diff --git a/.noir-sync-commit b/.noir-sync-commit
index 619e948d03f..ba95bd5998e 100644
--- a/.noir-sync-commit
+++ b/.noir-sync-commit
@@ -1 +1 @@
-c8a25b52a484115663cccf614bbebe3ca11778f3
+ebc4d2cf2b91658a10393733407f33d50a0faaf1
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/.github/workflows/reports.yml b/noir/noir-repo/.github/workflows/reports.yml
index 625d3771277..85a54147423 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/.github/workflows/reports.yml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/.github/workflows/reports.yml
@@ -217,10 +217,24 @@ jobs:
           ./memory_report.sh
           mv memory_report.json ../memory_report.json
 
-      - name: Upload memory report
+      - name: Upload compilation memory report
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: in_progress_memory_report
+          name: in_progress_compilation_mem_report
+          path: memory_report.json
+          retention-days: 3
+          overwrite: true
+
+      - name: Generate execution memory report
+        working-directory: ./test_programs
+        run: |
+          ./memory_report.sh 0 1
+          mv memory_report.json ../memory_report.json
+
+      - name: Upload execution memory report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: in_progress_execution_mem_report
           path: memory_report.json
           retention-days: 3
           overwrite: true
@@ -414,6 +428,50 @@ jobs:
           mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/execution_report.sh ./execution_report.sh
           ./execution_report.sh 1 1
 
+      - name: Generate compilation report with averages
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.project.take_average }}
+        run: |
+          mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/compilation_report.sh ./compilation_report.sh
+          chmod +x ./compilation_report.sh
+          ./compilation_report.sh 1 1
+      
+      - name: Generate execution report without averages
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        if: ${{ !matrix.project.is_library && !matrix.project.take_average }}
+        run: |
+          mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/execution_report.sh ./execution_report.sh
+          ./execution_report.sh 1
+
+      - name: Generate execution report with averages
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        if: ${{ !matrix.project.is_library && matrix.project.take_average }}
+        run: |
+          mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/execution_report.sh ./execution_report.sh
+          ./execution_report.sh 1 1
+
+      - name: Generate compilation report with averages
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.project.take_average }}
+        run: |
+          mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/compilation_report.sh ./compilation_report.sh
+          chmod +x ./compilation_report.sh
+          ./compilation_report.sh 1 1
+      
+      - name: Generate execution report without averages
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        if: ${{ !matrix.project.is_library && !matrix.project.take_average }}
+        run: |
+          mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/execution_report.sh ./execution_report.sh
+          ./execution_report.sh 1
+
+      - name: Generate execution report with averages
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        if: ${{ !matrix.project.is_library && matrix.project.take_average }}
+        run: |
+          mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/execution_report.sh ./execution_report.sh
+          ./execution_report.sh 1 1
+
       - name: Move compilation report
         id: compilation_report
         shell: bash
@@ -479,11 +537,11 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Parse compilation report
         id: compilation_report
-        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@e408e131e96c3615b4f820d7d642360fb4d6e2f4
+        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@6ba151d7795042c4ff51864fbeb13c0a6a79246c
         with:
           report: compilation_report.json
           header: |
-            # Compilation Report
+            Compilation Report
           memory_report: false
 
       - name: Add memory report to sticky comment
@@ -507,6 +565,8 @@ jobs:
           - project: { repo: AztecProtocol/aztec-packages, path: noir-projects/noir-protocol-circuits/crates/private-kernel-inner }
           - project: { repo: AztecProtocol/aztec-packages, path: noir-projects/noir-protocol-circuits/crates/private-kernel-reset }
           - project: { repo: AztecProtocol/aztec-packages, path: noir-projects/noir-protocol-circuits/crates/private-kernel-tail }
+          - project: { repo: AztecProtocol/aztec-packages, path: noir-projects/noir-protocol-circuits/crates/rollup-base-private }
+          - project: { repo: AztecProtocol/aztec-packages, path: noir-projects/noir-protocol-circuits/crates/rollup-base-public }
 
     name: External repo memory report - ${{ matrix.project.repo }}/${{ matrix.project.path }}
     steps:
@@ -538,15 +598,38 @@ jobs:
           path: test-repo
           ref: ${{ matrix.project.ref }}
 
-      - name: Generate compilation report
+      - name: Generate compilation memory report
         working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
         run: |
           mv /home/runner/work/noir/noir/scripts/test_programs/memory_report.sh ./memory_report.sh
-          chmod +x ./memory_report.sh
           ./memory_report.sh 1
+          # Rename the memory report as the execution report is about to write to the same file
+          cp memory_report.json compilation_memory_report.json
+
+      - name: Generate execution memory report
+        working-directory: ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}
+        run: |
+          ./memory_report.sh 1 1
 
       - name: Move compilation report
-        id: report
+        id: compilation_mem_report
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          PACKAGE_NAME=${{ matrix.project.path }}
+          PACKAGE_NAME=$(basename $PACKAGE_NAME)
+          mv ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}/compilation_memory_report.json ./memory_report_$PACKAGE_NAME.json
+          echo "memory_report_name=$PACKAGE_NAME" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      - name: Upload compilation memory report
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: compilation_mem_report_${{ steps.compilation_mem_report.outputs.memory_report_name }}
+          path: memory_report_${{ steps.compilation_mem_report.outputs.memory_report_name }}.json
+          retention-days: 3
+          overwrite: true
+
+      - name: Move execution report
+        id: execution_mem_report
         shell: bash
         run: |
           PACKAGE_NAME=${{ matrix.project.path }}
@@ -554,16 +637,16 @@ jobs:
           mv ./test-repo/${{ matrix.project.path }}/memory_report.json ./memory_report_$PACKAGE_NAME.json
           echo "memory_report_name=$PACKAGE_NAME" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
 
-      - name: Upload memory report
+      - name: Upload execution memory report
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: memory_report_${{ steps.report.outputs.memory_report_name }}
-          path: memory_report_${{ steps.report.outputs.memory_report_name }}.json
+          name: execution_mem_report_${{ steps.execution_mem_report.outputs.memory_report_name }}
+          path: memory_report_${{ steps.execution_mem_report.outputs.memory_report_name }}.json
           retention-days: 3
           overwrite: true
 
-  upload_memory_report:
-    name: Upload memory report 
+  upload_compilation_memory_report:
+    name: Upload compilation memory report 
     needs: [generate_memory_report, external_repo_memory_report]
     # We want this job to run even if one variation of the matrix in `external_repo_memory_report` fails
     if: always() 
@@ -577,12 +660,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Download initial memory report
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: in_progress_memory_report
+          name: in_progress_compilation_mem_report
 
       - name: Download matrix memory reports
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
-          pattern: memory_report_*
+          pattern: compilation_mem_report_*
           path: ./reports
 
       - name: Merge memory reports using jq
@@ -590,21 +673,67 @@ jobs:
           mv ./.github/scripts/merge-bench-reports.sh merge-bench-reports.sh
           ./merge-bench-reports.sh memory_report
 
-      - name: Parse memory report
-        id: memory_report
-        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@e408e131e96c3615b4f820d7d642360fb4d6e2f4
+      - name: Parse compilation memory report
+        id: compilation_mem_report
+        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@6ba151d7795042c4ff51864fbeb13c0a6a79246c
         with:
           report: memory_report.json
           header: |
-            # Memory Report
+            Compilation Memory Report
           memory_report: true
 
       - name: Add memory report to sticky comment
         if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' || github.event_name == 'pull_request_target'
         uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
         with:
-          header: memory
-          message: ${{ steps.memory_report.outputs.markdown }}
+          header: compilation_memory
+          message: ${{ steps.compilation_mem_report.outputs.markdown }}
+
+  upload_execution_memory_report:
+    name: Upload execution memory report 
+    needs: [generate_memory_report, external_repo_memory_report]
+    # We want this job to run even if one variation of the matrix in `external_repo_memory_report` fails
+    if: always() 
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Download initial memory report
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: in_progress_execution_mem_report
+
+      - name: Download matrix memory reports
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          pattern: execution_mem_report_*
+          path: ./reports
+
+      - name: Merge memory reports using jq
+        run: |
+          mv ./.github/scripts/merge-bench-reports.sh merge-bench-reports.sh
+          ./merge-bench-reports.sh memory_report
+          # Rename the memory report as to not clash with the compilation memory report file name
+          cp memory_report.json execution_memory_report.json
+
+      - name: Parse execution memory report
+        id: execution_mem_report
+        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@6ba151d7795042c4ff51864fbeb13c0a6a79246c
+        with:
+          report: execution_memory_report.json
+          header: |
+            Execution Memory Report
+          memory_report: true
+
+      - name: Add execution memory report to sticky comment
+        if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' || github.event_name == 'pull_request_target'
+        uses: marocchino/sticky-pull-request-comment@v2
+        with:
+          header: execution_memory
+          message: ${{ steps.execution_mem_report.outputs.markdown }}
 
   upload_execution_report:
     name: Upload execution report 
@@ -636,11 +765,11 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Parse execution report
         id: execution_report
-        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@e408e131e96c3615b4f820d7d642360fb4d6e2f4
+        uses: noir-lang/noir-bench-report@6ba151d7795042c4ff51864fbeb13c0a6a79246c
         with:
           report: execution_report.json
           header: |
-            # Execution Report
+            Execution Report
           execution_report: true
 
       - name: Add memory report to sticky comment
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.lock b/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.lock
index a29cb44acd4..f8d09d8d39c 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.lock
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.lock
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ark-bls12-381",
  "ark-bn254",
  "ark-ff",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "hex",
  "num-bigint",
  "proptest",
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "nargo",
  "paste",
  "proptest",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
  "thiserror",
- "toml 0.7.8",
+ "toml",
  "tracing-appender",
  "tracing-subscriber",
 ]
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "build-data",
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "const-str",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom",
  "gloo-utils",
  "js-sys",
  "pkg-config",
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ version = "0.8.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom",
  "once_cell",
  "version_check",
  "zerocopy",
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "94893f1e0c6eeab764ade8dc4c0db24caf4fe7cbbaafc0eba0a9030f447b5185"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "138985dd8aefbefeaa66b01b7f5b2b6b4c333fcef1cc5f32c63a2aabe37d6de3"
 dependencies = [
- "futures 0.3.31",
+ "futures",
  "lsp-types 0.94.1",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "rustix",
@@ -436,6 +436,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "waitpid-any",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "async-trait"
+version = "0.1.83"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "721cae7de5c34fbb2acd27e21e6d2cf7b886dce0c27388d46c4e6c47ea4318dd"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "atomic-waker"
+version = "1.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1505bd5d3d116872e7271a6d4e16d81d0c8570876c8de68093a09ac269d8aac0"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -450,7 +467,7 @@ checksum = "26b05800d2e817c8b3b4b54abd461726265fa9789ae34330622f2db9ee696f9d"
 dependencies = [
  "addr2line",
  "cc",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "miniz_oxide 0.7.4",
  "object",
@@ -463,12 +480,6 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "349a06037c7bf932dd7e7d1f653678b2038b9ad46a74102f1fc7bd7872678cce"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "base64"
-version = "0.13.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e1b586273c5702936fe7b7d6896644d8be71e6314cfe09d3167c95f712589e8"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
 version = "0.21.7"
@@ -573,7 +584,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "arrayref",
  "arrayvec",
  "cc",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "constant_time_eq",
 ]
 
@@ -595,7 +606,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ff 0.12.1",
  "group 0.12.1",
  "pairing",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -682,38 +693,6 @@ version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9ac0150caa2ae65ca5bd83f25c7de183dea78d4d366469f148435e2acfbad0da"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "camino"
-version = "1.1.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b96ec4966b5813e2c0507c1f86115c8c5abaadc3980879c3424042a02fd1ad3"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cargo-platform"
-version = "0.1.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "24b1f0365a6c6bb4020cd05806fd0d33c44d38046b8bd7f0e40814b9763cabfc"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cargo_metadata"
-version = "0.15.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eee4243f1f26fc7a42710e7439c149e2b10b05472f88090acce52632f231a73a"
-dependencies = [
- "camino",
- "cargo-platform",
- "semver",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "thiserror",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cast"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -730,10 +709,10 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "cfg-if"
-version = "0.1.10"
+name = "cesu8"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4785bdd1c96b2a846b2bd7cc02e86b6b3dbf14e7e53446c4f54c92a361040822"
+checksum = "6d43a04d8753f35258c91f8ec639f792891f748a1edbd759cf1dcea3382ad83c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
@@ -869,7 +848,7 @@ checksum = "fc4159b76af02757139baf42c0c971c6dc155330999fbfd8eddb29b97fb2db68"
 dependencies = [
  "codespan-reporting",
  "lsp-types 0.88.0",
- "url 2.5.4",
+ "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -916,6 +895,16 @@ version = "1.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5b63caa9aa9397e2d9480a9b13673856c78d8ac123288526c37d7839f2a86990"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "combine"
+version = "4.6.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba5a308b75df32fe02788e748662718f03fde005016435c444eea572398219fd"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "comma"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -940,7 +929,7 @@ version = "0.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a06aeb73f470f66dcdbf7223caeebb85984942f22f1adb2a088cf9668146bbbc"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
@@ -982,12 +971,6 @@ version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7c74b8349d32d297c9134b8c88677813a227df8f779daa29bfc29c183fe3dca6"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "convert_case"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6245d59a3e82a7fc217c5828a6692dbc6dfb63a0c8c90495621f7b9d79704a0e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "convert_case"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -997,6 +980,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-segmentation",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "core-foundation"
+version = "0.9.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "91e195e091a93c46f7102ec7818a2aa394e1e1771c3ab4825963fa03e45afb8f"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation-sys"
 version = "0.8.7"
@@ -1009,7 +1002,7 @@ version = "0.4.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "96e58d342ad113c2b878f16d5d034c03be492ae460cdbc02b7f0f2284d310c7d"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1027,7 +1020,7 @@ version = "1.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a97769d94ddab943e4510d138150169a2758b5ef3eb191a9ee688de3e23ef7b3"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1113,7 +1106,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ef2b4b23cddf68b89b8f8069890e8c270d54e2d5fe1b143820234805e4cb17ef"
 dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
  "zeroize",
 ]
@@ -1201,12 +1194,12 @@ version = "6.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5041cc499144891f3790297212f32a74fb938e5136a14943f338ef9e0ae276cf"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "lock_api",
  "once_cell",
- "parking_lot_core 0.9.10",
+ "parking_lot_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1249,19 +1242,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "derive_more"
-version = "0.99.18"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f33878137e4dafd7fa914ad4e259e18a4e8e532b9617a2d0150262bf53abfce"
-dependencies = [
- "convert_case 0.4.0",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "rustc_version",
- "syn 2.0.87",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "difflib"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -1294,7 +1274,7 @@ version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b98cf8ebf19c3d1b223e151f99a4f9f0690dca41414773390fc824184ac833e1"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "dirs-sys-next",
 ]
 
@@ -1384,7 +1364,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
  "group 0.12.1",
  "pkcs8",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "sec1",
  "subtle",
  "zeroize",
@@ -1495,7 +1475,7 @@ version = "3.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ef033ed5e9bad94e55838ca0ca906db0e043f517adda0c8b79c7a8c66c93c1b5"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "rustix",
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
@@ -1507,7 +1487,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d013fc25338cc558c5c2cfbad646908fb23591e2404481826742b651c9af7160"
 dependencies = [
  "bitvec",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -1518,7 +1498,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ded41244b729663b1e574f1b4fb731469f69f79c17667b5d776b16cda0479449"
 dependencies = [
  "bitvec",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -1556,7 +1536,7 @@ version = "0.2.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "35c0522e981e68cbfa8c3f978441a5f34b30b96e146b33cd3359176b50fe8586"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "libredox 0.1.3",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
@@ -1620,7 +1600,7 @@ version = "1.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e13624c2627564efccf4934284bdd98cbaa14e79b0b5a141218e507b3a823456"
 dependencies = [
- "percent-encoding 2.3.1",
+ "percent-encoding",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1638,12 +1618,6 @@ version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6d5a32815ae3f33302d95fdcb2ce17862f8c65363dcfd29360480ba1001fc9c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "futures"
-version = "0.1.31"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3a471a38ef8ed83cd6e40aa59c1ffe17db6855c18e3604d9c4ed8c08ebc28678"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futures"
 version = "0.3.31"
@@ -1652,7 +1626,6 @@ checksum = "65bc07b1a8bc7c85c5f2e110c476c7389b4554ba72af57d8445ea63a576b0876"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
- "futures-executor",
  "futures-io",
  "futures-sink",
  "futures-task",
@@ -1675,18 +1648,6 @@ version = "0.3.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "05f29059c0c2090612e8d742178b0580d2dc940c837851ad723096f87af6663e"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "futures-executor"
-version = "0.3.31"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e28d1d997f585e54aebc3f97d39e72338912123a67330d723fdbb564d646c9f"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
- "futures-task",
- "futures-util",
- "num_cpus",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-io"
 version = "0.3.31"
@@ -1722,7 +1683,6 @@ version = "0.3.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9fa08315bb612088cc391249efdc3bc77536f16c91f6cf495e6fbe85b20a4a81"
 dependencies = [
- "futures 0.1.31",
  "futures-channel",
  "futures-core",
  "futures-io",
@@ -1754,27 +1714,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "version_check",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.1.16"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8fc3cb4d91f53b50155bdcfd23f6a4c39ae1969c2ae85982b135750cccaf5fce"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
- "libc",
- "wasi 0.9.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
 version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c4567c8db10ae91089c99af84c68c38da3ec2f087c3f82960bcdbf3656b6f4d7"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
@@ -1835,7 +1784,7 @@ checksum = "5dfbfb3a6cfbd390d5c9564ab283a0349b9b9fcd46a706c1eb10e0db70bfbac7"
 dependencies = [
  "ff 0.12.1",
  "memuse",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -1846,17 +1795,36 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f0f9ef7462f7c099f518d754361858f86d8a07af53ba9af0fe635bbccb151a63"
 dependencies = [
  "ff 0.13.0",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "h2"
+version = "0.4.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ccae279728d634d083c00f6099cb58f01cc99c145b84b8be2f6c74618d79922e"
+dependencies = [
+ "atomic-waker",
+ "bytes",
+ "fnv",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
+ "http",
+ "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "slab",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "tracing",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
 version = "2.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6dd08c532ae367adf81c312a4580bc67f1d0fe8bc9c460520283f4c0ff277888"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "crunchy",
 ]
 
@@ -1879,7 +1847,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ff 0.12.1",
  "group 0.12.1",
  "pasta_curves 0.4.1",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "rayon",
 ]
 
@@ -1960,9 +1928,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
-version = "0.2.12"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "601cbb57e577e2f5ef5be8e7b83f0f63994f25aa94d673e54a92d5c516d101f1"
+checksum = "f16ca2af56261c99fba8bac40a10251ce8188205a4c448fbb745a2e4daa76fea"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "fnv",
@@ -1971,12 +1939,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "http-body"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1efedce1fb8e6913f23e0c92de8e62cd5b772a67e7b3946df930a62566c93184"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "http",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "http-body-util"
+version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7ceab25649e9960c0311ea418d17bee82c0dcec1bd053b5f9a66e265a693bed2"
+checksum = "793429d76616a256bcb62c2a2ec2bed781c8307e797e2598c50010f2bee2544f"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
+ "futures-util",
  "http",
+ "http-body",
  "pin-project-lite",
 ]
 
@@ -1994,25 +1974,60 @@ checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
-version = "0.14.31"
+version = "1.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c08302e8fa335b151b788c775ff56e7a03ae64ff85c548ee820fecb70356e85"
+checksum = "256fb8d4bd6413123cc9d91832d78325c48ff41677595be797d90f42969beae0"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "futures-channel",
- "futures-core",
  "futures-util",
+ "h2",
  "http",
  "http-body",
  "httparse",
  "httpdate",
  "itoa",
  "pin-project-lite",
+ "smallvec",
+ "tokio",
+ "want",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hyper-rustls"
+version = "0.27.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08afdbb5c31130e3034af566421053ab03787c640246a446327f550d11bcb333"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-util",
+ "http",
+ "hyper",
+ "hyper-util",
+ "log",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-rustls",
+ "tower-service",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hyper-util"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "df2dcfbe0677734ab2f3ffa7fa7bfd4706bfdc1ef393f2ee30184aed67e631b4"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytes",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-util",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "hyper",
+ "pin-project-lite",
  "socket2",
  "tokio",
  "tower-service",
  "tracing",
- "want",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2168,17 +2183,6 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b9e0384b61958566e926dc50660321d12159025e767c18e043daf26b70104c39"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "idna"
-version = "0.1.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38f09e0f0b1fb55fdee1f17470ad800da77af5186a1a76c026b679358b7e844e"
-dependencies = [
- "matches",
- "unicode-bidi",
- "unicode-normalization",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "idna"
 version = "1.0.3"
@@ -2223,7 +2227,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d0acd33ff0285af998aaf9b57342af478078f53492322fafc47450e09397e0e9"
 dependencies = [
  "bitmaps",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "rand_xoshiro",
  "serde",
  "sized-chunks",
@@ -2326,15 +2330,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "instant"
-version = "0.1.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e0242819d153cba4b4b05a5a8f2a7e9bbf97b6055b2a002b395c96b5ff3c0222"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is-terminal"
 version = "0.4.13"
@@ -2372,126 +2367,147 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "49f1f14873335454500d59611f1cf4a4b0f786f9ac11f4312a78e4cf2566695b"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.63"
+name = "jni"
+version = "0.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f37a4a5928311ac501dee68b3c7613a1037d0edb30c8e5427bd832d55d1b790"
+checksum = "c6df18c2e3db7e453d3c6ac5b3e9d5182664d28788126d39b91f2d1e22b017ec"
 dependencies = [
- "wasm-bindgen",
+ "cesu8",
+ "combine",
+ "jni-sys",
+ "log",
+ "thiserror",
+ "walkdir",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc"
-version = "0.16.0"
+name = "jni-sys"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8eaf4bc02d17cbdd7ff4c7438cafcdf7fb9a4613313ad11b4f8fefe7d3fa0130"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "js-sys"
+version = "0.3.63"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34efde8d2422fb79ed56db1d3aea8fa5b583351d15a26770cdee2f88813dd702"
+checksum = "2f37a4a5928311ac501dee68b3c7613a1037d0edb30c8e5427bd832d55d1b790"
 dependencies = [
- "base64 0.13.1",
- "minreq",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-client-transports"
-version = "18.0.0"
+name = "jsonrpsee"
+version = "0.24.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2b99d4207e2a04fb4581746903c2bb7eb376f88de9c699d0f3e10feeac0cd3a"
+checksum = "c5c71d8c1a731cc4227c2f698d377e7848ca12c8a48866fc5e6951c43a4db843"
 dependencies = [
- "derive_more",
- "futures 0.3.31",
- "jsonrpc-core",
- "jsonrpc-pubsub",
- "log",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "url 1.7.2",
+ "jsonrpsee-core",
+ "jsonrpsee-http-client",
+ "jsonrpsee-proc-macros",
+ "jsonrpsee-server",
+ "jsonrpsee-types",
+ "tokio",
+ "tracing",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-core"
-version = "18.0.0"
+name = "jsonrpsee-core"
+version = "0.24.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "14f7f76aef2d054868398427f6c54943cf3d1caa9a7ec7d0c38d69df97a965eb"
+checksum = "f2882f6f8acb9fdaec7cefc4fd607119a9bd709831df7d7672a1d3b644628280"
 dependencies = [
- "futures 0.3.31",
- "futures-executor",
+ "async-trait",
+ "bytes",
  "futures-util",
- "log",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "http-body-util",
+ "jsonrpsee-types",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "rand",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.0",
  "serde",
- "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "tracing",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-core-client"
-version = "18.0.0"
+name = "jsonrpsee-http-client"
+version = "0.24.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b51da17abecbdab3e3d4f26b01c5ec075e88d3abe3ab3b05dc9aa69392764ec0"
+checksum = "b3638bc4617f96675973253b3a45006933bde93c2fd8a6170b33c777cc389e5b"
 dependencies = [
- "futures 0.3.31",
- "jsonrpc-client-transports",
+ "async-trait",
+ "base64 0.22.1",
+ "http-body",
+ "hyper",
+ "hyper-rustls",
+ "hyper-util",
+ "jsonrpsee-core",
+ "jsonrpsee-types",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-platform-verifier",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "tower",
+ "tracing",
+ "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-derive"
-version = "18.0.0"
+name = "jsonrpsee-proc-macros"
+version = "0.24.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b939a78fa820cdfcb7ee7484466746a7377760970f6f9c6fe19f9edcc8a38d2"
+checksum = "c06c01ae0007548e73412c08e2285ffe5d723195bf268bce67b1b77c3bb2a14d"
 dependencies = [
+ "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-http-server"
-version = "18.0.0"
+name = "jsonrpsee-server"
+version = "0.24.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1dea6e07251d9ce6a552abfb5d7ad6bc290a4596c8dcc3d795fae2bbdc1f3ff"
+checksum = "82ad8ddc14be1d4290cd68046e7d1d37acd408efed6d3ca08aefcc3ad6da069c"
 dependencies = [
- "futures 0.3.31",
+ "futures-util",
+ "http",
+ "http-body",
+ "http-body-util",
  "hyper",
- "jsonrpc-core",
- "jsonrpc-server-utils",
- "log",
- "net2",
- "parking_lot 0.11.2",
- "unicase",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-pubsub"
-version = "18.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "240f87695e6c6f62fb37f05c02c04953cf68d6408b8c1c89de85c7a0125b1011"
-dependencies = [
- "futures 0.3.31",
- "jsonrpc-core",
- "lazy_static",
- "log",
- "parking_lot 0.11.2",
- "rand 0.7.3",
+ "hyper-util",
+ "jsonrpsee-core",
+ "jsonrpsee-types",
+ "pin-project",
+ "route-recognizer",
  "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "soketto",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-stream",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "tower",
+ "tracing",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "jsonrpc-server-utils"
-version = "18.0.0"
+name = "jsonrpsee-types"
+version = "0.24.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa4fdea130485b572c39a460d50888beb00afb3e35de23ccd7fad8ff19f0e0d4"
+checksum = "a178c60086f24cc35bb82f57c651d0d25d99c4742b4d335de04e97fa1f08a8a1"
 dependencies = [
- "bytes",
- "futures 0.3.31",
- "globset",
- "jsonrpc-core",
- "lazy_static",
- "log",
- "tokio",
- "tokio-stream",
- "tokio-util 0.6.10",
- "unicase",
+ "http",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2504,7 +2520,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bls12_381",
  "ff 0.12.1",
  "group 0.12.1",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
  "subtle",
 ]
 
@@ -2514,7 +2530,7 @@ version = "0.11.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72c1e0b51e7ec0a97369623508396067a486bd0cbed95a2659a4b863d28cfc8b"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "ecdsa",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "sha2",
@@ -2657,7 +2673,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "serde_repr",
- "url 2.5.4",
+ "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2670,7 +2686,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "serde_repr",
- "url 2.5.4",
+ "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2682,12 +2698,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex-automata 0.1.10",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "matches"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2532096657941c2fea9c289d370a250971c689d4f143798ff67113ec042024a5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
 version = "2.7.4"
@@ -2736,17 +2746,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "adler2",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "minreq"
-version = "2.12.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "763d142cdff44aaadd9268bebddb156ef6c65a0e13486bb81673cf2d8739f9b0"
-dependencies = [
- "log",
- "serde",
- "serde_json",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
 version = "0.8.11"
@@ -2755,7 +2754,7 @@ checksum = "a4a650543ca06a924e8b371db273b2756685faae30f8487da1b56505a8f78b0c"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
- "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi",
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2767,7 +2766,7 @@ checksum = "80e04d1dcff3aae0704555fe5fee3bcfaf3d1fdf8a7e521d5b9d2b42acb52cec"
 dependencies = [
  "hermit-abi 0.3.9",
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
+ "wasi",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2778,11 +2777,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "acvm",
  "fm",
  "iter-extended",
- "jsonrpc",
- "jsonrpc-core",
- "jsonrpc-core-client",
- "jsonrpc-derive",
- "jsonrpc-http-server",
+ "jsonrpsee",
  "noir_fuzzer",
  "noirc_abi",
  "noirc_driver",
@@ -2790,10 +2785,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "noirc_frontend",
  "noirc_printable_type",
  "proptest",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
  "rayon",
  "serde",
+ "serde_json",
  "thiserror",
+ "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "walkdir",
 ]
@@ -2850,12 +2847,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
  "termcolor",
  "termion",
- "test-binary",
  "test-case",
  "thiserror",
  "tokio",
- "tokio-util 0.7.12",
- "toml 0.7.8",
+ "tokio-util",
+ "toml",
  "tower",
  "tracing-appender",
  "tracing-subscriber",
@@ -2869,7 +2865,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "similar-asserts",
  "thiserror",
- "toml 0.7.8",
+ "toml",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2886,19 +2882,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
  "test-case",
  "thiserror",
- "toml 0.7.8",
- "url 2.5.4",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "net2"
-version = "0.2.39"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b13b648036a2339d06de780866fbdfda0dde886de7b3af2ddeba8b14f4ee34ac"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 0.1.10",
- "libc",
- "winapi",
+ "toml",
+ "url",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2918,7 +2903,7 @@ checksum = "8f3790c00a0150112de0f4cd161e3d7fc4b2d8a5542ffc35f099a2562aecb35c"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
  "cc",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "memoffset",
 ]
@@ -2931,7 +2916,7 @@ checksum = "f346ff70e7dbfd675fe90590b92d59ef2de15a8779ae305ebcbfd3f0caf59be4"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "memoffset",
  "pin-utils",
@@ -2944,7 +2929,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "598beaf3cc6fdd9a5dfb1630c2800c7acd31df7aaf0f565796fba2b53ca1af1b"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -2980,7 +2965,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "noirc_abi",
  "noirc_artifacts",
  "proptest",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3002,7 +2987,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "acvm",
  "async-lsp",
  "codespan-lsp",
- "convert_case 0.6.0",
+ "convert_case",
  "fm",
  "fxhash",
  "lsp-types 0.94.1",
@@ -3056,7 +3041,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "build-data",
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "fm",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom",
  "gloo-utils",
  "js-sys",
  "nargo",
@@ -3088,7 +3073,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
  "thiserror",
- "toml 0.7.8",
+ "toml",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3098,7 +3083,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "acvm",
  "build-data",
  "console_error_panic_hook",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom",
  "gloo-utils",
  "iter-extended",
  "js-sys",
@@ -3169,7 +3154,7 @@ version = "1.0.0-beta.1"
 dependencies = [
  "acvm",
  "bn254_blackbox_solver",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "chrono",
  "fxhash",
  "im",
@@ -3198,7 +3183,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "acvm",
  "base64 0.21.7",
  "bn254_blackbox_solver",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "fm",
  "im",
  "iter-extended",
@@ -3211,7 +3196,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proptest",
  "proptest-derive 0.5.0",
  "rangemap",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "small-ord-set",
@@ -3227,11 +3212,7 @@ name = "noirc_printable_type"
 version = "1.0.0-beta.1"
 dependencies = [
  "acvm",
- "iter-extended",
- "jsonrpc",
  "serde",
- "serde_json",
- "thiserror",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3269,7 +3250,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "file-id",
  "log",
  "notify",
- "parking_lot 0.12.3",
+ "parking_lot",
  "walkdir",
 ]
 
@@ -3328,16 +3309,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libm",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num_cpus"
-version = "1.16.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4161fcb6d602d4d2081af7c3a45852d875a03dd337a6bfdd6e06407b61342a43"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi 0.3.9",
- "libc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "numtoa"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -3365,6 +3336,12 @@ version = "11.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-probe"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ff011a302c396a5197692431fc1948019154afc178baf7d8e37367442a4601cf"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "overload"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -3397,17 +3374,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "group 0.12.1",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d17b78036a60663b797adeaee46f5c9dfebb86948d1255007a1d6be0271ff99"
-dependencies = [
- "instant",
- "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core 0.8.6",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
 version = "0.12.3"
@@ -3415,21 +3381,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f1bf18183cf54e8d6059647fc3063646a1801cf30896933ec2311622cc4b9a27"
 dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core 0.9.10",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "parking_lot_core"
-version = "0.8.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "60a2cfe6f0ad2bfc16aefa463b497d5c7a5ecd44a23efa72aa342d90177356dc"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
- "instant",
- "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.2.16",
- "smallvec",
- "winapi",
+ "parking_lot_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3438,7 +3390,7 @@ version = "0.9.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall 0.5.7",
  "smallvec",
@@ -3455,7 +3407,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ff 0.12.1",
  "group 0.12.1",
  "lazy_static",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
  "static_assertions",
  "subtle",
 ]
@@ -3470,7 +3422,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ff 0.13.0",
  "group 0.13.0",
  "lazy_static",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
  "static_assertions",
  "subtle",
 ]
@@ -3481,12 +3433,6 @@ version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "percent-encoding"
-version = "1.0.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "31010dd2e1ac33d5b46a5b413495239882813e0369f8ed8a5e266f173602f831"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.3.1"
@@ -3521,7 +3467,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5d5285893bb5eb82e6aaf5d59ee909a06a16737a8970984dd7746ba9283498d6"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_shared",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3547,6 +3493,26 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project"
+version = "1.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be57f64e946e500c8ee36ef6331845d40a93055567ec57e8fae13efd33759b95"
+dependencies = [
+ "pin-project-internal",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project-internal"
+version = "1.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3c0f5fad0874fc7abcd4d750e76917eaebbecaa2c20bde22e1dbeeba8beb758c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.87",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project-lite"
 version = "0.2.15"
@@ -3617,7 +3583,7 @@ checksum = "ebbe2f8898beba44815fdc9e5a4ae9c929e21c5dc29b0c774a15555f7f58d6d0"
 dependencies = [
  "aligned-vec",
  "backtrace",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "criterion",
  "findshlibs",
  "inferno",
@@ -3625,7 +3591,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "nix 0.26.4",
  "once_cell",
- "parking_lot 0.12.3",
+ "parking_lot",
  "smallvec",
  "symbolic-demangle",
  "tempfile",
@@ -3698,11 +3664,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro-crate"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "3.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1d6ea3c4595b96363c13943497db34af4460fb474a95c43f4446ad341b8c9785"
+checksum = "8ecf48c7ca261d60b74ab1a7b20da18bede46776b2e55535cb958eb595c5fa7b"
 dependencies = [
- "toml 0.5.11",
+ "toml_edit 0.22.22",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3731,8 +3697,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "lazy_static",
  "num-traits",
- "rand 0.8.5",
- "rand_chacha 0.3.1",
+ "rand",
+ "rand_chacha",
  "rand_xorshift",
  "regex-syntax 0.8.5",
  "rusty-fork",
@@ -3802,19 +3768,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "nibble_vec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rand"
-version = "0.7.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a6b1679d49b24bbfe0c803429aa1874472f50d9b363131f0e89fc356b544d03"
-dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.1.16",
- "libc",
- "rand_chacha 0.2.2",
- "rand_core 0.5.1",
- "rand_hc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
 version = "0.8.5"
@@ -3822,18 +3775,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "rand_chacha 0.3.1",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_chacha"
-version = "0.2.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f4c8ed856279c9737206bf725bf36935d8666ead7aa69b52be55af369d193402"
-dependencies = [
- "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.5.1",
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3843,16 +3786,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90bde5296fc891b0cef12a6d03ddccc162ce7b2aff54160af9338f8d40df6d19"
-dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.1.16",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3861,16 +3795,7 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rand_hc"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ca3129af7b92a17112d59ad498c6f81eaf463253766b90396d39ea7a39d6613c"
-dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.5.1",
+ "getrandom",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3879,7 +3804,7 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d25bf25ec5ae4a3f1b92f929810509a2f53d7dca2f50b794ff57e3face536c8f"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3888,7 +3813,7 @@ version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6f97cdb2a36ed4183de61b2f824cc45c9f1037f28afe0a322e9fff4c108b5aaa"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3917,15 +3842,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.2.16"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fb5a58c1855b4b6819d59012155603f0b22ad30cad752600aadfcb695265519a"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -3956,7 +3872,7 @@ version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ba009ff324d1fc1b900bd1fdb31564febe58a8ccc8a6fdbb93b543d33b13ca43"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom",
  "libredox 0.1.3",
  "thiserror",
 ]
@@ -4038,6 +3954,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ring"
+version = "0.17.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c17fa4cb658e3583423e915b9f3acc01cceaee1860e33d59ebae66adc3a2dc0d"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom",
+ "libc",
+ "spin",
+ "untrusted",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "route-recognizer"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "afab94fb28594581f62d981211a9a4d53cc8130bbcbbb89a0440d9b8e81a7746"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rust-embed"
 version = "6.8.1"
@@ -4084,6 +4021,12 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hash"
+version = "2.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c7fb8039b3032c191086b10f11f319a6e99e1e82889c5cc6046f515c9db1d497"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc_version"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -4106,6 +4049,87 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls"
+version = "0.23.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5065c3f250cbd332cd894be57c40fa52387247659b14a2d6041d121547903b1b"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "ring",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "rustls-webpki",
+ "subtle",
+ "zeroize",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-native-certs"
+version = "0.7.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e5bfb394eeed242e909609f56089eecfe5fda225042e8b171791b9c95f5931e5"
+dependencies = [
+ "openssl-probe",
+ "rustls-pemfile",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "schannel",
+ "security-framework",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-pemfile"
+version = "2.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dce314e5fee3f39953d46bb63bb8a46d40c2f8fb7cc5a3b6cab2bde9721d6e50"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-pki-types"
+version = "1.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2bf47e6ff922db3825eb750c4e2ff784c6ff8fb9e13046ef6a1d1c5401b0b37"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-platform-verifier"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "afbb878bdfdf63a336a5e63561b1835e7a8c91524f51621db870169eac84b490"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "jni",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustls",
+ "rustls-native-certs",
+ "rustls-platform-verifier-android",
+ "rustls-webpki",
+ "security-framework",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+ "webpki-roots",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-platform-verifier-android"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f87165f0995f63a9fbeea62b64d10b4d9d8e78ec6d7d51fb2125fda7bb36788f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustls-webpki"
+version = "0.102.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "64ca1bc8749bd4cf37b5ce386cc146580777b4e8572c7b97baf22c83f444bee9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ring",
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+ "untrusted",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.18"
@@ -4131,7 +4155,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "db7826789c0e25614b03e5a54a0717a86f9ff6e6e5247f92b369472869320039"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "clipboard-win",
  "dirs-next",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -4226,6 +4250,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "schannel"
+version = "0.1.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f29ebaa345f945cec9fbbc532eb307f0fdad8161f281b6369539c8d84876b3d"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scoped-tls"
 version = "1.0.1"
@@ -4252,14 +4285,35 @@ dependencies = [
  "zeroize",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework"
+version = "2.11.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "897b2245f0b511c87893af39b033e5ca9cce68824c4d7e7630b5a1d339658d02"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "num-bigint",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework-sys"
+version = "2.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fa39c7303dc58b5543c94d22c1766b0d31f2ee58306363ea622b10bbc075eaa2"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
 version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@@ -4377,13 +4431,24 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.87",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sha1"
+version = "0.10.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e3bf829a2d51ab4a5ddf1352d8470c140cadc8301b2ae1789db023f01cedd6ba"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2"
 version = "0.10.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "793db75ad2bcafc3ffa7c68b215fee268f537982cd901d132f89c6343f3a3dc8"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "cpufeatures",
  "digest",
 ]
@@ -4426,7 +4491,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "74233d3b3b2f6d4b006dc19dee745e73e2a6bfb6f93607cd3b02bd5b00797d7c"
 dependencies = [
  "digest",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4517,6 +4582,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "soketto"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2e859df029d160cb88608f5d7df7fb4753fd20fdfb4de5644f3d8b8440841721"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.22.1",
+ "bytes",
+ "futures",
+ "http",
+ "httparse",
+ "log",
+ "rand",
+ "sha1",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "spin"
 version = "0.9.8"
@@ -4656,7 +4737,7 @@ version = "3.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "28cce251fcbc87fac86a866eeb0d6c2d536fc16d06f184bb61aeae11aa4cee0c"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "fastrand",
  "once_cell",
  "rustix",
@@ -4701,19 +4782,6 @@ version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3369f5ac52d5eb6ab48c6b4ffdc8efbcad6b89c765749064ba298f2c68a16a76"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "test-binary"
-version = "3.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c7cb854285c40b61c0fade358bf63a2bb1226688a1ea11432ea65349209e6e3"
-dependencies = [
- "camino",
- "cargo_metadata",
- "once_cell",
- "paste",
- "thiserror",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "test-case"
 version = "3.3.1"
@@ -4729,7 +4797,7 @@ version = "3.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "adcb7fd841cd518e279be3d5a3eb0636409487998a4aff22f3de87b81e88384f"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.87",
@@ -4794,7 +4862,7 @@ version = "1.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8b9ef9bad013ada3808854ceac7b46812a6465ba368859a37e2100283d2d719c"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
@@ -4849,26 +4917,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.8.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "445e881f4f6d382d5f27c034e25eb92edd7c784ceab92a0937db7f2e9471b938"
-dependencies = [
- "tinyvec_macros",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tinyvec_macros"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
-version = "1.41.1"
+version = "1.42.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "22cfb5bee7a6a52939ca9224d6ac897bb669134078daa8735560897f69de4d33"
+checksum = "5cec9b21b0450273377fc97bd4c33a8acffc8c996c987a7c5b319a0083707551"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "bytes",
@@ -4892,28 +4945,25 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "tokio-stream"
-version = "0.1.16"
+name = "tokio-rustls"
+version = "0.26.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4f4e6ce100d0eb49a2734f8c0812bcd324cf357d21810932c5df6b96ef2b86f1"
+checksum = "5f6d0975eaace0cf0fcadee4e4aaa5da15b5c079146f2cffb67c113be122bf37"
 dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
- "pin-project-lite",
+ "rustls",
  "tokio",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "tokio-util"
-version = "0.6.10"
+name = "tokio-stream"
+version = "0.1.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "36943ee01a6d67977dd3f84a5a1d2efeb4ada3a1ae771cadfaa535d9d9fc6507"
+checksum = "eca58d7bba4a75707817a2c44174253f9236b2d5fbd055602e9d5c07c139a047"
 dependencies = [
- "bytes",
  "futures-core",
- "futures-sink",
- "log",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "tokio",
+ "tokio-util",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4930,15 +4980,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "tokio",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "toml"
-version = "0.5.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f4f7f0dd8d50a853a531c426359045b1998f04219d88799810762cd4ad314234"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "toml"
 version = "0.7.8"
@@ -4948,7 +4989,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_spanned",
  "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit",
+ "toml_edit 0.19.15",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4970,7 +5011,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_spanned",
  "toml_datetime",
- "winnow",
+ "winnow 0.5.40",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_edit"
+version = "0.22.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ae48d6208a266e853d946088ed816055e556cc6028c5e8e2b84d9fa5dd7c7f5"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 2.6.0",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "winnow 0.6.20",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4979,6 +5031,10 @@ version = "0.4.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b8fa9be0de6cf49e536ce1851f987bd21a43b771b09473c3549a6c853db37c1c"
 dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-util",
+ "pin-project",
+ "pin-project-lite",
  "tower-layer",
  "tower-service",
  "tracing",
@@ -5141,18 +5197,6 @@ version = "0.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "eaea85b334db583fe3274d12b4cd1880032beab409c0d774be044d4480ab9a94"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unicase"
-version = "2.8.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e51b68083f157f853b6379db119d1c1be0e6e4dec98101079dec41f6f5cf6df"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-bidi"
-version = "0.3.17"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5ab17db44d7388991a428b2ee655ce0c212e862eff1768a455c58f9aad6e7893"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
 version = "1.0.13"
@@ -5165,15 +5209,6 @@ version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3b09c83c3c29d37506a3e260c08c03743a6bb66a9cd432c6934ab501a190571f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-normalization"
-version = "0.1.24"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5033c97c4262335cded6d6fc3e5c18ab755e1a3dc96376350f3d8e9f009ad956"
-dependencies = [
- "tinyvec",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-segmentation"
 version = "1.12.0"
@@ -5193,15 +5228,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "url"
-version = "1.7.2"
+name = "untrusted"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd4e7c0d531266369519a4aa4f399d748bd37043b00bde1e4ff1f60a120b355a"
-dependencies = [
- "idna 0.1.5",
- "matches",
- "percent-encoding 1.0.1",
-]
+checksum = "8ecb6da28b8a351d773b68d5825ac39017e680750f980f3a1a85cd8dd28a47c1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "url"
@@ -5210,8 +5240,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32f8b686cadd1473f4bd0117a5d28d36b1ade384ea9b5069a1c40aefed7fda60"
 dependencies = [
  "form_urlencoded",
- "idna 1.0.3",
- "percent-encoding 2.3.1",
+ "idna",
+ "percent-encoding",
  "serde",
 ]
 
@@ -5289,12 +5319,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "try-lock",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasi"
-version = "0.9.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cccddf32554fecc6acb585f82a32a72e28b48f8c4c1883ddfeeeaa96f7d8e519"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
 version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
@@ -5307,7 +5331,7 @@ version = "0.2.86"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5bba0e8cb82ba49ff4e229459ff22a191bbe9a1cb3a341610c9c33efc27ddf73"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
@@ -5334,7 +5358,7 @@ version = "0.4.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2d1985d03709c53167ce907ff394f5316aa22cb4e12761295c5dc57dacb6297e"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "web-sys",
@@ -5403,6 +5427,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "webpki-roots"
+version = "0.26.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5d642ff16b7e79272ae451b7322067cdc17cadf68c23264be9d94a32319efe7e"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustls-pki-types",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -5600,6 +5633,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.6.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "36c1fec1a2bb5866f07c25f68c26e565c4c200aebb96d7e55710c19d3e8ac49b"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "write16"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -5741,7 +5783,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "blake2",
  "bls12_381",
  "byteorder",
- "cfg-if 1.0.0",
+ "cfg-if",
  "group 0.12.1",
  "group 0.13.0",
  "halo2",
@@ -5749,7 +5791,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "jubjub",
  "lazy_static",
  "pasta_curves 0.5.1",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand",
  "serde",
  "sha2",
  "sha3",
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.toml b/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.toml
index 5e31693b09b..53a28b8002d 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.toml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/Cargo.toml
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ num-traits = "0.2"
 similar-asserts = "1.5.0"
 tempfile = "3.6.0"
 test-case = "3.3.1"
-jsonrpc = { version = "0.16.0", features = ["minreq_http"] }
+jsonrpsee = { version = "0.24.7", features = ["client-core"] }
 flate2 = "1.0.24"
 color-eyre = "0.6.2"
 rand = "0.8.5"
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ sha2 = { version = "0.10.6", features = ["compress"] }
 sha3 = "0.10.6"
 strum = "0.24"
 strum_macros = "0.24"
-
+tokio = "1.42"
 im = { version = "15.1", features = ["serde"] }
 tracing = "0.1.40"
 tracing-web = "0.1.3"
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction.rs
index 23d8b425349..0c8d8affeb1 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use super::{
     value::{Value, ValueId},
 };
 
-mod binary;
+pub(crate) mod binary;
 mod call;
 mod cast;
 mod constrain;
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction/binary.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction/binary.rs
index 81f2f3b1e01..ce65343c7ef 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction/binary.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/ir/instruction/binary.rs
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl Binary {
 }
 
 /// Evaluate a binary operation with constant arguments.
-fn eval_constant_binary_op(
+pub(crate) fn eval_constant_binary_op(
     lhs: FieldElement,
     rhs: FieldElement,
     operator: BinaryOp,
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/flatten_cfg.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/flatten_cfg.rs
index aec172dddcd..cbaacf1d70e 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/flatten_cfg.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/flatten_cfg.rs
@@ -818,13 +818,10 @@ mod test {
     use acvm::acir::AcirField;
 
     use crate::ssa::{
-        function_builder::FunctionBuilder,
         ir::{
             dfg::DataFlowGraph,
             function::Function,
-            instruction::{BinaryOp, Instruction, TerminatorInstruction},
-            map::Id,
-            types::Type,
+            instruction::{Instruction, TerminatorInstruction},
             value::{Value, ValueId},
         },
         opt::assert_normalized_ssa_equals,
@@ -1337,104 +1334,50 @@ mod test {
         // Regression test for #1826. Ensures the `else` branch does not see the stores of the
         // `then` branch.
         //
-        // fn main f1 {
-        //   b0():
-        //     v0 = allocate
-        //     store Field 0 at v0
-        //     v2 = allocate
-        //     store Field 2 at v2
-        //     v4 = load v2
-        //     v5 = lt v4, Field 2
-        //     jmpif v5 then: b1, else: b2
-        //   b1():
-        //     v24 = load v0
-        //     v25 = load v2
-        //     v26 = mul v25, Field 10
-        //     v27 = add v24, v26
-        //     store v27 at v0
-        //     v28 = load v2
-        //     v29 = add v28, Field 1
-        //     store v29 at v2
-        //     jmp b5()
-        //   b5():
-        //     v14 = load v0
-        //     return v14
-        //   b2():
-        //     v6 = load v2
-        //     v8 = lt v6, Field 4
-        //     jmpif v8 then: b3, else: b4
-        //   b3():
-        //     v16 = load v0
-        //     v17 = load v2
-        //     v19 = mul v17, Field 100
-        //     v20 = add v16, v19
-        //     store v20 at v0
-        //     v21 = load v2
-        //     v23 = add v21, Field 1
-        //     store v23 at v2
-        //     jmp b4()
-        //   b4():
-        //     jmp b5()
-        // }
-        let main_id = Id::test_new(0);
-        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new("main".into(), main_id);
-
-        let b1 = builder.insert_block();
-        let b2 = builder.insert_block();
-        let b3 = builder.insert_block();
-        let b4 = builder.insert_block();
-        let b5 = builder.insert_block();
-
-        let zero = builder.field_constant(0u128);
-        let one = builder.field_constant(1u128);
-        let two = builder.field_constant(2u128);
-        let four = builder.field_constant(4u128);
-        let ten = builder.field_constant(10u128);
-        let one_hundred = builder.field_constant(100u128);
-
-        let v0 = builder.insert_allocate(Type::field());
-        builder.insert_store(v0, zero);
-        let v2 = builder.insert_allocate(Type::field());
-        builder.insert_store(v2, two);
-        let v4 = builder.insert_load(v2, Type::field());
-        let v5 = builder.insert_binary(v4, BinaryOp::Lt, two);
-        builder.terminate_with_jmpif(v5, b1, b2);
-
-        builder.switch_to_block(b1);
-        let v24 = builder.insert_load(v0, Type::field());
-        let v25 = builder.insert_load(v2, Type::field());
-        let v26 = builder.insert_binary(v25, BinaryOp::Mul, ten);
-        let v27 = builder.insert_binary(v24, BinaryOp::Add, v26);
-        builder.insert_store(v0, v27);
-        let v28 = builder.insert_load(v2, Type::field());
-        let v29 = builder.insert_binary(v28, BinaryOp::Add, one);
-        builder.insert_store(v2, v29);
-        builder.terminate_with_jmp(b5, vec![]);
-
-        builder.switch_to_block(b5);
-        let v14 = builder.insert_load(v0, Type::field());
-        builder.terminate_with_return(vec![v14]);
-
-        builder.switch_to_block(b2);
-        let v6 = builder.insert_load(v2, Type::field());
-        let v8 = builder.insert_binary(v6, BinaryOp::Lt, four);
-        builder.terminate_with_jmpif(v8, b3, b4);
-
-        builder.switch_to_block(b3);
-        let v16 = builder.insert_load(v0, Type::field());
-        let v17 = builder.insert_load(v2, Type::field());
-        let v19 = builder.insert_binary(v17, BinaryOp::Mul, one_hundred);
-        let v20 = builder.insert_binary(v16, BinaryOp::Add, v19);
-        builder.insert_store(v0, v20);
-        let v21 = builder.insert_load(v2, Type::field());
-        let v23 = builder.insert_binary(v21, BinaryOp::Add, one);
-        builder.insert_store(v2, v23);
-        builder.terminate_with_jmp(b4, vec![]);
-
-        builder.switch_to_block(b4);
-        builder.terminate_with_jmp(b5, vec![]);
-
-        let ssa = builder.finish().flatten_cfg().mem2reg().fold_constants();
+        let src = "
+        acir(inline) fn main f0 {
+          b0():
+            v0 = allocate -> &mut Field
+            store Field 0 at v0
+            v2 = allocate -> &mut Field
+            store Field 2 at v2
+            v4 = load v2 -> Field
+            v5 = lt v4, Field 2
+            jmpif v5 then: b4, else: b1
+          b1():
+            v6 = load v2 -> Field
+            v8 = lt v6, Field 4
+            jmpif v8 then: b2, else: b3
+          b2():
+            v9 = load v0 -> Field
+            v10 = load v2 -> Field
+            v12 = mul v10, Field 100
+            v13 = add v9, v12
+            store v13 at v0
+            v14 = load v2 -> Field
+            v16 = add v14, Field 1
+            store v16 at v2
+            jmp b3()
+          b3():
+            jmp b5()
+          b4():
+            v17 = load v0 -> Field
+            v18 = load v2 -> Field
+            v20 = mul v18, Field 10
+            v21 = add v17, v20
+            store v21 at v0
+            v22 = load v2 -> Field
+            v23 = add v22, Field 1
+            store v23 at v2
+            jmp b5()
+          b5():
+            v24 = load v0 -> Field
+            return v24
+        }";
+
+        let ssa = Ssa::from_str(src).unwrap();
+
+        let ssa = ssa.flatten_cfg().mem2reg().fold_constants();
 
         let main = ssa.main();
 
@@ -1451,6 +1394,18 @@ mod test {
             }
             _ => unreachable!("Should have terminator instruction"),
         }
+
+        let expected = "
+        acir(inline) fn main f0 {
+          b0():
+            v0 = allocate -> &mut Field
+            v1 = allocate -> &mut Field
+            enable_side_effects u1 1
+            return Field 200
+        }
+        ";
+
+        assert_normalized_ssa_equals(ssa, expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/loop_invariant.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/loop_invariant.rs
index c188ed1f80f..0a3c18c1b1e 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/loop_invariant.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_evaluator/src/ssa/opt/loop_invariant.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::ssa::{
         basic_block::BasicBlockId,
         function::Function,
         function_inserter::FunctionInserter,
-        instruction::{Instruction, InstructionId},
+        instruction::{binary::eval_constant_binary_op, BinaryOp, Instruction, InstructionId},
         types::Type,
         value::ValueId,
     },
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ impl<'f> LoopInvariantContext<'f> {
 
         let can_be_deduplicated = instruction.can_be_deduplicated(self.inserter.function, false)
             || matches!(instruction, Instruction::MakeArray { .. })
+            || matches!(instruction, Instruction::Binary(_))
             || self.can_be_deduplicated_from_upper_bound(&instruction);
 
         is_loop_invariant && can_be_deduplicated
@@ -231,6 +232,31 @@ impl<'f> LoopInvariantContext<'f> {
                     false
                 }
             }
+            Instruction::Binary(binary) => {
+                if !matches!(binary.operator, BinaryOp::Add | BinaryOp::Mul) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                let operand_type =
+                    self.inserter.function.dfg.type_of_value(binary.lhs).unwrap_numeric();
+
+                let lhs_const =
+                    self.inserter.function.dfg.get_numeric_constant_with_type(binary.lhs);
+                let rhs_const =
+                    self.inserter.function.dfg.get_numeric_constant_with_type(binary.rhs);
+                let (lhs, rhs) = match (
+                    lhs_const,
+                    rhs_const,
+                    self.outer_induction_variables.get(&binary.lhs),
+                    self.outer_induction_variables.get(&binary.rhs),
+                ) {
+                    (Some((lhs, _)), None, None, Some(upper_bound)) => (lhs, *upper_bound),
+                    (None, Some((rhs, _)), Some(upper_bound), None) => (*upper_bound, rhs),
+                    _ => return false,
+                };
+
+                eval_constant_binary_op(lhs, rhs, binary.operator, operand_type).is_some()
+            }
             _ => false,
         }
     }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/hir/def_collector/dc_mod.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/hir/def_collector/dc_mod.rs
index e7953aab5a4..eff48ce22a6 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/hir/def_collector/dc_mod.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/hir/def_collector/dc_mod.rs
@@ -500,6 +500,9 @@ impl<'a> ModCollector<'a> {
                             .def_interner
                             .push_function_definition(func_id, modifiers, trait_id.0, location);
 
+                        let referenced = ReferenceId::Function(func_id);
+                        context.def_interner.add_definition_location(referenced, Some(trait_id.0));
+
                         if !trait_item.doc_comments.is_empty() {
                             context.def_interner.set_doc_comments(
                                 ReferenceId::Function(func_id),
@@ -1222,7 +1225,11 @@ pub(crate) fn collect_trait_impl_items(
 
     for item in std::mem::take(&mut trait_impl.items) {
         match item.item.kind {
-            TraitImplItemKind::Function(impl_method) => {
+            TraitImplItemKind::Function(mut impl_method) => {
+                // Regardless of what visibility was on the source code, treat it as public
+                // (a warning is produced during parsing for this)
+                impl_method.def.visibility = ItemVisibility::Public;
+
                 let func_id = interner.push_empty_fn();
                 let location = Location::new(impl_method.span(), file_id);
                 interner.push_function(func_id, &impl_method.def, module, location);
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/errors.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/errors.rs
index 7cb8731593b..32cacf5e4ed 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/errors.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/errors.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@ pub enum ParserErrorReason {
     PatternInTraitFunctionParameter,
     #[error("Patterns aren't allowed in a trait impl's associated constants")]
     PatternInAssociatedConstant,
+    #[error("Visibility is ignored on a trait method")]
+    TraitVisibilityIgnored,
     #[error("Visibility is ignored on a trait impl method")]
     TraitImplVisibilityIgnored,
     #[error("comptime keyword is deprecated")]
@@ -183,11 +185,8 @@ impl ParserError {
     }
 
     pub fn is_warning(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(
-            self.reason(),
-            Some(ParserErrorReason::ExperimentalFeature(_))
-                | Some(ParserErrorReason::MissingSafetyComment)
-        )
+        let diagnostic: Diagnostic = self.into();
+        diagnostic.is_warning()
     }
 }
 
@@ -264,6 +263,9 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a ParserError> for Diagnostic {
                 ParserErrorReason::ExperimentalFeature(_) => {
                     Diagnostic::simple_warning(reason.to_string(), "".into(), error.span)
                 }
+                ParserErrorReason::TraitVisibilityIgnored => {
+                    Diagnostic::simple_warning(reason.to_string(), "".into(), error.span)
+                }
                 ParserErrorReason::TraitImplVisibilityIgnored => {
                     Diagnostic::simple_warning(reason.to_string(), "".into(), error.span)
                 }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/impls.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/impls.rs
index 8e6b3bae0e9..278c20e1e27 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/impls.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/impls.rs
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
 
         let noir_function = self.parse_function(
             attributes,
-            ItemVisibility::Public,
+            modifiers.visibility,
             modifiers.comptime.is_some(),
             modifiers.unconstrained.is_some(),
             true, // allow_self
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ mod tests {
             panic!("Expected function");
         };
         assert_eq!(function.def.name.to_string(), "foo");
-        assert_eq!(function.def.visibility, ItemVisibility::Public);
+        assert_eq!(function.def.visibility, ItemVisibility::Private);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/traits.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/traits.rs
index e03b629e9ea..6f6a9bab960 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/traits.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_frontend/src/parser/parser/traits.rs
@@ -225,6 +225,10 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             false, // allow mut
         );
 
+        if modifiers.visibility != ItemVisibility::Private {
+            self.push_error(ParserErrorReason::TraitVisibilityIgnored, modifiers.visibility_span);
+        }
+
         if !self.eat_keyword(Keyword::Fn) {
             self.modifiers_not_followed_by_an_item(modifiers);
             return None;
@@ -285,7 +289,11 @@ mod tests {
     use crate::{
         ast::{NoirTrait, NoirTraitImpl, TraitItem},
         parser::{
-            parser::{parse_program, tests::expect_no_errors, ParserErrorReason},
+            parser::{
+                parse_program,
+                tests::{expect_no_errors, get_single_error, get_source_with_error_span},
+                ParserErrorReason,
+            },
             ItemKind,
         },
     };
@@ -513,7 +521,19 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     #[test]
-    fn parse_trait_inheirtance() {
+    fn parse_trait_function_with_visibility() {
+        let src = "
+        trait Foo { pub fn foo(); }
+                    ^^^
+        ";
+        let (src, span) = get_source_with_error_span(src);
+        let (_module, errors) = parse_program(&src);
+        let error = get_single_error(&errors, span);
+        assert!(error.to_string().contains("Visibility is ignored on a trait method"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_trait_inheritance() {
         let src = "trait Foo: Bar + Baz {}";
         let noir_trait = parse_trait_no_errors(src);
         assert_eq!(noir_trait.bounds.len(), 2);
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/Cargo.toml b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/Cargo.toml
index 8d0574aad64..a1eae750b1f 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/Cargo.toml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,10 +13,6 @@ workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 acvm.workspace = true
-iter-extended.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
-serde_json.workspace = true
-thiserror.workspace = true
-jsonrpc.workspace = true
 
 [dev-dependencies]
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/src/lib.rs b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/src/lib.rs
index 6ae187da27f..eb74d2470fb 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/src/lib.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/noirc_printable_type/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![warn(unused_crate_dependencies, unused_extern_crates)]
+#![warn(unreachable_pub)]
+#![warn(clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned)]
+
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, str};
 
-use acvm::{acir::AcirField, brillig_vm::brillig::ForeignCallParam};
-use iter_extended::vecmap;
+use acvm::AcirField;
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use thiserror::Error;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "lowercase")]
@@ -66,96 +69,23 @@ pub enum PrintableValueDisplay<F> {
     Plain(PrintableValue<F>, PrintableType),
     FmtString(String, Vec<(PrintableValue<F>, PrintableType)>),
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug, Error)]
-pub enum ForeignCallError {
-    #[error("No handler could be found for foreign call `{0}`")]
-    NoHandler(String),
-
-    #[error("Foreign call inputs needed for execution are missing")]
-    MissingForeignCallInputs,
-
-    #[error("Could not parse PrintableType argument. {0}")]
-    ParsingError(#[from] serde_json::Error),
-
-    #[error("Failed calling external resolver. {0}")]
-    ExternalResolverError(#[from] jsonrpc::Error),
-
-    #[error("Assert message resolved after an unsatisified constrain. {0}")]
-    ResolvedAssertMessage(String),
-}
-
-impl<F: AcirField> TryFrom<&[ForeignCallParam<F>]> for PrintableValueDisplay<F> {
-    type Error = ForeignCallError;
-
-    fn try_from(foreign_call_inputs: &[ForeignCallParam<F>]) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
-        let (is_fmt_str, foreign_call_inputs) =
-            foreign_call_inputs.split_last().ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
-
-        if is_fmt_str.unwrap_field().is_one() {
-            convert_fmt_string_inputs(foreign_call_inputs)
-        } else {
-            convert_string_inputs(foreign_call_inputs)
+impl<F: AcirField> std::fmt::Display for PrintableValueDisplay<F> {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Plain(value, typ) => {
+                let output_string = to_string(value, typ).ok_or(std::fmt::Error)?;
+                write!(fmt, "{output_string}")
+            }
+            Self::FmtString(template, values) => {
+                let mut values_iter = values.iter();
+                write_template_replacing_interpolations(template, fmt, || {
+                    values_iter.next().and_then(|(value, typ)| to_string(value, typ))
+                })
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn convert_string_inputs<F: AcirField>(
-    foreign_call_inputs: &[ForeignCallParam<F>],
-) -> Result<PrintableValueDisplay<F>, ForeignCallError> {
-    // Fetch the PrintableType from the foreign call input
-    // The remaining input values should hold what is to be printed
-    let (printable_type_as_values, input_values) =
-        foreign_call_inputs.split_last().ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
-    let printable_type = fetch_printable_type(printable_type_as_values)?;
-
-    // We must use a flat map here as each value in a struct will be in a separate input value
-    let mut input_values_as_fields = input_values.iter().flat_map(|param| param.fields());
-
-    let value = decode_value(&mut input_values_as_fields, &printable_type);
-
-    Ok(PrintableValueDisplay::Plain(value, printable_type))
-}
-
-fn convert_fmt_string_inputs<F: AcirField>(
-    foreign_call_inputs: &[ForeignCallParam<F>],
-) -> Result<PrintableValueDisplay<F>, ForeignCallError> {
-    let (message, input_and_printable_types) =
-        foreign_call_inputs.split_first().ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
-
-    let message_as_fields = message.fields();
-    let message_as_string = decode_string_value(&message_as_fields);
-
-    let (num_values, input_and_printable_types) = input_and_printable_types
-        .split_first()
-        .ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
-
-    let mut output = Vec::new();
-    let num_values = num_values.unwrap_field().to_u128() as usize;
-
-    let types_start_at = input_and_printable_types.len() - num_values;
-    let mut input_iter =
-        input_and_printable_types[0..types_start_at].iter().flat_map(|param| param.fields());
-    for printable_type in input_and_printable_types.iter().skip(types_start_at) {
-        let printable_type = fetch_printable_type(printable_type)?;
-        let value = decode_value(&mut input_iter, &printable_type);
-
-        output.push((value, printable_type));
-    }
-
-    Ok(PrintableValueDisplay::FmtString(message_as_string, output))
-}
-
-fn fetch_printable_type<F: AcirField>(
-    printable_type: &ForeignCallParam<F>,
-) -> Result<PrintableType, ForeignCallError> {
-    let printable_type_as_fields = printable_type.fields();
-    let printable_type_as_string = decode_string_value(&printable_type_as_fields);
-    let printable_type: PrintableType = serde_json::from_str(&printable_type_as_string)?;
-
-    Ok(printable_type)
-}
-
 fn to_string<F: AcirField>(value: &PrintableValue<F>, typ: &PrintableType) -> Option<String> {
     let mut output = String::new();
     match (value, typ) {
@@ -193,7 +123,7 @@ fn to_string<F: AcirField>(value: &PrintableValue<F>, typ: &PrintableType) -> Op
         (PrintableValue::Vec { array_elements, is_slice }, PrintableType::Array { typ, .. })
         | (PrintableValue::Vec { array_elements, is_slice }, PrintableType::Slice { typ }) => {
             if *is_slice {
-                output.push('&')
+                output.push('&');
             }
             output.push('[');
             let mut values = array_elements.iter().peekable();
@@ -253,23 +183,6 @@ fn to_string<F: AcirField>(value: &PrintableValue<F>, typ: &PrintableType) -> Op
     Some(output)
 }
 
-impl<F: AcirField> std::fmt::Display for PrintableValueDisplay<F> {
-    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            Self::Plain(value, typ) => {
-                let output_string = to_string(value, typ).ok_or(std::fmt::Error)?;
-                write!(fmt, "{output_string}")
-            }
-            Self::FmtString(template, values) => {
-                let mut values_iter = values.iter();
-                write_template_replacing_interpolations(template, fmt, || {
-                    values_iter.next().and_then(|(value, typ)| to_string(value, typ))
-                })
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 fn write_template_replacing_interpolations(
     template: &str,
     fmt: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>,
@@ -346,94 +259,11 @@ fn format_field_string<F: AcirField>(field: F) -> String {
     "0x".to_owned() + &trimmed_field
 }
 
-/// Assumes that `field_iterator` contains enough field elements in order to decode the [PrintableType]
-pub fn decode_value<F: AcirField>(
-    field_iterator: &mut impl Iterator<Item = F>,
-    typ: &PrintableType,
-) -> PrintableValue<F> {
-    match typ {
-        PrintableType::Field
-        | PrintableType::SignedInteger { .. }
-        | PrintableType::UnsignedInteger { .. }
-        | PrintableType::Boolean => {
-            let field_element = field_iterator.next().unwrap();
-
-            PrintableValue::Field(field_element)
-        }
-        PrintableType::Array { length, typ } => {
-            let length = *length as usize;
-            let mut array_elements = Vec::with_capacity(length);
-            for _ in 0..length {
-                array_elements.push(decode_value(field_iterator, typ));
-            }
-
-            PrintableValue::Vec { array_elements, is_slice: false }
-        }
-        PrintableType::Slice { typ } => {
-            let length = field_iterator
-                .next()
-                .expect("not enough data to decode variable array length")
-                .to_u128() as usize;
-            let mut array_elements = Vec::with_capacity(length);
-            for _ in 0..length {
-                array_elements.push(decode_value(field_iterator, typ));
-            }
-
-            PrintableValue::Vec { array_elements, is_slice: true }
-        }
-        PrintableType::Tuple { types } => PrintableValue::Vec {
-            array_elements: vecmap(types, |typ| decode_value(field_iterator, typ)),
-            is_slice: false,
-        },
-        PrintableType::String { length } => {
-            let field_elements: Vec<F> = field_iterator.take(*length as usize).collect();
-
-            PrintableValue::String(decode_string_value(&field_elements))
-        }
-        PrintableType::Struct { fields, .. } => {
-            let mut struct_map = BTreeMap::new();
-
-            for (field_key, param_type) in fields {
-                let field_value = decode_value(field_iterator, param_type);
-
-                struct_map.insert(field_key.to_owned(), field_value);
-            }
-
-            PrintableValue::Struct(struct_map)
-        }
-        PrintableType::Function { env, .. } => {
-            let field_element = field_iterator.next().unwrap();
-            let func_ref = PrintableValue::Field(field_element);
-            // we want to consume the fields from the environment, but for now they are not actually printed
-            decode_value(field_iterator, env);
-            func_ref
-        }
-        PrintableType::MutableReference { typ } => {
-            // we decode the reference, but it's not really used for printing
-            decode_value(field_iterator, typ)
-        }
-        PrintableType::Unit => PrintableValue::Field(F::zero()),
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn decode_string_value<F: AcirField>(field_elements: &[F]) -> String {
-    // TODO: Replace with `into` when Char is supported
-    let string_as_slice = vecmap(field_elements, |e| {
-        let mut field_as_bytes = e.to_be_bytes();
-        let char_byte = field_as_bytes.pop().unwrap(); // A character in a string is represented by a u8, thus we just want the last byte of the element
-        assert!(field_as_bytes.into_iter().all(|b| b == 0)); // Assert that the rest of the field element's bytes are empty
-        char_byte
-    });
-
-    let final_string = str::from_utf8(&string_as_slice).unwrap();
-    final_string.to_owned()
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use acvm::FieldElement;
 
-    use crate::{PrintableType, PrintableValue, PrintableValueDisplay};
+    use super::{PrintableType, PrintableValue, PrintableValueDisplay};
 
     #[test]
     fn printable_value_display_to_string_without_interpolations() {
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/wasm/Cargo.toml b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/wasm/Cargo.toml
index 9951b23f609..5cde0dfbbcf 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/compiler/wasm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/compiler/wasm/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ workspace = true
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
+
 acvm = { workspace = true, features = ["bn254"] }
 fm.workspace = true
-nargo.workspace = true
 noirc_driver.workspace = true
 noirc_frontend = { workspace = true, features = ["bn254"] }
 noirc_errors.workspace = true
@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ gloo-utils.workspace = true
 tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
 tracing-web.workspace = true
 
+# Cannot use the `rpc` feature because the HTTP dependency wouldn't compile to Wasm.
+# We could use `path` if `rpc` was a default feature, but we made it opt-in so we don't get any problems when publishing the workspace.
+nargo.workspace = true
+
 # This is an unused dependency, we are adding it
 # so that we can enable the js feature in getrandom.
 getrandom = { workspace = true, features = ["js"] }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/cspell.json b/noir/noir-repo/cspell.json
index 826e30fa86a..ed9f7427c6f 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/cspell.json
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/cspell.json
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@
         "jmpifs",
         "jmps",
         "jsdoc",
+        "jsonrpsee",
         "Jubjub",
         "keccak",
         "keccakf",
@@ -166,6 +167,7 @@
         "nomicfoundation",
         "noncanonical",
         "nouner",
+        "oneshot",
         "overflowing",
         "pedersen",
         "peekable",
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/deny.toml b/noir/noir-repo/deny.toml
index 661c8095281..48628fb0045 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/deny.toml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/deny.toml
@@ -66,14 +66,19 @@ exceptions = [
     # so we prefer to not have dependencies using it
     # https://tldrlegal.com/license/creative-commons-cc0-1.0-universal
     { allow = ["CC0-1.0"], name = "more-asserts" },
-    { allow = ["CC0-1.0"], name = "jsonrpc" },
     { allow = ["CC0-1.0"], name = "notify" },
     { allow = ["CC0-1.0"], name = "tiny-keccak" },
     { allow = ["MPL-2.0"], name = "sized-chunks" },
     { allow = ["MPL-2.0"], name = "webpki-roots" },
     { allow = ["CDDL-1.0"], name = "inferno" },
+    { allow = ["OpenSSL"], name = "ring" },
 ]
 
+[[licenses.clarify]]
+crate = "ring"
+expression = "ISC"
+license-files = [{ path = "LICENSE", hash = 0xbd0eed23 }]
+
 # This section is considered when running `cargo deny check sources`.
 # More documentation about the 'sources' section can be found here:
 # https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/checks/sources/cfg.html
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/explainers/explainer-writing-noir.md b/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/explainers/explainer-writing-noir.md
index 3ce4245dc45..202bf76a827 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/explainers/explainer-writing-noir.md
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/explainers/explainer-writing-noir.md
@@ -140,6 +140,18 @@ Use arrays and indices that are known at compile time where possible.
 Using `assert_constant(i);` before an index, `i`, is used in an array will give a compile error if `i` is NOT known at compile time.
 :::
 
+### Reduce what is inside loops and conditional logic
+
+Putting less logic  inside an `if` (`else`, etc) paths, or inside a loop, translates to less gates required to represent the program. The compiler should mostly take care of this.
+
+A loop duplicates the gates for each iteration of the loop, or put another way, "unrolls" the loop. Any calculations/calls that are unchanged in the loop should be calculated once before, and the result used in the loop.
+
+An `if` statement is "flattened" and gates created for each path even if execution uses only one path. Furthermore, there are additional operations required for each path. Sometimes this can have a multiplying effect on the operations in the `if` and `else` etc.
+
+:::tip
+Only have essential computation inside conditional logic and loops, and calculate anything else once (before, or after, depending).
+:::
+
 ### Leverage unconstrained execution
 
 Constrained verification can leverage unconstrained execution, this is especially useful for operations that are represented by many gates.
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md b/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md
index 1fdee42425e..b2257e8bdbb 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/docs/docs/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md
@@ -77,3 +77,38 @@ let s = r#"Simon says "hello world""#;
 // Any number of hashes may be used (>= 1) as long as the string also terminates with the same number of hashes
 let s = r#####"One "#, Two "##, Three "###, Four "####, Five will end the string."#####; 
 ```
+
+## Format strings
+
+A format string begins with the letter `f` and allows inserting the value of local and global variables in it.
+
+Example:
+
+```rust
+let four = 2 + 2;
+let s = f"Two plus two is: {four}";
+println(s);
+```
+
+The output of the above program is:
+
+```text
+Two plus two is: 4
+```
+
+To insert the value of a local or global variable, put it inside `{...}` in the string.
+
+If you need to write the `{` or `}` characters, use `{{` and `}}` respectively:
+
+```rust
+let four = 2 + 2;
+
+// Prints "This is not expanded: {four}"
+println(f"This is not expanded: {{four}}");
+```
+
+More complex expressions are not allowed inside `{...}`:
+
+```rust
+let s = f"Two plus two is: {2 + 2}" // Error: invalid format string
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/docs/versioned_docs/version-v1.0.0-beta.1/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md b/noir/noir-repo/docs/versioned_docs/version-v1.0.0-beta.1/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md
index 1fdee42425e..b2257e8bdbb 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/docs/versioned_docs/version-v1.0.0-beta.1/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/docs/versioned_docs/version-v1.0.0-beta.1/noir/concepts/data_types/strings.md
@@ -77,3 +77,38 @@ let s = r#"Simon says "hello world""#;
 // Any number of hashes may be used (>= 1) as long as the string also terminates with the same number of hashes
 let s = r#####"One "#, Two "##, Three "###, Four "####, Five will end the string."#####; 
 ```
+
+## Format strings
+
+A format string begins with the letter `f` and allows inserting the value of local and global variables in it.
+
+Example:
+
+```rust
+let four = 2 + 2;
+let s = f"Two plus two is: {four}";
+println(s);
+```
+
+The output of the above program is:
+
+```text
+Two plus two is: 4
+```
+
+To insert the value of a local or global variable, put it inside `{...}` in the string.
+
+If you need to write the `{` or `}` characters, use `{{` and `}}` respectively:
+
+```rust
+let four = 2 + 2;
+
+// Prints "This is not expanded: {four}"
+println(f"This is not expanded: {{four}}");
+```
+
+More complex expressions are not allowed inside `{...}`:
+
+```rust
+let s = f"Two plus two is: {2 + 2}" // Error: invalid format string
+```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/test_programs/memory_report.sh b/noir/noir-repo/test_programs/memory_report.sh
index 4d03726d374..e501464c198 100755
--- a/noir/noir-repo/test_programs/memory_report.sh
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/test_programs/memory_report.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ current_dir=$(pwd)
 base_path="$current_dir/execution_success"
 
 # If there is an argument that means we want to generate a report for only the current directory
-if [ "$#" -ne 0 ]; then
+if [ "$1" == "1" ]; then
   base_path="$current_dir"
   tests_to_profile=(".")
 fi
@@ -31,11 +31,16 @@ for test_name in ${tests_to_profile[@]}; do
             echo " ," >> $current_dir"/memory_report.json"
         fi
 
-        if [ "$#" -ne 0 ]; then
+        if [ "$1" == "1" ]; then
             test_name=$(basename $current_dir)
         fi
 
-        heaptrack --output $current_dir/$test_name"_heap" $NARGO compile --force
+        COMMAND="compile --force --silence-warnings"
+        if [ "$2" == "1" ]; then
+            COMMAND="execute --silence-warnings"
+        fi
+
+        heaptrack --output $current_dir/$test_name"_heap" $NARGO $COMMAND
         if test -f $current_dir/$test_name"_heap.gz"; 
         then 
             heaptrack --analyze $current_dir/$test_name"_heap.gz" > $current_dir/$test_name"_heap_analysis.txt"
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/acvm_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/acvm_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs
index d4473eb3eef..c3c83a8f000 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/acvm_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/acvm_cli/src/cli/execute_cmd.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use nargo::PrintOutput;
 
 use crate::cli::fs::inputs::{read_bytecode_from_file, read_inputs_from_file};
 use crate::errors::CliError;
-use nargo::{foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallExecutor, ops::execute_program};
+use nargo::{foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder, ops::execute_program};
 
 use super::fs::witness::{create_output_witness_string, save_witness_to_dir};
 
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@ pub(crate) fn execute_program_from_witness(
         &program,
         inputs_map,
         &Bn254BlackBoxSolver,
-        &mut DefaultForeignCallExecutor::new(PrintOutput::Stdout, None, None, None),
+        &mut DefaultForeignCallBuilder { output: PrintOutput::Stdout, ..Default::default() }
+            .build(),
     )
     .map_err(CliError::CircuitExecutionError)
 }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/debugger/src/foreign_calls.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/debugger/src/foreign_calls.rs
index 899ba892d8f..b92e22844ea 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/debugger/src/foreign_calls.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/debugger/src/foreign_calls.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ use acvm::{
     AcirField, FieldElement,
 };
 use nargo::{
-    foreign_calls::{DefaultForeignCallExecutor, ForeignCallExecutor},
+    foreign_calls::{
+        layers::Layer, DefaultForeignCallBuilder, ForeignCallError, ForeignCallExecutor,
+    },
     PrintOutput,
 };
 use noirc_artifacts::debug::{DebugArtifact, DebugVars, StackFrame};
 use noirc_errors::debug_info::{DebugFnId, DebugVarId};
-use noirc_printable_type::ForeignCallError;
 
 pub(crate) enum DebugForeignCall {
     VarAssign,
@@ -44,23 +45,31 @@ pub trait DebugForeignCallExecutor: ForeignCallExecutor<FieldElement> {
     fn current_stack_frame(&self) -> Option<StackFrame<FieldElement>>;
 }
 
-pub struct DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor<'a> {
-    executor: DefaultForeignCallExecutor<'a, FieldElement>,
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor {
     pub debug_vars: DebugVars<FieldElement>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor<'a> {
-    pub fn new(output: PrintOutput<'a>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            executor: DefaultForeignCallExecutor::new(output, None, None, None),
-            debug_vars: DebugVars::default(),
-        }
+impl DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor {
+    fn make(
+        output: PrintOutput<'_>,
+        ex: DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor,
+    ) -> impl DebugForeignCallExecutor + '_ {
+        DefaultForeignCallBuilder::default().with_output(output).build().add_layer(ex)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self, dead_code)]
+    pub fn new(output: PrintOutput<'_>) -> impl DebugForeignCallExecutor + '_ {
+        Self::make(output, Self::default())
     }
 
-    pub fn from_artifact(output: PrintOutput<'a>, artifact: &DebugArtifact) -> Self {
-        let mut ex = Self::new(output);
+    pub fn from_artifact<'a>(
+        output: PrintOutput<'a>,
+        artifact: &DebugArtifact,
+    ) -> impl DebugForeignCallExecutor + 'a {
+        let mut ex = Self::default();
         ex.load_artifact(artifact);
-        ex
+        Self::make(output, ex)
     }
 
     pub fn load_artifact(&mut self, artifact: &DebugArtifact) {
@@ -73,7 +82,7 @@ impl<'a> DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl DebugForeignCallExecutor for DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor<'_> {
+impl DebugForeignCallExecutor for DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor {
     fn get_variables(&self) -> Vec<StackFrame<FieldElement>> {
         self.debug_vars.get_variables()
     }
@@ -91,7 +100,7 @@ fn debug_fn_id(value: &FieldElement) -> DebugFnId {
     DebugFnId(value.to_u128() as u32)
 }
 
-impl ForeignCallExecutor<FieldElement> for DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor<'_> {
+impl ForeignCallExecutor<FieldElement> for DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor {
     fn execute(
         &mut self,
         foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement>,
@@ -166,7 +175,21 @@ impl ForeignCallExecutor<FieldElement> for DefaultDebugForeignCallExecutor<'_> {
                 self.debug_vars.pop_fn();
                 Ok(ForeignCallResult::default())
             }
-            None => self.executor.execute(foreign_call),
+            None => Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(foreign_call_name.to_string())),
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl<H, I> DebugForeignCallExecutor for Layer<H, I>
+where
+    H: DebugForeignCallExecutor,
+    I: ForeignCallExecutor<FieldElement>,
+{
+    fn get_variables(&self) -> Vec<StackFrame<FieldElement>> {
+        self.handler().get_variables()
+    }
+
+    fn current_stack_frame(&self) -> Option<StackFrame<FieldElement>> {
+        self.handler().current_stack_frame()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion.rs
index 3762ba9cf8d..fd6ef60af82 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use noirc_frontend::{
         },
     },
     hir_def::traits::Trait,
-    node_interner::{NodeInterner, ReferenceId, StructId},
+    node_interner::{FuncId, NodeInterner, ReferenceId, StructId},
     parser::{Item, ItemKind, ParsedSubModule},
     token::{MetaAttribute, Token, Tokens},
     Kind, ParsedModule, StructType, Type, TypeBinding,
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ struct NodeFinder<'a> {
     use_segment_positions: UseSegmentPositions,
     self_type: Option<Type>,
     in_comptime: bool,
+    /// The function we are in, if any
+    func_id: Option<FuncId>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> NodeFinder<'a> {
@@ -165,6 +167,7 @@ impl<'a> NodeFinder<'a> {
             use_segment_positions: UseSegmentPositions::default(),
             self_type: None,
             in_comptime: false,
+            func_id: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -639,6 +642,13 @@ impl<'a> NodeFinder<'a> {
         function_completion_kind: FunctionCompletionKind,
         self_prefix: bool,
     ) {
+        self.complete_trait_constraints_methods(
+            typ,
+            prefix,
+            function_kind,
+            function_completion_kind,
+        );
+
         let Some(methods_by_name) = self.interner.get_type_methods(typ) else {
             return;
         };
@@ -697,6 +707,31 @@ impl<'a> NodeFinder<'a> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn complete_trait_constraints_methods(
+        &mut self,
+        typ: &Type,
+        prefix: &str,
+        function_kind: FunctionKind,
+        function_completion_kind: FunctionCompletionKind,
+    ) {
+        let Some(func_id) = self.func_id else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let func_meta = self.interner.function_meta(&func_id);
+        for constraint in &func_meta.trait_constraints {
+            if *typ == constraint.typ {
+                let trait_ = self.interner.get_trait(constraint.trait_bound.trait_id);
+                self.complete_trait_methods(
+                    trait_,
+                    prefix,
+                    function_kind,
+                    function_completion_kind,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     fn complete_trait_methods(
         &mut self,
         trait_: &Trait,
@@ -1125,8 +1160,17 @@ impl<'a> Visitor for NodeFinder<'a> {
         let old_in_comptime = self.in_comptime;
         self.in_comptime = noir_function.def.is_comptime;
 
+        if let Some(ReferenceId::Function(func_id)) = self
+            .interner
+            .reference_at_location(Location::new(noir_function.name_ident().span(), self.file))
+        {
+            self.func_id = Some(func_id);
+        }
+
         noir_function.def.body.accept(Some(span), self);
 
+        self.func_id = None;
+
         self.in_comptime = old_in_comptime;
         self.type_parameters = old_type_parameters;
         self.self_type = None;
@@ -1207,7 +1251,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor for NodeFinder<'a> {
 
     fn visit_trait_item_function(
         &mut self,
-        _name: &Ident,
+        name: &Ident,
         generics: &UnresolvedGenerics,
         parameters: &[(Ident, UnresolvedType)],
         return_type: &noirc_frontend::ast::FunctionReturnType,
@@ -1232,7 +1276,16 @@ impl<'a> Visitor for NodeFinder<'a> {
             for (name, _) in parameters {
                 self.local_variables.insert(name.to_string(), name.span());
             }
+
+            if let Some(ReferenceId::Function(func_id)) =
+                self.interner.reference_at_location(Location::new(name.span(), self.file))
+            {
+                self.func_id = Some(func_id);
+            }
+
             body.accept(None, self);
+
+            self.func_id = None;
         };
 
         self.type_parameters = old_type_parameters;
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion/tests.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion/tests.rs
index 97c7ad86d5a..65157090767 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion/tests.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/completion/tests.rs
@@ -2861,4 +2861,22 @@ fn main() {
         assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
         assert!(items[0].label == "bar_baz()");
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    async fn test_suggests_trait_method_from_where_clause_in_function() {
+        let src = r#"
+        trait Foo {
+            fn foo(self) -> i32;
+        }
+
+        fn something<T>(x: T) -> i32
+        where
+            T: Foo,
+        {
+            x.fo>|<
+        }
+        "#;
+        let items = get_completions(src).await;
+        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/mod.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/mod.rs
index 22bdda8d7d7..f7b58d7d42f 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/mod.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/mod.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use nargo_fmt::Config;
 
 use noirc_frontend::graph::CrateId;
 use noirc_frontend::hir::def_map::CrateDefMap;
+use noirc_frontend::parser::ParserError;
 use noirc_frontend::usage_tracker::UsageTracker;
 use noirc_frontend::{graph::Dependency, node_interner::NodeInterner};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -285,7 +286,8 @@ fn on_formatting_inner(
 
     if let Some(source) = state.input_files.get(&path) {
         let (module, errors) = noirc_frontend::parse_program(source);
-        if !errors.is_empty() {
+        let is_all_warnings = errors.iter().all(ParserError::is_warning);
+        if !is_all_warnings {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/test_run.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/test_run.rs
index 72ae6695b82..1071866dfad 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/test_run.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/lsp/src/requests/test_run.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use std::future::{self, Future};
 use crate::insert_all_files_for_workspace_into_file_manager;
 use async_lsp::{ErrorCode, ResponseError};
 use nargo::{
+    foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder,
     ops::{run_test, TestStatus},
     PrintOutput,
 };
@@ -88,10 +89,16 @@ fn on_test_run_request_inner(
                 &mut context,
                 &test_function,
                 PrintOutput::Stdout,
-                None,
-                Some(workspace.root_dir.clone()),
-                Some(package.name.to_string()),
                 &CompileOptions::default(),
+                |output, base| {
+                    DefaultForeignCallBuilder {
+                        output,
+                        resolver_url: None, // NB without this the root and package don't do anything.
+                        root_path: Some(workspace.root_dir.clone()),
+                        package_name: Some(package.name.to_string()),
+                    }
+                    .build_with_base(base)
+                },
             );
             let result = match test_result {
                 TestStatus::Pass => NargoTestRunResult {
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/Cargo.toml b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/Cargo.toml
index 1dbb9978b0b..9fb46b78bc9 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/Cargo.toml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,20 +21,27 @@ noirc_errors.workspace = true
 noirc_frontend.workspace = true
 noirc_printable_type.workspace = true
 iter-extended.workspace = true
+jsonrpsee.workspace = true
+rayon.workspace = true
 thiserror.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
-rayon.workspace = true
-jsonrpc.workspace = true
-rand.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
 walkdir = "2.5.0"
 
+# Some dependencies are optional so we can compile to Wasm.
+tokio = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+rand = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
-noir_fuzzer.workspace = true
-proptest.workspace = true
+noir_fuzzer = { workspace = true }
+proptest = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-jsonrpc-http-server = "18.0"
-jsonrpc-core-client = "18.0"
-jsonrpc-derive = "18.0"
-jsonrpc-core = "18.0"
+jsonrpsee = { workspace = true, features = ["server"] }
+
+[features]
+default = []
+
+# Execution currently uses HTTP based Oracle resolvers; does not compile to Wasm.
+rpc = ["jsonrpsee/http-client", "jsonrpsee/macros", "tokio/rt", "rand"]
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/errors.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/errors.rs
index 5256f28e36c..00c411bf7e4 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/errors.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/errors.rs
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ use noirc_errors::{
 pub use noirc_errors::Location;
 
 use noirc_driver::CrateName;
-use noirc_printable_type::ForeignCallError;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
+use crate::foreign_calls::ForeignCallError;
+
 /// Errors covering situations where a package cannot be compiled.
 #[derive(Debug, Error)]
 pub enum CompileError {
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/default.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/default.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..ce4af3aa744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/default.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use acvm::AcirField;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use crate::PrintOutput;
+
+use super::{
+    layers::{self, Layer, Layering},
+    mocker::MockForeignCallExecutor,
+    print::PrintForeignCallExecutor,
+    ForeignCallExecutor,
+};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+use super::rpc::RPCForeignCallExecutor;
+
+/// A builder for [DefaultForeignCallLayers] where we can enable fields based on feature flags,
+/// which is easier than providing different overrides for a `new` method.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct DefaultForeignCallBuilder<'a> {
+    pub output: PrintOutput<'a>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+    pub resolver_url: Option<String>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+    pub root_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+    pub package_name: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> DefaultForeignCallBuilder<'a> {
+    /// Override the output.
+    pub fn with_output(mut self, output: PrintOutput<'a>) -> Self {
+        self.output = output;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Compose the executor layers with [layers::Empty] as the default handler.
+    pub fn build<F>(self) -> DefaultForeignCallLayers<'a, layers::Empty, F>
+    where
+        F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + 'a,
+    {
+        self.build_with_base(layers::Empty)
+    }
+
+    /// Compose the executor layers with `base` as the default handler.
+    pub fn build_with_base<B, F>(self, base: B) -> DefaultForeignCallLayers<'a, B, F>
+    where
+        F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + 'a,
+        B: ForeignCallExecutor<F> + 'a,
+    {
+        let executor = {
+            #[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+            {
+                use rand::Rng;
+
+                base.add_layer(self.resolver_url.map(|resolver_url| {
+                    let id = rand::thread_rng().gen();
+                    RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(
+                        &resolver_url,
+                        id,
+                        self.root_path,
+                        self.package_name,
+                    )
+                }))
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "rpc"))]
+            {
+                base
+            }
+        };
+
+        executor
+            .add_layer(MockForeignCallExecutor::default())
+            .add_layer(PrintForeignCallExecutor::new(self.output))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Facilitate static typing of layers on a base layer, so inner layers can be accessed.
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+pub type DefaultForeignCallLayers<'a, B, F> = Layer<
+    PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a>,
+    Layer<MockForeignCallExecutor<F>, Layer<Option<RPCForeignCallExecutor>, B>>,
+>;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "rpc"))]
+pub type DefaultForeignCallLayers<'a, B, F> =
+    Layer<PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a>, Layer<MockForeignCallExecutor<F>, B>>;
+
+/// Convenience constructor for code that used to create the executor this way.
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+pub struct DefaultForeignCallExecutor;
+
+/// Convenience constructors for the RPC case. Non-RPC versions are not provided
+/// because once a crate opts into this within the workspace, everyone gets it
+/// even if they don't want to. For the non-RPC case we can nudge people to
+/// use `DefaultForeignCallBuilder` which is easier to keep flexible.
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+impl DefaultForeignCallExecutor {
+    #[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self)]
+    pub fn new<'a, F>(
+        output: PrintOutput<'a>,
+        resolver_url: Option<&str>,
+        root_path: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
+        package_name: Option<String>,
+    ) -> impl ForeignCallExecutor<F> + 'a
+    where
+        F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'de> Deserialize<'de> + 'a,
+    {
+        DefaultForeignCallBuilder {
+            output,
+            resolver_url: resolver_url.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+            root_path,
+            package_name,
+        }
+        .build()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/layers.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/layers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..19f14c6f4a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/layers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+use acvm::{acir::brillig::ForeignCallResult, pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo, AcirField};
+
+use super::{ForeignCallError, ForeignCallExecutor};
+
+/// Returns an empty result when called.
+///
+/// If all executors have no handler for the given foreign call then we cannot
+/// return a correct response to the ACVM. The best we can do is to return an empty response,
+/// this allows us to ignore any foreign calls which exist solely to pass information from inside
+/// the circuit to the environment (e.g. custom logging) as the execution will still be able to progress.
+///
+/// We optimistically return an empty response for all oracle calls as the ACVM will error
+/// should a response have been required.
+pub struct Empty;
+
+impl<F: AcirField> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for Empty {
+    fn execute(
+        &mut self,
+        _foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
+    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+        Ok(ForeignCallResult::default())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns `NoHandler` for every call.
+pub struct Unhandled;
+
+impl<F: AcirField> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for Unhandled {
+    fn execute(
+        &mut self,
+        foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
+    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+        Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(foreign_call.function.clone()))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Forwards to the inner executor if its own handler doesn't handle the call.
+pub struct Layer<H, I> {
+    pub handler: H,
+    pub inner: I,
+}
+
+impl<H, I, F> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for Layer<H, I>
+where
+    H: ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
+    I: ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
+{
+    fn execute(
+        &mut self,
+        foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
+    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+        match self.handler.execute(foreign_call) {
+            Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(_)) => self.inner.execute(foreign_call),
+            handled => handled,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H, I> Layer<H, I> {
+    /// Create a layer from two handlers
+    pub fn new(handler: H, inner: I) -> Self {
+        Self { handler, inner }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H> Layer<H, Empty> {
+    /// Create a layer from a handler.
+    /// If the handler doesn't handle a call, a default empty response is returned.
+    pub fn or_empty(handler: H) -> Self {
+        Self { handler, inner: Empty }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H> Layer<H, Unhandled> {
+    /// Create a layer from a handler.
+    /// If the handler doesn't handle a call, `NoHandler` error is returned.
+    pub fn or_unhandled(handler: H) -> Self {
+        Self { handler, inner: Unhandled }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Layer<Unhandled, Unhandled> {
+    /// A base layer that doesn't handle anything.
+    pub fn unhandled() -> Self {
+        Self { handler: Unhandled, inner: Unhandled }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<H, I> Layer<H, I> {
+    /// Add another layer on top of this one.
+    pub fn add_layer<J>(self, handler: J) -> Layer<J, Self> {
+        Layer::new(handler, self)
+    }
+
+    pub fn handler(&self) -> &H {
+        &self.handler
+    }
+
+    pub fn inner(&self) -> &I {
+        &self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compose handlers.
+pub trait Layering {
+    /// Layer an executor on top of this one.
+    /// The `other` executor will be called first.
+    fn add_layer<L, F>(self, other: L) -> Layer<L, Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized + ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
+        L: ForeignCallExecutor<F>;
+}
+
+impl<T> Layering for T {
+    fn add_layer<L, F>(self, other: L) -> Layer<L, T>
+    where
+        T: Sized + ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
+        L: ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
+    {
+        Layer::new(other, self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Support disabling a layer by making it optional.
+/// This way we can still have a known static type for a composition,
+/// because layers are always added, potentially wrapped in an `Option`.
+impl<H, F> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for Option<H>
+where
+    H: ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
+{
+    fn execute(
+        &mut self,
+        foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
+    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+        match self {
+            Some(handler) => handler.execute(foreign_call),
+            None => Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(foreign_call.function.clone())),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mocker.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mocker.rs
index c93d16bbaf6..b289e907cd7 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mocker.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mocker.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
 use acvm::{
     acir::brillig::{ForeignCallParam, ForeignCallResult},
     pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo,
     AcirField,
 };
-use noirc_printable_type::{decode_string_value, ForeignCallError};
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use noirc_abi::decode_string_value;
 
-use super::{ForeignCall, ForeignCallExecutor};
+use super::{ForeignCall, ForeignCallError, ForeignCallExecutor};
 
 /// This struct represents an oracle mock. It can be used for testing programs that use oracles.
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ impl<F: PartialEq> MockedCall<F> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub(crate) struct MockForeignCallExecutor<F> {
+pub struct MockForeignCallExecutor<F> {
     /// Mocks have unique ids used to identify them in Noir, allowing to update or remove them.
     last_mock_id: usize,
     /// The registered mocks
@@ -78,8 +79,9 @@ impl<F: AcirField> MockForeignCallExecutor<F> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'a> Deserialize<'a>> ForeignCallExecutor<F>
-    for MockForeignCallExecutor<F>
+impl<F> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for MockForeignCallExecutor<F>
+where
+    F: AcirField,
 {
     fn execute(
         &mut self,
@@ -174,3 +176,30 @@ impl<F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'a> Deserialize<'a>> ForeignCallExecutor<F>
         }
     }
 }
+
+/// Handler that panics if any of the mock functions are called.
+#[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: Make the mocker optional
+pub(crate) struct DisabledMockForeignCallExecutor<F> {
+    _field: PhantomData<F>,
+}
+
+impl<F> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for DisabledMockForeignCallExecutor<F> {
+    fn execute(
+        &mut self,
+        foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
+    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+        let foreign_call_name = foreign_call.function.as_str();
+        if let Some(
+            ForeignCall::CreateMock
+            | ForeignCall::SetMockParams
+            | ForeignCall::GetMockLastParams
+            | ForeignCall::SetMockReturns
+            | ForeignCall::SetMockTimes
+            | ForeignCall::ClearMock,
+        ) = ForeignCall::lookup(foreign_call_name)
+        {
+            panic!("unexpected mock call: {}", foreign_call.function)
+        }
+        Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(foreign_call.function.clone()))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mod.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mod.rs
index 65ff051bcbf..06fe42bfec9 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mod.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use acvm::{acir::brillig::ForeignCallResult, pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo};
+use thiserror::Error;
 
-use acvm::{acir::brillig::ForeignCallResult, pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo, AcirField};
-use mocker::MockForeignCallExecutor;
-use noirc_printable_type::ForeignCallError;
-use print::{PrintForeignCallExecutor, PrintOutput};
-use rand::Rng;
-use rpc::RPCForeignCallExecutor;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+pub mod layers;
+pub mod mocker;
+pub mod print;
 
-pub(crate) mod mocker;
-pub(crate) mod print;
-pub(crate) mod rpc;
+pub mod default;
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+pub mod rpc;
+pub use default::DefaultForeignCallBuilder;
+#[cfg(feature = "rpc")]
+pub use default::DefaultForeignCallExecutor;
 
 pub trait ForeignCallExecutor<F> {
     fn execute(
@@ -64,77 +64,20 @@ impl ForeignCall {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct DefaultForeignCallExecutor<'a, F> {
-    /// The executor for any [`ForeignCall::Print`] calls.
-    printer: PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a>,
-    mocker: MockForeignCallExecutor<F>,
-    external: Option<RPCForeignCallExecutor>,
-}
-
-impl<'a, F: Default> DefaultForeignCallExecutor<'a, F> {
-    pub fn new(
-        output: PrintOutput<'a>,
-        resolver_url: Option<&str>,
-        root_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-        package_name: Option<String>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let id = rand::thread_rng().gen();
-        let printer = PrintForeignCallExecutor { output };
-        let external_resolver = resolver_url.map(|resolver_url| {
-            RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(resolver_url, id, root_path, package_name)
-        });
-        DefaultForeignCallExecutor {
-            printer,
-            mocker: MockForeignCallExecutor::default(),
-            external: external_resolver,
-        }
-    }
-}
+#[derive(Debug, Error)]
+pub enum ForeignCallError {
+    #[error("No handler could be found for foreign call `{0}`")]
+    NoHandler(String),
 
-impl<'a, F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'b> Deserialize<'b>> ForeignCallExecutor<F>
-    for DefaultForeignCallExecutor<'a, F>
-{
-    fn execute(
-        &mut self,
-        foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
-    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
-        let foreign_call_name = foreign_call.function.as_str();
-        match ForeignCall::lookup(foreign_call_name) {
-            Some(ForeignCall::Print) => self.printer.execute(foreign_call),
-            Some(
-                ForeignCall::CreateMock
-                | ForeignCall::SetMockParams
-                | ForeignCall::GetMockLastParams
-                | ForeignCall::SetMockReturns
-                | ForeignCall::SetMockTimes
-                | ForeignCall::ClearMock,
-            ) => self.mocker.execute(foreign_call),
+    #[error("Foreign call inputs needed for execution are missing")]
+    MissingForeignCallInputs,
 
-            None => {
-                // First check if there's any defined mock responses for this foreign call.
-                match self.mocker.execute(foreign_call) {
-                    Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(_)) => (),
-                    response_or_error => return response_or_error,
-                };
+    #[error("Could not parse PrintableType argument. {0}")]
+    ParsingError(#[from] serde_json::Error),
 
-                if let Some(external_resolver) = &mut self.external {
-                    // If the user has registered an external resolver then we forward any remaining oracle calls there.
-                    match external_resolver.execute(foreign_call) {
-                        Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(_)) => (),
-                        response_or_error => return response_or_error,
-                    };
-                }
+    #[error("Failed calling external resolver. {0}")]
+    ExternalResolverError(#[from] jsonrpsee::core::client::Error),
 
-                // If all executors have no handler for the given foreign call then we cannot
-                // return a correct response to the ACVM. The best we can do is to return an empty response,
-                // this allows us to ignore any foreign calls which exist solely to pass information from inside
-                // the circuit to the environment (e.g. custom logging) as the execution will still be able to progress.
-                //
-                // We optimistically return an empty response for all oracle calls as the ACVM will error
-                // should a response have been required.
-                Ok(ForeignCallResult::default())
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    #[error("Assert message resolved after an unsatisfied constrain. {0}")]
+    ResolvedAssertMessage(String),
 }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/print.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/print.rs
index 8b2b5efd8b6..fb5621da942 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/print.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/print.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-use acvm::{acir::brillig::ForeignCallResult, pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo, AcirField};
-use noirc_printable_type::{ForeignCallError, PrintableValueDisplay};
+use acvm::{
+    acir::brillig::{ForeignCallParam, ForeignCallResult},
+    pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo,
+    AcirField,
+};
+use noirc_abi::{decode_printable_value, decode_string_value};
+use noirc_printable_type::{PrintableType, PrintableValueDisplay};
 
-use super::{ForeignCall, ForeignCallExecutor};
+use super::{ForeignCall, ForeignCallError, ForeignCallExecutor};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub enum PrintOutput<'a> {
@@ -12,8 +17,14 @@ pub enum PrintOutput<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub(crate) struct PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a> {
-    pub(crate) output: PrintOutput<'a>,
+pub struct PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a> {
+    output: PrintOutput<'a>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a> {
+    pub fn new(output: PrintOutput<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self { output }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<F: AcirField> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for PrintForeignCallExecutor<'_> {
@@ -32,7 +43,8 @@ impl<F: AcirField> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for PrintForeignCallExecutor<'_> {
                     .ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?
                     .1;
 
-                let display_values: PrintableValueDisplay<F> = foreign_call_inputs.try_into()?;
+                let display_values: PrintableValueDisplay<F> =
+                    try_from_params(foreign_call_inputs)?;
                 let display_string =
                     format!("{display_values}{}", if skip_newline { "" } else { "\n" });
 
@@ -50,3 +62,72 @@ impl<F: AcirField> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for PrintForeignCallExecutor<'_> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn try_from_params<F: AcirField>(
+    foreign_call_inputs: &[ForeignCallParam<F>],
+) -> Result<PrintableValueDisplay<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+    let (is_fmt_str, foreign_call_inputs) =
+        foreign_call_inputs.split_last().ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
+
+    if is_fmt_str.unwrap_field().is_one() {
+        convert_fmt_string_inputs(foreign_call_inputs)
+    } else {
+        convert_string_inputs(foreign_call_inputs)
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert_string_inputs<F: AcirField>(
+    foreign_call_inputs: &[ForeignCallParam<F>],
+) -> Result<PrintableValueDisplay<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+    // Fetch the PrintableType from the foreign call input
+    // The remaining input values should hold what is to be printed
+    let (printable_type_as_values, input_values) =
+        foreign_call_inputs.split_last().ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
+    let printable_type = fetch_printable_type(printable_type_as_values)?;
+
+    // We must use a flat map here as each value in a struct will be in a separate input value
+    let mut input_values_as_fields = input_values.iter().flat_map(|param| param.fields());
+
+    let value = decode_printable_value(&mut input_values_as_fields, &printable_type);
+
+    Ok(PrintableValueDisplay::Plain(value, printable_type))
+}
+
+fn convert_fmt_string_inputs<F: AcirField>(
+    foreign_call_inputs: &[ForeignCallParam<F>],
+) -> Result<PrintableValueDisplay<F>, ForeignCallError> {
+    let (message, input_and_printable_types) =
+        foreign_call_inputs.split_first().ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
+
+    let message_as_fields = message.fields();
+    let message_as_string = decode_string_value(&message_as_fields);
+
+    let (num_values, input_and_printable_types) = input_and_printable_types
+        .split_first()
+        .ok_or(ForeignCallError::MissingForeignCallInputs)?;
+
+    let mut output = Vec::new();
+    let num_values = num_values.unwrap_field().to_u128() as usize;
+
+    let types_start_at = input_and_printable_types.len() - num_values;
+    let mut input_iter =
+        input_and_printable_types[0..types_start_at].iter().flat_map(|param| param.fields());
+    for printable_type in input_and_printable_types.iter().skip(types_start_at) {
+        let printable_type = fetch_printable_type(printable_type)?;
+        let value = decode_printable_value(&mut input_iter, &printable_type);
+
+        output.push((value, printable_type));
+    }
+
+    Ok(PrintableValueDisplay::FmtString(message_as_string, output))
+}
+
+fn fetch_printable_type<F: AcirField>(
+    printable_type: &ForeignCallParam<F>,
+) -> Result<PrintableType, ForeignCallError> {
+    let printable_type_as_fields = printable_type.fields();
+    let printable_type_as_string = decode_string_value(&printable_type_as_fields);
+    let printable_type: PrintableType = serde_json::from_str(&printable_type_as_string)?;
+
+    Ok(printable_type)
+}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/rpc.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/rpc.rs
index 0653eb1c7e3..89a748b6c45 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/rpc.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/foreign_calls/rpc.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,31 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use acvm::{acir::brillig::ForeignCallResult, pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo, AcirField};
-use jsonrpc::{arg as build_json_rpc_arg, minreq_http::Builder, Client};
-use noirc_printable_type::ForeignCallError;
+use jsonrpsee::{
+    core::client::ClientT,
+    http_client::{HttpClient, HttpClientBuilder},
+    rpc_params,
+};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
-use super::ForeignCallExecutor;
+use super::{ForeignCallError, ForeignCallExecutor};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct RPCForeignCallExecutor {
+pub struct RPCForeignCallExecutor {
     /// A randomly generated id for this `DefaultForeignCallExecutor`.
     ///
     /// This is used so that a single `external_resolver` can distinguish between requests from multiple
     /// instantiations of `DefaultForeignCallExecutor`.
     id: u64,
     /// JSON RPC client to resolve foreign calls
-    external_resolver: Client,
+    external_resolver: HttpClient,
     /// Root path to the program or workspace in execution.
     root_path: Option<PathBuf>,
     /// Name of the package in execution
     package_name: Option<String>,
+    /// Runtime to execute asynchronous tasks on.
+    /// See [bridging](https://tokio.rs/tokio/topics/bridging).
+    runtime: tokio::runtime::Runtime,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -31,59 +37,76 @@ struct ResolveForeignCallRequest<F> {
     /// performed in parallel.
     session_id: u64,
 
-    #[serde(flatten)]
     /// The foreign call which the external RPC server is to provide a response for.
+    #[serde(flatten)]
     function_call: ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
 
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     /// Root path to the program or workspace in execution.
-    root_path: Option<String>,
     #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    root_path: Option<String>,
+
     /// Name of the package in execution
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
     package_name: Option<String>,
 }
 
+type ResolveForeignCallResult<F> = Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError>;
+
 impl RPCForeignCallExecutor {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
+    pub fn new(
         resolver_url: &str,
         id: u64,
         root_path: Option<PathBuf>,
         package_name: Option<String>,
     ) -> Self {
-        let mut transport_builder =
-            Builder::new().url(resolver_url).expect("Invalid oracle resolver URL");
+        let mut client_builder = HttpClientBuilder::new();
 
         if let Some(Ok(timeout)) =
             std::env::var("NARGO_FOREIGN_CALL_TIMEOUT").ok().map(|timeout| timeout.parse())
         {
             let timeout_duration = std::time::Duration::from_millis(timeout);
-            transport_builder = transport_builder.timeout(timeout_duration);
+            client_builder = client_builder.request_timeout(timeout_duration);
         };
-        let oracle_resolver = Client::with_transport(transport_builder.build());
 
-        RPCForeignCallExecutor { external_resolver: oracle_resolver, id, root_path, package_name }
+        let oracle_resolver =
+            client_builder.build(resolver_url).expect("Invalid oracle resolver URL");
+
+        // Opcodes are executed in the `ProgramExecutor::execute_circuit` one by one in a loop,
+        // we don't need a concurrent thread pool.
+        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+            .enable_time()
+            .enable_io()
+            .build()
+            .expect("failed to build tokio runtime");
+
+        RPCForeignCallExecutor {
+            external_resolver: oracle_resolver,
+            id,
+            root_path,
+            package_name,
+            runtime,
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl<F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'a> Deserialize<'a>> ForeignCallExecutor<F>
-    for RPCForeignCallExecutor
+impl<F> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for RPCForeignCallExecutor
+where
+    F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'a> Deserialize<'a>,
 {
-    fn execute(
-        &mut self,
-        foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>,
-    ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
-        let encoded_params = vec![build_json_rpc_arg(ResolveForeignCallRequest {
+    /// Execute an async call blocking the current thread.
+    /// This method cannot be called from inside a `tokio` runtime, for that to work
+    /// we need to offload the execution into a different thread; see the tests.
+    fn execute(&mut self, foreign_call: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<F>) -> ResolveForeignCallResult<F> {
+        let encoded_params = rpc_params!(ResolveForeignCallRequest {
             session_id: self.id,
             function_call: foreign_call.clone(),
             root_path: self.root_path.clone().map(|path| path.to_str().unwrap().to_string()),
             package_name: self.package_name.clone(),
-        })];
-
-        let req = self.external_resolver.build_request("resolve_foreign_call", &encoded_params);
-
-        let response = self.external_resolver.send_request(req)?;
+        });
 
-        let parsed_response: ForeignCallResult<F> = response.result()?;
+        let parsed_response = self.runtime.block_on(async {
+            self.external_resolver.request("resolve_foreign_call", encoded_params).await
+        })?;
 
         Ok(parsed_response)
     }
@@ -95,20 +118,23 @@ mod tests {
         acir::brillig::ForeignCallParam, brillig_vm::brillig::ForeignCallResult,
         pwg::ForeignCallWaitInfo, FieldElement,
     };
-    use jsonrpc_core::Result as RpcResult;
-    use jsonrpc_derive::rpc;
-    use jsonrpc_http_server::{Server, ServerBuilder};
-
-    use super::{ForeignCallExecutor, RPCForeignCallExecutor, ResolveForeignCallRequest};
+    use jsonrpsee::proc_macros::rpc;
+    use jsonrpsee::server::Server;
+    use jsonrpsee::types::ErrorObjectOwned;
+    use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};
+
+    use super::{
+        ForeignCallExecutor, RPCForeignCallExecutor, ResolveForeignCallRequest,
+        ResolveForeignCallResult,
+    };
 
-    #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
-    #[rpc]
-    pub trait OracleResolver {
-        #[rpc(name = "resolve_foreign_call")]
+    #[rpc(server)]
+    trait OracleResolver {
+        #[method(name = "resolve_foreign_call")]
         fn resolve_foreign_call(
             &self,
             req: ResolveForeignCallRequest<FieldElement>,
-        ) -> RpcResult<ForeignCallResult<FieldElement>>;
+        ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<FieldElement>, ErrorObjectOwned>;
     }
 
     struct OracleResolverImpl;
@@ -129,99 +155,129 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    impl OracleResolver for OracleResolverImpl {
+    impl OracleResolverServer for OracleResolverImpl {
         fn resolve_foreign_call(
             &self,
             req: ResolveForeignCallRequest<FieldElement>,
-        ) -> RpcResult<ForeignCallResult<FieldElement>> {
+        ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<FieldElement>, ErrorObjectOwned> {
             let response = match req.function_call.function.as_str() {
                 "sum" => self.sum(req.function_call.inputs[0].clone()),
                 "echo" => self.echo(req.function_call.inputs[0].clone()),
                 "id" => FieldElement::from(req.session_id as u128).into(),
-
                 _ => panic!("unexpected foreign call"),
             };
             Ok(response)
         }
     }
 
-    fn build_oracle_server() -> (Server, String) {
-        let mut io = jsonrpc_core::IoHandler::new();
-        io.extend_with(OracleResolverImpl.to_delegate());
+    /// The test client send its request and a response channel.
+    type RPCForeignCallClientRequest = (
+        ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement>,
+        oneshot::Sender<ResolveForeignCallResult<FieldElement>>,
+    );
 
-        // Choosing port 0 results in a random port being assigned.
-        let server = ServerBuilder::new(io)
-            .start_http(&"127.0.0.1:0".parse().expect("Invalid address"))
-            .expect("Could not start server");
+    /// Async client used in the tests.
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    struct RPCForeignCallClient {
+        tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<RPCForeignCallClientRequest>,
+    }
+
+    impl RPCForeignCallExecutor {
+        /// Spawn and run the executor in the background until all clients are closed.
+        fn run(mut self) -> RPCForeignCallClient {
+            let (tx, mut rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel::<RPCForeignCallClientRequest>();
+            let handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+                while let Some((req, tx)) = rx.blocking_recv() {
+                    let res = self.execute(&req);
+                    let _ = tx.send(res);
+                }
+            });
+            // The task will finish when the client goes out of scope.
+            drop(handle);
+            RPCForeignCallClient { tx }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl RPCForeignCallClient {
+        /// Asynchronously execute a foreign call.
+        async fn execute(
+            &self,
+            req: &ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement>,
+        ) -> ResolveForeignCallResult<FieldElement> {
+            let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+            self.tx.send((req.clone(), tx)).expect("failed to send to executor");
+            rx.await.expect("failed to receive from executor")
+        }
+    }
 
-        let url = format!("http://{}", server.address());
-        (server, url)
+    /// Start running the Oracle server or a random port, returning the listen URL.
+    async fn build_oracle_server() -> std::io::Result<String> {
+        // Choosing port 0 results in a random port being assigned.
+        let server = Server::builder().build("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+        let addr = server.local_addr()?;
+        let handle = server.start(OracleResolverImpl.into_rpc());
+        let url = format!("http://{}", addr);
+        // In this test we don't care about doing shutdown so let's it run forever.
+        tokio::spawn(handle.stopped());
+        Ok(url)
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_oracle_resolver_echo() {
-        let (server, url) = build_oracle_server();
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_oracle_resolver_echo() {
+        let url = build_oracle_server().await.unwrap();
 
-        let mut executor = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 1, None, None);
+        let executor = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 1, None, None).run();
 
         let foreign_call: ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement> = ForeignCallWaitInfo {
             function: "echo".to_string(),
             inputs: vec![ForeignCallParam::Single(1_u128.into())],
         };
 
-        let result = executor.execute(&foreign_call);
+        let result = executor.execute(&foreign_call).await;
         assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), ForeignCallResult { values: foreign_call.inputs });
-
-        server.close();
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn test_oracle_resolver_sum() {
-        let (server, url) = build_oracle_server();
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn test_oracle_resolver_sum() {
+        let url = build_oracle_server().await.unwrap();
 
-        let mut executor = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 2, None, None);
+        let executor = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 2, None, None).run();
 
         let foreign_call: ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement> = ForeignCallWaitInfo {
             function: "sum".to_string(),
             inputs: vec![ForeignCallParam::Array(vec![1_usize.into(), 2_usize.into()])],
         };
 
-        let result = executor.execute(&foreign_call);
+        let result = executor.execute(&foreign_call).await;
         assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), FieldElement::from(3_usize).into());
-
-        server.close();
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn foreign_call_executor_id_is_persistent() {
-        let (server, url) = build_oracle_server();
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn foreign_call_executor_id_is_persistent() {
+        let url = build_oracle_server().await.unwrap();
 
-        let mut executor = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 3, None, None);
+        let executor = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 3, None, None).run();
 
         let foreign_call: ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement> =
             ForeignCallWaitInfo { function: "id".to_string(), inputs: Vec::new() };
 
-        let result_1 = executor.execute(&foreign_call).unwrap();
-        let result_2 = executor.execute(&foreign_call).unwrap();
+        let result_1 = executor.execute(&foreign_call).await.unwrap();
+        let result_2 = executor.execute(&foreign_call).await.unwrap();
         assert_eq!(result_1, result_2);
-
-        server.close();
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn oracle_resolver_rpc_can_distinguish_executors() {
-        let (server, url) = build_oracle_server();
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn oracle_resolver_rpc_can_distinguish_executors() {
+        let url = build_oracle_server().await.unwrap();
 
-        let mut executor_1 = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 4, None, None);
-        let mut executor_2 = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 5, None, None);
+        let executor_1 = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 4, None, None).run();
+        let executor_2 = RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(&url, 5, None, None).run();
 
         let foreign_call: ForeignCallWaitInfo<FieldElement> =
             ForeignCallWaitInfo { function: "id".to_string(), inputs: Vec::new() };
 
-        let result_1 = executor_1.execute(&foreign_call).unwrap();
-        let result_2 = executor_2.execute(&foreign_call).unwrap();
+        let result_1 = executor_1.execute(&foreign_call).await.unwrap();
+        let result_2 = executor_2.execute(&foreign_call).await.unwrap();
         assert_ne!(result_1, result_2);
-
-        server.close();
     }
 }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/lib.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/lib.rs
index c126b6f526c..de032ca55ae 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/lib.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ pub mod ops;
 pub mod package;
 pub mod workspace;
 
+pub use self::errors::NargoError;
+pub use self::foreign_calls::print::PrintOutput;
+
 use std::{
     collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet},
     path::PathBuf,
@@ -29,9 +32,6 @@ use package::{Dependency, Package};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use walkdir::WalkDir;
 
-pub use self::errors::NargoError;
-pub use self::foreign_calls::print::PrintOutput;
-
 pub fn prepare_dependencies(
     context: &mut Context,
     parent_crate: CrateId,
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/mod.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/mod.rs
index 04efeb5a9ec..7a52a829be3 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/mod.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/mod.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ pub use self::compile::{
     collect_errors, compile_contract, compile_program, compile_program_with_debug_instrumenter,
     compile_workspace, report_errors,
 };
-pub use self::execute::{execute_program, execute_program_with_profiling};
 pub use self::optimize::{optimize_contract, optimize_program};
 pub use self::transform::{transform_contract, transform_program};
 
+pub use self::execute::{execute_program, execute_program_with_profiling};
 pub use self::test::{run_test, TestStatus};
 
 mod check;
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/test.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/test.rs
index 1306150518d..bfd5cd3713f 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/test.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo/src/ops/test.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 use acvm::{
     acir::{
         brillig::ForeignCallResult,
@@ -12,18 +10,10 @@ use noirc_abi::Abi;
 use noirc_driver::{compile_no_check, CompileError, CompileOptions, DEFAULT_EXPRESSION_WIDTH};
 use noirc_errors::{debug_info::DebugInfo, FileDiagnostic};
 use noirc_frontend::hir::{def_map::TestFunction, Context};
-use noirc_printable_type::ForeignCallError;
-use rand::Rng;
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use crate::{
     errors::try_to_diagnose_runtime_error,
-    foreign_calls::{
-        mocker::MockForeignCallExecutor,
-        print::{PrintForeignCallExecutor, PrintOutput},
-        rpc::RPCForeignCallExecutor,
-        ForeignCall, ForeignCallExecutor,
-    },
+    foreign_calls::{layers, print::PrintOutput, ForeignCallError, ForeignCallExecutor},
     NargoError,
 };
 
@@ -43,17 +33,19 @@ impl TestStatus {
     }
 }
 
-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-pub fn run_test<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver<FieldElement>>(
+pub fn run_test<'a, B, F, E>(
     blackbox_solver: &B,
     context: &mut Context,
     test_function: &TestFunction,
-    output: PrintOutput<'_>,
-    foreign_call_resolver_url: Option<&str>,
-    root_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-    package_name: Option<String>,
+    output: PrintOutput<'a>,
     config: &CompileOptions,
-) -> TestStatus {
+    build_foreign_call_executor: F,
+) -> TestStatus
+where
+    B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver<FieldElement>,
+    F: Fn(PrintOutput<'a>, layers::Unhandled) -> E + 'a,
+    E: ForeignCallExecutor<FieldElement>,
+{
     let test_function_has_no_arguments = context
         .def_interner
         .function_meta(&test_function.get_id())
@@ -70,12 +62,9 @@ pub fn run_test<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver<FieldElement>>(
             if test_function_has_no_arguments {
                 // Run the backend to ensure the PWG evaluates functions like std::hash::pedersen,
                 // otherwise constraints involving these expressions will not error.
-                let mut foreign_call_executor = TestForeignCallExecutor::new(
-                    output,
-                    foreign_call_resolver_url,
-                    root_path,
-                    package_name,
-                );
+                // Use a base layer that doesn't handle anything, which we handle in the `execute` below.
+                let inner_executor = build_foreign_call_executor(output, layers::Unhandled);
+                let mut foreign_call_executor = TestForeignCallExecutor::new(inner_executor);
 
                 let circuit_execution = execute_program(
                     &compiled_program.program,
@@ -133,16 +122,17 @@ pub fn run_test<B: BlackBoxFunctionSolver<FieldElement>>(
                         |program: &Program<FieldElement>,
                          initial_witness: WitnessMap<FieldElement>|
                          -> Result<WitnessStack<FieldElement>, String> {
+                            // Use a base layer that doesn't handle anything, which we handle in the `execute` below.
+                            let inner_executor =
+                                build_foreign_call_executor(PrintOutput::None, layers::Unhandled);
+                            let mut foreign_call_executor =
+                                TestForeignCallExecutor::new(inner_executor);
+
                             let circuit_execution = execute_program(
                                 program,
                                 initial_witness,
                                 blackbox_solver,
-                                &mut TestForeignCallExecutor::<FieldElement>::new(
-                                    PrintOutput::None,
-                                    foreign_call_resolver_url,
-                                    root_path.clone(),
-                                    package_name.clone(),
-                                ),
+                                &mut foreign_call_executor,
                             );
 
                             let status = test_status_program_compile_pass(
@@ -278,38 +268,21 @@ fn check_expected_failure_message(
 }
 
 /// A specialized foreign call executor which tracks whether it has encountered any unknown foreign calls
-struct TestForeignCallExecutor<'a, F> {
-    /// The executor for any [`ForeignCall::Print`] calls.
-    printer: PrintForeignCallExecutor<'a>,
-    mocker: MockForeignCallExecutor<F>,
-    external: Option<RPCForeignCallExecutor>,
-
+struct TestForeignCallExecutor<E> {
+    executor: E,
     encountered_unknown_foreign_call: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a, F: Default> TestForeignCallExecutor<'a, F> {
-    fn new(
-        output: PrintOutput<'a>,
-        resolver_url: Option<&str>,
-        root_path: Option<PathBuf>,
-        package_name: Option<String>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let id = rand::thread_rng().gen();
-        let printer = PrintForeignCallExecutor { output };
-        let external_resolver = resolver_url.map(|resolver_url| {
-            RPCForeignCallExecutor::new(resolver_url, id, root_path, package_name)
-        });
-        TestForeignCallExecutor {
-            printer,
-            mocker: MockForeignCallExecutor::default(),
-            external: external_resolver,
-            encountered_unknown_foreign_call: false,
-        }
+impl<E> TestForeignCallExecutor<E> {
+    fn new(executor: E) -> Self {
+        Self { executor, encountered_unknown_foreign_call: false }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'b> Deserialize<'b>> ForeignCallExecutor<F>
-    for TestForeignCallExecutor<'a, F>
+impl<E, F> ForeignCallExecutor<F> for TestForeignCallExecutor<E>
+where
+    F: AcirField,
+    E: ForeignCallExecutor<F>,
 {
     fn execute(
         &mut self,
@@ -317,46 +290,14 @@ impl<'a, F: AcirField + Serialize + for<'b> Deserialize<'b>> ForeignCallExecutor
     ) -> Result<ForeignCallResult<F>, ForeignCallError> {
         // If the circuit has reached a new foreign call opcode then it can't have failed from any previous unknown foreign calls.
         self.encountered_unknown_foreign_call = false;
-
-        let foreign_call_name = foreign_call.function.as_str();
-        match ForeignCall::lookup(foreign_call_name) {
-            Some(ForeignCall::Print) => self.printer.execute(foreign_call),
-
-            Some(
-                ForeignCall::CreateMock
-                | ForeignCall::SetMockParams
-                | ForeignCall::GetMockLastParams
-                | ForeignCall::SetMockReturns
-                | ForeignCall::SetMockTimes
-                | ForeignCall::ClearMock,
-            ) => self.mocker.execute(foreign_call),
-
-            None => {
-                // First check if there's any defined mock responses for this foreign call.
-                match self.mocker.execute(foreign_call) {
-                    Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(_)) => (),
-                    response_or_error => return response_or_error,
-                };
-
-                if let Some(external_resolver) = &mut self.external {
-                    // If the user has registered an external resolver then we forward any remaining oracle calls there.
-                    match external_resolver.execute(foreign_call) {
-                        Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(_)) => (),
-                        response_or_error => return response_or_error,
-                    };
-                }
-
+        match self.executor.execute(foreign_call) {
+            Err(ForeignCallError::NoHandler(_)) => {
                 self.encountered_unknown_foreign_call = true;
-
-                // If all executors have no handler for the given foreign call then we cannot
-                // return a correct response to the ACVM. The best we can do is to return an empty response,
-                // this allows us to ignore any foreign calls which exist solely to pass information from inside
-                // the circuit to the environment (e.g. custom logging) as the execution will still be able to progress.
-                //
-                // We optimistically return an empty response for all oracle calls as the ACVM will error
-                // should a response have been required.
-                Ok(ForeignCallResult::default())
+                // If the inner executor cannot handle this foreign call, then it's very likely that this is a custom
+                // foreign call. We then return an empty response in case the foreign call doesn't need return values.
+                layers::Empty.execute(foreign_call)
             }
+            other => other,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml
index 5603b7f4fca..f7a98b4c278 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -27,7 +27,13 @@ clap.workspace = true
 fm.workspace = true
 fxhash.workspace = true
 iter-extended.workspace = true
-nargo.workspace = true
+# This is the only crate that really needs the RPC feature,
+# but enabling it here implicitly enables it for the whole
+# workspace. A crate could opt out using `path` dependency,
+# but it's only `noir_wasm` which couldn't compile with it,
+# and that is a different target, and for that the feature
+# aren't unified with this one.
+nargo = { workspace = true, features = ["rpc"] }
 nargo_fmt.workspace = true
 nargo_toml.workspace = true
 noir_lsp.workspace = true
@@ -88,12 +94,10 @@ proptest.workspace = true
 sha2.workspace = true
 sha3.workspace = true
 iai = "0.1.1"
-test-binary = "3.0.2"
 test-case.workspace = true
 lazy_static.workspace = true
 light-poseidon = "0.2.0"
 
-
 [[bench]]
 name = "criterion"
 harness = false
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/benches/criterion.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/benches/criterion.rs
index 9bc50f87d8e..3d81ade65bc 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/benches/criterion.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/benches/criterion.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ use acvm::{acir::native_types::WitnessMap, FieldElement};
 use assert_cmd::prelude::{CommandCargoExt, OutputAssertExt};
 use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
 
-use nargo::PrintOutput;
 use noirc_abi::{
     input_parser::{Format, InputValue},
     Abi, InputMap,
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ fn criterion_test_execution(c: &mut Criterion, test_program_dir: &Path, force_br
     let artifacts = RefCell::new(None);
 
     let mut foreign_call_executor =
-        nargo::foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallExecutor::new(PrintOutput::None, None, None, None);
+        nargo::foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder::default().build();
 
     c.bench_function(&benchmark_name, |b| {
         b.iter_batched(
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/info_cmd.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/info_cmd.rs
index ee8ff32922e..6320cbbf350 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/info_cmd.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/info_cmd.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ use bn254_blackbox_solver::Bn254BlackBoxSolver;
 use clap::Args;
 use iter_extended::vecmap;
 use nargo::{
-    constants::PROVER_INPUT_FILE, foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallExecutor, package::Package,
-    PrintOutput,
+    constants::PROVER_INPUT_FILE, foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder, package::Package,
 };
 use nargo_toml::{get_package_manifest, resolve_workspace_from_toml};
 use noirc_abi::input_parser::Format;
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ fn profile_brillig_execution(
             &program_artifact.bytecode,
             initial_witness,
             &Bn254BlackBoxSolver,
-            &mut DefaultForeignCallExecutor::new(PrintOutput::None, None, None, None),
+            &mut DefaultForeignCallBuilder::default().build(),
         )?;
 
         let expression_width = get_target_width(package.expression_width, expression_width);
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs
index f9736d0b79e..0aa31f36686 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/src/cli/test_cmd.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@ use clap::Args;
 use fm::FileManager;
 use formatters::{Formatter, JsonFormatter, PrettyFormatter, TerseFormatter};
 use nargo::{
-    insert_all_files_for_workspace_into_file_manager, ops::TestStatus, package::Package, parse_all,
-    prepare_package, workspace::Workspace, PrintOutput,
+    foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder, insert_all_files_for_workspace_into_file_manager,
+    ops::TestStatus, package::Package, parse_all, prepare_package, workspace::Workspace,
+    PrintOutput,
 };
 use nargo_toml::{get_package_manifest, resolve_workspace_from_toml};
 use noirc_driver::{check_crate, CompileOptions, NOIR_ARTIFACT_VERSION_STRING};
@@ -507,10 +508,16 @@ impl<'a> TestRunner<'a> {
             &mut context,
             test_function,
             PrintOutput::String(&mut output_string),
-            foreign_call_resolver_url,
-            root_path,
-            Some(package_name),
             &self.args.compile_options,
+            |output, base| {
+                DefaultForeignCallBuilder {
+                    output,
+                    resolver_url: foreign_call_resolver_url.map(|s| s.to_string()),
+                    root_path: root_path.clone(),
+                    package_name: Some(package_name.clone()),
+                }
+                .build_with_base(base)
+            },
         );
         (test_status, output_string)
     }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/execute.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/execute.rs
index 561520c57a9..77d77cfd902 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/execute.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/execute.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ mod tests {
 
     use super::*;
 
-    test_binary::build_test_binary_once!(mock_backend, "../backend_interface/test-binaries");
-
     // Utilities to keep the test matrix labels more intuitive.
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
     struct ForceBrillig(pub bool);
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-props.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-props.rs
index 9750eb823a6..8f08703ab04 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-props.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-props.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ use std::{cell::RefCell, collections::BTreeMap, path::Path};
 
 use acvm::{acir::native_types::WitnessStack, AcirField, FieldElement};
 use iter_extended::vecmap;
-use nargo::{
-    foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallExecutor, ops::execute_program, parse_all, PrintOutput,
-};
+use nargo::{foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder, ops::execute_program, parse_all};
 use noirc_abi::input_parser::InputValue;
 use noirc_driver::{
     compile_main, file_manager_with_stdlib, prepare_crate, CompilationResult, CompileOptions,
@@ -81,8 +79,7 @@ fn run_snippet_proptest(
     };
 
     let blackbox_solver = bn254_blackbox_solver::Bn254BlackBoxSolver;
-    let foreign_call_executor =
-        RefCell::new(DefaultForeignCallExecutor::new(PrintOutput::None, None, None, None));
+    let foreign_call_executor = RefCell::new(DefaultForeignCallBuilder::default().build());
 
     // Generate multiple input/output
     proptest!(ProptestConfig::with_cases(100), |(io in strategy)| {
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-tests.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-tests.rs
index 29b871814b8..6aae94f6645 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-tests.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_cli/tests/stdlib-tests.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::items_after_test_module)]
 use clap::Parser;
 use fm::FileManager;
+use nargo::foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder;
 use nargo::PrintOutput;
 use noirc_driver::{check_crate, file_manager_with_stdlib, CompileOptions};
 use noirc_frontend::hir::FunctionNameMatch;
@@ -88,10 +89,10 @@ fn run_stdlib_tests(force_brillig: bool, inliner_aggressiveness: i64) {
                 &mut context,
                 &test_function,
                 PrintOutput::Stdout,
-                None,
-                Some(dummy_package.root_dir.clone()),
-                Some(dummy_package.name.to_string()),
                 &CompileOptions { force_brillig, inliner_aggressiveness, ..Default::default() },
+                |output, base| {
+                    DefaultForeignCallBuilder { output, ..Default::default() }.build_with_base(base)
+                },
             );
             (test_name, status)
         })
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/function.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/function.rs
index 8207db5e486..ca905f3dcf8 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/function.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/function.rs
@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ pub(super) struct FunctionToFormat {
     pub(super) return_visibility: Visibility,
     pub(super) where_clause: Vec<UnresolvedTraitConstraint>,
     pub(super) body: Option<BlockExpression>,
+    pub(super) skip_visibility: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
-    pub(super) fn format_function(&mut self, func: NoirFunction) {
+    pub(super) fn format_function(&mut self, func: NoirFunction, skip_visibility: bool) {
         self.format_function_impl(FunctionToFormat {
             attributes: func.def.attributes,
             visibility: func.def.visibility,
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
             return_visibility: func.def.return_visibility,
             where_clause: func.def.where_clause,
             body: Some(func.def.body),
+            skip_visibility,
         });
     }
 
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
 
         self.format_attributes(func.attributes);
         self.write_indentation();
-        self.format_function_modifiers(func.visibility);
+        self.format_function_modifiers(func.visibility, func.skip_visibility);
         self.write_keyword(Keyword::Fn);
         self.write_space();
         self.write_identifier(func.name);
@@ -94,7 +96,11 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn format_function_modifiers(&mut self, visibility: ItemVisibility) {
+    pub(super) fn format_function_modifiers(
+        &mut self,
+        visibility: ItemVisibility,
+        skip_visibility: bool,
+    ) {
         // For backwards compatibility, unconstrained might come before visibility.
         // We'll remember this but put it after the visibility.
         let unconstrained = if self.is_at_keyword(Keyword::Unconstrained) {
@@ -105,7 +111,14 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
             false
         };
 
-        self.format_item_visibility(visibility);
+        if skip_visibility {
+            // The intention here is to format the visibility into a temporary buffer that is discarded
+            self.chunk_formatter().chunk(|formatter| {
+                formatter.format_item_visibility(visibility);
+            });
+        } else {
+            self.format_item_visibility(visibility);
+        }
 
         if unconstrained {
             self.write("unconstrained ");
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/impls.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/impls.rs
index 1c2c25c9200..71548dd5efa 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/impls.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/impls.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                 if !doc_comments.is_empty() {
                     self.format_outer_doc_comments();
                 }
-                self.format_function(method);
+                self.format_function(
+                    method, false, // skip visibility
+                );
             }
 
             self.skip_comments_and_whitespace();
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/item.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/item.rs
index 521e476fe71..3365e52ec29 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/item.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/item.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,10 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
             ItemKind::Import(use_tree, item_visibility) => {
                 self.format_import(use_tree, item_visibility);
             }
-            ItemKind::Function(noir_function) => self.format_function(noir_function),
+            ItemKind::Function(noir_function) => self.format_function(
+                noir_function,
+                false, // skip visibility
+            ),
             ItemKind::Struct(noir_struct) => self.format_struct(noir_struct),
             ItemKind::Trait(noir_trait) => self.format_trait(noir_trait),
             ItemKind::TraitImpl(noir_trait_impl) => self.format_trait_impl(noir_trait_impl),
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/trait_impl.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/trait_impl.rs
index b31da8a4101..5bb9a0d0025 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/trait_impl.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/trait_impl.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 use noirc_frontend::{
-    ast::{
-        FunctionDefinition, ItemVisibility, NoirFunction, NoirTraitImpl, Pattern, TraitImplItem,
-        TraitImplItemKind,
-    },
+    ast::{NoirTraitImpl, Pattern, TraitImplItem, TraitImplItemKind},
     token::{Keyword, Token},
 };
 
@@ -69,12 +66,10 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
     fn format_trait_impl_item(&mut self, item: TraitImplItem) {
         match item.kind {
             TraitImplItemKind::Function(noir_function) => {
-                // Trait impl functions are public, but there's no `pub` keyword in the source code,
-                // so to format it we pass a private one.
-                let def =
-                    FunctionDefinition { visibility: ItemVisibility::Private, ..noir_function.def };
-                let noir_function = NoirFunction { def, ..noir_function };
-                self.format_function(noir_function);
+                self.format_function(
+                    noir_function,
+                    true, // skip visibility
+                );
             }
             TraitImplItemKind::Constant(name, typ, value) => {
                 let pattern = Pattern::Identifier(name);
@@ -179,6 +174,22 @@ fn foo ( ) { }
         assert_format(src, expected);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn format_trait_impl_function_with_visibility() {
+        let src = " mod moo { impl  Foo  for  Bar {  
+        /// Some doc comment
+pub fn foo ( ) { }
+         } }";
+        let expected = "mod moo {
+    impl Foo for Bar {
+        /// Some doc comment
+        fn foo() {}
+    }
+}
+";
+        assert_format(src, expected);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn format_trait_impl_constant_without_type() {
         let src = " mod moo { impl  Foo  for  Bar {  
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/traits.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/traits.rs
index 1f192be471e..175dcad6170 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/traits.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/formatter/traits.rs
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ impl<'a> Formatter<'a> {
                     return_visibility: Visibility::Private,
                     where_clause,
                     body,
+                    skip_visibility: true,
                 };
                 self.format_function_impl(func);
             }
@@ -236,12 +237,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn format_trait_with_function_without_body() {
         let src = " mod moo { trait Foo { 
     /// hello 
-            pub  fn  foo ( );
+            fn  foo ( );
          } }";
         let expected = "mod moo {
     trait Foo {
         /// hello
-        pub fn foo();
+        fn foo();
     }
 }
 ";
@@ -252,12 +253,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn format_trait_with_function_with_body() {
         let src = " mod moo { trait Foo { 
     /// hello 
-            pub  fn  foo ( ) { 1 }
+            fn  foo ( ) { 1 }
          } }";
         let expected = "mod moo {
     trait Foo {
         /// hello
-        pub fn foo() {
+        fn foo() {
             1
         }
     }
@@ -270,12 +271,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn format_trait_with_function_with_params() {
         let src = " mod moo { trait Foo { 
     /// hello 
-            pub  fn  foo ( x : i32 , y : Field );
+            fn  foo ( x : i32 , y : Field );
          } }";
         let expected = "mod moo {
     trait Foo {
         /// hello
-        pub fn foo(x: i32, y: Field);
+        fn foo(x: i32, y: Field);
     }
 }
 ";
@@ -298,6 +299,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert_format(src, expected);
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn format_trait_with_function_with_visibility() {
+        let src = " mod moo { trait Foo { 
+    /// hello 
+            pub  fn  foo ( ) { 1 }
+         } }";
+        let expected = "mod moo {
+    trait Foo {
+        /// hello
+        fn foo() {
+            1
+        }
+    }
+}
+";
+        assert_format(src, expected);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn format_multiple_traits() {
         let src = " trait Foo {}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/lib.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/lib.rs
index eda77e78c7c..2b55b86e975 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/lib.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/nargo_fmt/src/lib.rs
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ pub(crate) fn assert_format_with_config(src: &str, expected: &str, config: Confi
     use noirc_frontend::parser;
 
     let (parsed_module, errors) = parser::parse_program(src);
+    let errors: Vec<_> = errors.into_iter().filter(|error| !error.is_warning()).collect();
     if !errors.is_empty() {
         panic!("Expected no errors, got: {:?}", errors);
     }
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/lib.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/lib.rs
index bd5674d64f1..5f5f3748bc4 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/lib.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,10 +13,7 @@ use acvm::{
 use errors::AbiError;
 use input_parser::InputValue;
 use iter_extended::{try_btree_map, try_vecmap, vecmap};
-use noirc_printable_type::{
-    decode_value as printable_type_decode_value, PrintableType, PrintableValue,
-    PrintableValueDisplay,
-};
+use noirc_printable_type::{PrintableType, PrintableValue, PrintableValueDisplay};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, str};
@@ -30,8 +27,11 @@ mod arbitrary;
 
 pub mod errors;
 pub mod input_parser;
+mod printable_type;
 mod serialization;
 
+pub use printable_type::decode_value as decode_printable_value;
+
 /// A map from the fields in an TOML/JSON file which correspond to some ABI to their values
 pub type InputMap = BTreeMap<String, InputValue>;
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ pub fn decode_value(
     Ok(value)
 }
 
-fn decode_string_value(field_elements: &[FieldElement]) -> String {
+pub fn decode_string_value<F: AcirField>(field_elements: &[F]) -> String {
     let string_as_slice = vecmap(field_elements, |e| {
         let mut field_as_bytes = e.to_be_bytes();
         let char_byte = field_as_bytes.pop().unwrap(); // A character in a string is represented by a u8, thus we just want the last byte of the element
@@ -476,21 +476,21 @@ pub fn display_abi_error<F: AcirField>(
         AbiErrorType::FmtString { length, item_types } => {
             let mut fields_iter = fields.iter().copied();
             let PrintableValue::String(string) =
-                printable_type_decode_value(&mut fields_iter, &PrintableType::String { length })
+                decode_printable_value(&mut fields_iter, &PrintableType::String { length })
             else {
                 unreachable!("Got non-string from string decoding");
             };
             let _length_of_items = fields_iter.next();
             let items = item_types.into_iter().map(|abi_type| {
                 let printable_typ = (&abi_type).into();
-                let decoded = printable_type_decode_value(&mut fields_iter, &printable_typ);
+                let decoded = decode_printable_value(&mut fields_iter, &printable_typ);
                 (decoded, printable_typ)
             });
             PrintableValueDisplay::FmtString(string, items.collect())
         }
         AbiErrorType::Custom(abi_typ) => {
             let printable_type = (&abi_typ).into();
-            let decoded = printable_type_decode_value(&mut fields.iter().copied(), &printable_type);
+            let decoded = decode_printable_value(&mut fields.iter().copied(), &printable_type);
             PrintableValueDisplay::Plain(decoded, printable_type)
         }
         AbiErrorType::String { string } => {
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/printable_type.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/printable_type.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a81eb0ce8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_abi/src/printable_type.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use acvm::acir::AcirField;
+use iter_extended::vecmap;
+
+use noirc_printable_type::{PrintableType, PrintableValue};
+
+use crate::decode_string_value;
+
+/// Assumes that `field_iterator` contains enough field elements in order to decode the [PrintableType]
+pub fn decode_value<F: AcirField>(
+    field_iterator: &mut impl Iterator<Item = F>,
+    typ: &PrintableType,
+) -> PrintableValue<F> {
+    match typ {
+        PrintableType::Field
+        | PrintableType::SignedInteger { .. }
+        | PrintableType::UnsignedInteger { .. }
+        | PrintableType::Boolean => {
+            let field_element = field_iterator.next().unwrap();
+
+            PrintableValue::Field(field_element)
+        }
+        PrintableType::Array { length, typ } => {
+            let length = *length as usize;
+            let mut array_elements = Vec::with_capacity(length);
+            for _ in 0..length {
+                array_elements.push(decode_value(field_iterator, typ));
+            }
+
+            PrintableValue::Vec { array_elements, is_slice: false }
+        }
+        PrintableType::Slice { typ } => {
+            let length = field_iterator
+                .next()
+                .expect("not enough data to decode variable array length")
+                .to_u128() as usize;
+            let mut array_elements = Vec::with_capacity(length);
+            for _ in 0..length {
+                array_elements.push(decode_value(field_iterator, typ));
+            }
+
+            PrintableValue::Vec { array_elements, is_slice: true }
+        }
+        PrintableType::Tuple { types } => PrintableValue::Vec {
+            array_elements: vecmap(types, |typ| decode_value(field_iterator, typ)),
+            is_slice: false,
+        },
+        PrintableType::String { length } => {
+            let field_elements: Vec<F> = field_iterator.take(*length as usize).collect();
+
+            PrintableValue::String(decode_string_value(&field_elements))
+        }
+        PrintableType::Struct { fields, .. } => {
+            let mut struct_map = BTreeMap::new();
+
+            for (field_key, param_type) in fields {
+                let field_value = decode_value(field_iterator, param_type);
+
+                struct_map.insert(field_key.to_owned(), field_value);
+            }
+
+            PrintableValue::Struct(struct_map)
+        }
+        PrintableType::Function { env, .. } => {
+            let field_element = field_iterator.next().unwrap();
+            let func_ref = PrintableValue::Field(field_element);
+            // we want to consume the fields from the environment, but for now they are not actually printed
+            decode_value(field_iterator, env);
+            func_ref
+        }
+        PrintableType::MutableReference { typ } => {
+            // we decode the reference, but it's not really used for printing
+            decode_value(field_iterator, typ)
+        }
+        PrintableType::Unit => PrintableValue::Field(F::zero()),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_artifacts/src/debug_vars.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_artifacts/src/debug_vars.rs
index aa9328432b8..8efeeebb3aa 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_artifacts/src/debug_vars.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/noirc_artifacts/src/debug_vars.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use acvm::AcirField;
+use noirc_abi::decode_printable_value;
 use noirc_errors::debug_info::{
     DebugFnId, DebugFunction, DebugInfo, DebugTypeId, DebugVarId, DebugVariable,
 };
-use noirc_printable_type::{decode_value, PrintableType, PrintableValue};
+use noirc_printable_type::{PrintableType, PrintableValue};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ impl<F: AcirField> DebugVars<F> {
         &'a self,
         fn_id: &DebugFnId,
         frame: &'a HashMap<DebugVarId, PrintableValue<F>>,
-    ) -> StackFrame<F> {
+    ) -> StackFrame<'a, F> {
         let debug_fn = &self.functions.get(fn_id).expect("failed to find function metadata");
 
         let params: Vec<&str> =
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ impl<F: AcirField> DebugVars<F> {
             .last_mut()
             .expect("unexpected empty stack frames")
             .1
-            .insert(var_id, decode_value(&mut values.iter().copied(), ptype));
+            .insert(var_id, decode_printable_value(&mut values.iter().copied(), ptype));
     }
 
     pub fn assign_field(&mut self, var_id: DebugVarId, indexes: Vec<u32>, values: &[F]) {
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ impl<F: AcirField> DebugVars<F> {
                 }
             };
         }
-        *cursor = decode_value(&mut values.iter().copied(), cursor_type);
+        *cursor = decode_printable_value(&mut values.iter().copied(), cursor_type);
     }
 
     pub fn assign_deref(&mut self, _var_id: DebugVarId, _values: &[F]) {
diff --git a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/profiler/src/cli/execution_flamegraph_cmd.rs b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/profiler/src/cli/execution_flamegraph_cmd.rs
index 76b23ebf739..bab15529744 100644
--- a/noir/noir-repo/tooling/profiler/src/cli/execution_flamegraph_cmd.rs
+++ b/noir/noir-repo/tooling/profiler/src/cli/execution_flamegraph_cmd.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use acir::circuit::OpcodeLocation;
 use clap::Args;
 use color_eyre::eyre::{self, Context};
+use nargo::foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallBuilder;
 use nargo::PrintOutput;
 
 use crate::flamegraph::{BrilligExecutionSample, FlamegraphGenerator, InfernoFlamegraphGenerator};
 use crate::fs::{read_inputs_from_file, read_program_from_file};
 use crate::opcode_formatter::format_brillig_opcode;
 use bn254_blackbox_solver::Bn254BlackBoxSolver;
-use nargo::foreign_calls::DefaultForeignCallExecutor;
 use noirc_abi::input_parser::Format;
 use noirc_artifacts::debug::DebugArtifact;
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ fn run_with_generator(
         &program.bytecode,
         initial_witness,
         &Bn254BlackBoxSolver,
-        &mut DefaultForeignCallExecutor::new(PrintOutput::Stdout, None, None, None),
+        &mut DefaultForeignCallBuilder::default().with_output(PrintOutput::Stdout).build(),
     )?;
     println!("Executed");