: CABLE1.0 (1.875 degree EW x 1.25 degree NS, 6 levels</dd><dt><span>model_id :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>forcing :</span></dt><dd>GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a)</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>piControl</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_rip :</span></dt><dd>r1i1p1</dd><dt><span>branch_time :</span></dt><dd>90945.0</dd><dt><span>contact :</span></dt><dd>The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/Home. Contact Tony.Hirst@csiro.au regarding the ACCESS coupled climate model. Contact Peter.Uhe@csiro.au regarding ACCESS coupled climate model CMIP5 datasets.</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS model output using the ACCESS Post-Processor and CMOR2. 2013-03-25T05:03:32Z CMOR rewrote data to comply with CF standards and CMIP5 requirements.</dd><dt><span>references :</span></dt><dd>See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/ACCESS+Publications</dd><dt><span>initialization_method :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>physics_version :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>tracking_id :</span></dt><dd>4812760c-1bb3-4142-8a49-17f7cac2a89a</dd><dt><span>version_number :</span></dt><dd>v20130325</dd><dt><span>product :</span></dt><dd>output</dd><dt><span>experiment :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>frequency :</span></dt><dd>mon</dd><dt><span>creation_date :</span></dt><dd>2013-03-25T05:03:32Z</dd><dt><span>Conventions :</span></dt><dd>CF-1.4</dd><dt><span>project_id :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5</dd><dt><span>table_id :</span></dt><dd>Table Amon (01 February 2012) 01388cb4507c2f05326b711b09604e7e</dd><dt><span>title :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment :</span></dt><dd>pre-industrial control</dd><dt><span>modeling_realm :</span></dt><dd>atmos</dd><dt><span>realization :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>cmor_version :</span></dt><dd>2.8.3</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 ...\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] ...\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    tasmax     (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:            CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Res...\n",
       "    institute_id:           CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:          historical\n",
       "    source:                 ACCESS1.3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-p...\n",
       "    model_id:               ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:   piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:  r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:            90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/...\n",
       "    history:                CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS mod...\n",
       "    references:             See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCES...\n",
       "    initialization_method:  1\n",
       "    physics_version:        1\n",
       "    tracking_id:            4812760c-1bb3-4142-8a49-17f7cac2a89a\n",
       "    version_number:         v20130325\n",
       "    product:                output\n",
       "    experiment:             historical\n",
       "    frequency:              mon\n",
       "    creation_date:          2013-03-25T05:03:32Z\n",
       "    Conventions:            CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:             CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:               Table Amon (01 February 2012) 01388cb4507c2f05326...\n",
       "    title:                  ACCESS1.3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical\n",
       "    parent_experiment:      pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:         atmos\n",
       "    realization:            1\n",
       "    cmor_version:           2.8.3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "<defs>\n",
       "<symbol id=\"icon-database\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\n",
       "<title>Show/Hide data repr</title>\n",
       "<path d=\"M16 0c-8.837 0-16 2.239-16 5v4c0 2.761 7.163 5 16 5s16-2.239 16-5v-4c0-2.761-7.163-5-16-5z\"></path>\n",
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       "</symbol>\n",
       "<symbol id=\"icon-file-text2\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\">\n",
       "<title>Show/Hide attributes</title>\n",
       "<path d=\"M28.681 7.159c-0.694-0.947-1.662-2.053-2.724-3.116s-2.169-2.030-3.116-2.724c-1.612-1.182-2.393-1.319-2.841-1.319h-15.5c-1.378 0-2.5 1.121-2.5 2.5v27c0 1.378 1.122 2.5 2.5 2.5h23c1.378 0 2.5-1.122 2.5-2.5v-19.5c0-0.448-0.137-1.23-1.319-2.841zM24.543 5.457c0.959 0.959 1.712 1.825 2.268 2.543h-4.811v-4.811c0.718 0.556 1.584 1.309 2.543 2.268zM28 29.5c0 0.271-0.229 0.5-0.5 0.5h-23c-0.271 0-0.5-0.229-0.5-0.5v-27c0-0.271 0.229-0.5 0.5-0.5 0 0 15.499-0 15.5 0v7c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h7v19.5z\"></path>\n",
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       "</svg>\n",
       "<style>/* CSS stylesheet for displaying xarray objects in jupyterlab.\n",
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       " */\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary,\n",
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       "  padding-top: 4px;\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-section-details {\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-data,\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
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       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
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       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
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       "\n",
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       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
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       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
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       "\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
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       ".xr-var-data {\n",
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       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt, dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><div class='xr-wrap'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-119dabb3-4c25-4545-84d7-1a522627717b' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-119dabb3-4c25-4545-84d7-1a522627717b' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-4b4bbecc-21b1-40d0-b041-3e80e409171d' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-4b4bbecc-21b1-40d0-b041-3e80e409171d' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00</div><input id='attrs-d7520673-9375-4d96-a5a6-9bd680250ec0' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-d7520673-9375-4d96-a5a6-9bd680250ec0' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-eb3fabf9-fc49-43b2-a2c9-416bd2549be1' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-eb3fabf9-fc49-43b2-a2c9-416bd2549be1' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-cbabca5d-f67b-47d8-83fa-322ecde8b041' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-cbabca5d-f67b-47d8-83fa-322ecde8b041' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-aab782c5-719a-41d9-a9d1-65dd7f45e054' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-aab782c5-719a-41d9-a9d1-65dd7f45e054' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-9f999213-918f-4323-aaf3-60e188a3adee' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-9f999213-918f-4323-aaf3-60e188a3adee' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6ff5a3a6-de66-46c9-b59d-a071a91c33e2' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6ff5a3a6-de66-46c9-b59d-a071a91c33e2' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-3912b3f1-2d93-42ae-9f0f-bd9658200305' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-3912b3f1-2d93-42ae-9f0f-bd9658200305' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-0d46d5f5-9607-417b-a7bf-32b36fa6eb14' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-0d46d5f5-9607-417b-a7bf-32b36fa6eb14' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array(1.5)</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-5d2dda89-6cb2-42dc-8e62-60c8e52c036c' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-5d2dda89-6cb2-42dc-8e62-60c8e52c036c' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-81c18db8-1d75-4843-843d-5db01ab269b2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-81c18db8-1d75-4843-843d-5db01ab269b2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-53927e5f-efc4-450c-a88a-4b3457ceda76' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-53927e5f-efc4-450c-a88a-4b3457ceda76' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([[&#x27;1850-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-02-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;1850-03-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-04-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-10-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-11-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "       [&#x27;2005-12-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2006-01-01T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;]],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-4269a314-c31d-40b1-866e-087f42b4e2ae' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-4269a314-c31d-40b1-866e-087f42b4e2ae' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-7119e6ec-7f7c-4eff-8775-47c9a31395f1' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-7119e6ec-7f7c-4eff-8775-47c9a31395f1' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([[-90.   , -89.375],\n",
       "       [-89.375, -88.125],\n",
       "       [-88.125, -86.875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [ 86.875,  88.125],\n",
       "       [ 88.125,  89.375],\n",
       "       [ 89.375,  90.   ]])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-66a4c59c-862c-4d2f-87b8-80a031863340' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-66a4c59c-862c-4d2f-87b8-80a031863340' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-ad1221af-2795-48fd-b632-5d1bddd7af6c' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-ad1221af-2795-48fd-b632-5d1bddd7af6c' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([[ -0.9375,   0.9375],\n",
       "       [  0.9375,   2.8125],\n",
       "       [  2.8125,   4.6875],\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "       [353.4375, 355.3125],\n",
       "       [355.3125, 357.1875],\n",
       "       [357.1875, 359.0625]])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tasmax</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, lat, lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-ea55e18c-50c2-475b-9ade-c95307e98ea0' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-ea55e18c-50c2-475b-9ade-c95307e98ea0' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9b2b6536-f618-4d90-b937-0b4efddcc703' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9b2b6536-f618-4d90-b937-0b4efddcc703' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>comment :</span></dt><dd>monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air temperature.</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: maximum within days time: mean over days</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>[52116480 values with dtype=float32]</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-6d7800e8-b988-47b7-a2c2-21b075f45324' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  ><label for='section-6d7800e8-b988-47b7-a2c2-21b075f45324' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(29)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>institution :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), and BOM (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)</dd><dt><span>institute_id :</span></dt><dd>CSIRO-BOM</dd><dt><span>experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>source :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-point, 1.875 degrees EW x approx 1.25 degree NS, 38 levels); ocean: NOAA/GFDL MOM4p1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S, 50 levels); sea ice: CICE4.1 (nominal 1.0 degree EW x 1.0 degrees NS, tripolar north of 65N, equatorial refinement to 1/3 degree from 10S to 10 N, cosine dependent NS south of 25S); land: CABLE1.0 (1.875 degree EW x 1.25 degree NS, 6 levels</dd><dt><span>model_id :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3</dd><dt><span>forcing :</span></dt><dd>GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4, CFC11, CFC12, CFC113, HCFC22, HFC125, HFC134a)</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_id :</span></dt><dd>piControl</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment_rip :</span></dt><dd>r1i1p1</dd><dt><span>branch_time :</span></dt><dd>90945.0</dd><dt><span>contact :</span></dt><dd>The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/Home. Contact Tony.Hirst@csiro.au regarding the ACCESS coupled climate model. Contact Peter.Uhe@csiro.au regarding ACCESS coupled climate model CMIP5 datasets.</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw ACCESS model output using the ACCESS Post-Processor and CMOR2. 2013-03-25T05:03:32Z CMOR rewrote data to comply with CF standards and CMIP5 requirements.</dd><dt><span>references :</span></dt><dd>See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCESS/ACCESS+Publications</dd><dt><span>initialization_method :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>physics_version :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>tracking_id :</span></dt><dd>4812760c-1bb3-4142-8a49-17f7cac2a89a</dd><dt><span>version_number :</span></dt><dd>v20130325</dd><dt><span>product :</span></dt><dd>output</dd><dt><span>experiment :</span></dt><dd>historical</dd><dt><span>frequency :</span></dt><dd>mon</dd><dt><span>creation_date :</span></dt><dd>2013-03-25T05:03:32Z</dd><dt><span>Conventions :</span></dt><dd>CF-1.4</dd><dt><span>project_id :</span></dt><dd>CMIP5</dd><dt><span>table_id :</span></dt><dd>Table Amon (01 February 2012) 01388cb4507c2f05326b711b09604e7e</dd><dt><span>title :</span></dt><dd>ACCESS1.3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical</dd><dt><span>parent_experiment :</span></dt><dd>pre-industrial control</dd><dt><span>modeling_realm :</span></dt><dd>atmos</dd><dt><span>realization :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>cmor_version :</span></dt><dd>2.8.3</dd><dt><span>DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
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       "Dimensions:    (bnds: 2, lat: 145, lon: 192, time: 1872)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time       (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat        (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height     float64 ...\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] ...\n",
       "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 ...\n",
       "    tasmax     (time, lat, lon) float32 ...\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    institution:                     CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Indus...\n",
       "    institute_id:                    CSIRO-BOM\n",
       "    experiment_id:                   historical\n",
       "    source:                          ACCESS1.3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N...\n",
       "    model_id:                        ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                         GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2,...\n",
       "    parent_experiment_id:            piControl\n",
       "    parent_experiment_rip:           r1i1p1\n",
       "    branch_time:                     90945.0\n",
       "    contact:                         The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/co...\n",
       "    history:                         CMIP5 compliant file produced from raw A...\n",
       "    references:                      See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/disp...\n",
       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     4812760c-1bb3-4142-8a49-17f7cac2a89a\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20130325\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       mon\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2013-03-25T05:03:32Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table Amon (01 February 2012) 01388cb450...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1.3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  atmos\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.3\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The difference in times is due to the remote URL access. Data access response time is quick using Xarray's `open_dataset()` function because of the lazy loading of data. But if we force the data to load into memory:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPU times: user 267 ms, sys: 484 ms, total: 751 ms\n",
      "Wall time: 3.08 s\n"
     ]
    },
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       "  color: var(--xr-disabled-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label:before {\n",
       "  content: '▼';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label > span {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary,\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  padding-top: 4px;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 4px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked ~ .xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 20px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap > label {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  vertical-align: top;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-preview {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-preview,\n",
       ".xr-array-data {\n",
       "  padding: 0 5px !important;\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list {\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  list-style: none;\n",
       "  padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:before {\n",
       "  content: '(';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:after {\n",
       "  content: ')';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li:not(:last-child):after {\n",
       "  content: ',';\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-has-index {\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list,\n",
       ".xr-var-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-item label,\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-even);\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name:hover span {\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt, dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><div class='xr-wrap'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tasmax'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-1737daf4-54e3-4dff-83ea-cfd68250acd9' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='section-1737daf4-54e3-4dff-83ea-cfd68250acd9' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>242.22649 242.22649 242.22649 ... 248.79779 248.79779 248.79779</span></div><pre class='xr-array-data'>array([[[242.22649, 242.22649, 242.22649, ..., 242.22028, 242.22028,\n",
       "         242.22028],\n",
       "        [243.91931, 243.87326, 243.82875, ..., 244.05038, 244.00957,\n",
       "         243.96425],\n",
       "        [245.13287, 245.08662, 245.0183 , ..., 245.27603, 245.23296,\n",
       "         245.18419],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [242.64438, 242.74596, 242.86943, ..., 242.36124, 242.45232,\n",
       "         242.54388],\n",
       "        [241.69199, 241.74554, 241.79771, ..., 241.67577, 241.68051,\n",
       "         241.69809],\n",
       "        [240.87485, 240.87485, 240.87485, ..., 240.87485, 240.87485,\n",
       "         240.87485]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[235.21791, 235.21791, 235.21791, ..., 235.2146 , 235.2146 ,\n",
       "         235.2146 ],\n",
       "        [237.052  , 237.029  , 237.00833, ..., 237.17393, 237.13855,\n",
       "         237.09853],\n",
       "        [237.41914, 237.29343, 237.1765 , ..., 237.80144, 237.6658 ,\n",
       "         237.53809],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [240.60106, 240.53203, 240.48082, ..., 240.71024, 240.71312,\n",
       "         240.65256],\n",
       "        [238.93102, 238.94348, 238.95735, ..., 238.84721, 238.8793 ,\n",
       "         238.91093],\n",
       "        [236.43845, 236.43845, 236.43845, ..., 236.43845, 236.43845,\n",
       "         236.43845]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[223.82248, 223.82248, 223.82248, ..., 223.81923, 223.81923,\n",
       "         223.81923],\n",
       "        [228.1175 , 228.05615, 228.00998, ..., 228.28644, 228.22849,\n",
       "         228.17545],\n",
       "        [229.21747, 229.08847, 228.9618 , ..., 229.61053, 229.47765,\n",
       "         229.34256],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [243.81131, 243.88744, 243.97946, ..., 243.57245, 243.6507 ,\n",
       "         243.72934],\n",
       "        [243.39563, 243.40419, 243.41534, ..., 243.32387, 243.34251,\n",
       "         243.37648],\n",
       "        [242.78352, 242.78352, 242.78352, ..., 242.78352, 242.78352,\n",
       "         242.78352]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[222.91371, 222.91371, 222.91371, ..., 222.90314, 222.90314,\n",
       "         222.90314],\n",
       "        [227.95497, 227.90009, 227.84071, ..., 228.13326, 228.07675,\n",
       "         228.0165 ],\n",
       "        [230.00499, 229.81673, 229.62323, ..., 230.51114, 230.35124,\n",
       "         230.18073],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [257.4335 , 257.61444, 257.79364, ..., 256.95648, 257.11493,\n",
       "         257.26663],\n",
       "        [257.3382 , 257.4279 , 257.54178, ..., 257.04166, 257.12665,\n",
       "         257.2381 ],\n",
       "        [257.07758, 257.07758, 257.07758, ..., 257.07758, 257.07758,\n",
       "         257.07758]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[240.10124, 240.10124, 240.10124, ..., 240.09166, 240.09166,\n",
       "         240.09166],\n",
       "        [241.85622, 241.80452, 241.75043, ..., 241.99152, 241.93628,\n",
       "         241.88435],\n",
       "        [242.79108, 242.68707, 242.58368, ..., 243.11673, 243.01666,\n",
       "         242.9077 ],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [260.98044, 261.00912, 261.07172, ..., 260.78656, 260.87418,\n",
       "         260.9435 ],\n",
       "        [260.00974, 260.02213, 260.0323 , ..., 259.96994, 259.99246,\n",
       "         260.0092 ],\n",
       "        [258.00223, 258.00223, 258.00223, ..., 258.00223, 258.00223,\n",
       "         258.00223]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[247.96088, 247.96088, 247.96088, ..., 247.93704, 247.93704,\n",
       "         247.93704],\n",
       "        [248.94565, 248.89906, 248.85555, ..., 249.08572, 249.03673,\n",
       "         248.98915],\n",
       "        [249.93575, 249.80705, 249.679  , ..., 250.31178, 250.1902 ,\n",
       "         250.0654 ],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [251.01753, 251.10835, 251.17427, ..., 250.68848, 250.80872,\n",
       "         250.9194 ],\n",
       "        [249.8625 , 249.90404, 249.93315, ..., 249.72313, 249.77002,\n",
       "         249.82123],\n",
       "        [248.79779, 248.79779, 248.79779, ..., 248.79779, 248.79779,\n",
       "         248.79779]]], dtype=float32)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-999f85b1-6778-4082-9aec-98153ef20117' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-999f85b1-6778-4082-9aec-98153ef20117' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00</div><input id='attrs-db4a98f3-cbd8-46e1-b89c-024eba5f092a' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-db4a98f3-cbd8-46e1-b89c-024eba5f092a' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-dcb69da0-9952-4f01-b95b-893dfb089861' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-dcb69da0-9952-4f01-b95b-893dfb089861' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-eedd81fe-f848-4507-9318-f95055950420' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-eedd81fe-f848-4507-9318-f95055950420' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-881fc31e-56ca-40c5-a284-c919055fb9da' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-881fc31e-56ca-40c5-a284-c919055fb9da' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-bf96751d-752a-41de-97b2-b406ab2a7bb7' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-bf96751d-752a-41de-97b2-b406ab2a7bb7' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-8c6af082-45dd-407d-9dfb-bf17faff1d5b' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-8c6af082-45dd-407d-9dfb-bf17faff1d5b' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-67b5ab61-327a-4a32-b140-77feb1b8ffbf' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-67b5ab61-327a-4a32-b140-77feb1b8ffbf' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bf4c379f-e4c3-4ca6-b6bf-d3cca911ecac' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bf4c379f-e4c3-4ca6-b6bf-d3cca911ecac' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array(1.5)</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-5c50e65a-62fd-4647-b364-567b621613f7' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-5c50e65a-62fd-4647-b364-567b621613f7' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(8)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>comment :</span></dt><dd>monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air temperature.</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: maximum within days time: mean over days</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
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       "<xarray.DataArray 'tasmax' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "array([[[242.22649, 242.22649, 242.22649, ..., 242.22028, 242.22028,\n",
       "         242.22028],\n",
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       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    comment:           monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air tem...\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: maximum within days time: mean over days\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "tasmax = f1.tasmax\n",
    "tasmax.load()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPU times: user 1.16 s, sys: 572 ms, total: 1.73 s\n",
      "Wall time: 4.65 s\n"
     ]
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       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><div class='xr-wrap'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'tasmax'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 1872</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span>: 145</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span>: 192</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-73b9020a-3437-46b0-9371-19930a9d75ae' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='section-73b9020a-3437-46b0-9371-19930a9d75ae' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>242.22649 242.22649 242.22649 ... 248.79779 248.79779 248.79779</span></div><pre class='xr-array-data'>array([[[242.22649, 242.22649, 242.22649, ..., 242.22028, 242.22028,\n",
       "         242.22028],\n",
       "        [243.91931, 243.87326, 243.82875, ..., 244.05038, 244.00957,\n",
       "         243.96425],\n",
       "        [245.13287, 245.08662, 245.0183 , ..., 245.27603, 245.23296,\n",
       "         245.18419],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [242.64438, 242.74596, 242.86943, ..., 242.36124, 242.45232,\n",
       "         242.54388],\n",
       "        [241.69199, 241.74554, 241.79771, ..., 241.67577, 241.68051,\n",
       "         241.69809],\n",
       "        [240.87485, 240.87485, 240.87485, ..., 240.87485, 240.87485,\n",
       "         240.87485]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[235.21791, 235.21791, 235.21791, ..., 235.2146 , 235.2146 ,\n",
       "         235.2146 ],\n",
       "        [237.052  , 237.029  , 237.00833, ..., 237.17393, 237.13855,\n",
       "         237.09853],\n",
       "        [237.41914, 237.29343, 237.1765 , ..., 237.80144, 237.6658 ,\n",
       "         237.53809],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [240.60106, 240.53203, 240.48082, ..., 240.71024, 240.71312,\n",
       "         240.65256],\n",
       "        [238.93102, 238.94348, 238.95735, ..., 238.84721, 238.8793 ,\n",
       "         238.91093],\n",
       "        [236.43845, 236.43845, 236.43845, ..., 236.43845, 236.43845,\n",
       "         236.43845]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[223.82248, 223.82248, 223.82248, ..., 223.81923, 223.81923,\n",
       "         223.81923],\n",
       "        [228.1175 , 228.05615, 228.00998, ..., 228.28644, 228.22849,\n",
       "         228.17545],\n",
       "        [229.21747, 229.08847, 228.9618 , ..., 229.61053, 229.47765,\n",
       "         229.34256],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [243.81131, 243.88744, 243.97946, ..., 243.57245, 243.6507 ,\n",
       "         243.72934],\n",
       "        [243.39563, 243.40419, 243.41534, ..., 243.32387, 243.34251,\n",
       "         243.37648],\n",
       "        [242.78352, 242.78352, 242.78352, ..., 242.78352, 242.78352,\n",
       "         242.78352]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[222.91371, 222.91371, 222.91371, ..., 222.90314, 222.90314,\n",
       "         222.90314],\n",
       "        [227.95497, 227.90009, 227.84071, ..., 228.13326, 228.07675,\n",
       "         228.0165 ],\n",
       "        [230.00499, 229.81673, 229.62323, ..., 230.51114, 230.35124,\n",
       "         230.18073],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [257.4335 , 257.61444, 257.79364, ..., 256.95648, 257.11493,\n",
       "         257.26663],\n",
       "        [257.3382 , 257.4279 , 257.54178, ..., 257.04166, 257.12665,\n",
       "         257.2381 ],\n",
       "        [257.07758, 257.07758, 257.07758, ..., 257.07758, 257.07758,\n",
       "         257.07758]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[240.10124, 240.10124, 240.10124, ..., 240.09166, 240.09166,\n",
       "         240.09166],\n",
       "        [241.85622, 241.80452, 241.75043, ..., 241.99152, 241.93628,\n",
       "         241.88435],\n",
       "        [242.79108, 242.68707, 242.58368, ..., 243.11673, 243.01666,\n",
       "         242.9077 ],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [260.98044, 261.00912, 261.07172, ..., 260.78656, 260.87418,\n",
       "         260.9435 ],\n",
       "        [260.00974, 260.02213, 260.0323 , ..., 259.96994, 259.99246,\n",
       "         260.0092 ],\n",
       "        [258.00223, 258.00223, 258.00223, ..., 258.00223, 258.00223,\n",
       "         258.00223]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[247.96088, 247.96088, 247.96088, ..., 247.93704, 247.93704,\n",
       "         247.93704],\n",
       "        [248.94565, 248.89906, 248.85555, ..., 249.08572, 249.03673,\n",
       "         248.98915],\n",
       "        [249.93575, 249.80705, 249.679  , ..., 250.31178, 250.1902 ,\n",
       "         250.0654 ],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [251.01753, 251.10835, 251.17427, ..., 250.68848, 250.80872,\n",
       "         250.9194 ],\n",
       "        [249.8625 , 249.90404, 249.93315, ..., 249.72313, 249.77002,\n",
       "         249.82123],\n",
       "        [248.79779, 248.79779, 248.79779, ..., 248.79779, 248.79779,\n",
       "         248.79779]]], dtype=float32)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-ca31a983-3369-4499-9a5a-db0f5cd8b083' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-ca31a983-3369-4499-9a5a-db0f5cd8b083' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00</div><input id='attrs-e10897d6-ba7f-4cd7-b375-0de94cd086c2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e10897d6-ba7f-4cd7-b375-0de94cd086c2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9149ef7f-0f5f-49a7-90bd-d5630d224e96' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9149ef7f-0f5f-49a7-90bd-d5630d224e96' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([&#x27;1850-01-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-02-15T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-03-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;2005-10-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;2005-11-16T00:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;2005-12-16T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lat)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>-90.0 -88.75 -87.5 ... 88.75 90.0</div><input id='attrs-6d462bca-19ab-419e-9b53-3834ac2137bd' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-6d462bca-19ab-419e-9b53-3834ac2137bd' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-abd58379-965a-4c9c-8aba-a966c94ec057' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-abd58379-965a-4c9c-8aba-a966c94ec057' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Y</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([-90.  , -88.75, -87.5 , -86.25, -85.  , -83.75, -82.5 , -81.25, -80.  ,\n",
       "       -78.75, -77.5 , -76.25, -75.  , -73.75, -72.5 , -71.25, -70.  , -68.75,\n",
       "       -67.5 , -66.25, -65.  , -63.75, -62.5 , -61.25, -60.  , -58.75, -57.5 ,\n",
       "       -56.25, -55.  , -53.75, -52.5 , -51.25, -50.  , -48.75, -47.5 , -46.25,\n",
       "       -45.  , -43.75, -42.5 , -41.25, -40.  , -38.75, -37.5 , -36.25, -35.  ,\n",
       "       -33.75, -32.5 , -31.25, -30.  , -28.75, -27.5 , -26.25, -25.  , -23.75,\n",
       "       -22.5 , -21.25, -20.  , -18.75, -17.5 , -16.25, -15.  , -13.75, -12.5 ,\n",
       "       -11.25, -10.  ,  -8.75,  -7.5 ,  -6.25,  -5.  ,  -3.75,  -2.5 ,  -1.25,\n",
       "         0.  ,   1.25,   2.5 ,   3.75,   5.  ,   6.25,   7.5 ,   8.75,  10.  ,\n",
       "        11.25,  12.5 ,  13.75,  15.  ,  16.25,  17.5 ,  18.75,  20.  ,  21.25,\n",
       "        22.5 ,  23.75,  25.  ,  26.25,  27.5 ,  28.75,  30.  ,  31.25,  32.5 ,\n",
       "        33.75,  35.  ,  36.25,  37.5 ,  38.75,  40.  ,  41.25,  42.5 ,  43.75,\n",
       "        45.  ,  46.25,  47.5 ,  48.75,  50.  ,  51.25,  52.5 ,  53.75,  55.  ,\n",
       "        56.25,  57.5 ,  58.75,  60.  ,  61.25,  62.5 ,  63.75,  65.  ,  66.25,\n",
       "        67.5 ,  68.75,  70.  ,  71.25,  72.5 ,  73.75,  75.  ,  76.25,  77.5 ,\n",
       "        78.75,  80.  ,  81.25,  82.5 ,  83.75,  85.  ,  86.25,  87.5 ,  88.75,\n",
       "        90.  ])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(lon)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.0 1.875 3.75 ... 356.2 358.1</div><input id='attrs-0c4e517f-da28-43f1-b1fb-0aec2ac9ecdd' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-0c4e517f-da28-43f1-b1fb-0aec2ac9ecdd' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-97896b4e-2831-4eb9-bb6b-1c35136a28cb' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-97896b4e-2831-4eb9-bb6b-1c35136a28cb' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_bnds</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>X</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0.   ,   1.875,   3.75 ,   5.625,   7.5  ,   9.375,  11.25 ,  13.125,\n",
       "        15.   ,  16.875,  18.75 ,  20.625,  22.5  ,  24.375,  26.25 ,  28.125,\n",
       "        30.   ,  31.875,  33.75 ,  35.625,  37.5  ,  39.375,  41.25 ,  43.125,\n",
       "        45.   ,  46.875,  48.75 ,  50.625,  52.5  ,  54.375,  56.25 ,  58.125,\n",
       "        60.   ,  61.875,  63.75 ,  65.625,  67.5  ,  69.375,  71.25 ,  73.125,\n",
       "        75.   ,  76.875,  78.75 ,  80.625,  82.5  ,  84.375,  86.25 ,  88.125,\n",
       "        90.   ,  91.875,  93.75 ,  95.625,  97.5  ,  99.375, 101.25 , 103.125,\n",
       "       105.   , 106.875, 108.75 , 110.625, 112.5  , 114.375, 116.25 , 118.125,\n",
       "       120.   , 121.875, 123.75 , 125.625, 127.5  , 129.375, 131.25 , 133.125,\n",
       "       135.   , 136.875, 138.75 , 140.625, 142.5  , 144.375, 146.25 , 148.125,\n",
       "       150.   , 151.875, 153.75 , 155.625, 157.5  , 159.375, 161.25 , 163.125,\n",
       "       165.   , 166.875, 168.75 , 170.625, 172.5  , 174.375, 176.25 , 178.125,\n",
       "       180.   , 181.875, 183.75 , 185.625, 187.5  , 189.375, 191.25 , 193.125,\n",
       "       195.   , 196.875, 198.75 , 200.625, 202.5  , 204.375, 206.25 , 208.125,\n",
       "       210.   , 211.875, 213.75 , 215.625, 217.5  , 219.375, 221.25 , 223.125,\n",
       "       225.   , 226.875, 228.75 , 230.625, 232.5  , 234.375, 236.25 , 238.125,\n",
       "       240.   , 241.875, 243.75 , 245.625, 247.5  , 249.375, 251.25 , 253.125,\n",
       "       255.   , 256.875, 258.75 , 260.625, 262.5  , 264.375, 266.25 , 268.125,\n",
       "       270.   , 271.875, 273.75 , 275.625, 277.5  , 279.375, 281.25 , 283.125,\n",
       "       285.   , 286.875, 288.75 , 290.625, 292.5  , 294.375, 296.25 , 298.125,\n",
       "       300.   , 301.875, 303.75 , 305.625, 307.5  , 309.375, 311.25 , 313.125,\n",
       "       315.   , 316.875, 318.75 , 320.625, 322.5  , 324.375, 326.25 , 328.125,\n",
       "       330.   , 331.875, 333.75 , 335.625, 337.5  , 339.375, 341.25 , 343.125,\n",
       "       345.   , 346.875, 348.75 , 350.625, 352.5  , 354.375, 356.25 , 358.125])</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>height</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1.5</div><input id='attrs-e347dedd-671b-4e70-ad86-e295bfb8e666' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-e347dedd-671b-4e70-ad86-e295bfb8e666' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d2f0206b-130b-4ae6-b416-8500ca26dacd' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d2f0206b-130b-4ae6-b416-8500ca26dacd' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>m</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>Z</dd><dt><span>positive :</span></dt><dd>up</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>height</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array(1.5)</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-dbe32cca-b917-45ec-90af-1a1a1bd6f726' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-dbe32cca-b917-45ec-90af-1a1a1bd6f726' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(8)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>air_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature</dd><dt><span>comment :</span></dt><dd>monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air temperature.</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: maximum within days time: mean over days</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacella</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar dimension: &#x27;height&#x27;. 2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1.07374e+09) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_atmos_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacella: areacella_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'tasmax' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
       "array([[[242.22649, 242.22649, 242.22649, ..., 242.22028, 242.22028,\n",
       "         242.22028],\n",
       "        [243.91931, 243.87326, 243.82875, ..., 244.05038, 244.00957,\n",
       "         243.96425],\n",
       "        [245.13287, 245.08662, 245.0183 , ..., 245.27603, 245.23296,\n",
       "         245.18419],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [242.64438, 242.74596, 242.86943, ..., 242.36124, 242.45232,\n",
       "         242.54388],\n",
       "        [241.69199, 241.74554, 241.79771, ..., 241.67577, 241.68051,\n",
       "         241.69809],\n",
       "        [240.87485, 240.87485, 240.87485, ..., 240.87485, 240.87485,\n",
       "         240.87485]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[235.21791, 235.21791, 235.21791, ..., 235.2146 , 235.2146 ,\n",
       "         235.2146 ],\n",
       "        [237.052  , 237.029  , 237.00833, ..., 237.17393, 237.13855,\n",
       "         237.09853],\n",
       "        [237.41914, 237.29343, 237.1765 , ..., 237.80144, 237.6658 ,\n",
       "         237.53809],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [240.60106, 240.53203, 240.48082, ..., 240.71024, 240.71312,\n",
       "         240.65256],\n",
       "        [238.93102, 238.94348, 238.95735, ..., 238.84721, 238.8793 ,\n",
       "         238.91093],\n",
       "        [236.43845, 236.43845, 236.43845, ..., 236.43845, 236.43845,\n",
       "         236.43845]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[223.82248, 223.82248, 223.82248, ..., 223.81923, 223.81923,\n",
       "         223.81923],\n",
       "        [228.1175 , 228.05615, 228.00998, ..., 228.28644, 228.22849,\n",
       "         228.17545],\n",
       "        [229.21747, 229.08847, 228.9618 , ..., 229.61053, 229.47765,\n",
       "         229.34256],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [243.81131, 243.88744, 243.97946, ..., 243.57245, 243.6507 ,\n",
       "         243.72934],\n",
       "        [243.39563, 243.40419, 243.41534, ..., 243.32387, 243.34251,\n",
       "         243.37648],\n",
       "        [242.78352, 242.78352, 242.78352, ..., 242.78352, 242.78352,\n",
       "         242.78352]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[222.91371, 222.91371, 222.91371, ..., 222.90314, 222.90314,\n",
       "         222.90314],\n",
       "        [227.95497, 227.90009, 227.84071, ..., 228.13326, 228.07675,\n",
       "         228.0165 ],\n",
       "        [230.00499, 229.81673, 229.62323, ..., 230.51114, 230.35124,\n",
       "         230.18073],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [257.4335 , 257.61444, 257.79364, ..., 256.95648, 257.11493,\n",
       "         257.26663],\n",
       "        [257.3382 , 257.4279 , 257.54178, ..., 257.04166, 257.12665,\n",
       "         257.2381 ],\n",
       "        [257.07758, 257.07758, 257.07758, ..., 257.07758, 257.07758,\n",
       "         257.07758]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[240.10124, 240.10124, 240.10124, ..., 240.09166, 240.09166,\n",
       "         240.09166],\n",
       "        [241.85622, 241.80452, 241.75043, ..., 241.99152, 241.93628,\n",
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       "        [242.79108, 242.68707, 242.58368, ..., 243.11673, 243.01666,\n",
       "         242.9077 ],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
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       "        [260.00974, 260.02213, 260.0323 , ..., 259.96994, 259.99246,\n",
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       "        [258.00223, 258.00223, 258.00223, ..., 258.00223, 258.00223,\n",
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       "\n",
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       "        [248.94565, 248.89906, 248.85555, ..., 249.08572, 249.03673,\n",
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       "        [249.93575, 249.80705, 249.679  , ..., 250.31178, 250.1902 ,\n",
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       "        ...,\n",
       "        [251.01753, 251.10835, 251.17427, ..., 250.68848, 250.80872,\n",
       "         250.9194 ],\n",
       "        [249.8625 , 249.90404, 249.93315, ..., 249.72313, 249.77002,\n",
       "         249.82123],\n",
       "        [248.79779, 248.79779, 248.79779, ..., 248.79779, 248.79779,\n",
       "         248.79779]]], dtype=float32)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
       "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
       "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
       "    height   float64 1.5\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
       "    long_name:         Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
       "    comment:           monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air tem...\n",
       "    units:             K\n",
       "    cell_methods:      time: maximum within days time: mean over days\n",
       "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
       "    history:           2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
       "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "tasmax = f2.tasmax\n",
    "tasmax.load()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<div class=\"alert alert-info\">\n",
    "One big advantage of working directly on the filesystem is that data access is much faster. For modest subsets, the difference is quite small but as you work with larger data, remote access can become much slower or even exceed NCI's THREDDS Data Server memory limits. </div>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Building multi-file datasets using OpenDAP vs locally on the gdata filesystem"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18500101-18591231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18600101-18691231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18700101-18791231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18800101-18891231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18900101-18991231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19000101-19091231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19100101-19191231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19200101-19291231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19300101-19391231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19400101-19491231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19500101-19591231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19600101-19691231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19700101-19791231.nc',\n",
       " 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19800101-19891231.nc']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### OPeNDAP multi-file dataset\n",
    "\n",
    "base_url = 'http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/dodsC/rr3/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/\\\n",
    "historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_'\n",
    "files_opendap = [f'{base_url}{year}0101-{year+9}1231.nc' for year in range(1850, 1990, 10)]\n",
    "files_opendap"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can now read the entire ensemble of files on the remote server as a single xarray Dataset using `Xarray.mfdataset( )`!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPU times: user 1.78 s, sys: 146 ms, total: 1.93 s\n",
      "Wall time: 2min 5s\n"
     ]
    },
    {
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       "</style><div class='xr-wrap'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-3aa28519-a6e4-4a06-9f90-cdf68e2c9bb1' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-3aa28519-a6e4-4a06-9f90-cdf68e2c9bb1' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span>bnds</span>: 2</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>i</span>: 360</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>j</span>: 300</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span>: 51134</li><li><span>vertices</span>: 4</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-9e5159d1-772d-497c-a615-bb4805948163' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-9e5159d1-772d-497c-a615-bb4805948163' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(5)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(j, i)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(300, 360), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-dc4c5eb1-c0e1-466c-abbc-0b92a3f9f3b1' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-dc4c5eb1-c0e1-466c-abbc-0b92a3f9f3b1' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-ca40c738-b6ff-48ba-ac13-05fb3e53a2bb' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-ca40c738-b6ff-48ba-ac13-05fb3e53a2bb' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>longitude coordinate</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lon_vertices</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td>\n",
       "<table>\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr><td> </td><th> Array </th><th> Chunk </th></tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Bytes </th><td> 432.00 kB </td> <td> 432.00 kB </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Shape </th><td> (300, 360) </td> <td> (300, 360) </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Count </th><td> 65 Tasks </td><td> 1 Chunks </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Type </th><td> float32 </td><td> numpy.ndarray </td></tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "<td>\n",
       "<svg width=\"170\" height=\"150\" style=\"stroke:rgb(0,0,0);stroke-width:1\" >\n",
       "\n",
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       "  <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"120\" y2=\"0\" style=\"stroke-width:2\" />\n",
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       "</svg>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(j, i)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(300, 360), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-bcd10452-fa55-451f-8e79-84365ea9497e' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-bcd10452-fa55-451f-8e79-84365ea9497e' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fc61d39d-a01b-412f-bb0e-c4f4c4cc074c' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fc61d39d-a01b-412f-bb0e-c4f4c4cc074c' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude coordinate</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_vertices</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td>\n",
       "<table>\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr><td> </td><th> Array </th><th> Chunk </th></tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Bytes </th><td> 432.00 kB </td> <td> 432.00 kB </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Shape </th><td> (300, 360) </td> <td> (300, 360) </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Count </th><td> 65 Tasks </td><td> 1 Chunks </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Type </th><td> float32 </td><td> numpy.ndarray </td></tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "<td>\n",
       "<svg width=\"170\" height=\"150\" style=\"stroke:rgb(0,0,0);stroke-width:1\" >\n",
       "\n",
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       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>i</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(i)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0 1 2 3 4 5 ... 355 356 357 358 359</div><input id='attrs-9f9c7897-eb74-4ab3-8daf-f8195bad004e' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-9f9c7897-eb74-4ab3-8daf-f8195bad004e' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-1e378df7-1c58-4c18-8f37-5b47c645a5c7' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-1e378df7-1c58-4c18-8f37-5b47c645a5c7' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>cell index along first dimension</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0,   1,   2, ..., 357, 358, 359], dtype=int32)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>j</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(j)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0 1 2 3 4 5 ... 295 296 297 298 299</div><input id='attrs-25369793-cd46-488f-903b-5df73063241c' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-25369793-cd46-488f-903b-5df73063241c' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bc36d9b3-6e8b-438f-b505-993e24ff3a74' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bc36d9b3-6e8b-438f-b505-993e24ff3a74' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>cell index along second dimension</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0,   1,   2, ..., 297, 298, 299], dtype=int32)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-01T12:00:00 ... 1989-12-31T12:00:00</div><input id='attrs-9d08c99c-52d8-442c-b02c-943ab2fca980' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-9d08c99c-52d8-442c-b02c-943ab2fca980' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fd62a69c-ec08-4d0e-9d7a-f1360088682b' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fd62a69c-ec08-4d0e-9d7a-f1360088682b' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([&#x27;1850-01-01T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-01-02T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-01-03T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;1989-12-29T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1989-12-30T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1989-12-31T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-73548e9b-209d-413d-ba62-a481bfa4dbca' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-73548e9b-209d-413d-ba62-a481bfa4dbca' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(3652, 2), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-c5453caa-4276-4c0d-ab07-0108814fabff' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-c5453caa-4276-4c0d-ab07-0108814fabff' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f19c8b46-4956-489a-9641-b1ab7751b9a9' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f19c8b46-4956-489a-9641-b1ab7751b9a9' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
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       "    <tr><th> Type </th><td> datetime64[ns] </td><td> numpy.ndarray </td></tr>\n",
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       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_vertices</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, j, i, vertices)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(3652, 300, 360, 4), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-054d8d28-e96e-470d-8134-675f4bed5dd2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-054d8d28-e96e-470d-8134-675f4bed5dd2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-08c2c48c-bf1a-4d57-8e4d-6a08906f4e83' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-08c2c48c-bf1a-4d57-8e4d-6a08906f4e83' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
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       "<tr>\n",
       "<td>\n",
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       "    initialization_method:           1\n",
       "    physics_version:                 1\n",
       "    tracking_id:                     f2a202ac-fd87-460a-97e2-d2b0db4640fb\n",
       "    version_number:                  v20120413\n",
       "    product:                         output\n",
       "    experiment:                      historical\n",
       "    frequency:                       day\n",
       "    creation_date:                   2012-04-03T17:45:20Z\n",
       "    Conventions:                     CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:                      CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:                        Table day (01 February 2012) b6353e99198...\n",
       "    title:                           ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP...\n",
       "    parent_experiment:               pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:                  ocean\n",
       "    realization:                     1\n",
       "    cmor_version:                    2.8.0\n",
       "    DODS_EXTRA.Unlimited_Dimension:  time"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "f3 = xr.open_mfdataset(files_opendap,combine='by_coords')\n",
    "f3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18500101-18591231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18600101-18691231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18700101-18791231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18800101-18891231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_18900101-18991231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19000101-19091231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19100101-19191231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19200101-19291231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19300101-19391231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19400101-19491231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19500101-19591231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19600101-19691231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19700101-19791231.nc',\n",
       " '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_19800101-19891231.nc']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### gdata multi-file dataset\n",
    "base_dir = '/g/data/rr3/publications/CMIP5/output1/CSIRO-BOM/ACCESS1-3/\\\n",
    "historical/day/ocean/day/r1i1p1/latest/tos/tos_day_ACCESS1-3_historical_r1i1p1_'\n",
    "files_gdata = [f'{base_dir}{year}0101-{year+9}1231.nc' for year in range(1850, 1990, 10)]\n",
    "files_gdata"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "CPU times: user 2.25 s, sys: 2.56 s, total: 4.81 s\n",
      "Wall time: 1min 29s\n"
     ]
    },
    {
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       "  <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"100\" x2=\"120\" y2=\"100\" style=\"stroke-width:2\" />\n",
       "\n",
       "  <!-- Vertical lines -->\n",
       "  <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"100\" style=\"stroke-width:2\" />\n",
       "  <line x1=\"120\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"120\" y2=\"100\" style=\"stroke-width:2\" />\n",
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       "</svg>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(j, i)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(300, 360), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-67719b95-ec5b-4a2d-ab91-059044d3f5f9' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-67719b95-ec5b-4a2d-ab91-059044d3f5f9' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9f5bc5ec-a677-4121-8b85-053404a59343' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9f5bc5ec-a677-4121-8b85-053404a59343' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>latitude coordinate</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>lat_vertices</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td>\n",
       "<table>\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr><td> </td><th> Array </th><th> Chunk </th></tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Bytes </th><td> 432.00 kB </td> <td> 432.00 kB </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Shape </th><td> (300, 360) </td> <td> (300, 360) </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Count </th><td> 65 Tasks </td><td> 1 Chunks </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Type </th><td> float32 </td><td> numpy.ndarray </td></tr>\n",
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       "</table>\n",
       "</td>\n",
       "<td>\n",
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       "</td>\n",
       "</tr>\n",
       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>i</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(i)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0 1 2 3 4 5 ... 355 356 357 358 359</div><input id='attrs-b63c2484-a3e6-4cf3-958a-c1b237496dae' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-b63c2484-a3e6-4cf3-958a-c1b237496dae' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-1cca52b7-62df-418c-a5d9-719722d2dd39' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-1cca52b7-62df-418c-a5d9-719722d2dd39' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>cell index along first dimension</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0,   1,   2, ..., 357, 358, 359], dtype=int32)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>j</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(j)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0 1 2 3 4 5 ... 295 296 297 298 299</div><input id='attrs-059bb95b-a9f4-4231-984f-028f3aea1bd1' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-059bb95b-a9f4-4231-984f-028f3aea1bd1' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-a9c1ac77-da5a-4556-8676-99dd4a144e98' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-a9c1ac77-da5a-4556-8676-99dd4a144e98' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>1</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>cell index along second dimension</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([  0,   1,   2, ..., 297, 298, 299], dtype=int32)</pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>time</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>1850-01-01T12:00:00 ... 1989-12-31T12:00:00</div><input id='attrs-6b3970ad-6239-44da-825d-8fbcb88d0d8c' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-6b3970ad-6239-44da-825d-8fbcb88d0d8c' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6482d1d6-c3db-4bab-b461-765a51a2bd5f' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6482d1d6-c3db-4bab-b461-765a51a2bd5f' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>bounds :</span></dt><dd>time_bnds</dd><dt><span>axis :</span></dt><dd>T</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>time</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'>array([&#x27;1850-01-01T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1850-01-02T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1850-01-03T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, ..., &#x27;1989-12-29T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;1989-12-30T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;, &#x27;1989-12-31T12:00:00.000000000&#x27;],\n",
       "      dtype=&#x27;datetime64[ns]&#x27;)</pre></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-72ca1601-ad52-47fe-8b33-b79d9ab578d5' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-72ca1601-ad52-47fe-8b33-b79d9ab578d5' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(4)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>time_bnds</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, bnds)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>datetime64[ns]</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(3652, 2), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-f65be4ae-f668-48bb-8521-01cbfa187dbe' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-f65be4ae-f668-48bb-8521-01cbfa187dbe' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-853aefec-8544-4c26-9ba5-d03f2c1621c3' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-853aefec-8544-4c26-9ba5-d03f2c1621c3' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
       "<tr>\n",
       "<td>\n",
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr><td> </td><th> Array </th><th> Chunk </th></tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
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       "    <tr><th> Count </th><td> 42 Tasks </td><td> 14 Chunks </td></tr>\n",
       "    <tr><th> Type </th><td> datetime64[ns] </td><td> numpy.ndarray </td></tr>\n",
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       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lat_vertices</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, j, i, vertices)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(3652, 300, 360, 4), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-ad6ee72e-c858-4c9f-a2c1-d0ba013f61da' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-ad6ee72e-c858-4c9f-a2c1-d0ba013f61da' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-c5889fdb-d59d-4858-9ff8-41182c48a915' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-c5889fdb-d59d-4858-9ff8-41182c48a915' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_north</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
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       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>lon_vertices</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, j, i, vertices)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(3652, 300, 360, 4), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-de1a11c3-1d8d-46ee-b13f-043897fab50d' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-de1a11c3-1d8d-46ee-b13f-043897fab50d' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-68aabed6-435c-4a34-a2ee-f21be9b87d97' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-68aabed6-435c-4a34-a2ee-f21be9b87d97' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>degrees_east</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
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       "    <tr><th> Count </th><td> 56 Tasks </td><td> 14 Chunks </td></tr>\n",
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       "</table></pre></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>tos</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(time, j, i)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float32</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>dask.array&lt;chunksize=(3652, 300, 360), meta=np.ndarray&gt;</div><input id='attrs-5e3312cc-da58-41c2-8bc9-e4cce1be36cd' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-5e3312cc-da58-41c2-8bc9-e4cce1be36cd' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f8bc30e7-7b7e-489c-91a1-59e4ac9dadcd' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f8bc30e7-7b7e-489c-91a1-59e4ac9dadcd' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>standard_name :</span></dt><dd>surface_temperature</dd><dt><span>long_name :</span></dt><dd>Sea Surface Temperature</dd><dt><span>comment :</span></dt><dd>temperature of liquid ocean.  Note that the correct standard_name for this variable is &quot;&quot;sea_surface_temperature&quot;&quot;, not &quot;&quot;surface_temperature&quot;&quot;, but this was discovered too late to correct.  To maintain consistency across CMIP5 models, the wrong standard_name will continue to be used.</dd><dt><span>units :</span></dt><dd>K</dd><dt><span>cell_methods :</span></dt><dd>time: mean</dd><dt><span>cell_measures :</span></dt><dd>area: areacello</dd><dt><span>history :</span></dt><dd>2012-04-03T17:45:17Z altered by CMOR: replaced missing value flag (-1e+20) with standard missing value (1e+20).</dd><dt><span>associated_files :</span></dt><dd>baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation gridspecFile: gridspec_ocean_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc areacello: areacello_fx_ACCESS1-3_historical_r0i0p0.nc</dd></dl></div><pre class='xr-var-data'><table>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
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       "  * time          (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01T12:00:00 ... 1989-12-31T12:00:00\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds, vertices\n",
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       "    experiment_id:          historical\n",
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       "    model_id:               ACCESS1.3\n",
       "    forcing:                GHG, Oz, SA, Sl, Vl, BC, OC, (GHG = CO2, N2O, CH4...\n",
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       "    contact:                The ACCESS wiki: http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/...\n",
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       "    references:             See http://wiki.csiro.au/confluence/display/ACCES...\n",
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       "    physics_version:        1\n",
       "    tracking_id:            f2a202ac-fd87-460a-97e2-d2b0db4640fb\n",
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       "    product:                output\n",
       "    experiment:             historical\n",
       "    frequency:              day\n",
       "    creation_date:          2012-04-03T17:45:20Z\n",
       "    Conventions:            CF-1.4\n",
       "    project_id:             CMIP5\n",
       "    table_id:               Table day (01 February 2012) b6353e9919862612c81d...\n",
       "    title:                  ACCESS1-3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical\n",
       "    parent_experiment:      pre-industrial control\n",
       "    modeling_realm:         ocean\n",
       "    realization:            1\n",
       "    cmor_version:           2.8.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "f4 = xr.open_mfdataset(files_gdata,combine='by_coords')\n",
    "f4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### File variables and attributes\n",
    "\n",
    "With xarray, you can easily view the dataset variables and attributes contained in the file by printing the loaded metadata"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
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      "  * lon        (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
      "    height     float64 1.5\n",
      "Dimensions without coordinates: bnds\n",
      "Data variables:\n",
      "    time_bnds  (time, bnds) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-01 1850-02-01 ... 2006-01-01\n",
      "    lat_bnds   (lat, bnds) float64 -90.0 -89.38 -89.38 ... 89.38 89.38 90.0\n",
      "    lon_bnds   (lon, bnds) float64 -0.9375 0.9375 0.9375 ... 357.2 357.2 359.1\n",
      "    tasmax     (time, lat, lon) float32 242.22649 242.22649 ... 248.79779\n",
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      "    experiment_id:          historical\n",
      "    source:                 ACCESS1.3 2011. Atmosphere: AGCM v1.0 (N96 grid-p...\n",
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      "    product:                output\n",
      "    experiment:             historical\n",
      "    frequency:              mon\n",
      "    creation_date:          2013-03-25T05:03:32Z\n",
      "    Conventions:            CF-1.4\n",
      "    project_id:             CMIP5\n",
      "    table_id:               Table Amon (01 February 2012) 01388cb4507c2f05326...\n",
      "    title:                  ACCESS1.3 model output prepared for CMIP5 historical\n",
      "    parent_experiment:      pre-industrial control\n",
      "    modeling_realm:         atmos\n",
      "    realization:            1\n",
      "    cmor_version:           2.8.3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(f1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Dataset and DataArray\n",
    "\n",
    "In the above we have loaded the Dataset and you can see the multiple variables included in the file. If we look at a specific variable, like tasmax, we will get an xarray.DataArray with its coordinates."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<xarray.DataArray 'tasmax' (time: 1872, lat: 145, lon: 192)>\n",
      "array([[[242.22649, 242.22649, 242.22649, ..., 242.22028, 242.22028,\n",
      "         242.22028],\n",
      "        [243.91931, 243.87326, 243.82875, ..., 244.05038, 244.00957,\n",
      "         243.96425],\n",
      "        [245.13287, 245.08662, 245.0183 , ..., 245.27603, 245.23296,\n",
      "         245.18419],\n",
      "        ...,\n",
      "        [242.64438, 242.74596, 242.86943, ..., 242.36124, 242.45232,\n",
      "         242.54388],\n",
      "        [241.69199, 241.74554, 241.79771, ..., 241.67577, 241.68051,\n",
      "         241.69809],\n",
      "        [240.87485, 240.87485, 240.87485, ..., 240.87485, 240.87485,\n",
      "         240.87485]],\n",
      "\n",
      "       [[235.21791, 235.21791, 235.21791, ..., 235.2146 , 235.2146 ,\n",
      "         235.2146 ],\n",
      "        [237.052  , 237.029  , 237.00833, ..., 237.17393, 237.13855,\n",
      "         237.09853],\n",
      "        [237.41914, 237.29343, 237.1765 , ..., 237.80144, 237.6658 ,\n",
      "         237.53809],\n",
      "        ...,\n",
      "        [240.60106, 240.53203, 240.48082, ..., 240.71024, 240.71312,\n",
      "         240.65256],\n",
      "        [238.93102, 238.94348, 238.95735, ..., 238.84721, 238.8793 ,\n",
      "         238.91093],\n",
      "        [236.43845, 236.43845, 236.43845, ..., 236.43845, 236.43845,\n",
      "         236.43845]],\n",
      "\n",
      "       [[223.82248, 223.82248, 223.82248, ..., 223.81923, 223.81923,\n",
      "         223.81923],\n",
      "        [228.1175 , 228.05615, 228.00998, ..., 228.28644, 228.22849,\n",
      "         228.17545],\n",
      "        [229.21747, 229.08847, 228.9618 , ..., 229.61053, 229.47765,\n",
      "         229.34256],\n",
      "        ...,\n",
      "        [243.81131, 243.88744, 243.97946, ..., 243.57245, 243.6507 ,\n",
      "         243.72934],\n",
      "        [243.39563, 243.40419, 243.41534, ..., 243.32387, 243.34251,\n",
      "         243.37648],\n",
      "        [242.78352, 242.78352, 242.78352, ..., 242.78352, 242.78352,\n",
      "         242.78352]],\n",
      "\n",
      "       ...,\n",
      "\n",
      "       [[222.91371, 222.91371, 222.91371, ..., 222.90314, 222.90314,\n",
      "         222.90314],\n",
      "        [227.95497, 227.90009, 227.84071, ..., 228.13326, 228.07675,\n",
      "         228.0165 ],\n",
      "        [230.00499, 229.81673, 229.62323, ..., 230.51114, 230.35124,\n",
      "         230.18073],\n",
      "        ...,\n",
      "        [257.4335 , 257.61444, 257.79364, ..., 256.95648, 257.11493,\n",
      "         257.26663],\n",
      "        [257.3382 , 257.4279 , 257.54178, ..., 257.04166, 257.12665,\n",
      "         257.2381 ],\n",
      "        [257.07758, 257.07758, 257.07758, ..., 257.07758, 257.07758,\n",
      "         257.07758]],\n",
      "\n",
      "       [[240.10124, 240.10124, 240.10124, ..., 240.09166, 240.09166,\n",
      "         240.09166],\n",
      "        [241.85622, 241.80452, 241.75043, ..., 241.99152, 241.93628,\n",
      "         241.88435],\n",
      "        [242.79108, 242.68707, 242.58368, ..., 243.11673, 243.01666,\n",
      "         242.9077 ],\n",
      "        ...,\n",
      "        [260.98044, 261.00912, 261.07172, ..., 260.78656, 260.87418,\n",
      "         260.9435 ],\n",
      "        [260.00974, 260.02213, 260.0323 , ..., 259.96994, 259.99246,\n",
      "         260.0092 ],\n",
      "        [258.00223, 258.00223, 258.00223, ..., 258.00223, 258.00223,\n",
      "         258.00223]],\n",
      "\n",
      "       [[247.96088, 247.96088, 247.96088, ..., 247.93704, 247.93704,\n",
      "         247.93704],\n",
      "        [248.94565, 248.89906, 248.85555, ..., 249.08572, 249.03673,\n",
      "         248.98915],\n",
      "        [249.93575, 249.80705, 249.679  , ..., 250.31178, 250.1902 ,\n",
      "         250.0654 ],\n",
      "        ...,\n",
      "        [251.01753, 251.10835, 251.17427, ..., 250.68848, 250.80872,\n",
      "         250.9194 ],\n",
      "        [249.8625 , 249.90404, 249.93315, ..., 249.72313, 249.77002,\n",
      "         249.82123],\n",
      "        [248.79779, 248.79779, 248.79779, ..., 248.79779, 248.79779,\n",
      "         248.79779]]], dtype=float32)\n",
      "Coordinates:\n",
      "  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 1850-01-16T12:00:00 ... 2005-12-16T12:00:00\n",
      "  * lat      (lat) float64 -90.0 -88.75 -87.5 -86.25 ... 86.25 87.5 88.75 90.0\n",
      "  * lon      (lon) float64 0.0 1.875 3.75 5.625 7.5 ... 352.5 354.4 356.2 358.1\n",
      "    height   float64 1.5\n",
      "Attributes:\n",
      "    standard_name:     air_temperature\n",
      "    long_name:         Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature\n",
      "    comment:           monthly mean of the daily-maximum near-surface air tem...\n",
      "    units:             K\n",
      "    cell_methods:      time: maximum within days time: mean over days\n",
      "    cell_measures:     area: areacella\n",
      "    history:           2013-03-25T05:03:31Z altered by CMOR: Treated scalar d...\n",
      "    associated_files:  baseURL: http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP5/dataLocation...\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(f1.tasmax)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Print an attribute\n",
    "The attributes of a variable can be easily accessed using the `.<attribute>` command. So if we want to print the units of tasmax we could go:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'K'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f1.tasmax.units"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Summary\n",
    "\n",
    "In this example, we show how to access CMIP5 datasets on Gadi and utilising OPeNDAP URLs from our THREDDS server. The same approach applies to other data collections. Please visit [Xarray](http://xarray.pydata.org/en/stable/) for more information."
   ]
  }
 ],
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