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array.jl
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array.jl
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# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: http://julialang.org/license
## array.jl: Dense arrays
## Type aliases for convenience ##
typealias AbstractVector{T} AbstractArray{T,1}
typealias AbstractMatrix{T} AbstractArray{T,2}
typealias AbstractVecOrMat{T} Union{AbstractVector{T}, AbstractMatrix{T}}
typealias RangeIndex Union{Int, Range{Int}, AbstractUnitRange{Int}, Colon}
typealias DimOrInd Union{Integer, AbstractUnitRange}
typealias IntOrInd Union{Int, AbstractUnitRange}
typealias DimsOrInds{N} NTuple{N,DimOrInd}
typealias NeedsShaping Union{Tuple{Integer,Vararg{Integer}}, Tuple{OneTo,Vararg{OneTo}}}
typealias Vector{T} Array{T,1}
typealias Matrix{T} Array{T,2}
typealias VecOrMat{T} Union{Vector{T}, Matrix{T}}
typealias DenseVector{T} DenseArray{T,1}
typealias DenseMatrix{T} DenseArray{T,2}
typealias DenseVecOrMat{T} Union{DenseVector{T}, DenseMatrix{T}}
## Basic functions ##
import Core: arraysize, arrayset, arrayref
vect() = Array{Any,1}(0)
vect{T}(X::T...) = T[ X[i] for i=1:length(X) ]
function vect(X...)
T = promote_typeof(X...)
#T[ X[i] for i=1:length(X) ]
# TODO: this is currently much faster. should figure out why. not clear.
return copy!(Array{T,1}(length(X)), X)
end
size(a::Array, d) = arraysize(a, d)
size(a::Vector) = (arraysize(a,1),)
size(a::Matrix) = (arraysize(a,1), arraysize(a,2))
size(a::Array) = (@_inline_meta; _size((), a))
_size{_,N}(out::NTuple{N}, A::Array{_,N}) = out
function _size{_,M,N}(out::NTuple{M}, A::Array{_,N})
@_inline_meta
_size((out..., size(A,M+1)), A)
end
asize_from(a::Array, n) = n > ndims(a) ? () : (arraysize(a,n), asize_from(a, n+1)...)
length(a::Array) = arraylen(a)
elsize{T}(a::Array{T}) = isbits(T) ? sizeof(T) : sizeof(Ptr)
sizeof(a::Array) = elsize(a) * length(a)
function isassigned{T}(a::Array{T}, i::Int...)
ii = sub2ind(size(a), i...)
1 <= ii <= length(a) || return false
ccall(:jl_array_isassigned, Cint, (Any, UInt), a, ii-1) == 1
end
## copy ##
function unsafe_copy!{T}(dest::Ptr{T}, src::Ptr{T}, n)
# Do not use this to copy data between pointer arrays.
# It can't be made safe no matter how carefully you checked.
ccall(:memmove, Ptr{Void}, (Ptr{Void}, Ptr{Void}, UInt),
dest, src, n*sizeof(T))
return dest
end
function unsafe_copy!{T}(dest::Array{T}, doffs, src::Array{T}, soffs, n)
if isbits(T)
unsafe_copy!(pointer(dest, doffs), pointer(src, soffs), n)
else
ccall(:jl_array_ptr_copy, Void, (Any, Ptr{Void}, Any, Ptr{Void}, Int),
dest, pointer(dest, doffs), src, pointer(src, soffs), n)
end
return dest
end
function copy!{T}(dest::Array{T}, doffs::Integer, src::Array{T}, soffs::Integer, n::Integer)
n == 0 && return dest
n > 0 || throw(ArgumentError(string("tried to copy n=", n, " elements, but n should be nonnegative")))
if soffs < 1 || doffs < 1 || soffs+n-1 > length(src) || doffs+n-1 > length(dest)
throw(BoundsError())
end
unsafe_copy!(dest, doffs, src, soffs, n)
end
copy!{T}(dest::Array{T}, src::Array{T}) = copy!(dest, 1, src, 1, length(src))
copy{T<:Array}(a::T) = ccall(:jl_array_copy, Ref{T}, (Any,), a)
function reinterpret{T,S}(::Type{T}, a::Array{S,1})
nel = Int(div(length(a)*sizeof(S),sizeof(T)))
# TODO: maybe check that remainder is zero?
return reinterpret(T, a, (nel,))
end
function reinterpret{T,S}(::Type{T}, a::Array{S})
if sizeof(S) != sizeof(T)
throw(ArgumentError("result shape not specified"))
end
reinterpret(T, a, size(a))
end
function reinterpret{T,S,N}(::Type{T}, a::Array{S}, dims::NTuple{N,Int})
if !isbits(T)
throw(ArgumentError("cannot reinterpret Array{$(S)} to ::Type{Array{$(T)}}, type $(T) is not a bitstype"))
end
if !isbits(S)
throw(ArgumentError("cannot reinterpret Array{$(S)} to ::Type{Array{$(T)}}, type $(S) is not a bitstype"))
end
nel = div(length(a)*sizeof(S),sizeof(T))
if prod(dims) != nel
throw(DimensionMismatch("new dimensions $(dims) must be consistent with array size $(nel)"))
end
ccall(:jl_reshape_array, Array{T,N}, (Any, Any, Any), Array{T,N}, a, dims)
end
# reshaping to same # of dimensions
function reshape{T,N}(a::Array{T,N}, dims::NTuple{N,Int})
if prod(dims) != length(a)
throw(DimensionMismatch("new dimensions $(dims) must be consistent with array size $(length(a))"))
end
if dims == size(a)
return a
end
ccall(:jl_reshape_array, Array{T,N}, (Any, Any, Any), Array{T,N}, a, dims)
end
# reshaping to different # of dimensions
function reshape{T,N}(a::Array{T}, dims::NTuple{N,Int})
if prod(dims) != length(a)
throw(DimensionMismatch("new dimensions $(dims) must be consistent with array size $(length(a))"))
end
ccall(:jl_reshape_array, Array{T,N}, (Any, Any, Any), Array{T,N}, a, dims)
end
## Constructors ##
similar{T}(a::Array{T,1}) = Array{T,1}(size(a,1))
similar{T}(a::Array{T,2}) = Array{T,2}(size(a,1), size(a,2))
similar{T}(a::Array{T,1}, S::Type) = Array{S,1}(size(a,1))
similar{T}(a::Array{T,2}, S::Type) = Array{S,2}(size(a,1), size(a,2))
similar{T}(a::Array{T}, m::Int) = Array{T,1}(m)
similar{N}(a::Array, T::Type, dims::Dims{N}) = Array{T,N}(dims)
similar{T,N}(a::Array{T}, dims::Dims{N}) = Array{T,N}(dims)
# T[x...] constructs Array{T,1}
function getindex{T}(::Type{T}, vals...)
a = Array{T,1}(length(vals))
@inbounds for i = 1:length(vals)
a[i] = vals[i]
end
return a
end
getindex{T}(::Type{T}) = (@_inline_meta; Array{T,1}(0))
getindex{T}(::Type{T}, x) = (@_inline_meta; a = Array{T,1}(1); @inbounds a[1] = x; a)
getindex{T}(::Type{T}, x, y) = (@_inline_meta; a = Array{T,1}(2); @inbounds (a[1] = x; a[2] = y); a)
getindex{T}(::Type{T}, x, y, z) = (@_inline_meta; a = Array{T,1}(3); @inbounds (a[1] = x; a[2] = y; a[3] = z); a)
function getindex(::Type{Any}, vals::ANY...)
a = Array{Any,1}(length(vals))
@inbounds for i = 1:length(vals)
a[i] = vals[i]
end
return a
end
getindex(::Type{Any}) = Array{Any,1}(0)
function fill!(a::Union{Array{UInt8}, Array{Int8}}, x::Integer)
ccall(:memset, Ptr{Void}, (Ptr{Void}, Cint, Csize_t), a, x, length(a))
return a
end
function fill!{T<:Union{Integer,AbstractFloat}}(a::Array{T}, x)
xT = convert(T, x)
for i in eachindex(a)
@inbounds a[i] = xT
end
return a
end
"""
fill(x, dims)
Create an array filled with the value `x`. For example, `fill(1.0, (5,5))` returns a 5×5
array of floats, with each element initialized to `1.0`.
```jldoctest
julia> fill(1.0, (5,5))
5×5 Array{Float64,2}:
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
```
If `x` is an object reference, all elements will refer to the same object. `fill(Foo(),
dims)` will return an array filled with the result of evaluating `Foo()` once.
"""
fill(v, dims::Dims) = fill!(Array{typeof(v)}(dims), v)
fill(v, dims::Integer...) = fill!(Array{typeof(v)}(dims...), v)
for (fname, felt) in ((:zeros,:zero), (:ones,:one))
@eval begin
($fname)(T::Type, dims...) = fill!(Array{T}(dims...), ($felt)(T))
($fname)(dims...) = fill!(Array{Float64}(dims...), ($felt)(Float64))
($fname){T}(A::AbstractArray{T}) = fill!(similar(A), ($felt)(T))
end
end
"""
eye([T::Type=Float64,] m::Integer, n::Integer)
`m`-by-`n` identity matrix.
The default element type is `Float64`.
"""
function eye(T::Type, m::Integer, n::Integer)
a = zeros(T,m,n)
for i = 1:min(m,n)
a[i,i] = one(T)
end
return a
end
"""
eye(m, n)
`m`-by-`n` identity matrix.
"""
eye(m::Integer, n::Integer) = eye(Float64, m, n)
eye(T::Type, n::Integer) = eye(T, n, n)
"""
eye([T::Type=Float64,] n::Integer)
`n`-by-`n` identity matrix.
The default element type is `Float64`.
"""
eye(n::Integer) = eye(Float64, n)
"""
eye(A)
Constructs an identity matrix of the same dimensions and type as `A`.
```jldoctest
julia> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
3×3 Array{Int64,2}:
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
julia> eye(A)
3×3 Array{Int64,2}:
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
```
Note the difference from [`ones`](:func:`ones`).
"""
eye{T}(x::AbstractMatrix{T}) = eye(T, size(x, 1), size(x, 2))
function one{T}(x::AbstractMatrix{T})
m,n = size(x)
m==n || throw(DimensionMismatch("multiplicative identity defined only for square matrices"))
eye(T, m)
end
## Conversions ##
convert{T}(::Type{Vector}, x::AbstractVector{T}) = convert(Vector{T}, x)
convert{T}(::Type{Matrix}, x::AbstractMatrix{T}) = convert(Matrix{T}, x)
convert{T,n}(::Type{Array{T}}, x::Array{T,n}) = x
convert{T,n}(::Type{Array{T,n}}, x::Array{T,n}) = x
convert{T,n,S}(::Type{Array{T}}, x::AbstractArray{S, n}) = convert(Array{T, n}, x)
convert{T,n,S}(::Type{Array{T,n}}, x::AbstractArray{S,n}) = copy!(Array{T,n}(size(x)), x)
promote_rule{T,n,S}(::Type{Array{T,n}}, ::Type{Array{S,n}}) = Array{promote_type(T,S),n}
## copying iterators to containers
"""
collect(element_type, collection)
Return an `Array` with the given element type of all items in a collection or iterable.
The result has the same shape and number of dimensions as `collection`.
"""
collect{T}(::Type{T}, itr) = _collect(T, itr, iteratorsize(itr))
_collect{T}(::Type{T}, itr, isz::HasLength) = copy!(Array{T,1}(Int(length(itr)::Integer)), itr)
_collect{T}(::Type{T}, itr, isz::HasShape) = copy!(similar(Array{T}, indices(itr)), itr)
function _collect{T}(::Type{T}, itr, isz::SizeUnknown)
a = Array{T,1}(0)
for x in itr
push!(a,x)
end
return a
end
# make a collection similar to `c` and appropriate for collecting `itr`
_similar_for(c::AbstractArray, T, itr, ::SizeUnknown) = similar(c, T, 0)
_similar_for(c::AbstractArray, T, itr, ::HasLength) = similar(c, T, Int(length(itr)::Integer))
_similar_for(c::AbstractArray, T, itr, ::HasShape) = similar(c, T, indices(itr))
_similar_for(c, T, itr, isz) = similar(c, T)
"""
collect(collection)
Return an `Array` of all items in a collection or iterator. For associative collections, returns
`Pair{KeyType, ValType}`. If the argument is array-like or is an iterator with the `HasShape()`
trait, the result will have the same shape and number of dimensions as the argument.
```jldoctest
julia> collect(1:2:13)
7-element Array{Int64,1}:
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
```
"""
collect(itr) = _collect(1:1 #= Array =#, itr, iteratoreltype(itr), iteratorsize(itr))
collect_similar(cont, itr) = _collect(cont, itr, iteratoreltype(itr), iteratorsize(itr))
_collect(cont, itr, ::HasEltype, isz::Union{HasLength,HasShape}) =
copy!(_similar_for(cont, eltype(itr), itr, isz), itr)
function _collect(cont, itr, ::HasEltype, isz::SizeUnknown)
a = _similar_for(cont, eltype(itr), itr, isz)
for x in itr
push!(a,x)
end
return a
end
if isdefined(Core, :Inference)
_default_eltype(itrt::ANY) = Core.Inference.return_type(first, Tuple{itrt})
else
_default_eltype(itr::ANY) = Any
end
_array_for{T}(::Type{T}, itr, ::HasLength) = Array{T,1}(Int(length(itr)::Integer))
_array_for{T}(::Type{T}, itr, ::HasShape) = similar(Array{T}, indices(itr))
function collect(itr::Generator)
isz = iteratorsize(itr.iter)
et = _default_eltype(typeof(itr))
if isa(isz, SizeUnknown)
return grow_to!(Array{et,1}(0), itr)
else
st = start(itr)
if done(itr,st)
return _array_for(et, itr.iter, isz)
end
v1, st = next(itr, st)
collect_to_with_first!(_array_for(typeof(v1), itr.iter, isz), v1, itr, st)
end
end
_collect(c, itr, ::EltypeUnknown, isz::SizeUnknown) =
grow_to!(_similar_for(c, _default_eltype(typeof(itr)), itr, isz), itr)
function _collect(c, itr, ::EltypeUnknown, isz::Union{HasLength,HasShape})
st = start(itr)
if done(itr,st)
return _similar_for(c, _default_eltype(typeof(itr)), itr, isz)
end
v1, st = next(itr, st)
collect_to_with_first!(_similar_for(c, typeof(v1), itr, isz), v1, itr, st)
end
function collect_to_with_first!(dest::AbstractArray, v1, itr, st)
i1 = first(linearindices(dest))
dest[i1] = v1
return collect_to!(dest, itr, i1+1, st)
end
function collect_to_with_first!(dest, v1, itr, st)
push!(dest, v1)
return grow_to!(dest, itr, st)
end
function collect_to!{T}(dest::AbstractArray{T}, itr, offs, st)
# collect to dest array, checking the type of each result. if a result does not
# match, widen the result type and re-dispatch.
i = offs
while !done(itr, st)
el, st = next(itr, st)
S = typeof(el)
if S === T || S <: T
@inbounds dest[i] = el::T
i += 1
else
R = typejoin(T, S)
new = similar(dest, R)
copy!(new,1, dest,1, i-1)
@inbounds new[i] = el
return collect_to!(new, itr, i+1, st)
end
end
return dest
end
function grow_to!(dest, itr)
out = grow_to!(similar(dest,Union{}), itr, start(itr))
return isempty(out) ? dest : out
end
function grow_to!(dest, itr, st)
T = eltype(dest)
while !done(itr, st)
el, st = next(itr, st)
S = typeof(el)
if S === T || S <: T
push!(dest, el::T)
else
new = similar(dest, typejoin(T, S))
copy!(new, dest)
push!(new, el)
return grow_to!(new, itr, st)
end
end
return dest
end
## Iteration ##
start(A::Array) = 1
next(a::Array,i) = (@_propagate_inbounds_meta; (a[i],i+1))
done(a::Array,i) = (@_inline_meta; i == length(a)+1)
## Indexing: getindex ##
# This is more complicated than it needs to be in order to get Win64 through bootstrap
getindex(A::Array, i1::Real) = arrayref(A, to_index(i1))
getindex(A::Array, i1::Real, i2::Real, I::Real...) = (@_inline_meta; arrayref(A, to_index(i1), to_index(i2), to_indexes(I...)...)) # TODO: REMOVE FOR #14770
# Faster contiguous indexing using copy! for UnitRange and Colon
function getindex(A::Array, I::UnitRange{Int})
@_inline_meta
@boundscheck checkbounds(A, I)
lI = length(I)
X = similar(A, lI)
if lI > 0
unsafe_copy!(X, 1, A, first(I), lI)
end
return X
end
function getindex(A::Array, c::Colon)
lI = length(A)
X = similar(A, lI)
if lI > 0
unsafe_copy!(X, 1, A, 1, lI)
end
return X
end
# This is redundant with the abstract fallbacks, but needed for bootstrap
function getindex{S,T<:Real}(A::Array{S}, I::Range{T})
return S[ A[to_index(i)] for i in I ]
end
## Indexing: setindex! ##
setindex!{T}(A::Array{T}, x, i1::Real) = arrayset(A, convert(T,x)::T, to_index(i1))
setindex!{T}(A::Array{T}, x, i1::Real, i2::Real, I::Real...) = (@_inline_meta; arrayset(A, convert(T,x)::T, to_index(i1), to_index(i2), to_indexes(I...)...)) # TODO: REMOVE FOR #14770
# These are redundant with the abstract fallbacks but needed for bootstrap
function setindex!(A::Array, x, I::AbstractVector{Int})
A === I && (I = copy(I))
for i in I
A[i] = x
end
return A
end
function setindex!(A::Array, X::AbstractArray, I::AbstractVector{Int})
setindex_shape_check(X, length(I))
count = 1
if X === A
X = copy(X)
I===A && (I = X::typeof(I))
elseif I === A
I = copy(I)
end
for i in I
A[i] = X[count]
count += 1
end
return A
end
# Faster contiguous setindex! with copy!
function setindex!{T}(A::Array{T}, X::Array{T}, I::UnitRange{Int})
@_inline_meta
@boundscheck checkbounds(A, I)
lI = length(I)
setindex_shape_check(X, lI)
if lI > 0
unsafe_copy!(A, first(I), X, 1, lI)
end
return A
end
function setindex!{T}(A::Array{T}, X::Array{T}, c::Colon)
lI = length(A)
setindex_shape_check(X, lI)
if lI > 0
unsafe_copy!(A, 1, X, 1, lI)
end
return A
end
setindex!(A::Array, x::Number, ::Colon) = fill!(A, x)
setindex!{T, N}(A::Array{T, N}, x::Number, ::Vararg{Colon, N}) = fill!(A, x)
# efficiently grow an array
_growat!(a::Vector, i::Integer, delta::Integer) =
ccall(:jl_array_grow_at, Void, (Any, Int, UInt), a, i - 1, delta)
# efficiently delete part of an array
_deleteat!(a::Vector, i::Integer, delta::Integer) =
ccall(:jl_array_del_at, Void, (Any, Int, UInt), a, i - 1, delta)
## Dequeue functionality ##
function push!{T}(a::Array{T,1}, item)
# convert first so we don't grow the array if the assignment won't work
itemT = convert(T, item)
ccall(:jl_array_grow_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, 1)
a[end] = itemT
return a
end
function push!(a::Array{Any,1}, item::ANY)
ccall(:jl_array_grow_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, 1)
arrayset(a, item, length(a))
return a
end
function append!{T}(a::Array{T,1}, items::AbstractVector)
n = length(items)
ccall(:jl_array_grow_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, n)
copy!(a, length(a)-n+1, items, 1, n)
return a
end
"""
prepend!(a::Vector, items) -> collection
Insert the elements of `items` to the beginning of `a`.
```jldoctest
julia> prepend!([3],[1,2])
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
1
2
3
```
"""
function prepend!{T}(a::Array{T,1}, items::AbstractVector)
n = length(items)
ccall(:jl_array_grow_beg, Void, (Any, UInt), a, n)
if a === items
copy!(a, 1, items, n+1, n)
else
copy!(a, 1, items, 1, n)
end
return a
end
"""
resize!(a::Vector, n::Integer) -> Vector
Resize `a` to contain `n` elements. If `n` is smaller than the current collection
length, the first `n` elements will be retained. If `n` is larger, the new elements are not
guaranteed to be initialized.
```jldoctest
julia> resize!([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 3)
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
5
4
```
```julia
julia> resize!([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 8)
8-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
```
"""
function resize!(a::Vector, nl::Integer)
l = length(a)
if nl > l
ccall(:jl_array_grow_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, nl-l)
else
if nl < 0
throw(ArgumentError("new length must be ≥ 0"))
end
ccall(:jl_array_del_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, l-nl)
end
return a
end
function sizehint!(a::Vector, sz::Integer)
ccall(:jl_array_sizehint, Void, (Any, UInt), a, sz)
a
end
function pop!(a::Vector)
if isempty(a)
throw(ArgumentError("array must be non-empty"))
end
item = a[end]
ccall(:jl_array_del_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, 1)
return item
end
"""
unshift!(collection, items...) -> collection
Insert one or more `items` at the beginning of `collection`.
```jldoctest
julia> unshift!([1, 2, 3, 4], 5, 6)
6-element Array{Int64,1}:
5
6
1
2
3
4
```
"""
function unshift!{T}(a::Array{T,1}, item)
item = convert(T, item)
ccall(:jl_array_grow_beg, Void, (Any, UInt), a, 1)
a[1] = item
return a
end
function shift!(a::Vector)
if isempty(a)
throw(ArgumentError("array must be non-empty"))
end
item = a[1]
ccall(:jl_array_del_beg, Void, (Any, UInt), a, 1)
return item
end
"""
insert!(a::Vector, index::Integer, item)
Insert an `item` into `a` at the given `index`. `index` is the index of `item` in
the resulting `a`.
```jldoctest
julia> insert!([6, 5, 4, 2, 1], 4, 3)
6-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
5
4
3
2
1
```
"""
function insert!{T}(a::Array{T,1}, i::Integer, item)
# Throw convert error before changing the shape of the array
_item = convert(T, item)
_growat!(a, i, 1)
# _growat! already did bound check
@inbounds a[i] = _item
return a
end
"""
deleteat!(a::Vector, i::Integer)
Remove the item at the given `i` and return the modified `a`. Subsequent items
are shifted to fill the resulting gap.
```jldoctest
julia> deleteat!([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2)
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
4
3
2
1
```
"""
deleteat!(a::Vector, i::Integer) = (_deleteat!(a, i, 1); a)
function deleteat!{T<:Integer}(a::Vector, r::UnitRange{T})
n = length(a)
isempty(r) || _deleteat!(a, first(r), length(r))
return a
end
"""
deleteat!(a::Vector, inds)
Remove the items at the indices given by `inds`, and return the modified `a`.
Subsequent items are shifted to fill the resulting gap. `inds` must be sorted and unique.
```jldoctest
julia> deleteat!([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 1:2:5)
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
5
3
1
julia> deleteat!([6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1], (2, 2))
ERROR: ArgumentError: indices must be unique and sorted
in deleteat!(::Array{Int64,1}, ::Tuple{Int64,Int64}) at ./array.jl:748
...
```
"""
function deleteat!(a::Vector, inds)
n = length(a)
s = start(inds)
done(inds, s) && return a
(p, s) = next(inds, s)
q = p+1
while !done(inds, s)
(i,s) = next(inds, s)
if !(q <= i <= n)
if i < q
throw(ArgumentError("indices must be unique and sorted"))
else
throw(BoundsError())
end
end
while q < i
@inbounds a[p] = a[q]
p += 1; q += 1
end
q = i+1
end
while q <= n
@inbounds a[p] = a[q]
p += 1; q += 1
end
ccall(:jl_array_del_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, n-p+1)
return a
end
const _default_splice = []
"""
splice!(a::Vector, index::Integer, [replacement]) -> item
Remove the item at the given index, and return the removed item.
Subsequent items are shifted left to fill the resulting gap.
If specified, replacement values from an ordered
collection will be spliced in place of the removed item.
```jldoctest
julia> A = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]; splice!(A, 5)
2
julia> A
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
5
4
3
1
julia> splice!(A, 5, -1)
1
julia> A
5-element Array{Int64,1}:
6
5
4
3
-1
julia> splice!(A, 1, [-1, -2, -3])
6
julia> A
7-element Array{Int64,1}:
-1
-2
-3
5
4
3
-1
```
To insert `replacement` before an index `n` without removing any items, use
`splice!(collection, n:n-1, replacement)`.
"""
function splice!(a::Vector, i::Integer, ins=_default_splice)
v = a[i]
m = length(ins)
if m == 0
_deleteat!(a, i, 1)
elseif m == 1
a[i] = ins[1]
else
_growat!(a, i, m-1)
k = 1
for x in ins
a[i+k-1] = x
k += 1
end
end
return v
end
"""
splice!(a::Vector, range, [replacement]) -> items
Remove items in the specified index range, and return a collection containing
the removed items.
Subsequent items are shifted left to fill the resulting gap.
If specified, replacement values from an ordered collection will be spliced in
place of the removed items.
To insert `replacement` before an index `n` without removing any items, use
`splice!(collection, n:n-1, replacement)`.
```jldoctest
julia> splice!(A, 4:3, 2)
0-element Array{Int64,1}
julia> A
8-element Array{Int64,1}:
-1
-2
-3
2
5
4
3
-1
```
"""
function splice!{T<:Integer}(a::Vector, r::UnitRange{T}, ins=_default_splice)
v = a[r]
m = length(ins)
if m == 0
deleteat!(a, r)
return v
end
n = length(a)
f = first(r)
l = last(r)
d = length(r)
if m < d
delta = d - m
_deleteat!(a, (f - 1 < n - l) ? f : (l - delta + 1), delta)
elseif m > d
_growat!(a, (f - 1 < n - l) ? f : (l + 1), m - d)
end
k = 1
for x in ins
a[f+k-1] = x
k += 1
end
return v
end
function empty!(a::Vector)
ccall(:jl_array_del_end, Void, (Any, UInt), a, length(a))
return a
end
# use memcmp for lexcmp on byte arrays
function lexcmp(a::Array{UInt8,1}, b::Array{UInt8,1})
c = ccall(:memcmp, Int32, (Ptr{UInt8}, Ptr{UInt8}, UInt),
a, b, min(length(a),length(b)))
return c < 0 ? -1 : c > 0 ? +1 : cmp(length(a),length(b))
end
# use memcmp for == on bit integer types
function =={T<:BitInteger,N}(a::Array{T,N}, b::Array{T,N})
size(a) == size(b) && 0 == ccall(
:memcmp, Int32, (Ptr{T}, Ptr{T}, UInt), a, b, sizeof(T) * length(a))
end
# this is ~20% faster than the generic implementation above for very small arrays
function =={T<:BitInteger}(a::Array{T,1}, b::Array{T,1})
len = length(a)
len == length(b) && 0 == ccall(
:memcmp, Int32, (Ptr{T}, Ptr{T}, UInt), a, b, sizeof(T) * len)
end
function reverse(A::AbstractVector, s=1, n=length(A))
B = similar(A)
for i = 1:s-1
B[i] = A[i]
end
for i = s:n
B[i] = A[n+s-i]
end
for i = n+1:length(A)
B[i] = A[i]
end
return B
end
reverseind(a::AbstractVector, i::Integer) = length(a) + 1 - i
function reverse!(v::AbstractVector, s=1, n=length(v))
if n <= s # empty case; ok
elseif !(1 ≤ s ≤ endof(v))
throw(BoundsError(v, s))
elseif !(1 ≤ n ≤ endof(v))
throw(BoundsError(v, n))
end
r = n
@inbounds for i in s:div(s+n-1, 2)
v[i], v[r] = v[r], v[i]
r -= 1
end
return v
end
# concatenations of homogeneous combinations of vectors, horizontal and vertical
function hcat{T}(V::Vector{T}...)
height = length(V[1])
for j = 2:length(V)
if length(V[j]) != height
throw(DimensionMismatch("vectors must have same lengths"))
end
end
return [ V[j][i]::T for i=1:length(V[1]), j=1:length(V) ]
end
function vcat{T}(arrays::Vector{T}...)
n = 0
for a in arrays
n += length(a)
end
arr = Array{T,1}(n)
ptr = pointer(arr)
if isbits(T)
elsz = Core.sizeof(T)
else
elsz = Core.sizeof(Ptr{Void})
end
for a in arrays
na = length(a)
nba = na * elsz
if isbits(T)
ccall(:memcpy, Ptr{Void}, (Ptr{Void}, Ptr{Void}, UInt),
ptr, a, nba)
else
ccall(:jl_array_ptr_copy, Void, (Any, Ptr{Void}, Any, Ptr{Void}, Int),
arr, ptr, a, pointer(a), na)
end
ptr += nba
end
return arr
end
## find ##
"""
findnext(A, i::Integer)
Find the next linear index >= `i` of a non-zero element of `A`, or `0` if not found.
```jldoctest
julia> A = [0 0; 1 0]
2×2 Array{Int64,2}:
0 0
1 0
julia> findnext(A,1)
2