From 53ad033f21a2a89fa125f5af2016160a713b426c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 2023 08:09:35 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 1/9] POC for RuntimeConstraint

---
 .../github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala | 24 ++++++++-----------
 .../iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala     |  8 +++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala

diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index 63f5b195..10fe32af 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
      */
     type FinalType = T
 
-trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T]:
+trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
   /**
    * Implicitly refine at compile-time the given value.
    *
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T]:
    * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[T]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[option]], [[applyUnsafe]].
    */
-  inline def either(value: A)(using constraint: Constraint[A, C]): Either[String, T] =
-    Either.cond(constraint.test(value), value.asInstanceOf[T], constraint.message)
+  inline def either(value: A): Either[String, T] =
+    Either.cond(rtc.test(value), value.asInstanceOf[T], rtc.message)
 
   /**
    * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in an [[Option]].
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T]:
    * @return an Option containing this value as [[T]] or [[None]].
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[either]], [[applyUnsafe]].
    */
-  inline def option(value: A)(using constraint: Constraint[A, C]): Option[T] =
-    Option.when(constraint.test(value))(value.asInstanceOf[T])
+  inline def option(value: A): Option[T] =
+    Option.when(rtc.test(value))(value.asInstanceOf[T])
 
   /**
    * Refine the given value at runtime.
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T]:
    * @throws an [[IllegalArgumentException]] if the constraint is not satisfied.
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[either]], [[option]].
    */
-  inline def applyUnsafe(value: A)(using Constraint[A, C]): T =
-    value.refine[C].asInstanceOf[T]
+  inline def applyUnsafe(value: A): T =
+    if rtc.test(value) then value.asInstanceOf[T] else throw new IllegalArgumentException(rtc.message)
 
   inline def unapply(value: T): Option[A :| C] = Some(value.asInstanceOf[A :| C])
 
@@ -108,12 +108,8 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T]:
 
   inline given [R]: TypeTest[T, R] = summonInline[TypeTest[A :| C, R]].asInstanceOf[TypeTest[T, R]]
 
-  inline given [L](using inline constraint: Constraint[A, C]): TypeTest[L, T] =
-    val test = summonInline[TypeTest[L, A]]
-
-    new TypeTest:
-      override def unapply(value: L): Option[value.type & T] =
-        test.unapply(value).filter(constraint.test(_)).asInstanceOf
+  given [L](using test: TypeTest[L, A]): TypeTest[L, T] with
+    override def unapply(value: L): Option[value.type & T] = test.unapply(value).filter(rtc.test(_)).asInstanceOf
 
   extension (wrapper: T)
-    inline def value: IronType[A, C] = wrapper.asInstanceOf[IronType[A, C]]
\ No newline at end of file
+    inline def value: IronType[A, C] = wrapper.asInstanceOf[IronType[A, C]]
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20fe58b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package io.github.iltotore.iron
+
+final class RuntimeConstraint[A, B](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
+  inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
+
+object RuntimeConstraint:
+  inline given derived[A, B](using c: Constraint[A, B]): RuntimeConstraint[A, B] =
+    new RuntimeConstraint[A, B](c.test(_), c.message)

From fd7e9196186147ac5edaa29be32000f65eb0f3e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Sep 2023 22:15:20 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 2/9] Use RuntimeConstraint in zio/cats newtypes

---
 cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala   | 24 +++++++++----------
 .../github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala |  2 ++
 .../iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala     |  2 +-
 zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala     | 17 ++++++-------
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
index 5f0be0ee..65ae23ed 100644
--- a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
+++ b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[either]], [[eitherNel]].
      */
-    inline def eitherNec(value: A)(using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): EitherNec[String, T] = value.refineNec[C].map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
+    inline def eitherNec(value: A): EitherNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toEitherNec
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in an [[EitherNel]].
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[either]], [[eitherNec]].
      */
-    inline def eitherNel(value: A)(using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): EitherNel[String, T] = value.refineNel[C].map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
+    inline def eitherNel(value: A): EitherNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toEitherNel
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in a [[Validated]].
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[validatedNec]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
-    inline def validated(value: A)(using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): Validated[String, T] = value.refineValidated[C].map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
+    inline def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidated
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNec]].
@@ -154,8 +154,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing a [[NonEmptyChain]] of error messages.
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
-    inline def validatedNec(value: A)(using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): ValidatedNec[String, T] =
-      value.refineValidatedNec[C].map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
+    inline def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNec
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNel]].
@@ -164,15 +163,14 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing a [[NonEmptyList]] of error messages.
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNec]].
      */
-    inline def validatedNel(value: A)(using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): ValidatedNel[String, T] =
-      value.refineValidatedNel[C].map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
+    inline def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNel
 
   /**
    * Represent all Cats' typeclass instances for Iron.
    */
 private trait IronCatsInstances extends IronCatsLowPriority, RefinedTypeOpsCats:
 
-  //The `NotGiven` implicit parameter is mandatory to avoid ambiguous implicit error when both Eq[A] and Hash[A]/PartialOrder[A] exist
+  // The `NotGiven` implicit parameter is mandatory to avoid ambiguous implicit error when both Eq[A] and Hash[A]/PartialOrder[A] exist
   inline given [A, C](using inline ev: Eq[A], notHashOrOrder: NotGiven[Hash[A] | PartialOrder[A]]): Eq[A :| C] = ev.asInstanceOf[Eq[A :| C]]
 
   inline given [A, C](using inline ev: PartialOrder[A], notOrder: NotGiven[Order[A]]): PartialOrder[A :| C] = ev.asInstanceOf[PartialOrder[A :| C]]
@@ -226,14 +224,14 @@ private trait IronCatsLowPriority:
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsCats extends RefinedTypeOpsCatsLowPriority:
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Eq[mirror.IronType]): Eq[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Eq[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Eq[mirror.IronType]): Eq[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Eq[T]]
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Order[mirror.IronType]): Order[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Order[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Order[mirror.IronType]): Order[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Order[T]]
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Show[mirror.IronType]): Show[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Show[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Show[mirror.IronType]): Show[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Show[T]]
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: PartialOrder[mirror.IronType]): PartialOrder[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[PartialOrder[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: PartialOrder[mirror.IronType]): PartialOrder[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[PartialOrder[T]]
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsCatsLowPriority:
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Hash[mirror.IronType]): Hash[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Hash[T]]
\ No newline at end of file
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Hash[mirror.IronType]): Hash[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Hash[T]]
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index 10fe32af..21f2f277 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
     type FinalType = T
 
 trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
+  inline given RuntimeConstraint[A, C] = rtc
+
   /**
    * Implicitly refine at compile-time the given value.
    *
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
index 20fe58b1..2aafeb23 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
 final class RuntimeConstraint[A, B](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
-  inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
+  inline def test(inline value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
 
 object RuntimeConstraint:
   inline given derived[A, B](using c: Constraint[A, B]): RuntimeConstraint[A, B] =
diff --git a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
index 9011650a..d6997d52 100644
--- a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
+++ b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
 package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
 import _root_.zio.NonEmptyChunk
-import _root_.zio.prelude.{Debug, Equal, Hash, Ord, PartialOrd, Validation}
+import _root_.zio.prelude.*
 
 object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
 
   extension [A](value: A)
-
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[Validation]].
      *
@@ -16,9 +15,7 @@ object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
     inline def refineValidation[C](using inline constraint: Constraint[A, C]): Validation[String, A :| C] =
       Validation.fromPredicateWith(constraint.message)(value.asInstanceOf[A :| C])(constraint.test(_))
 
-
   extension [A, C1](value: A :| C1)
-
     /**
      * Refine the given value again applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[Validation]].
      *
@@ -35,17 +32,17 @@ object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
      * @param constraint the constraint to test with the value to refine.
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[T]] or an [[Validation.Failure]] containing a [[NonEmptyChunk]] of error messages.
      */
-    inline def validation(value: A)(using inline constraint: Constraint[A, C]): Validation[String, T] =
-      value.refineValidation[C].map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
+    inline def validation(value: A): Validation[String, T] =
+      Validation.fromEither(ops.either(value))
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsZio extends RefinedTypeOpsZioLowPriority:
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Debug[mirror.IronType]): Debug[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Debug[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Debug[mirror.IronType]): Debug[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Debug[T]]
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Equal[mirror.IronType]): Equal[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Equal[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Equal[mirror.IronType]): Equal[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Equal[T]]
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Ord[mirror.IronType]): Ord[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Ord[T]]
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Ord[mirror.IronType]): Ord[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Ord[T]]
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsZioLowPriority:
 
-  inline given[T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Hash[mirror.IronType]): Hash[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Hash[T]]
\ No newline at end of file
+  inline given [T](using mirror: RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T], ev: Hash[mirror.IronType]): Hash[T] = ev.asInstanceOf[Hash[T]]

From e2d9ca8c154352a64bf0507017ffbe130ee05dc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Sep 2023 10:37:07 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 3/9] Remove inlining where not necessary

---
 cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala          | 10 +++++-----
 .../src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala | 12 ++++++------
 .../io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala  | 11 +++++++----
 zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala            |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
index 65ae23ed..042a5ac2 100644
--- a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
+++ b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[either]], [[eitherNel]].
      */
-    inline def eitherNec(value: A): EitherNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toEitherNec
+    def eitherNec(value: A): EitherNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toEitherNec
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in an [[EitherNel]].
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[either]], [[eitherNec]].
      */
-    inline def eitherNel(value: A): EitherNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toEitherNel
+    def eitherNel(value: A): EitherNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toEitherNel
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in a [[Validated]].
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[validatedNec]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
-    inline def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidated
+    def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidated
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNec]].
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing a [[NonEmptyChain]] of error messages.
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
-    inline def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNec
+    def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNec
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNel]].
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing a [[NonEmptyList]] of error messages.
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNec]].
      */
-    inline def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNel
+    def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNel
 
   /**
    * Represent all Cats' typeclass instances for Iron.
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index 21f2f277..0b09bd4e 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
      */
     type FinalType = T
 
-trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
-  inline given RuntimeConstraint[A, C] = rtc
+trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A :| C]):
+  inline given RuntimeConstraint[T] = rtc.asInstanceOf[RuntimeConstraint[T]]
 
   /**
    * Implicitly refine at compile-time the given value.
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
    * @return a constrained value, without performing constraint checks.
    * @see [[apply]], [[applyUnsafe]].
    */
-  inline def assume(value: A): T = value.assume[C].asInstanceOf[T]
+  inline def assume(value: A): T = value.asInstanceOf[T]
 
   /**
    * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in an [[Either]].
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
    * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[T]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[option]], [[applyUnsafe]].
    */
-  inline def either(value: A): Either[String, T] =
+  def either(value: A): Either[String, T] =
     Either.cond(rtc.test(value), value.asInstanceOf[T], rtc.message)
 
   /**
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
    * @return an Option containing this value as [[T]] or [[None]].
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[either]], [[applyUnsafe]].
    */
-  inline def option(value: A): Option[T] =
+  def option(value: A): Option[T] =
     Option.when(rtc.test(value))(value.asInstanceOf[T])
 
   /**
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
   inline def applyUnsafe(value: A): T =
     if rtc.test(value) then value.asInstanceOf[T] else throw new IllegalArgumentException(rtc.message)
 
-  inline def unapply(value: T): Option[A :| C] = Some(value.asInstanceOf[A :| C])
+  def unapply(value: T): Option[A :| C] = Some(value.asInstanceOf[A :| C])
 
   inline given RefinedTypeOps.Mirror[T] with
     override type BaseType = A
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
index 2aafeb23..9dbb938f 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
-final class RuntimeConstraint[A, B](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
-  inline def test(inline value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
+type RuntimeConstraint[T] = T match
+  case IronType[a, c] => RuntimeConstraint.Impl[a, c, T]
 
 object RuntimeConstraint:
-  inline given derived[A, B](using c: Constraint[A, B]): RuntimeConstraint[A, B] =
-    new RuntimeConstraint[A, B](c.test(_), c.message)
+  final class Impl[A, C, T](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
+    inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
+
+  inline given derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): RuntimeConstraint[A :| C] =
+    new Impl[A, C, A :| C](c.test(_), c.message)
diff --git a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
index d6997d52..03c1d783 100644
--- a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
+++ b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
 import _root_.zio.NonEmptyChunk
-import _root_.zio.prelude.*
+import _root_.zio.prelude.{Debug, Equal, Hash, Ord, Validation}
 
 object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
      * @param constraint the constraint to test with the value to refine.
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[T]] or an [[Validation.Failure]] containing a [[NonEmptyChunk]] of error messages.
      */
-    inline def validation(value: A): Validation[String, T] =
+    def validation(value: A): Validation[String, T] =
       Validation.fromEither(ops.either(value))
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsZio extends RefinedTypeOpsZioLowPriority:

From e0e0bdd2a30d2ffaf05be4a55fb8c0bad9286145 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Sep 2023 19:48:48 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 4/9] PR comments

---
 cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala       |  9 ++++++---
 .../io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala  |  5 +++--
 .../github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala  | 15 +++++++++------
 zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala         |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
index 042a5ac2..6816f638 100644
--- a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
+++ b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
@@ -145,7 +145,8 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing the constraint message.
      * @see [[validatedNec]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
-    def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidated
+    def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] =
+      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.valid(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalid(ops.rtc.message)
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNec]].
@@ -154,7 +155,8 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing a [[NonEmptyChain]] of error messages.
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
-    def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNec
+    def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] =
+      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.validNec(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalidNec(ops.rtc.message)
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNel]].
@@ -163,7 +165,8 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[IronType]] or an [[Invalid]] containing a [[NonEmptyList]] of error messages.
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNec]].
      */
-    def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] = ops.either(value).toValidatedNel
+    def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] =
+      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.validNel(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalidNel(ops.rtc.message)
 
   /**
    * Represent all Cats' typeclass instances for Iron.
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index 0b09bd4e..8326db0e 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -48,8 +48,9 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
      */
     type FinalType = T
 
-trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A :| C]):
-  inline given RuntimeConstraint[T] = rtc.asInstanceOf[RuntimeConstraint[T]]
+
+trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtcAuto: RuntimeConstraint.AutoDerived[A, A :| C]):
+  given rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, T] = rtcAuto.inner.asInstanceOf[RuntimeConstraint[A, T]]
 
   /**
    * Implicitly refine at compile-time the given value.
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
index 9dbb938f..35f6f087 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
-type RuntimeConstraint[T] = T match
-  case IronType[a, c] => RuntimeConstraint.Impl[a, c, T]
+final class RuntimeConstraint[A, T](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
+  inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
 
 object RuntimeConstraint:
-  final class Impl[A, C, T](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
-    inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
 
-  inline given derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): RuntimeConstraint[A :| C] =
-    new Impl[A, C, A :| C](c.test(_), c.message)
+  inline def derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C] =
+    new RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C](c.test(_), c.message)
+
+  final class AutoDerived[A, T](val inner: RuntimeConstraint[A, T])
+  object AutoDerived:
+    inline given derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): AutoDerived[A, A :| C] =
+      new AutoDerived[A, A :| C](RuntimeConstraint.derived[A, C])
diff --git a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
index 03c1d783..4e0e1d1a 100644
--- a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
+++ b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[T]] or an [[Validation.Failure]] containing a [[NonEmptyChunk]] of error messages.
      */
     def validation(value: A): Validation[String, T] =
-      Validation.fromEither(ops.either(value))
+      Validation.fromPredicateWith(ops.rtc.message)(value)(ops.rtc.test(_)).asInstanceOf[Validation[String, T]]
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsZio extends RefinedTypeOpsZioLowPriority:
 

From ea590ff5b5776e914c1d157d3f387abbc2b56acc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 24 Sep 2023 20:08:32 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 5/9] Avoid auto-deriving when implicit exists

---
 main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
index 35f6f087..1c5cde8a 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
+import scala.util.NotGiven
+
 final class RuntimeConstraint[A, T](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
   inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
 
@@ -10,5 +12,10 @@ object RuntimeConstraint:
 
   final class AutoDerived[A, T](val inner: RuntimeConstraint[A, T])
   object AutoDerived:
-    inline given derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): AutoDerived[A, A :| C] =
+    inline given [A, C](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C]): AutoDerived[A, A :| C] =
+      new AutoDerived[A, A :| C](rtc)
+
+    inline given [A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C], ng: NotGiven[RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C]]): AutoDerived[A, A :| C] =
       new AutoDerived[A, A :| C](RuntimeConstraint.derived[A, C])
+
+end RuntimeConstraint

From 672834277b09ea20b6e167d77f908f5c82665440 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Sep 2023 08:26:05 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 6/9] PR comments

---
 cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala     |  6 +++---
 .../github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala   |  8 ++------
 .../iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala       | 17 +++--------------
 zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala       |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
index 6816f638..b26d2fa7 100644
--- a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
+++ b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @see [[validatedNec]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
     def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] =
-      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.valid(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalid(ops.rtc.message)
+      Validated.fromEither(ops.either(value))
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNec]].
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
     def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] =
-      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.validNec(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalidNec(ops.rtc.message)
+      Validated.fromEither(ops.either(value)).toValidatedNec
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNel]].
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNec]].
      */
     def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] =
-      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.validNel(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalidNel(ops.rtc.message)
+      Validated.fromEither(ops.either(value)).toValidatedNel
 
   /**
    * Represent all Cats' typeclass instances for Iron.
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index 8326db0e..03691950 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -48,15 +48,13 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
      */
     type FinalType = T
 
-
-trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtcAuto: RuntimeConstraint.AutoDerived[A, A :| C]):
-  given rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, T] = rtcAuto.inner.asInstanceOf[RuntimeConstraint[A, T]]
+trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
+  protected given RuntimeConstraint[A, C] = rtc
 
   /**
    * Implicitly refine at compile-time the given value.
    *
    * @param value      the value to refine.
-   * @param constraint the implementation of `C` to check.
    * @tparam A the refined type.
    * @tparam C the constraint applied to the type.
    * @return the given value typed as [[IronType]]
@@ -75,7 +73,6 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtcAuto: RuntimeConstraint.AutoDerived[A
   /**
    * Refine the given value at runtime, resulting in an [[Either]].
    *
-   * @param constraint the constraint to test with the value to refine.
    * @return a [[Right]] containing this value as [[T]] or a [[Left]] containing the constraint message.
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[option]], [[applyUnsafe]].
    */
@@ -95,7 +92,6 @@ trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtcAuto: RuntimeConstraint.AutoDerived[A
   /**
    * Refine the given value at runtime.
    *
-   * @param constraint the constraint to test with the value to refine.
    * @return this value as [[T]].
    * @throws an [[IllegalArgumentException]] if the constraint is not satisfied.
    * @see [[fromIronType]], [[either]], [[option]].
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
index 1c5cde8a..430c1031 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -2,20 +2,9 @@ package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
 import scala.util.NotGiven
 
-final class RuntimeConstraint[A, T](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
+final class RuntimeConstraint[A, C](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
   inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)
 
 object RuntimeConstraint:
-
-  inline def derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C] =
-    new RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C](c.test(_), c.message)
-
-  final class AutoDerived[A, T](val inner: RuntimeConstraint[A, T])
-  object AutoDerived:
-    inline given [A, C](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C]): AutoDerived[A, A :| C] =
-      new AutoDerived[A, A :| C](rtc)
-
-    inline given [A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C], ng: NotGiven[RuntimeConstraint[A, A :| C]]): AutoDerived[A, A :| C] =
-      new AutoDerived[A, A :| C](RuntimeConstraint.derived[A, C])
-
-end RuntimeConstraint
+  inline given derived[A, C](using inline c: Constraint[A, C]): RuntimeConstraint[A, C] =
+    new RuntimeConstraint[A, C](c.test(_), c.message)
diff --git a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
index 4e0e1d1a..03c1d783 100644
--- a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
+++ b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[T]] or an [[Validation.Failure]] containing a [[NonEmptyChunk]] of error messages.
      */
     def validation(value: A): Validation[String, T] =
-      Validation.fromPredicateWith(ops.rtc.message)(value)(ops.rtc.test(_)).asInstanceOf[Validation[String, T]]
+      Validation.fromEither(ops.either(value))
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsZio extends RefinedTypeOpsZioLowPriority:
 

From 76efae0afe97ebbaab091cad37b1dfde8f245cee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Sep 2023 08:32:28 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 7/9] Make `rtc` a val

---
 cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala           | 6 +++---
 main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala | 2 +-
 zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala             | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
index b26d2fa7..6816f638 100644
--- a/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
+++ b/cats/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/cats.scala
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @see [[validatedNec]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
     def validated(value: A): Validated[String, T] =
-      Validated.fromEither(ops.either(value))
+      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.valid(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalid(ops.rtc.message)
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNec]].
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNel]].
      */
     def validatedNec(value: A): ValidatedNec[String, T] =
-      Validated.fromEither(ops.either(value)).toValidatedNec
+      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.validNec(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalidNec(ops.rtc.message)
 
     /**
      * Refine the given value applicatively at runtime, resulting in a [[ValidatedNel]].
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ object cats extends IronCatsInstances:
      * @see [[validated]], [[validatedNec]].
      */
     def validatedNel(value: A): ValidatedNel[String, T] =
-      Validated.fromEither(ops.either(value)).toValidatedNel
+      if ops.rtc.test(value) then Validated.validNel(value.asInstanceOf[T]) else Validated.invalidNel(ops.rtc.message)
 
   /**
    * Represent all Cats' typeclass instances for Iron.
diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index 03691950..a970439a 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
      */
     type FinalType = T
 
-trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
+trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using val rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
   protected given RuntimeConstraint[A, C] = rtc
 
   /**
diff --git a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
index 03c1d783..4e0e1d1a 100644
--- a/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
+++ b/zio/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/zio.scala
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ object zio extends RefinedTypeOpsZio:
      * @return a [[Valid]] containing this value as [[T]] or an [[Validation.Failure]] containing a [[NonEmptyChunk]] of error messages.
      */
     def validation(value: A): Validation[String, T] =
-      Validation.fromEither(ops.either(value))
+      Validation.fromPredicateWith(ops.rtc.message)(value)(ops.rtc.test(_)).asInstanceOf[Validation[String, T]]
 
 private trait RefinedTypeOpsZio extends RefinedTypeOpsZioLowPriority:
 

From b5d4ba9454b29e3b34eb48d7b254239d3ab97e4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Mon, 25 Sep 2023 13:23:03 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 8/9] Inline RuntimeConstraint given

---
 main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
index a970439a..d5d401bf 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RefinedTypeOps.scala
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ object RefinedTypeOps:
     type FinalType = T
 
 trait RefinedTypeOpsImpl[A, C, T](using val rtc: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]):
-  protected given RuntimeConstraint[A, C] = rtc
+  inline protected given RuntimeConstraint[A, C] = rtc
 
   /**
    * Implicitly refine at compile-time the given value.

From 1538ffac6e6e0a0416e27de286ee76d3d0547783 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kyri Petrou <kyri.petrou@outlook.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Sep 2023 17:57:36 +1000
Subject: [PATCH 9/9] Add scaladoc for RuntimeConstraint

---
 .../github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala   | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
index 430c1031..3236dc60 100644
--- a/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
+++ b/main/src/io/github/iltotore/iron/RuntimeConstraint.scala
@@ -2,6 +2,20 @@ package io.github.iltotore.iron
 
 import scala.util.NotGiven
 
+/**
+ * A [[RuntimeConstraint]] is similar to a [[Constraint]] with the difference that it can be used
+ * in non-inlined methods.
+ *
+ * This allows refinement of values in polymorphic methods / givens without the use of `inline`.
+ * e.g., the code below would fail to compile if [[Constraint]] was used instead.
+ *
+ * {{{
+ * def foo[A, C](value: A)(using c: RuntimeConstraint[A, C]): Either[String, A :| C] =
+ *   if c.test(value) then Right(value.assume[C]) else Left(c.message)
+ * }}}
+ *
+ * In cases that one does not exist in scope, one will be automatically derived from a [[Constraint]].
+ */
 final class RuntimeConstraint[A, C](_test: A => Boolean, val message: String):
   inline def test(value: A): Boolean = _test(value)