diff --git a/contracts/call-number/Cargo.lock b/contracts/call-number/Cargo.lock
index 2ce228a8b..bb4550857 100644
--- a/contracts/call-number/Cargo.lock
+++ b/contracts/call-number/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object 0.32.2",
+ "object",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -178,7 +172,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -224,7 +218,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "scopeguard",
- "windows-sys 0.33.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -251,7 +245,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "syn 1.0.109",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -293,7 +287,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "thiserror",
  "uuid",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -308,7 +302,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "cosmwasm-vm"
 version = "1.1.9+0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytecheck",
  "bytes",
  "clru",
@@ -325,9 +319,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2 0.10.8",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer",
  "wasmer-middlewares",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -339,39 +333,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38faa2a16616c8e78a18d37b4726b98bfd2de192f2fdc8a39ddf568a408a0f75"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2ab4512dfd3a6f4be184403a195f76e81a8a9f9e6c898e19d2dc3ce20e0115"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26f192472a3ba23860afd07d2b0217dc628f21fcc72617aa1336d98e1671f33b"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-bforest 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "log",
- "regalloc",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -382,11 +350,11 @@ checksum = "98b022ed2a5913a38839dfbafe6cf135342661293b08049843362df4301261dc"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
- "cranelift-bforest 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-codegen-meta",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
  "cranelift-egraph",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "log",
@@ -395,30 +363,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f32ddb89e9b89d3d9b36a5b7d7ea3261c98235a76ac95ba46826b8ec40b1a24"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639307b45434ad112a98f8300c0f0ab085cbefcd767efcdef9ef19d4c0756e74"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01fd0d9f288cc1b42d9333b7a776b17e278fc888c28e6a0f09b5573d45a150bc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
 version = "0.91.1"
@@ -431,7 +384,7 @@ version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "624b54323b06e675293939311943ba82d323bb340468ce1889be5da7932c8d73"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "fxhash",
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
  "indexmap",
@@ -439,37 +392,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e3bfe172b83167604601faf9dc60453e0d0a93415b57a9c4d1a7ae6849185cf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a59bcbca89c3f1b70b93ab3cbba5e5e0cbf3e63dadb23c7525cb142e21a9d4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a006e3e32d80ce0e4ba7f1f9ddf66066d052a8c884a110b91d05404d6ce26dce"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "log",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d70abacb8cfef3dc8ff7e8836e9c1d70f7967dfdac824a4cd5e30223415aca6"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -660,7 +595,7 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "add9a102807b524ec050363f09e06f1504214b0e1c7797f64261c891022dce8b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "byteorder",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -775,28 +710,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fallible-iterator"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -893,15 +812,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab5ef0d4909ef3724cc8cce6ccc8572c5c817592e9285f5464f8e86f8bd3726e"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -932,15 +842,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ident_case"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -1015,22 +916,6 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1053,7 +938,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b6a72dfa44fe15b5e76b94307eeb2ff995a8c5b283b55008940c02e0c5b634d"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
  "loupe-derive",
  "rustversion",
 ]
@@ -1101,15 +985,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1134,18 +1009,6 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7843ec2de400bcbc6a6328c958dc38e5359da6e93e72e37bc5246bf1ae776389"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.28.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e42c982f2d955fac81dd7e1d0e1426a7d702acd9c98d19ab01083a6a0328c424"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "hashbrown 0.11.2",
- "indexmap",
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "object"
 version = "0.32.2"
@@ -1183,7 +1046,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1317,18 +1180,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regalloc"
-version = "0.0.34"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62446b1d3ebf980bdc68837700af1d77b37bc430e524bf95319c6eada2a4cc02"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "rustc-hash",
- "smallvec",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1349,7 +1201,7 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76e189c2369884dce920945e2ddf79b3dff49e071a167dd1817fa9c4c00d512e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "mach",
  "winapi",
@@ -1410,25 +1262,6 @@ version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d626bb9dae77e28219937af045c257c28bfd3f69333c512553507f5f9798cb76"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-hash"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.30"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "322394588aaf33c24007e8bb3238ee3e4c5c09c084ab32bc73890b99ff326bca"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -1711,19 +1544,6 @@ version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "redox_syscall",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.56"
@@ -1765,7 +1585,6 @@ version = "0.1.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3523ab5a71916ccf420eebdf5521fcef02141234bbc0b8a49f2fdc4544364ef"
 dependencies = [
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-attributes",
  "tracing-core",
@@ -1928,33 +1747,6 @@ version = "0.2.90"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4d91413b1c31d7539ba5ef2451af3f0b833a005eb27a631cec32bc0635a8602b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea8d8361c9d006ea3d7797de7bd6b1492ffd0f91a22430cfda6c1658ad57bedf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "indexmap",
- "js-sys",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-derive 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-dylib",
- "wasmer-engine-universal",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -1975,46 +1767,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-downcast",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-derive 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-compiler-cranelift",
+ "wasmer-compiler-singlepass",
+ "wasmer-derive",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aaf9428c29c1d8ad2ac0e45889ba8a568a835e33fd058964e5e500f2f7ce325"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e67a6cd866aed456656db2cfea96c18baabbd33f676578482b85c51e1ee19d2c"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmparser 0.83.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2036,68 +1797,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "shared-buffer",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
- "wasmparser 0.95.0",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48be2f9f6495f08649e4f8b946a2cbbe119faf5a654aa1457f9504a99d23dae0"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d96bce6fad15a954edcfc2749b59e47ea7de524b6ef3df392035636491a40b4"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-entity",
+ "cranelift-frontend",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
  "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-singlepass"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29ca2a35204d8befa85062bc7aac259a8db8070b801b8a783770ba58231d729e"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "dynasm",
- "dynasmrt",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2115,20 +1837,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-derive"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e50405cc2a2f74ff574584710a5f2c1d5c93744acce2ca0866084739284b51"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-error",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2143,128 +1853,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f98f010978c244db431b392aeab0661df7ea0822343334f8f2a920763548e45"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enumset",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "memmap2 0.5.10",
- "more-asserts",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-dylib"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad0358af9c154724587731175553805648d9acb8f6657880d165e378672b7e53"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "libloading",
- "loupe",
- "object 0.28.4",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "tempfile",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-object",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "which",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-universal"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "440dc3d93c9ca47865a4f4edd037ea81bf983b5796b59b3d712d844b32dbef15"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "loupe",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68f1db3f54152657eb6e86c44b66525ff7801dad8328fe677da48dd06af9ad41"
-dependencies = [
- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-middlewares"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "eeb4b87c0ea9f8636c81a8ab8f52bad01c8623c9fcbb3db5f367d5f157fada30"
 dependencies = [
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-object"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d831335ff3a44ecf451303f6f891175c642488036b92ceceb24ac8623a8fa8b"
-dependencies = [
- "object 0.28.4",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-types"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39df01ea05dc0a9bab67e054c7cb01521e53b35a7bb90bd02eca564ed0b2667f"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
+ "wasmer",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2285,34 +1882,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-vm"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d965fa61f4dc4cdb35a54daaf7ecec3563fbb94154a6c35433f879466247dd"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "corosensei",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "loupe",
- "mach",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
- "more-asserts",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "scopeguard",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-vm"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2332,21 +1901,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "mach",
- "memoffset 0.8.0",
+ "memoffset",
  "more-asserts",
  "region",
  "scopeguard",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.83.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -2357,18 +1920,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2404,57 +1955,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.33.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2467,12 +1988,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2485,12 +2000,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2503,12 +2012,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2521,24 +2024,12 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2551,12 +2042,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/contracts/call-number/Cargo.toml b/contracts/call-number/Cargo.toml
index 6758fa8fb..200cc884d 100644
--- a/contracts/call-number/Cargo.toml
+++ b/contracts/call-number/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ thiserror = "1.0.24"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 cosmwasm-vm = { path = "../../packages/vm", default-features = false, features = ["iterator"] }
-wasmer = { version = "2.3", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "universal", "singlepass"] }
+wasmer = { version = "=4.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "singlepass"] }
diff --git a/contracts/call-number/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/call-number/tests/integration.rs
index 23a1e9b68..c2fabb8d4 100644
--- a/contracts/call-number/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/call-number/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{Contract, MockInstanceOptions};
+use cosmwasm_std::to_json_vec;
+use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{mock_env, Contract, MockInstanceOptions};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use wasmer::{FunctionType, Type};
 
@@ -34,10 +35,11 @@ fn required_imports() -> Vec<(String, String, FunctionType)> {
 #[test]
 fn dynamic_link_import_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let import_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .imports()
         .functions()
         .map(|import| {
diff --git a/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.lock b/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.lock
index 6700abb50..1332d8384 100644
--- a/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.lock
+++ b/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object 0.32.2",
+ "object",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "scopeguard",
- "windows-sys 0.33.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -237,7 +231,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "syn 1.0.109",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "thiserror",
  "uuid",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "cosmwasm-vm"
 version = "1.1.9+0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytecheck",
  "bytes",
  "clru",
@@ -311,9 +305,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2 0.10.8",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer",
  "wasmer-middlewares",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -325,39 +319,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38faa2a16616c8e78a18d37b4726b98bfd2de192f2fdc8a39ddf568a408a0f75"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2ab4512dfd3a6f4be184403a195f76e81a8a9f9e6c898e19d2dc3ce20e0115"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26f192472a3ba23860afd07d2b0217dc628f21fcc72617aa1336d98e1671f33b"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-bforest 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "log",
- "regalloc",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -368,11 +336,11 @@ checksum = "98b022ed2a5913a38839dfbafe6cf135342661293b08049843362df4301261dc"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
- "cranelift-bforest 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-codegen-meta",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
  "cranelift-egraph",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "log",
@@ -381,30 +349,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f32ddb89e9b89d3d9b36a5b7d7ea3261c98235a76ac95ba46826b8ec40b1a24"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639307b45434ad112a98f8300c0f0ab085cbefcd767efcdef9ef19d4c0756e74"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01fd0d9f288cc1b42d9333b7a776b17e278fc888c28e6a0f09b5573d45a150bc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
 version = "0.91.1"
@@ -417,7 +370,7 @@ version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "624b54323b06e675293939311943ba82d323bb340468ce1889be5da7932c8d73"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "fxhash",
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
  "indexmap",
@@ -425,37 +378,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e3bfe172b83167604601faf9dc60453e0d0a93415b57a9c4d1a7ae6849185cf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a59bcbca89c3f1b70b93ab3cbba5e5e0cbf3e63dadb23c7525cb142e21a9d4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a006e3e32d80ce0e4ba7f1f9ddf66066d052a8c884a110b91d05404d6ce26dce"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "log",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d70abacb8cfef3dc8ff7e8836e9c1d70f7967dfdac824a4cd5e30223415aca6"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -651,7 +586,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -660,7 +595,7 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "add9a102807b524ec050363f09e06f1504214b0e1c7797f64261c891022dce8b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "byteorder",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -775,28 +710,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
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-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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 checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
 
-[[package]]
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-checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -893,15 +812,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab5ef0d4909ef3724cc8cce6ccc8572c5c817592e9285f5464f8e86f8bd3726e"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -932,15 +842,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ident_case"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -1015,22 +916,6 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1053,7 +938,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b6a72dfa44fe15b5e76b94307eeb2ff995a8c5b283b55008940c02e0c5b634d"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
  "loupe-derive",
  "rustversion",
 ]
@@ -1101,15 +985,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1134,18 +1009,6 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7843ec2de400bcbc6a6328c958dc38e5359da6e93e72e37bc5246bf1ae776389"
 
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.28.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e42c982f2d955fac81dd7e1d0e1426a7d702acd9c98d19ab01083a6a0328c424"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "hashbrown 0.11.2",
- "indexmap",
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "object"
 version = "0.32.2"
@@ -1183,7 +1046,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1317,18 +1180,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regalloc"
-version = "0.0.34"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62446b1d3ebf980bdc68837700af1d77b37bc430e524bf95319c6eada2a4cc02"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "rustc-hash",
- "smallvec",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1349,7 +1201,7 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76e189c2369884dce920945e2ddf79b3dff49e071a167dd1817fa9c4c00d512e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "mach",
  "winapi",
@@ -1410,25 +1262,6 @@ version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d626bb9dae77e28219937af045c257c28bfd3f69333c512553507f5f9798cb76"
 
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "322394588aaf33c24007e8bb3238ee3e4c5c09c084ab32bc73890b99ff326bca"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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@@ -1711,19 +1544,6 @@ version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
-[[package]]
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-version = "3.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "redox_syscall",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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 version = "1.0.56"
@@ -1765,7 +1585,6 @@ version = "0.1.40"
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 checksum = "c3523ab5a71916ccf420eebdf5521fcef02141234bbc0b8a49f2fdc4544364ef"
 dependencies = [
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
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@@ -1928,33 +1747,6 @@ version = "0.2.90"
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 checksum = "4d91413b1c31d7539ba5ef2451af3f0b833a005eb27a631cec32bc0635a8602b"
 
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea8d8361c9d006ea3d7797de7bd6b1492ffd0f91a22430cfda6c1658ad57bedf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "indexmap",
- "js-sys",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
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- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-derive 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-dylib",
- "wasmer-engine-universal",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -1975,46 +1767,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-downcast",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-derive 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-compiler-cranelift",
+ "wasmer-compiler-singlepass",
+ "wasmer-derive",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aaf9428c29c1d8ad2ac0e45889ba8a568a835e33fd058964e5e500f2f7ce325"
-dependencies = [
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- "loupe",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e67a6cd866aed456656db2cfea96c18baabbd33f676578482b85c51e1ee19d2c"
-dependencies = [
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- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmparser 0.83.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2036,68 +1797,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "shared-buffer",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
- "wasmparser 0.95.0",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48be2f9f6495f08649e4f8b946a2cbbe119faf5a654aa1457f9504a99d23dae0"
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- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-entity",
+ "cranelift-frontend",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
  "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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- "dynasmrt",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2115,20 +1837,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "2.3.0"
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-checksum = "00e50405cc2a2f74ff574584710a5f2c1d5c93744acce2ca0866084739284b51"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-error",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2143,128 +1853,15 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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- "serde_bytes",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "tempfile",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-object",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "which",
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-
-[[package]]
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- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-
 [[package]]
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 dependencies = [
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- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
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-
-[[package]]
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-dependencies = [
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- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
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-
-[[package]]
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-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
+ "wasmer",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2285,34 +1882,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-vm"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d965fa61f4dc4cdb35a54daaf7ecec3563fbb94154a6c35433f879466247dd"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "corosensei",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "loupe",
- "mach",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
- "more-asserts",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "scopeguard",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-vm"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2332,21 +1901,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "mach",
- "memoffset 0.8.0",
+ "memoffset",
  "more-asserts",
  "region",
  "scopeguard",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.83.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -2357,18 +1920,6 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2404,57 +1955,27 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
-dependencies = [
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- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2467,12 +1988,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2485,12 +2000,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2503,12 +2012,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2521,24 +2024,12 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2551,12 +2042,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.toml b/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.toml
index 142213e64..9eab68655 100644
--- a/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.toml
+++ b/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ thiserror = "1.0.24"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 cosmwasm-vm = { path = "../../packages/vm", default-features = false, features = ["iterator"] }
-wasmer = { version = "2.3", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "universal", "singlepass"] }
+wasmer = { version = "=4.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "singlepass"] }
diff --git a/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/tests/integration.rs
index 3a060973c..623bcfe2e 100644
--- a/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/dynamic-callee-contract/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use cosmwasm_std::{from_slice, to_vec, Addr, Env};
+use cosmwasm_std::{from_json, to_json_vec, Addr, Env};
 use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{
-    mock_env, read_data_from_mock_env, write_data_to_mock_env, Contract, MockApi,
-    MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier, MockStorage, MOCK_CONTRACT_ADDR,
+    call_function, get_fe_mut, mock_env, Contract, MockApi, MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier,
+    MockStorage, MOCK_CONTRACT_ADDR,
 };
-use cosmwasm_vm::{Instance, VmError};
+use cosmwasm_vm::{read_region_vals, write_value_to_env, Instance, VmError};
 use dynamic_callee_contract::contract::ExampleStruct;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use wasmer::{FunctionType, Type};
@@ -59,22 +59,20 @@ fn make_callee_instance() -> Instance<MockApi, MockStorage, MockQuerier> {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
     let api = MockApi::default();
     let querier = MockQuerier::new(&[]);
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLEE, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLEE, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
     let instance = contract.generate_instance(api, querier, &options).unwrap();
-    instance
-        .env
-        .set_serialized_env(&to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap());
-
     instance
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_export_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLEE, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLEE, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let export_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .exports()
         .functions()
         .map(|export| (export.name().to_string(), export.ty().clone()))
@@ -95,40 +93,48 @@ fn callable_point_export_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_pong_works() {
-    let instance = make_callee_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_callee_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param = to_vec(&10u64).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param = to_json_vec(&10u64).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 0;
     assert_eq!("pong".to_string(), required_exports[export_index].0);
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("pong", &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "pong",
+        &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(call_result.len(), 1);
 
     let serialized_return =
-        read_data_from_mock_env(&instance.env, &call_result[0], u32::MAX as usize).unwrap();
-    let result: u64 = from_slice(&serialized_return).unwrap();
+        &read_region_vals(&mut instance, &call_result, u32::MAX as usize, false).unwrap()[0];
+
+    let result: u64 = from_json(&serialized_return).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result, 11u64);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_pong_with_struct_works() {
-    let instance = make_callee_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_callee_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param = to_vec(&ExampleStruct {
+    let serialized_param = to_json_vec(&ExampleStruct {
         str_field: String::from("hello"),
         u64_field: 100u64,
     })
     .unwrap();
 
-    let param_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 1;
@@ -136,29 +142,31 @@ fn callable_point_pong_with_struct_works() {
         "pong_with_struct".to_string(),
         required_exports[export_index].0
     );
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function(
-            "pong_with_struct",
-            &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "pong_with_struct",
+        &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(call_result.len(), 1);
 
     let serialized_return =
-        read_data_from_mock_env(&instance.env, &call_result[0], u32::MAX as usize).unwrap();
-    let result: ExampleStruct = from_slice(&serialized_return).unwrap();
+        &read_region_vals(&mut instance, &call_result, u32::MAX as usize, false).unwrap()[0];
+    let result: ExampleStruct = from_json(&serialized_return).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result.str_field, String::from("hello world"));
     assert_eq!(result.u64_field, 101);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_pong_with_tuple_works() {
-    let instance = make_callee_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_callee_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param = to_vec(&(String::from("hello"), 41i32)).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param = to_json_vec(&(String::from("hello"), 41i32)).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 2;
@@ -166,32 +174,34 @@ fn callable_point_pong_with_tuple_works() {
         "pong_with_tuple".to_string(),
         required_exports[export_index].0
     );
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function(
-            "pong_with_tuple",
-            &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "pong_with_tuple",
+        &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(call_result.len(), 1);
 
     let serialized_return =
-        read_data_from_mock_env(&instance.env, &call_result[0], u32::MAX as usize).unwrap();
-    let result: (String, i32) = from_slice(&serialized_return).unwrap();
+        &read_region_vals(&mut instance, &call_result, u32::MAX as usize, false).unwrap()[0];
+    let result: (String, i32) = from_json(&serialized_return).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result.0, String::from("hello world"));
     assert_eq!(result.1, 42);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_pong_with_tuple_takes_2_args_works() {
-    let instance = make_callee_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_callee_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param1 = to_vec(&String::from("hello")).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr1 = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param1).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param1 = to_json_vec(&String::from("hello")).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr1 = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param1).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param2 = to_vec(&41i32).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr2 = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param2).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param2 = to_json_vec(&41i32).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr2 = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param2).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 3;
@@ -199,61 +209,57 @@ fn callable_point_pong_with_tuple_takes_2_args_works() {
         "pong_with_tuple_takes_2_args".to_string(),
         required_exports[export_index].0
     );
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function(
-            "pong_with_tuple_takes_2_args",
-            &[
-                env_region_ptr.into(),
-                param_region_ptr1.into(),
-                param_region_ptr2.into(),
-            ],
-        )
-        .unwrap();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "pong_with_tuple_takes_2_args",
+        &[
+            env_region_ptr.into(),
+            param_region_ptr1.into(),
+            param_region_ptr2.into(),
+        ],
+    )
+    .unwrap();
     assert_eq!(call_result.len(), 1);
 
     let serialized_return =
-        read_data_from_mock_env(&instance.env, &call_result[0], u32::MAX as usize).unwrap();
-    let result: (String, i32) = from_slice(&serialized_return).unwrap();
+        &read_region_vals(&mut instance, &call_result, u32::MAX as usize, false).unwrap()[0];
+    let result: (String, i32) = from_json(&serialized_return).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result.0, String::from("hello world"));
     assert_eq!(result.1, 42);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_pong_env_works() {
-    let instance = make_callee_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_callee_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
-    instance
-        .env
-        .set_serialized_env(&to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap());
     let export_index = 4;
     assert_eq!("pong_env".to_string(), required_exports[export_index].0);
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("pong_env", &[env_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap();
+    let call_result = call_function(&mut instance, "pong_env", &[env_region_ptr.into()]).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(call_result.len(), 1);
 
     let serialized_return =
-        read_data_from_mock_env(&instance.env, &call_result[0], u32::MAX as usize).unwrap();
-    let result: Env = from_slice(&serialized_return).unwrap();
+        &read_region_vals(&mut instance, &call_result, u32::MAX as usize, false).unwrap()[0];
+    let result: Env = from_json(&serialized_return).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(result.contract.address, Addr::unchecked(MOCK_CONTRACT_ADDR));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_do_panic_raises_runtime_error() {
-    let instance = make_callee_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_callee_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
-    instance
-        .env
-        .set_serialized_env(&to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap());
     let export_index = 5;
     assert_eq!("do_panic".to_string(), required_exports[export_index].0);
-    let call_result = instance.call_function("do_panic", &[env_region_ptr.into()]);
+    let call_result = call_function(&mut instance, "do_panic", &[env_region_ptr.into()]);
 
     match call_result.unwrap_err() {
         VmError::RuntimeErr { msg, .. } => {
diff --git a/contracts/dynamic-caller-contract/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/dynamic-caller-contract/tests/integration.rs
index 93bb111ec..787ba58d1 100644
--- a/contracts/dynamic-caller-contract/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/dynamic-caller-contract/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{Contract, MockInstanceOptions};
+use cosmwasm_std::to_json_vec;
+use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{mock_env, Contract, MockInstanceOptions};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use wasmer::{FunctionType, Type};
 
@@ -81,10 +82,11 @@ fn required_exports() -> Vec<(String, FunctionType)> {
 #[test]
 fn dynamic_link_import_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let import_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .imports()
         .functions()
         .map(|import| {
@@ -114,10 +116,11 @@ fn dynamic_link_import_works() {
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_export_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let export_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .exports()
         .functions()
         .map(|export| (export.name().to_string(), export.ty().clone()))
diff --git a/contracts/events/Cargo.lock b/contracts/events/Cargo.lock
index 959e9b070..d0c1268c8 100644
--- a/contracts/events/Cargo.lock
+++ b/contracts/events/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object 0.32.2",
+ "object",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "scopeguard",
- "windows-sys 0.33.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -237,7 +231,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "syn 1.0.109",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "thiserror",
  "uuid",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "cosmwasm-vm"
 version = "1.1.9+0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytecheck",
  "bytes",
  "clru",
@@ -311,9 +305,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2 0.10.8",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer",
  "wasmer-middlewares",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -325,39 +319,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38faa2a16616c8e78a18d37b4726b98bfd2de192f2fdc8a39ddf568a408a0f75"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2ab4512dfd3a6f4be184403a195f76e81a8a9f9e6c898e19d2dc3ce20e0115"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26f192472a3ba23860afd07d2b0217dc628f21fcc72617aa1336d98e1671f33b"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-bforest 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "log",
- "regalloc",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -368,11 +336,11 @@ checksum = "98b022ed2a5913a38839dfbafe6cf135342661293b08049843362df4301261dc"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
- "cranelift-bforest 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-codegen-meta",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
  "cranelift-egraph",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "log",
@@ -381,30 +349,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f32ddb89e9b89d3d9b36a5b7d7ea3261c98235a76ac95ba46826b8ec40b1a24"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639307b45434ad112a98f8300c0f0ab085cbefcd767efcdef9ef19d4c0756e74"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01fd0d9f288cc1b42d9333b7a776b17e278fc888c28e6a0f09b5573d45a150bc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
 version = "0.91.1"
@@ -417,7 +370,7 @@ version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "624b54323b06e675293939311943ba82d323bb340468ce1889be5da7932c8d73"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "fxhash",
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
  "indexmap",
@@ -425,37 +378,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e3bfe172b83167604601faf9dc60453e0d0a93415b57a9c4d1a7ae6849185cf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a59bcbca89c3f1b70b93ab3cbba5e5e0cbf3e63dadb23c7525cb142e21a9d4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a006e3e32d80ce0e4ba7f1f9ddf66066d052a8c884a110b91d05404d6ce26dce"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "log",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d70abacb8cfef3dc8ff7e8836e9c1d70f7967dfdac824a4cd5e30223415aca6"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -646,7 +581,7 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "add9a102807b524ec050363f09e06f1504214b0e1c7797f64261c891022dce8b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "byteorder",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -761,16 +696,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "events"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -782,8 +707,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -792,12 +716,6 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -894,15 +812,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab5ef0d4909ef3724cc8cce6ccc8572c5c817592e9285f5464f8e86f8bd3726e"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -933,15 +842,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ident_case"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -1016,22 +916,6 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1054,7 +938,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b6a72dfa44fe15b5e76b94307eeb2ff995a8c5b283b55008940c02e0c5b634d"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
  "loupe-derive",
  "rustversion",
 ]
@@ -1102,15 +985,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1135,18 +1009,6 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7843ec2de400bcbc6a6328c958dc38e5359da6e93e72e37bc5246bf1ae776389"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.28.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e42c982f2d955fac81dd7e1d0e1426a7d702acd9c98d19ab01083a6a0328c424"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "hashbrown 0.11.2",
- "indexmap",
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "object"
 version = "0.32.2"
@@ -1184,7 +1046,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1318,18 +1180,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regalloc"
-version = "0.0.34"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62446b1d3ebf980bdc68837700af1d77b37bc430e524bf95319c6eada2a4cc02"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "rustc-hash",
- "smallvec",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1350,7 +1201,7 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76e189c2369884dce920945e2ddf79b3dff49e071a167dd1817fa9c4c00d512e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "mach",
  "winapi",
@@ -1411,25 +1262,6 @@ version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d626bb9dae77e28219937af045c257c28bfd3f69333c512553507f5f9798cb76"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-hash"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.30"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "322394588aaf33c24007e8bb3238ee3e4c5c09c084ab32bc73890b99ff326bca"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -1712,19 +1544,6 @@ version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "redox_syscall",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.56"
@@ -1766,7 +1585,6 @@ version = "0.1.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3523ab5a71916ccf420eebdf5521fcef02141234bbc0b8a49f2fdc4544364ef"
 dependencies = [
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-attributes",
  "tracing-core",
@@ -1929,33 +1747,6 @@ version = "0.2.90"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4d91413b1c31d7539ba5ef2451af3f0b833a005eb27a631cec32bc0635a8602b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea8d8361c9d006ea3d7797de7bd6b1492ffd0f91a22430cfda6c1658ad57bedf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "indexmap",
- "js-sys",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-derive 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-dylib",
- "wasmer-engine-universal",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -1976,46 +1767,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-downcast",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-derive 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-compiler-cranelift",
+ "wasmer-compiler-singlepass",
+ "wasmer-derive",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aaf9428c29c1d8ad2ac0e45889ba8a568a835e33fd058964e5e500f2f7ce325"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e67a6cd866aed456656db2cfea96c18baabbd33f676578482b85c51e1ee19d2c"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmparser 0.83.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2037,68 +1797,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "shared-buffer",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
- "wasmparser 0.95.0",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48be2f9f6495f08649e4f8b946a2cbbe119faf5a654aa1457f9504a99d23dae0"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d96bce6fad15a954edcfc2749b59e47ea7de524b6ef3df392035636491a40b4"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-entity",
+ "cranelift-frontend",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
  "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-singlepass"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29ca2a35204d8befa85062bc7aac259a8db8070b801b8a783770ba58231d729e"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "dynasm",
- "dynasmrt",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2116,20 +1837,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-derive"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e50405cc2a2f74ff574584710a5f2c1d5c93744acce2ca0866084739284b51"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-error",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2144,128 +1853,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f98f010978c244db431b392aeab0661df7ea0822343334f8f2a920763548e45"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enumset",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "memmap2 0.5.10",
- "more-asserts",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-dylib"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad0358af9c154724587731175553805648d9acb8f6657880d165e378672b7e53"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "libloading",
- "loupe",
- "object 0.28.4",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "tempfile",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-object",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "which",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-universal"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "440dc3d93c9ca47865a4f4edd037ea81bf983b5796b59b3d712d844b32dbef15"
-dependencies = [
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- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "2.3.0"
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-dependencies = [
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- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-middlewares"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "eeb4b87c0ea9f8636c81a8ab8f52bad01c8623c9fcbb3db5f367d5f157fada30"
 dependencies = [
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-object"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d831335ff3a44ecf451303f6f891175c642488036b92ceceb24ac8623a8fa8b"
-dependencies = [
- "object 0.28.4",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-types"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39df01ea05dc0a9bab67e054c7cb01521e53b35a7bb90bd02eca564ed0b2667f"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
+ "wasmer",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2286,34 +1882,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-vm"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d965fa61f4dc4cdb35a54daaf7ecec3563fbb94154a6c35433f879466247dd"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "corosensei",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "loupe",
- "mach",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
- "more-asserts",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "scopeguard",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-vm"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2333,21 +1901,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "mach",
- "memoffset 0.8.0",
+ "memoffset",
  "more-asserts",
  "region",
  "scopeguard",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.83.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -2358,18 +1920,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2405,57 +1955,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.33.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2468,12 +1988,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2486,12 +2000,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2504,12 +2012,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2522,24 +2024,12 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2552,12 +2042,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/contracts/events/Cargo.toml b/contracts/events/Cargo.toml
index de61fd503..dcbdddbe9 100644
--- a/contracts/events/Cargo.toml
+++ b/contracts/events/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,5 +34,4 @@ thiserror = "1.0.24"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 cosmwasm-vm = { path = "../../packages/vm", default-features = false, features = ["iterator"] }
-wasmer = { version = "=2.3.0", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "universal", "singlepass"] }
-wasmer-types = "2.3"
+wasmer = { version = "=4.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "singlepass"] }
diff --git a/contracts/events/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/events/tests/integration.rs
index 4f07683ea..85543a2b9 100644
--- a/contracts/events/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/events/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use cosmwasm_std::{to_vec, Attribute, Event, Response};
+use cosmwasm_std::{to_json_vec, Attribute, Event, Response};
 use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{
     execute, instantiate, mock_env, mock_info, Contract, MockApi, MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier,
     MockStorage,
@@ -10,13 +10,11 @@ static CONTRACT: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/releas
 
 fn instantiate_instance() -> Instance<MockApi, MockStorage, MockQuerier> {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
     let api = MockApi::default();
     let querier = MockQuerier::new(&[]);
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
     let mut instance = contract.generate_instance(api, querier, &options).unwrap();
-    instance
-        .env
-        .set_serialized_env(&to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap());
 
     let _res: Response = instantiate(
         &mut instance,
diff --git a/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.lock b/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.lock
index d46cc4a1a..f7c24b53d 100644
--- a/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.lock
+++ b/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object 0.32.2",
+ "object",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "scopeguard",
- "windows-sys 0.33.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -237,7 +231,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "syn 1.0.109",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "thiserror",
  "uuid",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "cosmwasm-vm"
 version = "1.1.9+0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytecheck",
  "bytes",
  "clru",
@@ -311,9 +305,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2 0.10.8",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer",
  "wasmer-middlewares",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -325,39 +319,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38faa2a16616c8e78a18d37b4726b98bfd2de192f2fdc8a39ddf568a408a0f75"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2ab4512dfd3a6f4be184403a195f76e81a8a9f9e6c898e19d2dc3ce20e0115"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26f192472a3ba23860afd07d2b0217dc628f21fcc72617aa1336d98e1671f33b"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-bforest 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "log",
- "regalloc",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -368,11 +336,11 @@ checksum = "98b022ed2a5913a38839dfbafe6cf135342661293b08049843362df4301261dc"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
- "cranelift-bforest 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-codegen-meta",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
  "cranelift-egraph",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "log",
@@ -381,30 +349,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f32ddb89e9b89d3d9b36a5b7d7ea3261c98235a76ac95ba46826b8ec40b1a24"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639307b45434ad112a98f8300c0f0ab085cbefcd767efcdef9ef19d4c0756e74"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01fd0d9f288cc1b42d9333b7a776b17e278fc888c28e6a0f09b5573d45a150bc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
 version = "0.91.1"
@@ -417,7 +370,7 @@ version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "624b54323b06e675293939311943ba82d323bb340468ce1889be5da7932c8d73"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "fxhash",
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
  "indexmap",
@@ -425,37 +378,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e3bfe172b83167604601faf9dc60453e0d0a93415b57a9c4d1a7ae6849185cf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a59bcbca89c3f1b70b93ab3cbba5e5e0cbf3e63dadb23c7525cb142e21a9d4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a006e3e32d80ce0e4ba7f1f9ddf66066d052a8c884a110b91d05404d6ce26dce"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "log",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d70abacb8cfef3dc8ff7e8836e9c1d70f7967dfdac824a4cd5e30223415aca6"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -646,7 +581,7 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "add9a102807b524ec050363f09e06f1504214b0e1c7797f64261c891022dce8b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "byteorder",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -761,28 +696,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fallible-iterator"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -879,15 +798,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab5ef0d4909ef3724cc8cce6ccc8572c5c817592e9285f5464f8e86f8bd3726e"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -918,15 +828,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ident_case"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -965,7 +866,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1015,22 +916,6 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
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-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1053,7 +938,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b6a72dfa44fe15b5e76b94307eeb2ff995a8c5b283b55008940c02e0c5b634d"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
  "loupe-derive",
  "rustversion",
 ]
@@ -1101,15 +985,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1134,18 +1009,6 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7843ec2de400bcbc6a6328c958dc38e5359da6e93e72e37bc5246bf1ae776389"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.28.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e42c982f2d955fac81dd7e1d0e1426a7d702acd9c98d19ab01083a6a0328c424"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "hashbrown 0.11.2",
- "indexmap",
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "object"
 version = "0.32.2"
@@ -1183,7 +1046,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1317,18 +1180,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regalloc"
-version = "0.0.34"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62446b1d3ebf980bdc68837700af1d77b37bc430e524bf95319c6eada2a4cc02"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "rustc-hash",
- "smallvec",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1349,7 +1201,7 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76e189c2369884dce920945e2ddf79b3dff49e071a167dd1817fa9c4c00d512e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "mach",
  "winapi",
@@ -1410,25 +1262,6 @@ version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d626bb9dae77e28219937af045c257c28bfd3f69333c512553507f5f9798cb76"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-hash"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.30"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "322394588aaf33c24007e8bb3238ee3e4c5c09c084ab32bc73890b99ff326bca"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -1711,19 +1544,6 @@ version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "redox_syscall",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.56"
@@ -1765,7 +1585,6 @@ version = "0.1.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3523ab5a71916ccf420eebdf5521fcef02141234bbc0b8a49f2fdc4544364ef"
 dependencies = [
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-attributes",
  "tracing-core",
@@ -1928,33 +1747,6 @@ version = "0.2.90"
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 checksum = "4d91413b1c31d7539ba5ef2451af3f0b833a005eb27a631cec32bc0635a8602b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea8d8361c9d006ea3d7797de7bd6b1492ffd0f91a22430cfda6c1658ad57bedf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "indexmap",
- "js-sys",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-derive 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-dylib",
- "wasmer-engine-universal",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -1975,46 +1767,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-downcast",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-derive 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-compiler-cranelift",
+ "wasmer-compiler-singlepass",
+ "wasmer-derive",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aaf9428c29c1d8ad2ac0e45889ba8a568a835e33fd058964e5e500f2f7ce325"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e67a6cd866aed456656db2cfea96c18baabbd33f676578482b85c51e1ee19d2c"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmparser 0.83.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2036,68 +1797,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "shared-buffer",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
- "wasmparser 0.95.0",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48be2f9f6495f08649e4f8b946a2cbbe119faf5a654aa1457f9504a99d23dae0"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d96bce6fad15a954edcfc2749b59e47ea7de524b6ef3df392035636491a40b4"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-entity",
+ "cranelift-frontend",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
  "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-singlepass"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29ca2a35204d8befa85062bc7aac259a8db8070b801b8a783770ba58231d729e"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "dynasm",
- "dynasmrt",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2115,20 +1837,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-derive"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e50405cc2a2f74ff574584710a5f2c1d5c93744acce2ca0866084739284b51"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-error",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2143,128 +1853,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f98f010978c244db431b392aeab0661df7ea0822343334f8f2a920763548e45"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enumset",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "memmap2 0.5.10",
- "more-asserts",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-dylib"
-version = "2.3.0"
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-dependencies = [
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- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "libloading",
- "loupe",
- "object 0.28.4",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "tempfile",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-object",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "which",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
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- "rkyv",
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- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-dependencies = [
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- "enumset",
- "loupe",
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- "wasmer-artifact",
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- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "eeb4b87c0ea9f8636c81a8ab8f52bad01c8623c9fcbb3db5f367d5f157fada30"
 dependencies = [
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-object"
-version = "2.3.0"
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-checksum = "8d831335ff3a44ecf451303f6f891175c642488036b92ceceb24ac8623a8fa8b"
-dependencies = [
- "object 0.28.4",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-types"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39df01ea05dc0a9bab67e054c7cb01521e53b35a7bb90bd02eca564ed0b2667f"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
+ "wasmer",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2285,34 +1882,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-vm"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d965fa61f4dc4cdb35a54daaf7ecec3563fbb94154a6c35433f879466247dd"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "corosensei",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "loupe",
- "mach",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
- "more-asserts",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "scopeguard",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-vm"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2332,21 +1901,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "mach",
- "memoffset 0.8.0",
+ "memoffset",
  "more-asserts",
  "region",
  "scopeguard",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.83.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -2357,18 +1920,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2404,57 +1955,27 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2467,12 +1988,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2485,12 +2000,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2503,12 +2012,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2521,24 +2024,12 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2551,12 +2042,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.toml b/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.toml
index e0155b10f..fe284e26b 100644
--- a/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.toml
+++ b/contracts/intermediate-number/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ thiserror = "1.0.24"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 cosmwasm-vm = { path = "../../packages/vm", default-features = false, features = ["iterator"] }
-wasmer = { version = "2.3", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "universal", "singlepass"] }
+wasmer = { version = "=4.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "singlepass"] }
diff --git a/contracts/intermediate-number/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/intermediate-number/tests/integration.rs
index cbdfec733..a0d3620af 100644
--- a/contracts/intermediate-number/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/intermediate-number/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{Contract, MockInstanceOptions};
+use cosmwasm_std::to_json_vec;
+use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{mock_env, Contract, MockInstanceOptions};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use wasmer::{FunctionType, Type};
 
@@ -47,10 +48,11 @@ fn required_exports() -> Vec<(String, FunctionType)> {
 #[test]
 fn dynamic_link_import_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER_CALLEE, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER_CALLEE, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let import_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .imports()
         .functions()
         .map(|import| {
@@ -80,10 +82,11 @@ fn dynamic_link_import_works() {
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_export_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER_CALLEE, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT_CALLER_CALLEE, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let export_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .exports()
         .functions()
         .map(|export| (export.name().to_string(), export.ty().clone()))
diff --git a/contracts/number/Cargo.lock b/contracts/number/Cargo.lock
index b9522acd5..db56c6496 100644
--- a/contracts/number/Cargo.lock
+++ b/contracts/number/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object 0.32.2",
+ "object",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "scopeguard",
- "windows-sys 0.33.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -237,7 +231,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "syn 1.0.109",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "thiserror",
  "uuid",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "cosmwasm-vm"
 version = "1.1.9+0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytecheck",
  "bytes",
  "clru",
@@ -311,9 +305,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2 0.10.8",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer",
  "wasmer-middlewares",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -325,39 +319,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38faa2a16616c8e78a18d37b4726b98bfd2de192f2fdc8a39ddf568a408a0f75"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2ab4512dfd3a6f4be184403a195f76e81a8a9f9e6c898e19d2dc3ce20e0115"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26f192472a3ba23860afd07d2b0217dc628f21fcc72617aa1336d98e1671f33b"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-bforest 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "log",
- "regalloc",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -368,11 +336,11 @@ checksum = "98b022ed2a5913a38839dfbafe6cf135342661293b08049843362df4301261dc"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
- "cranelift-bforest 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-codegen-meta",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
  "cranelift-egraph",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "log",
@@ -381,30 +349,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f32ddb89e9b89d3d9b36a5b7d7ea3261c98235a76ac95ba46826b8ec40b1a24"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639307b45434ad112a98f8300c0f0ab085cbefcd767efcdef9ef19d4c0756e74"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01fd0d9f288cc1b42d9333b7a776b17e278fc888c28e6a0f09b5573d45a150bc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
 version = "0.91.1"
@@ -417,7 +370,7 @@ version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "624b54323b06e675293939311943ba82d323bb340468ce1889be5da7932c8d73"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "fxhash",
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
  "indexmap",
@@ -425,37 +378,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e3bfe172b83167604601faf9dc60453e0d0a93415b57a9c4d1a7ae6849185cf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a59bcbca89c3f1b70b93ab3cbba5e5e0cbf3e63dadb23c7525cb142e21a9d4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a006e3e32d80ce0e4ba7f1f9ddf66066d052a8c884a110b91d05404d6ce26dce"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "log",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d70abacb8cfef3dc8ff7e8836e9c1d70f7967dfdac824a4cd5e30223415aca6"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -646,7 +581,7 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "add9a102807b524ec050363f09e06f1504214b0e1c7797f64261c891022dce8b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "byteorder",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -761,28 +696,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fallible-iterator"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -879,15 +798,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab5ef0d4909ef3724cc8cce6ccc8572c5c817592e9285f5464f8e86f8bd3726e"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -918,15 +828,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ident_case"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -1001,22 +902,6 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1039,7 +924,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b6a72dfa44fe15b5e76b94307eeb2ff995a8c5b283b55008940c02e0c5b634d"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
  "loupe-derive",
  "rustversion",
 ]
@@ -1087,15 +971,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1131,19 +1006,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.28.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e42c982f2d955fac81dd7e1d0e1426a7d702acd9c98d19ab01083a6a0328c424"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "hashbrown 0.11.2",
- "indexmap",
- "memchr",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1183,7 +1046,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1317,18 +1180,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regalloc"
-version = "0.0.34"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62446b1d3ebf980bdc68837700af1d77b37bc430e524bf95319c6eada2a4cc02"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "rustc-hash",
- "smallvec",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1349,7 +1201,7 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76e189c2369884dce920945e2ddf79b3dff49e071a167dd1817fa9c4c00d512e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "mach",
  "winapi",
@@ -1410,25 +1262,6 @@ version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d626bb9dae77e28219937af045c257c28bfd3f69333c512553507f5f9798cb76"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-hash"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.30"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "322394588aaf33c24007e8bb3238ee3e4c5c09c084ab32bc73890b99ff326bca"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -1711,19 +1544,6 @@ version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "redox_syscall",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.56"
@@ -1765,7 +1585,6 @@ version = "0.1.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3523ab5a71916ccf420eebdf5521fcef02141234bbc0b8a49f2fdc4544364ef"
 dependencies = [
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-attributes",
  "tracing-core",
@@ -1928,33 +1747,6 @@ version = "0.2.90"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4d91413b1c31d7539ba5ef2451af3f0b833a005eb27a631cec32bc0635a8602b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea8d8361c9d006ea3d7797de7bd6b1492ffd0f91a22430cfda6c1658ad57bedf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "indexmap",
- "js-sys",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasm-bindgen",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-derive 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-dylib",
- "wasmer-engine-universal",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -1975,46 +1767,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-downcast",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-derive 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-compiler-cranelift",
+ "wasmer-compiler-singlepass",
+ "wasmer-derive",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aaf9428c29c1d8ad2ac0e45889ba8a568a835e33fd058964e5e500f2f7ce325"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e67a6cd866aed456656db2cfea96c18baabbd33f676578482b85c51e1ee19d2c"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmparser 0.83.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2036,68 +1797,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "shared-buffer",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
- "wasmparser 0.95.0",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48be2f9f6495f08649e4f8b946a2cbbe119faf5a654aa1457f9504a99d23dae0"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d96bce6fad15a954edcfc2749b59e47ea7de524b6ef3df392035636491a40b4"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-entity",
+ "cranelift-frontend",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
  "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-singlepass"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29ca2a35204d8befa85062bc7aac259a8db8070b801b8a783770ba58231d729e"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "dynasm",
- "dynasmrt",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2115,20 +1837,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-derive"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e50405cc2a2f74ff574584710a5f2c1d5c93744acce2ca0866084739284b51"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-error",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2143,128 +1853,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f98f010978c244db431b392aeab0661df7ea0822343334f8f2a920763548e45"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enumset",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "memmap2 0.5.10",
- "more-asserts",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-dylib"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad0358af9c154724587731175553805648d9acb8f6657880d165e378672b7e53"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "libloading",
- "loupe",
- "object 0.28.4",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "tempfile",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-object",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "which",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-universal"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "440dc3d93c9ca47865a4f4edd037ea81bf983b5796b59b3d712d844b32dbef15"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "loupe",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68f1db3f54152657eb6e86c44b66525ff7801dad8328fe677da48dd06af9ad41"
-dependencies = [
- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-middlewares"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "eeb4b87c0ea9f8636c81a8ab8f52bad01c8623c9fcbb3db5f367d5f157fada30"
 dependencies = [
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-object"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d831335ff3a44ecf451303f6f891175c642488036b92ceceb24ac8623a8fa8b"
-dependencies = [
- "object 0.28.4",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-types"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39df01ea05dc0a9bab67e054c7cb01521e53b35a7bb90bd02eca564ed0b2667f"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
+ "wasmer",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2285,34 +1882,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-vm"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d965fa61f4dc4cdb35a54daaf7ecec3563fbb94154a6c35433f879466247dd"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "corosensei",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "loupe",
- "mach",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
- "more-asserts",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "scopeguard",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-vm"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2332,21 +1901,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "mach",
- "memoffset 0.8.0",
+ "memoffset",
  "more-asserts",
  "region",
  "scopeguard",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.83.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -2357,18 +1920,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2404,57 +1955,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.33.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2467,12 +1988,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2485,12 +2000,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2503,12 +2012,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2521,24 +2024,12 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2551,12 +2042,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/contracts/number/Cargo.toml b/contracts/number/Cargo.toml
index 4a63a8af9..eb684e8f9 100644
--- a/contracts/number/Cargo.toml
+++ b/contracts/number/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ thiserror = "1.0.24"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 cosmwasm-vm = { path = "../../packages/vm", default-features = false, features = ["iterator"] }
-wasmer = { version = "2.3", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "universal", "singlepass"] }
+wasmer = { version = "=4.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "singlepass"] }
diff --git a/contracts/number/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/number/tests/integration.rs
index 1f9017130..34be14db6 100644
--- a/contracts/number/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/number/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use cosmwasm_std::to_vec;
+use cosmwasm_std::to_json_vec;
 use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{
-    mock_env, write_data_to_mock_env, Contract, MockApi, MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier,
+    call_function, get_fe_mut, mock_env, Contract, MockApi, MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier,
     MockStorage,
 };
-use cosmwasm_vm::Instance;
+use cosmwasm_vm::{write_value_to_env, Instance};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use wasmer::{FunctionType, Type};
 
@@ -25,12 +25,10 @@ fn required_exports() -> Vec<(String, FunctionType)> {
 fn make_number_instance() -> Instance<MockApi, MockStorage, MockQuerier> {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
     let api = MockApi::default();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
     let querier = MockQuerier::new(&[]);
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
     let instance = contract.generate_instance(api, querier, &options).unwrap();
-    instance
-        .env
-        .set_serialized_env(&to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap());
 
     instance
 }
@@ -38,10 +36,11 @@ fn make_number_instance() -> Instance<MockApi, MockStorage, MockQuerier> {
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_export_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let export_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .exports()
         .functions()
         .map(|export| (export.name().to_string(), export.ty().clone()))
@@ -62,12 +61,14 @@ fn callable_point_export_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_add_works() {
-    let instance = make_number_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_number_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param = to_vec(&10i32).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param = to_json_vec(&10i32).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 0;
@@ -75,9 +76,12 @@ fn callable_point_add_works() {
 
     // Before solving #213, it issues an error.
     // This is because `add` panics without number in deps.storage.
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("add", &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "add",
+        &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
     assert!(call_result
         .to_string()
         .contains("RuntimeError: unreachable"))
@@ -85,12 +89,14 @@ fn callable_point_add_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_sub_works() {
-    let instance = make_number_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_number_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param = to_vec(&10i32).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param = to_json_vec(&10i32).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 1;
@@ -98,9 +104,12 @@ fn callable_point_sub_works() {
 
     // Before solving #213, it issues an error.
     // This is because `sub` panics without number in deps.storage.
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("sub", &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "sub",
+        &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
     assert!(call_result
         .to_string()
         .contains("RuntimeError: unreachable"))
@@ -108,12 +117,14 @@ fn callable_point_sub_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_mul_works() {
-    let instance = make_number_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_number_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
-    let serialized_param = to_vec(&10i32).unwrap();
-    let param_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &serialized_param).unwrap();
+    let serialized_param = to_json_vec(&10i32).unwrap();
+    let param_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &serialized_param).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 2;
@@ -121,9 +132,12 @@ fn callable_point_mul_works() {
 
     // Before solving #213, it issues an error.
     // This is because `mul` panics without number in deps.storage.
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("mul", &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let call_result = call_function(
+        &mut instance,
+        "mul",
+        &[env_region_ptr.into(), param_region_ptr.into()],
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
     assert!(call_result
         .to_string()
         .contains("RuntimeError: unreachable"))
@@ -131,18 +145,18 @@ fn callable_point_mul_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_number_works() {
-    let instance = make_number_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_number_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 3;
     assert_eq!("number".to_string(), required_exports[export_index].0);
     // Before solving #213, it issues an error.
     // This is because `number` panics without number in deps.storage.
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("number", &[env_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let call_result = call_function(&mut instance, "number", &[env_region_ptr.into()]).unwrap_err();
     assert!(call_result
         .to_string()
         .contains("RuntimeError: unreachable"))
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/execute.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/execute.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ecb0699d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/execute.json
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "ExecuteMsg",
+  "oneOf": [
+    {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "change_address"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "change_address": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "required": [
+            "queue_address"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "queue_address": {
+              "type": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/instantiate.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/instantiate.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbd81f48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/instantiate.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "InstantiateMsg",
+  "type": "object",
+  "required": [
+    "queue_address"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "queue_address": {
+      "type": "string"
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/query.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/query.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c3f943f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/query.json
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "QueryMsg",
+  "oneOf": [
+    {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "raw"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "raw": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "required": [
+            "key"
+          ],
+          "properties": {
+            "key": {
+              "type": "integer",
+              "format": "uint32",
+              "minimum": 0.0
+            }
+          },
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "count"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "count": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "sum"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "sum": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "reducer"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "reducer": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    },
+    {
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "list"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "list": {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false
+        }
+      },
+      "additionalProperties": false
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_count.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_count.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf6f1c3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_count.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "CountResponse",
+  "type": "object",
+  "required": [
+    "count"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "count": {
+      "type": "integer",
+      "format": "uint32",
+      "minimum": 0.0
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_list.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_list.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4da63779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_list.json
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "ListResponse",
+  "type": "object",
+  "required": [
+    "early",
+    "empty",
+    "late"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "early": {
+      "description": "List all IDs lower than 0x20",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "integer",
+        "format": "uint32",
+        "minimum": 0.0
+      }
+    },
+    "empty": {
+      "description": "List an empty range, both bounded",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "integer",
+        "format": "uint32",
+        "minimum": 0.0
+      }
+    },
+    "late": {
+      "description": "List all IDs starting from 0x20",
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "integer",
+        "format": "uint32",
+        "minimum": 0.0
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_raw.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_raw.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0bc6e40d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_raw.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "RawResponse",
+  "type": "object",
+  "properties": {
+    "item": {
+      "type": [
+        "integer",
+        "null"
+      ],
+      "format": "int32"
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_reducer.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_reducer.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..612b4029a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_reducer.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "ReducerResponse",
+  "type": "object",
+  "required": [
+    "counters"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "counters": {
+      "type": "array",
+      "items": {
+        "type": "array",
+        "items": [
+          {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "format": "int32"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "integer",
+            "format": "int32"
+          }
+        ],
+        "maxItems": 2,
+        "minItems": 2
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
diff --git a/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_sum.json b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_sum.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8133fe4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/query-queue/schema/raw/response_to_sum.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+  "title": "SumResponse",
+  "type": "object",
+  "required": [
+    "sum"
+  ],
+  "properties": {
+    "sum": {
+      "type": "integer",
+      "format": "int32"
+    }
+  },
+  "additionalProperties": false
+}
diff --git a/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.lock b/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.lock
index 0282d7e1e..5f2f267d9 100644
--- a/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.lock
+++ b/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide",
- "object 0.32.2",
+ "object",
  "rustc-demangle",
 ]
 
@@ -85,12 +85,6 @@ version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed570934406eb16438a4e976b1b4500774099c13b8cb96eec99f620f05090ddf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -210,7 +204,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "scopeguard",
- "windows-sys 0.33.0",
+ "windows-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -237,7 +231,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "syn 1.0.109",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -279,7 +273,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "thiserror",
  "uuid",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -294,7 +288,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "cosmwasm-vm"
 version = "1.1.9+0.8.1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "bytecheck",
  "bytes",
  "clru",
@@ -311,9 +305,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2 0.10.8",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer",
  "wasmer-middlewares",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -325,39 +319,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38faa2a16616c8e78a18d37b4726b98bfd2de192f2fdc8a39ddf568a408a0f75"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2a2ab4512dfd3a6f4be184403a195f76e81a8a9f9e6c898e19d2dc3ce20e0115"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26f192472a3ba23860afd07d2b0217dc628f21fcc72617aa1336d98e1671f33b"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-bforest 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "log",
- "regalloc",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -368,11 +336,11 @@ checksum = "98b022ed2a5913a38839dfbafe6cf135342661293b08049843362df4301261dc"
 dependencies = [
  "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
- "cranelift-bforest 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-meta 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-codegen-meta",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
  "cranelift-egraph",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "log",
@@ -381,30 +349,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0f32ddb89e9b89d3d9b36a5b7d7ea3261c98235a76ac95ba46826b8ec40b1a24"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.82.3",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639307b45434ad112a98f8300c0f0ab085cbefcd767efcdef9ef19d4c0756e74"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen-shared 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01fd0d9f288cc1b42d9333b7a776b17e278fc888c28e6a0f09b5573d45a150bc"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
 version = "0.91.1"
@@ -417,7 +370,7 @@ version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "624b54323b06e675293939311943ba82d323bb340468ce1889be5da7932c8d73"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-entity",
  "fxhash",
  "hashbrown 0.12.3",
  "indexmap",
@@ -425,37 +378,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e3bfe172b83167604601faf9dc60453e0d0a93415b57a9c4d1a7ae6849185cf"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a59bcbca89c3f1b70b93ab3cbba5e5e0cbf3e63dadb23c7525cb142e21a9d4c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.82.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a006e3e32d80ce0e4ba7f1f9ddf66066d052a8c884a110b91d05404d6ce26dce"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "log",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
 version = "0.91.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0d70abacb8cfef3dc8ff7e8836e9c1d70f7967dfdac824a4cd5e30223415aca6"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -646,7 +581,7 @@ version = "1.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "add9a102807b524ec050363f09e06f1504214b0e1c7797f64261c891022dce8b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "byteorder",
  "lazy_static",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -761,28 +696,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.48",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "fallible-iterator"
 version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4443176a9f2c162692bd3d352d745ef9413eec5782a80d8fd6f8a1ac692a07f7"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fastrand"
-version = "2.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "25cbce373ec4653f1a01a31e8a5e5ec0c622dc27ff9c4e6606eefef5cbbed4a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ff"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -879,15 +798,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "subtle",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab5ef0d4909ef3724cc8cce6ccc8572c5c817592e9285f5464f8e86f8bd3726e"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -918,15 +828,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "digest 0.10.7",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ident_case"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -1001,22 +902,6 @@ version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libloading"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b67380fd3b2fbe7527a606e18729d21c6f3951633d0500574c4dc22d2d638b9f"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01cda141df6706de531b6c46c3a33ecca755538219bd484262fa09410c13539c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.11"
@@ -1039,7 +924,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b6a72dfa44fe15b5e76b94307eeb2ff995a8c5b283b55008940c02e0c5b634d"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
  "loupe-derive",
  "rustversion",
 ]
@@ -1087,15 +971,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.8.0"
@@ -1120,18 +995,6 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7843ec2de400bcbc6a6328c958dc38e5359da6e93e72e37bc5246bf1ae776389"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "object"
-version = "0.28.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e42c982f2d955fac81dd7e1d0e1426a7d702acd9c98d19ab01083a6a0328c424"
-dependencies = [
- "crc32fast",
- "hashbrown 0.11.2",
- "indexmap",
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "object"
 version = "0.32.2"
@@ -1169,7 +1032,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1303,18 +1166,7 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4722d768eff46b75989dd134e5c353f0d6296e5aaa3132e776cbdb56be7731aa"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "regalloc"
-version = "0.0.34"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62446b1d3ebf980bdc68837700af1d77b37bc430e524bf95319c6eada2a4cc02"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "rustc-hash",
- "smallvec",
+ "bitflags",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1335,7 +1187,7 @@ version = "3.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76e189c2369884dce920945e2ddf79b3dff49e071a167dd1817fa9c4c00d512e"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags",
  "libc",
  "mach",
  "winapi",
@@ -1396,25 +1248,6 @@ version = "0.1.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d626bb9dae77e28219937af045c257c28bfd3f69333c512553507f5f9798cb76"
 
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "322394588aaf33c24007e8bb3238ee3e4c5c09c084ab32bc73890b99ff326bca"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.2",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.14"
@@ -1634,7 +1467,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "schemars",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1711,19 +1544,6 @@ version = "0.12.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "69758bda2e78f098e4ccb393021a0963bb3442eac05f135c30f61b7370bbafae"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tempfile"
-version = "3.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01ce4141aa927a6d1bd34a041795abd0db1cccba5d5f24b009f694bdf3a1f3fa"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "fastrand",
- "redox_syscall",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.56"
@@ -1765,7 +1585,6 @@ version = "0.1.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3523ab5a71916ccf420eebdf5521fcef02141234bbc0b8a49f2fdc4544364ef"
 dependencies = [
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tracing-attributes",
  "tracing-core",
@@ -1928,33 +1747,6 @@ version = "0.2.90"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4d91413b1c31d7539ba5ef2451af3f0b833a005eb27a631cec32bc0635a8602b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea8d8361c9d006ea3d7797de7bd6b1492ffd0f91a22430cfda6c1658ad57bedf"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "indexmap",
- "js-sys",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
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- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-derive 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-dylib",
- "wasmer-engine-universal",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -1975,46 +1767,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "wasm-bindgen-downcast",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-cranelift 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-compiler-singlepass 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-derive 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-compiler-cranelift",
+ "wasmer-compiler-singlepass",
+ "wasmer-derive",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-artifact"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7aaf9428c29c1d8ad2ac0e45889ba8a568a835e33fd058964e5e500f2f7ce325"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e67a6cd866aed456656db2cfea96c18baabbd33f676578482b85c51e1ee19d2c"
-dependencies = [
- "enumset",
- "loupe",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmparser 0.83.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2036,68 +1797,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "shared-buffer",
  "smallvec",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
- "wasmparser 0.95.0",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
+ "wasmparser",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48be2f9f6495f08649e4f8b946a2cbbe119faf5a654aa1457f9504a99d23dae0"
-dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-entity 0.82.3",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.82.3",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-compiler-cranelift"
 version = "4.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3d96bce6fad15a954edcfc2749b59e47ea7de524b6ef3df392035636491a40b4"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-codegen 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-entity 0.91.1",
- "cranelift-frontend 0.91.1",
+ "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-entity",
+ "cranelift-frontend",
  "gimli 0.26.2",
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
  "tracing",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-compiler-singlepass"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29ca2a35204d8befa85062bc7aac259a8db8070b801b8a783770ba58231d729e"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "dynasm",
- "dynasmrt",
- "gimli 0.26.2",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rayon",
- "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2115,20 +1837,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "more-asserts",
  "rayon",
  "smallvec",
- "wasmer-compiler 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-derive"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e50405cc2a2f74ff574584710a5f2c1d5c93744acce2ca0866084739284b51"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-error",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasmer-compiler",
+ "wasmer-types",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2143,128 +1853,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f98f010978c244db431b392aeab0661df7ea0822343334f8f2a920763548e45"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enumset",
- "lazy_static",
- "loupe",
- "memmap2 0.5.10",
- "more-asserts",
- "rustc-demangle",
- "serde",
- "serde_bytes",
- "target-lexicon",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-dylib"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad0358af9c154724587731175553805648d9acb8f6657880d165e378672b7e53"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "enum-iterator",
- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "libloading",
- "loupe",
- "object 0.28.4",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "tempfile",
- "tracing",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-object",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "which",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-engine-universal"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "440dc3d93c9ca47865a4f4edd037ea81bf983b5796b59b3d712d844b32dbef15"
-dependencies = [
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- "enumset",
- "leb128",
- "loupe",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-engine",
- "wasmer-engine-universal-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-vm 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "2.3.0"
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-dependencies = [
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- "enumset",
- "loupe",
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- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
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 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "eeb4b87c0ea9f8636c81a8ab8f52bad01c8623c9fcbb3db5f367d5f157fada30"
 dependencies = [
- "wasmer 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
- "wasmer-vm 4.2.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-object"
-version = "2.3.0"
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-checksum = "8d831335ff3a44ecf451303f6f891175c642488036b92ceceb24ac8623a8fa8b"
-dependencies = [
- "object 0.28.4",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-compiler 2.3.0",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-types"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "39df01ea05dc0a9bab67e054c7cb01521e53b35a7bb90bd02eca564ed0b2667f"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "loupe",
- "more-asserts",
- "rkyv",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
+ "wasmer",
+ "wasmer-types",
+ "wasmer-vm",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2285,34 +1882,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmer-vm"
-version = "2.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d965fa61f4dc4cdb35a54daaf7ecec3563fbb94154a6c35433f879466247dd"
-dependencies = [
- "backtrace",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "corosensei",
- "enum-iterator",
- "indexmap",
- "lazy_static",
- "libc",
- "loupe",
- "mach",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
- "more-asserts",
- "region",
- "rkyv",
- "scopeguard",
- "serde",
- "thiserror",
- "wasmer-artifact",
- "wasmer-types 2.3.0",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmer-vm"
 version = "4.2.2"
@@ -2332,21 +1901,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "lazy_static",
  "libc",
  "mach",
- "memoffset 0.8.0",
+ "memoffset",
  "more-asserts",
  "region",
  "scopeguard",
  "thiserror",
- "wasmer-types 4.2.2",
+ "wasmer-types",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasmparser"
-version = "0.83.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "718ed7c55c2add6548cca3ddd6383d738cd73b892df400e96b9aa876f0141d7a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmparser"
 version = "0.95.0"
@@ -2357,18 +1920,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "url",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -2404,57 +1955,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.33.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9a2fa6e2155d7247be68c096456083145c183cbbbc2764150dda45a87197940c"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2467,12 +1988,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2485,12 +2000,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2503,12 +2012,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2521,24 +2024,12 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.33.0"
@@ -2551,12 +2042,6 @@ version = "0.48.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wyz"
 version = "0.5.1"
diff --git a/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.toml b/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.toml
index 49a0e6066..29e5a1f0b 100644
--- a/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.toml
+++ b/contracts/simple-callee/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,4 +34,4 @@ thiserror = "1.0.24"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 cosmwasm-vm = { path = "../../packages/vm", default-features = false, features = ["iterator"] }
-wasmer = { version = "2.3", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "universal", "singlepass"] }
+wasmer = { version = "=4.2.2", default-features = false, features = ["cranelift", "singlepass"] }
diff --git a/contracts/simple-callee/tests/integration.rs b/contracts/simple-callee/tests/integration.rs
index f7edf2fd9..c8c2814a2 100644
--- a/contracts/simple-callee/tests/integration.rs
+++ b/contracts/simple-callee/tests/integration.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use cosmwasm_std::to_vec;
+use cosmwasm_std::to_json_vec;
 use cosmwasm_vm::testing::{
-    mock_env, write_data_to_mock_env, Contract, MockApi, MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier,
+    call_function, get_fe_mut, mock_env, Contract, MockApi, MockInstanceOptions, MockQuerier,
     MockStorage,
 };
-use cosmwasm_vm::Instance;
+use cosmwasm_vm::{write_value_to_env, Instance};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use wasmer::{FunctionType, Type};
 
@@ -24,13 +24,11 @@ fn required_exports() -> Vec<(String, FunctionType)> {
 
 fn make_instance() -> Instance<MockApi, MockStorage, MockQuerier> {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
     let api = MockApi::default();
     let querier = MockQuerier::new(&[]);
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
     let instance = contract.generate_instance(api, querier, &options).unwrap();
-    instance
-        .env
-        .set_serialized_env(&to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap());
 
     instance
 }
@@ -38,10 +36,11 @@ fn make_instance() -> Instance<MockApi, MockStorage, MockQuerier> {
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_export_works() {
     let options = MockInstanceOptions::default();
-    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &options, None).unwrap();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let contract = Contract::from_code(CONTRACT, &env, &options, None).unwrap();
 
     let export_function_map: HashMap<_, _> = contract
-        .module
+        .module()
         .exports()
         .functions()
         .map(|export| (export.name().to_string(), export.ty().clone()))
@@ -62,25 +61,27 @@ fn callable_point_export_works() {
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_succeed_works() {
-    let instance = make_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 0;
     assert_eq!("succeed".to_string(), required_exports[export_index].0);
 
     // check succeed
-    instance
-        .call_function("succeed", &[env_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap();
+    call_function(&mut instance, "succeed", &[env_region_ptr.into()]).unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_point_succeed_readonly_works() {
-    let instance = make_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 1;
@@ -90,25 +91,23 @@ fn callable_point_succeed_readonly_works() {
     );
 
     // check succeed_readonly
-    instance
-        .call_function("succeed_readonly", &[env_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap();
+    call_function(&mut instance, "succeed_readonly", &[env_region_ptr.into()]).unwrap();
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn callable_fail_fails() {
-    let instance = make_instance();
-    let env = to_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
-    let env_region_ptr = write_data_to_mock_env(&instance.env, &env).unwrap();
+    let mut instance = make_instance();
+    let mut fe = get_fe_mut(&mut instance);
+    let (vm_env, mut vm_store) = fe.data_and_store_mut();
+    let env = to_json_vec(&mock_env()).unwrap();
+    let env_region_ptr = write_value_to_env(&vm_env, &mut vm_store, &env).unwrap();
 
     let required_exports = required_exports();
     let export_index = 2;
     assert_eq!("fail".to_string(), required_exports[export_index].0);
 
     // check unreachable
-    let call_result = instance
-        .call_function("fail", &[env_region_ptr.into()])
-        .unwrap_err();
+    let call_result = call_function(&mut instance, "fail", &[env_region_ptr.into()]).unwrap_err();
     assert!(call_result
         .to_string()
         .contains("RuntimeError: unreachable"))