diff --git a/doc/TRANSLATING.md b/doc/TRANSLATING.md
index 858f1ae819507..bd4304ec581c0 100644
--- a/doc/TRANSLATING.md
+++ b/doc/TRANSLATING.md
@@ -250,6 +250,11 @@ new syntax "name" would be a `dict`, which may break unmigrated script.
 | Mutation names/descriptions
 | NPC class names/descriptions
 | Tool quality names
+| Skill names/descriptions
+| Bionic names/descriptions
+| Terrain bash sound descriptions
+| Trap-vehicle collision sound descriptions
+| Vehicle part names/descriptions
 
 ### Recommendations
 
diff --git a/lang/extract_json_strings.py b/lang/extract_json_strings.py
index 36d917f1e78bf..ef2a250c895e3 100755
--- a/lang/extract_json_strings.py
+++ b/lang/extract_json_strings.py
@@ -156,7 +156,6 @@ def warning_supressed(filename):
     "TOOLMOD",
     "TOOL_ARMOR",
     "tool_quality",
-    "trap",
     "tutorial_messages",
     "VAR_VEH_PART",
     "vehicle",
@@ -569,6 +568,11 @@ def extract_talk_topic(item):
         for r in item["responses"]:
             extract_talk_response(r, outfile)
 
+def extract_trap(item):
+    outfile = get_outfile("trap")
+    writestr(outfile, item["name"])
+    if "vehicle_data" in item and "sound" in item["vehicle_data"]:
+        writestr(outfile, item["vehicle_data"]["sound"], comment="Trap-vehicle collision message for trap '{}'".format(item["name"]))
 
 def extract_missiondef(item):
     outfile = get_outfile("mission_def")
@@ -731,6 +735,7 @@ def extract_ter_furn_transform_messages(item):
     "recipe_group": extract_recipe_group,
     "scenario": extract_scenarios,
     "talk_topic": extract_talk_topic,
+    "trap": extract_trap,
     "gate": extract_gate,
     "vehicle_spawn": extract_vehspawn,
     "field_type": extract_field_type,
@@ -804,7 +809,7 @@ def writestr(filename, string, plural=None, context=None, format_strings=False,
     # don't write empty strings
     if not string: return
 
-    with open(filename, 'a', encoding="utf-8") as fs:
+    with open(filename, 'a', encoding="utf-8", newline='\n') as fs:
         # Append developers comment
         if comment:
             tlcomment(fs, comment)
@@ -978,7 +983,7 @@ def extract(item, infilename):
     if "footsteps" in item:
        writestr(outfile, item["footsteps"], **kwargs)
        wrote = True
-    if not wrote:
+    if not wrote and not "copy-from" in item:
         if not warning_supressed(infilename):
             print("WARNING: {}: nothing translatable found in item: {}".format(infilename, item))
 
diff --git a/lang/update_pot.sh b/lang/update_pot.sh
index 8bc2a7d1fa3ba..24c990bfefe97 100755
--- a/lang/update_pot.sh
+++ b/lang/update_pot.sh
@@ -60,6 +60,17 @@ then
     exit 1
 fi
 
+# convert line endings to unix
+if [[ $(uname -s) =~ ^(CYGWIN|MINGW)* ]]
+then
+    echo "> Converting line endings to Unix"
+    if ! sed -i -e 's/\r$//' lang/po/cataclysm-dda.pot
+    then
+        echo "Line ending conversion failed. Aborting."
+        exit 1
+    fi
+fi
+
 # Final compilation check
 echo "> Testing to compile the .pot file"
 if ! msgfmt -c -o /dev/null lang/po/cataclysm-dda.pot
diff --git a/src/activity_handlers.cpp b/src/activity_handlers.cpp
index e175743323426..1b6b7b415f585 100644
--- a/src/activity_handlers.cpp
+++ b/src/activity_handlers.cpp
@@ -2097,7 +2097,7 @@ void activity_handlers::start_engines_finish( player_activity *act, player *p )
                                "Some of the %s's engines start up.", non_muscle_started ), veh->name );
         } else if( non_combustion_started > 0 ) {
             //Non-combustions "engines" started
-            add_msg( "The %s is ready for movement.", veh->name );
+            add_msg( _( "The %s is ready for movement." ), veh->name );
         } else {
             //All of the non-muscle engines failed
             add_msg( m_bad, ngettext( "The %s's engine fails to start.",
@@ -2885,9 +2885,9 @@ void activity_handlers::operation_do_turn( player_activity *act, player *p )
     - values[3]: pl_skill
     - values[4] and above: occupied body_parts
     - str_values[0]: install/uninstall
-    - str_values[1]: cbm name
+    - str_values[1]: deprecated
     - str_values[2]: bionic_id
-    - str_values[3]: upgraded cbm name
+    - str_values[3]: deprecated
     - str_values[4]: upgraded cbm bionic_id
     - str_values[5]: installer name
     - str_values[6]: bool autodoc
@@ -2903,6 +2903,8 @@ void activity_handlers::operation_do_turn( player_activity *act, player *p )
         is_autodoc = 6,
         trait_first = 7
     };
+    const bionic_id bid( act->str_values[cbm_id] );
+    const bionic_id upbid( act->str_values[upgraded_cbm_id] );
     const bool autodoc = act->str_values[is_autodoc] == "true";
     const bool u_see = p->is_player() ? true : g->u.sees( p->pos() ) &&
                        !g->u.has_effect( effect_narcosis );
@@ -2972,9 +2974,9 @@ void activity_handlers::operation_do_turn( player_activity *act, player *p )
                 add_msg( m_info, _( "The Autodoc attempts to carefully extract the bionic." ) );
             }
 
-            if( p->has_bionic( bionic_id( act->str_values[cbm_id] ) ) ) {
-                p->perform_uninstall( bionic_id( act->str_values[cbm_id] ), act->values[0], act->values[1],
-                                      act->values[2], act->values[3], act->str_values[cbm_name] );
+            if( p->has_bionic( bid ) ) {
+                p->perform_uninstall( bid, act->values[0], act->values[1],
+                                      act->values[2], act->values[3] );
             } else {
                 debugmsg( _( "Tried to uninstall %s, but you don't have this bionic installed." ),
                           act->str_values[cbm_id] );
@@ -2986,17 +2988,15 @@ void activity_handlers::operation_do_turn( player_activity *act, player *p )
                 add_msg( m_info, _( "The Autodoc attempts to carefully insert the bionic." ) );
             }
 
-            if( bionic_id( act->str_values[cbm_id] ).is_valid() ) {
+            if( bid.is_valid() ) {
                 std::vector<trait_id> trait_to_rem;
                 if( act->str_values.size() > trait_first + 1 ) {
                     for( size_t i = trait_first; i < act->str_values.size(); i++ ) {
                         trait_to_rem.emplace_back( trait_id( act->str_values[i] ) );
                     }
                 }
-                p->perform_install( bionic_id( act->str_values[cbm_id] ),
-                                    bionic_id( act->str_values[upgraded_cbm_id] ), act->values[0], act->values[1], act->values[3],
-                                    act->str_values[cbm_name], act->str_values[upgraded_cbm_name], act->str_values[installer_name],
-                                    trait_to_rem, p->pos() );
+                p->perform_install( bid, upbid, act->values[0], act->values[1], act->values[3],
+                                    act->str_values[installer_name], trait_to_rem, p->pos() );
             } else {
                 debugmsg( _( "%s is no a valid bionic_id" ), act->str_values[cbm_id] );
                 p->remove_effect( effect_under_op );
diff --git a/src/bionics.cpp b/src/bionics.cpp
index 0ae560ada7d4f..588dfdf2f1541 100644
--- a/src/bionics.cpp
+++ b/src/bionics.cpp
@@ -147,10 +147,9 @@ bool bionic_data::is_included( const bionic_id &id ) const
     return std::find( included_bionics.begin(), included_bionics.end(), id ) != included_bionics.end();
 }
 
-bionic_data::bionic_data()
+bionic_data::bionic_data() : name( no_translation( "bad bionic" ) ),
+    description( no_translation( "This bionic was not set up correctly, this is a bug" ) )
 {
-    name = "bad bionic";
-    description = "This bionic was not set up correctly, this is a bug";
 }
 
 static void force_comedown( effect &eff )
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ bool player::activate_bionic( int b, bool eff_only )
 
     if( bio.incapacitated_time > 0_turns ) {
         add_msg( m_info, _( "Your %s is shorting out and can't be activated." ),
-                 bionics[bio.id].name.c_str() );
+                 bionics[bio.id].name );
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -714,7 +713,7 @@ bool player::deactivate_bionic( int b, bool eff_only )
 
     if( bio.incapacitated_time > 0_turns ) {
         add_msg( m_info, _( "Your %s is shorting out and can't be deactivated." ),
-                 bionics[bio.id].name.c_str() );
+                 bionics[bio.id].name );
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -1367,8 +1366,8 @@ bool player::uninstall_bionic( const bionic_id &b_id, player &installer, bool au
     activity.values.push_back( bionics[b_id].capacity );
     activity.values.push_back( pl_skill );
     activity.str_values.push_back( "uninstall" );
-    activity.str_values.push_back( bionics[b_id].name );
-    activity.str_values.push_back( b_id.c_str() );
+    activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
+    activity.str_values.push_back( b_id.str() );
     activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
     activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
     activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
@@ -1385,20 +1384,20 @@ bool player::uninstall_bionic( const bionic_id &b_id, player &installer, bool au
 }
 
 void player::perform_uninstall( bionic_id bid, int difficulty, int success, int power_lvl,
-                                int pl_skill, std::string cbm_name )
+                                int pl_skill )
 {
     if( success > 0 ) {
 
         if( is_player() ) {
             add_memorial_log( pgettext( "memorial_male", "Removed bionic: %s." ),
                               pgettext( "memorial_female", "Removed bionic: %s." ),
-                              cbm_name );
+                              bid.obj().name );
         }
 
         // until bionics can be flagged as non-removable
         add_msg_player_or_npc( m_neutral, _( "Your parts are jiggled back into their familiar places." ),
                                _( "<npcname>'s parts are jiggled back into their familiar places." ) );
-        add_msg( m_good, _( "Successfully removed %s." ), cbm_name );
+        add_msg( m_good, _( "Successfully removed %s." ), bid.obj().name );
         remove_bionic( bid );
 
         // remove power bank provided by bionic
@@ -1417,7 +1416,7 @@ void player::perform_uninstall( bionic_id bid, int difficulty, int success, int
         if( is_player() ) {
             add_memorial_log( pgettext( "memorial_male", "Failed to remove bionic: %s." ),
                               pgettext( "memorial_female", "Failed to remove bionic: %s." ),
-                              cbm_name );
+                              bid.obj().name );
         }
 
         // for chance_of_success calculation, shift skill down to a float between ~0.4 - 30
@@ -1619,11 +1618,11 @@ bool player::install_bionics( const itype &type, player &installer, bool autodoc
     activity.values.push_back( bionics[bioid].capacity );
     activity.values.push_back( pl_skill );
     activity.str_values.push_back( "install" );
-    activity.str_values.push_back( bionics[bioid].name );
-    activity.str_values.push_back( bioid.c_str() );
+    activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
+    activity.str_values.push_back( bioid.str() );
     if( upbioid ) {
-        activity.str_values.push_back( bionics[upbioid].name );
-        activity.str_values.push_back( upbioid.c_str() );
+        activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
+        activity.str_values.push_back( upbioid.str() );
     } else {
         activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
         activity.str_values.push_back( "" );
@@ -1651,7 +1650,7 @@ bool player::install_bionics( const itype &type, player &installer, bool autodoc
 }
 
 void player::perform_install( bionic_id bid, bionic_id upbid, int difficulty, int success,
-                              int pl_skill, std::string cbm_name, std::string upcbm_name, std::string installer_name,
+                              int pl_skill, std::string installer_name,
                               std::vector<trait_id> trait_to_rem, tripoint patient_pos )
 {
     if( success > 0 ) {
@@ -1659,16 +1658,16 @@ void player::perform_install( bionic_id bid, bionic_id upbid, int difficulty, in
         if( is_player() ) {
             add_memorial_log( pgettext( "memorial_male", "Installed bionic: %s." ),
                               pgettext( "memorial_female", "Installed bionic: %s." ),
-                              cbm_name );
+                              bid.obj().name );
         }
         if( upbid != bionic_id( "" ) ) {
             remove_bionic( upbid );
             //~ %1$s - name of the bionic to be upgraded (inferior), %2$s - name of the upgraded bionic (superior).
             add_msg( m_good, _( "Successfully upgraded %1$s to %2$s." ),
-                     upcbm_name, cbm_name );
+                     upbid.obj().name, bid.obj().name );
         } else {
             //~ %s - name of the bionic.
-            add_msg( m_good, _( "Successfully installed %s." ), cbm_name );
+            add_msg( m_good, _( "Successfully installed %s." ), bid.obj().name );
         }
 
         add_bionic( bid );
@@ -1683,7 +1682,7 @@ void player::perform_install( bionic_id bid, bionic_id upbid, int difficulty, in
         if( is_player() ) {
             add_memorial_log( pgettext( "memorial_male", "Failed install of bionic: %s." ),
                               pgettext( "memorial_female", "Failed install of bionic: %s." ),
-                              cbm_name );
+                              bid.obj().name );
         }
 
         // for chance_of_success calculation, shift skill down to a float between ~0.4 - 30
@@ -2019,8 +2018,8 @@ void load_bionic( JsonObject &jsobj )
     bionic_data new_bionic;
 
     const bionic_id id( jsobj.get_string( "id" ) );
-    new_bionic.name = _( jsobj.get_string( "name" ) );
-    new_bionic.description = _( jsobj.get_string( "description" ) );
+    jsobj.read( "name", new_bionic.name );
+    jsobj.read( "description", new_bionic.description );
     new_bionic.power_activate = jsobj.get_int( "act_cost", 0 );
 
     new_bionic.toggled = get_bool_or_flag( jsobj, "toggled", "BIONIC_TOGGLED", false );
diff --git a/src/bionics.h b/src/bionics.h
index e2ff94d32bc3b..400fef1eba812 100644
--- a/src/bionics.h
+++ b/src/bionics.h
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "bodypart.h"
 #include "calendar.h"
 #include "string_id.h"
+#include "translations.h"
 #include "type_id.h"
 #include "units.h"
 
@@ -24,8 +25,8 @@ using itype_id = std::string;
 struct bionic_data {
     bionic_data();
 
-    std::string name;
-    std::string description;
+    translation name;
+    translation description;
     /** Power cost on activation */
     int power_activate = 0;
     /** Power cost on deactivation */
diff --git a/src/bionics_ui.cpp b/src/bionics_ui.cpp
index 817ab763a05d3..5b2e2de357658 100644
--- a/src/bionics_ui.cpp
+++ b/src/bionics_ui.cpp
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ static void draw_description( const catacurses::window &win, const bionic &bio )
     werase( win );
     const int width = getmaxx( win );
     const std::string poweronly_string = build_bionic_poweronly_string( bio );
-    int ypos = fold_and_print( win, point_zero, width, c_white, bio.id->name );
+    int ypos = fold_and_print( win, point_zero, width, c_white, "%s", bio.id->name );
     if( !poweronly_string.empty() ) {
         ypos += fold_and_print( win, point( 0, ypos ), width, c_light_gray,
                                 _( "Power usage: %s" ), poweronly_string );
     }
-    ypos += 1 + fold_and_print( win, point( 0, ypos ), width, c_light_blue, bio.id->description );
+    ypos += 1 + fold_and_print( win, point( 0, ypos ), width, c_light_blue, "%s", bio.id->description );
 
     // TODO: Unhide when enforcing limits
     if( get_option < bool >( "CBM_SLOTS_ENABLED" ) ) {
diff --git a/src/crafting_gui.cpp b/src/crafting_gui.cpp
index 244b97202fbe4..8880659c14e82 100644
--- a/src/crafting_gui.cpp
+++ b/src/crafting_gui.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ int related_menu_fill( uilist &rmenu,
                        const std::vector<std::pair<itype_id, std::string>> &related_recipes,
                        const recipe_subset &available );
 
-static std::string get_cat_name( const std::string &prefixed_name )
+static std::string get_cat_unprefixed( const std::string &prefixed_name )
 {
     return prefixed_name.substr( 3, prefixed_name.size() - 3 );
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ void load_recipe_category( JsonObject &jsobj )
     if( !is_hidden ) {
         craft_cat_list.push_back( category );
 
-        const std::string cat_name = get_cat_name( category );
+        const std::string cat_name = get_cat_unprefixed( category );
 
         craft_subcat_list[category] = std::vector<std::string>();
         JsonArray subcats = jsobj.get_array( "recipe_subcategories" );
@@ -94,24 +94,25 @@ void load_recipe_category( JsonObject &jsobj )
     }
 }
 
-static std::string get_subcat_name( const std::string &cat, const std::string &prefixed_name )
+static std::string get_subcat_unprefixed( const std::string &cat, const std::string &prefixed_name )
 {
-    std::string prefix = "CSC_" + get_cat_name( cat ) + "_";
+    std::string prefix = "CSC_" + get_cat_unprefixed( cat ) + "_";
 
     if( prefixed_name.find( prefix ) == 0 ) {
         return prefixed_name.substr( prefix.size(), prefixed_name.size() - prefix.size() );
     }
 
-    return ( prefixed_name == "CSC_ALL" ? _( "ALL" ) : _( "NONCRAFT" ) );
+    return prefixed_name == "CSC_ALL" ? translate_marker( "ALL" ) : translate_marker( "NONCRAFT" );
 }
 
 static void translate_all()
 {
+    normalized_names.clear();
     for( const auto &cat : craft_cat_list ) {
-        normalized_names[cat] = _( get_cat_name( cat ) );
+        normalized_names[cat] = _( get_cat_unprefixed( cat ) );
 
         for( const auto &subcat : craft_subcat_list[cat] ) {
-            normalized_names[subcat] = _( get_subcat_name( cat, subcat ) ) ;
+            normalized_names[subcat] = _( get_subcat_unprefixed( cat, subcat ) ) ;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -151,9 +152,8 @@ static int print_items( const recipe &r, const catacurses::window &w, int ypos,
 
 const recipe *select_crafting_recipe( int &batch_size )
 {
-    if( normalized_names.empty() ) {
-        translate_all();
-    }
+    // always re-translate the category names in case the language has changed
+    translate_all();
 
     const int headHeight = 3;
     const int subHeadHeight = 2;
diff --git a/src/effect.cpp b/src/effect.cpp
index 893f9a3a4ba91..0c30f9b9df9da 100644
--- a/src/effect.cpp
+++ b/src/effect.cpp
@@ -487,12 +487,12 @@ std::string effect::disp_name() const
         if( d_name.empty() ) {
             return std::string();
         }
-        ret << d_name.translated();
+        ret << d_name;
     } else {
         if( eff_type->name[0].empty() ) {
             return std::string();
         }
-        ret << eff_type->name[0].translated();
+        ret << eff_type->name[0];
         if( intensity > 1 ) {
             if( eff_type->id == "bandaged" || eff_type->id == "disinfected" ) {
                 ret << " [" << texitify_healing_power( intensity ) << "]";
diff --git a/src/game_inventory.cpp b/src/game_inventory.cpp
index 5a0be531ff665..45ff27e63381a 100644
--- a/src/game_inventory.cpp
+++ b/src/game_inventory.cpp
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ class comestible_inventory_preset : public inventory_selector_preset
                         std::vector<bionic_id> bids = p.get_bionic_fueled_with( get_consumable_item( loc ) );
                         if( !bids.empty() ) {
                             bionic_id bid = p.get_most_efficient_bionic( bids );
-                            cbm_name = bid->name;
+                            cbm_name = bid->name.translated();
                         }
                         break;
                 }
diff --git a/src/handle_action.cpp b/src/handle_action.cpp
index 2a6340b6ad239..fd6ce6b14cd5c 100644
--- a/src/handle_action.cpp
+++ b/src/handle_action.cpp
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ static void sleep()
 
         const auto &info = bio.info();
         if( info.power_over_time > 0 ) {
-            active.push_back( info.name );
+            active.push_back( info.name.translated() );
         }
     }
     for( auto &mut : u.get_mutations() ) {
diff --git a/src/magic.cpp b/src/magic.cpp
index 57a8e2037297b..8d4d47ecca8a1 100644
--- a/src/magic.cpp
+++ b/src/magic.cpp
@@ -1581,7 +1581,7 @@ static void draw_spellbook_info( const spell_type &sp, uilist *menu )
     print_colored_text( w, point( menu->pad_left - spell_class.length() - 1, line++ ), yellow, yellow,
                         spell_class );
     line++;
-    line += fold_and_print( w, point( start_x, line ), width, gray, sp.description.translated() );
+    line += fold_and_print( w, point( start_x, line ), width, gray, "%s", sp.description );
     line++;
 
     mvwprintz( w, point( start_x, line ), c_light_gray, string_format( "%s: %d", _( "Difficulty" ),
diff --git a/src/map.cpp b/src/map.cpp
index 0ead9179beeec..4294c1a7e28cf 100644
--- a/src/map.cpp
+++ b/src/map.cpp
@@ -3054,7 +3054,7 @@ static bool furn_is_supported( const map &m, const tripoint &p )
 
 void map::bash_ter_furn( const tripoint &p, bash_params &params )
 {
-    std::string sound;
+    translation sound;
     int sound_volume = 0;
     std::string soundfxid;
     std::string soundfxvariant;
diff --git a/src/mapdata.cpp b/src/mapdata.cpp
index ed5ce64a8901f..08a02ac3f67bc 100644
--- a/src/mapdata.cpp
+++ b/src/mapdata.cpp
@@ -222,8 +222,10 @@ bool map_bash_info::load( JsonObject &jsobj, const std::string &member, bool is_
 
     bash_below = j.get_bool( "bash_below", false );
 
-    sound = _( j.get_string( "sound", "smash!" ) );
-    sound_fail = _( j.get_string( "sound_fail", "thump!" ) );
+    sound = translation( "smash!" );
+    sound_fail = translation( "thump!" );
+    j.read( "sound", sound );
+    j.read( "sound_fail", sound_fail );
 
     if( is_furniture ) {
         furn_set = furn_str_id( j.get_string( "furn_set", "f_null" ) );
diff --git a/src/mapdata.h b/src/mapdata.h
index cbad1bf2ee8e3..8554efa6de91e 100644
--- a/src/mapdata.h
+++ b/src/mapdata.h
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ struct map_bash_info {
     bool destroy_only;      // Only used for destroying, not normally bashable
     bool bash_below;        // This terrain is the roof of the tile below it, try to destroy that too
     std::string drop_group; // item group of items that are dropped when the object is bashed
-    std::string sound;      // sound made on success ('You hear a "smash!"')
-    std::string sound_fail; // sound  made on fail
+    translation sound;      // sound made on success ('You hear a "smash!"')
+    translation sound_fail; // sound  made on fail
     ter_str_id ter_set;    // terrain to set (REQUIRED for terrain))
     ter_str_id ter_set_bashed_from_above; // terrain to set if bashed from above (defaults to ter_set)
     furn_str_id furn_set;   // furniture to set (only used by furniture, not terrain)
diff --git a/src/player.h b/src/player.h
index 8db74e89d1f5d..a20e66e4d15d2 100644
--- a/src/player.h
+++ b/src/player.h
@@ -350,8 +350,7 @@ class player : public Character
                               int skill_level = -1 );
         /**Success or failure of installation happens here*/
         void perform_install( bionic_id bid, bionic_id upbid, int difficulty, int success,
-                              int pl_skill,
-                              std::string cbm_name, std::string upcbm_name, std::string installer_name,
+                              int pl_skill, std::string installer_name,
                               std::vector<trait_id> trait_to_rem, tripoint patient_pos );
         void bionics_install_failure( bionic_id bid, std::string installer, int difficulty, int success,
                                       float adjusted_skill, tripoint patient_pos );
@@ -362,8 +361,7 @@ class player : public Character
         bool uninstall_bionic( const bionic_id &b_id, player &installer, bool autodoc = false,
                                int skill_level = -1 );
         /**Succes or failure of removal happens here*/
-        void perform_uninstall( bionic_id bid, int difficulty, int success, int power_lvl, int pl_skill,
-                                std::string cbm_name );
+        void perform_uninstall( bionic_id bid, int difficulty, int success, int power_lvl, int pl_skill );
         /**Used by monster to perform surgery*/
         bool uninstall_bionic( const bionic &target_cbm, monster &installer, player &patient,
                                float adjusted_skill, bool autodoc = false );
diff --git a/src/player_display.cpp b/src/player_display.cpp
index bd8d02f964b88..ab65e46ea44ab 100644
--- a/src/player_display.cpp
+++ b/src/player_display.cpp
@@ -536,11 +536,11 @@ static void draw_bionics_tab( const catacurses::window &w_bionics, const catacur
 
     for( size_t i = min; i < max; i++ ) {
         trim_and_print( w_bionics, point( 1, static_cast<int>( 2 + i - min ) ), getmaxx( w_bionics ) - 1,
-                        i == line ? hilite( c_white ) : c_white, bionicslist[i].info().name );
+                        i == line ? hilite( c_white ) : c_white, "%s", bionicslist[i].info().name );
     }
     if( line < bionicslist.size() ) {
         // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cata-use-named-point-constants)
-        fold_and_print( w_info, point( 1, 0 ), FULL_SCREEN_WIDTH - 2, c_white,
+        fold_and_print( w_info, point( 1, 0 ), FULL_SCREEN_WIDTH - 2, c_white, "%s",
                         bionicslist[line].info().description );
     }
     wrefresh( w_bionics );
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ static void draw_bionics_tab( const catacurses::window &w_bionics, const catacur
         for( size_t i = 0; i < bionicslist.size() && i < bionics_win_size_y - 1; i++ ) {
             mvwprintz( w_bionics, point( 1, static_cast<int>( i + 2 ) ), c_black, "                         " );
             trim_and_print( w_bionics, point( 1, static_cast<int>( i + 2 ) ), getmaxx( w_bionics ) - 1,
-                            c_white, bionicslist[i].info().name );
+                            c_white, "%s", bionicslist[i].info().name );
         }
         wrefresh( w_bionics );
         line = 0;
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ static void draw_initial_windows( const catacurses::window &w_stats,
                                    you.power_level, you.max_power_level ) );
     for( size_t i = 0; i < bionicslist.size() && i < bionics_win_size_y - 1; i++ ) {
         trim_and_print( w_bionics, point( 1, static_cast<int>( i ) + 2 ), getmaxx( w_bionics ) - 1, c_white,
-                        bionicslist[i].info().name );
+                        "%s", bionicslist[i].info().name );
     }
     wrefresh( w_bionics );
 
diff --git a/src/skill.cpp b/src/skill.cpp
index eb26133108005..fb08305aaa92a 100644
--- a/src/skill.cpp
+++ b/src/skill.cpp
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ bool string_id<Skill>::is_valid() const
     return &obj() != &invalid_skill;
 }
 
-Skill::Skill() : Skill( skill_id::NULL_ID(), "nothing", "The zen-most skill there is.",
+Skill::Skill() : Skill( skill_id::NULL_ID(), translation( "nothing" ),
+                            translation( "The zen-most skill there is." ),
                             std::set<std::string> {} )
 {
 }
 
-Skill::Skill( skill_id ident, std::string name, std::string description,
-              std::set<std::string> tags )
-    : _ident( std::move( ident ) ), _name( std::move( name ) ),
-      _description( std::move( description ) ), _tags( std::move( tags ) )
+Skill::Skill( const skill_id &ident, const translation &name, const translation &description,
+              const std::set<std::string> &tags )
+    : _ident( ident ), _name( name ), _description( description ), _tags( tags )
 {
 }
 
@@ -88,8 +88,10 @@ void Skill::load_skill( JsonObject &jsobj )
         return s._ident == ident;
     } ), end( skills ) );
 
-    const Skill sk( ident, _( jsobj.get_string( "name" ) ), _( jsobj.get_string( "description" ) ),
-                    jsobj.get_tags( "tags" ) );
+    translation name, desc;
+    jsobj.read( "name", name );
+    jsobj.read( "description", desc );
+    const Skill sk( ident, name, desc, jsobj.get_tags( "tags" ) );
 
     if( sk.is_contextual_skill() ) {
         contextual_skills[sk.ident()] = sk;
diff --git a/src/skill.h b/src/skill.h
index 886ac0e19322a..c4134f0c3cf49 100644
--- a/src/skill.h
+++ b/src/skill.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "calendar.h"
 #include "string_id.h"
+#include "translations.h"
 #include "type_id.h"
 
 class JsonObject;
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ class Skill
         friend class string_id<Skill>;
         skill_id _ident;
 
-        std::string _name;
-        std::string _description;
+        translation _name;
+        translation _description;
         std::set<std::string> _tags;
         // these are not real skills, they depend on context
         static std::map<skill_id, Skill> contextual_skills;
@@ -42,17 +43,17 @@ class Skill
             std::function<bool ( const Skill &, const Skill & )> pred );
 
         Skill();
-        Skill( skill_id ident, std::string name, std::string description,
-               std::set<std::string> tags );
+        Skill( const skill_id &ident, const translation &name, const translation &description,
+               const std::set<std::string> &tags );
 
         const skill_id &ident() const {
             return _ident;
         }
-        const std::string &name() const {
-            return _name;
+        std::string name() const {
+            return _name.translated();
         }
-        const std::string &description() const {
-            return _description;
+        std::string description() const {
+            return _description.translated();
         }
 
         bool operator==( const Skill &b ) const {
diff --git a/src/sounds.cpp b/src/sounds.cpp
index 42fd1a2e5b7a6..acadb763093c5 100644
--- a/src/sounds.cpp
+++ b/src/sounds.cpp
@@ -133,6 +133,12 @@ void sounds::sound( const tripoint &p, int vol, sound_t category, const std::str
                                                  false, id, variant} ) );
 }
 
+void sounds::sound( const tripoint &p, int vol, sound_t category, const translation &description,
+                    bool ambient, const std::string &id, const std::string &variant )
+{
+    sounds::sound( p, vol, category, description.translated(), ambient, id, variant );
+}
+
 void sounds::add_footstep( const tripoint &p, int volume, int, monster *,
                            const std::string &footstep )
 {
diff --git a/src/sounds.h b/src/sounds.h
index e8fa546cbfe6c..22cd49d04749a 100644
--- a/src/sounds.h
+++ b/src/sounds.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ class player;
 class Creature;
 class item;
 class JsonObject;
+class translation;
 struct tripoint;
 
 namespace sounds
@@ -48,6 +49,9 @@ enum class sound_t : int {
 void sound( const tripoint &p, int vol, sound_t category, const std::string &description,
             bool ambient = false, const std::string &id = "",
             const std::string &variant = "default" );
+void sound( const tripoint &p, int vol, sound_t category, const translation &description,
+            bool ambient = false, const std::string &id = "",
+            const std::string &variant = "default" );
 /** Functions identical to sound(..., true). */
 void ambient_sound( const tripoint &p, int vol, sound_t category, const std::string &description );
 /** Creates a list of coordinates at which to draw footsteps. */
diff --git a/src/text_snippets.cpp b/src/text_snippets.cpp
index a2d18ea46b126..155d2971170cf 100644
--- a/src/text_snippets.cpp
+++ b/src/text_snippets.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ void snippet_library::add_snippets_from_json( const std::string &category, JsonA
 {
     while( jarr.has_more() ) {
         if( jarr.test_string() ) {
-            const std::string text = _( jarr.next_string() );
+            const std::string text = jarr.next_string();
             add_snippet( category, text );
         } else {
             JsonObject jo = jarr.next_object();
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ void snippet_library::add_snippets_from_json( const std::string &category, JsonA
 
 void snippet_library::add_snippet_from_json( const std::string &category, JsonObject &jo )
 {
-    const std::string text = _( jo.get_string( "text" ) );
+    const std::string text = jo.get_string( "text" );
     const int hash = add_snippet( category, text );
     if( jo.has_member( "id" ) ) {
         const std::string id = jo.get_string( "id" );
@@ -99,16 +99,16 @@ int snippet_library::assign( const std::string &category, const unsigned seed )
     return it->second;
 }
 
-const std::string &snippet_library::get( const int index ) const
+std::string snippet_library::get( const int index ) const
 {
     const std::map<int, std::string>::const_iterator chosen_snippet = snippets.find( index );
     if( chosen_snippet == snippets.end() ) {
         return null_string;
     }
-    return chosen_snippet->second;
+    return _( chosen_snippet->second );
 }
 
-const std::string &snippet_library::random_from_category( const std::string &cat ) const
+std::string snippet_library::random_from_category( const std::string &cat ) const
 {
     const auto iters = categories.equal_range( cat );
     if( iters.first == iters.second ) {
diff --git a/src/text_snippets.h b/src/text_snippets.h
index b1ead49238f59..d69d0fc54ec74 100644
--- a/src/text_snippets.h
+++ b/src/text_snippets.h
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ class snippet_library
          * snippet out of the category is returned (same seed yields same snippet).
          */
         int assign( const std::string &category, unsigned seed ) const;
-        const std::string &get( int index ) const;
+        std::string get( int index ) const;
         bool has_category( const std::string &category ) const;
         int get_snippet_by_id( const std::string &id ) const;
-        const std::string &random_from_category( const std::string &cat ) const;
+        std::string random_from_category( const std::string &cat ) const;
         std::vector<int> all_ids_from_category( const std::string &cat ) const;
         /**
          * Load a single snippet text from the json object. The object should have
@@ -56,10 +56,11 @@ class snippet_library
          * later see add_snippet_from_json).
          */
         // Snippets holds a map from the strings hash to the string.
+        // The strings stored and used for hashing are untranslated in case the language changes.
         // This is so the reference to the string remains stable across
         // changes to the layout and contents of the snippets json file.
         std::map<int, std::string> snippets;
-        // Key is an arbitrary id string (from json), value is the hash of the snippet.
+        // Key is an arbitrary id string (from json), value is the hash of the untranslated snippet.
         std::unordered_map<std::string, int> snippets_by_id;
         // Categories groups snippets by well, category.
         std::multimap<std::string, int> categories;
diff --git a/src/trap.cpp b/src/trap.cpp
index 5132af424a4fd..9b36e07b2f7cd 100644
--- a/src/trap.cpp
+++ b/src/trap.cpp
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ void trap::load( JsonObject &jo, const std::string & )
         vehicle_data.damage = jv.get_int( "damage", 0 );
         vehicle_data.shrapnel = jv.get_int( "shrapnel", 0 );
         vehicle_data.sound_volume = jv.get_int( "sound_volume", 0 );
-        vehicle_data.sound = jv.get_string( "sound", "" );
+        jv.read( "sound", vehicle_data.sound );
         vehicle_data.sound_type = jv.get_string( "sound_type", "" );
         vehicle_data.sound_variant = jv.get_string( "sound_variant", "" );
         vehicle_data.spawn_items.clear();
diff --git a/src/trap.h b/src/trap.h
index a3de4f4beeec0..0b34c05487cd3 100644
--- a/src/trap.h
+++ b/src/trap.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "color.h"
 #include "int_id.h"
 #include "string_id.h"
+#include "translations.h"
 #include "type_id.h"
 #include "units.h"
 
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ struct vehicle_handle_trap_data {
     int damage = 0;
     int shrapnel = 0;
     int sound_volume = 0;
-    std::string sound;
+    translation sound;
     std::string sound_type;
     std::string sound_variant;
     // the double represents the count or chance to spawn.
diff --git a/src/veh_type.cpp b/src/veh_type.cpp
index fd2527cb5d413..3f16719fffae3 100644
--- a/src/veh_type.cpp
+++ b/src/veh_type.cpp
@@ -436,12 +436,6 @@ void vpart_info::finalize()
     DynamicDataLoader::get_instance().load_deferred( deferred );
 
     for( auto &e : vpart_info_all ) {
-        // if part name specified ensure it is translated
-        // otherwise the name of the base item will be used
-        if( !e.second.name_.empty() ) {
-            e.second.name_ = _( e.second.name_ );
-        }
-
         if( e.second.folded_volume > 0_ml ) {
             e.second.set_flag( "FOLDABLE" );
         }
@@ -707,9 +701,10 @@ const std::map<vpart_id, vpart_info> &vpart_info::all()
 std::string vpart_info::name() const
 {
     if( name_.empty() ) {
-        name_ = item::nname( item ); // cache on first request
+        return item::nname( item );
+    } else {
+        return name_.translated();
     }
-    return name_;
 }
 
 int vpart_info::format_description( std::ostringstream &msg, const std::string &format_color,
@@ -721,7 +716,7 @@ int vpart_info::format_description( std::ostringstream &msg, const std::string &
 
     std::ostringstream long_descrip;
     if( ! description.empty() ) {
-        long_descrip << _( description );
+        long_descrip << description;
     }
     for( const auto &flagid : flags ) {
         if( flagid == "ALARMCLOCK" || flagid == "WATCH" ) {
diff --git a/src/veh_type.h b/src/veh_type.h
index c6ed9294e6a1d..9f39e0ae6e33c 100644
--- a/src/veh_type.h
+++ b/src/veh_type.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "vehicle.h"
 #include "requirements.h"
 #include "point.h"
+#include "translations.h"
 
 using itype_id = std::string;
 
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ class vpart_info
         int durability = 0;
 
         /** A text description of the part as a vehicle part */
-        std::string description;
+        translation description;
 
         /** Damage modifier (percentage) used when damaging other entities upon collision */
         int dmg_mod = 100;
@@ -305,7 +306,7 @@ class vpart_info
 
     private:
         /** Name from vehicle part definition which if set overrides the base item name */
-        mutable std::string name_;
+        translation name_;
 
         std::set<std::string> flags;    // flags
         std::bitset<NUM_VPFLAGS> bitflags; // flags checked so often that things slow down due to string cmp