universityphysicsvolume3_subchapter_to_learning_goal.json

{"1.1 The Propagation of Light": ["Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium", "List the ways in which light travels from a source to another location"], "1.2 The Law of Reflection": ["Explain the reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces", "Describe the principle and applications of corner reflectors"], "1.3 Refraction": ["Describe how rays change direction upon entering a medium", "Apply the law of refraction in problem solving"], "1.4 Total Internal Reflection": ["Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection", "Describe the workings and uses of optical fibers", "Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds"], "1.5 Dispersion": ["Explain the cause of dispersion in a prism", "Describe the effects of dispersion in producing rainbows", "Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of dispersion"], "1.6 Huygenss Principle": ["Describe Huygens\u2019s principle", "Use Huygens\u2019s principle to explain the law of reflection", "Use Huygens\u2019s principle to explain the law of refraction", "Use Huygens\u2019s principle to explain diffraction"], "1.7 Polarization": ["Explain the change in intensity as polarized light passes through a polarizing filter", "Calculate the effect of polarization by reflection and Brewster\u2019s angle", "Describe the effect of polarization by scattering", "Explain the use of polarizing materials in devices such as LCDs"], "2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors": ["Describe how an image is formed by a plane mirror.", "Distinguish between real and virtual images.", "Find the location and characterize the orientation of an image created by a plane mirror."], "2.2 Spherical Mirrors": ["Describe image formation by spherical mirrors.", "Use ray diagrams and the mirror equation to calculate the properties of an image in a spherical mirror."], "2.3 Images Formed by Refraction": ["Describe image formation by a single refracting surface", "Determine the location of an image and calculate its properties by using a ray diagram", "Determine the location of an image and calculate its properties by using the equation for a single refracting surface"], "2.4 Thin Lenses": ["Use ray diagrams to locate and describe the image formed by a lens", "Employ the thin-lens equation to describe and locate the image formed by a lens"], "2.5 The Eye": ["Understand the basic physics of how images are formed by the human eye", "Recognize several conditions of impaired vision as well as the optics principles for treating these conditions"], "2.6 The Camera": ["Describe the optics of a camera", "Characterize the image created by a camera"], "2.7 The Simple Magnifier": ["Understand the optics of a simple magnifier", "Characterize the image created by a simple magnifier"], "2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes": ["Explain the physics behind the operation of microscopes and telescopes", "Describe the image created by these instruments and calculate their magnifications"], "3.1 Youngs Double-Slit Interference": ["Explain the phenomenon of interference", "Define constructive and destructive interference for a double slit"], "3.2 Mathematics of Interference": ["Determine the angles for bright and dark fringes for double slit interference", "Calculate the positions of bright fringes on a screen"], "3.3 Multiple-Slit Interference": ["Describe the locations and intensities of secondary maxima for multiple-slit interference"], "3.4 Interference in Thin Films": ["Describe the phase changes that occur upon reflection", "Describe fringes established by reflected rays of a common source", "Explain the appearance of colors in thin films"], "3.5 The Michelson Interferometer": ["Explain changes in fringes observed with a Michelson interferometer caused by mirror movements", "Explain changes in fringes observed with a Michelson interferometer caused by changes in medium"], "4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction": ["Explain the phenomenon of diffraction and the conditions under which it is observed", "Describe diffraction through a single slit"], "4.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction": ["Calculate the intensity relative to the central maximum of the single-slit diffraction peaks", "Calculate the intensity relative to the central maximum of an arbitrary point on the screen"], "4.3 Double-Slit Diffraction": ["Describe the combined effect of interference and diffraction with two slits, each with finite width", "Determine the relative intensities of interference fringes within a diffraction pattern", "Identify missing orders, if any"], "4.4 Diffraction Gratings": ["Discuss the pattern obtained from diffraction gratings", "Explain diffraction grating effects"], "4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution": ["Describe the diffraction limit on resolution", "Describe the diffraction limit on beam propagation"], "4.6 X-Ray Diffraction": ["Describe interference and diffraction effects exhibited by X-rays in interaction with atomic-scale structures"], "4.7 Holography": ["Describe how a three-dimensional image is recorded as a hologram", "Describe how a three-dimensional image is formed from a hologram"], "5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws": ["Describe the theoretical and experimental issues that Einstein\u2019s theory of special relativity addressed.", "State the two postulates of the special theory of relativity."], "5.2 Relativity of Simultaneity": ["Show from Einstein's postulates that two events measured as simultaneous in one inertial frame are not necessarily simultaneous in all inertial frames.", "Describe how simultaneity is a relative concept for observers in different inertial frames in relative motion."], "5.3 Time Dilation": ["Explain how time intervals can be measured differently in different reference frames.", "Describe how to distinguish a proper time interval from a dilated time interval.", "Describe the significance of the muon experiment.", "Explain why the twin paradox is not a contradiction.", "Calculate time dilation given the speed of an object in a given frame."], "5.4 Length Contraction": ["Explain how simultaneity and length contraction are related.", "Describe the relation between length contraction and time dilation and use it to derive the length-contraction equation."], "5.5 The Lorentz Transformation": ["Describe the Galilean transformation of classical mechanics, relating the position, time, velocities, and accelerations measured in different inertial frames", "Derive the corresponding Lorentz transformation equations, which, in contrast to the Galilean transformation, are consistent with special relativity", "Explain the Lorentz transformation and many of the features of relativity in terms of four-dimensional space-time"], "5.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation": ["Derive the equations consistent with special relativity for transforming velocities in one inertial frame of reference into another.", "Apply the velocity transformation equations to objects moving at relativistic speeds.", "Examine how the combined velocities predicted by the relativistic transformation equations compare with those expected classically."], "5.7 Doppler Effect for Light": ["Explain the origin of the shift in frequency and wavelength of the observed wavelength when observer and source moved toward or away from each other", "Derive an expression for the relativistic Doppler shift", "Apply the Doppler shift equations to real-world examples"], "5.8 Relativistic Momentum": ["Define relativistic momentum in terms of mass and velocity", "Show how relativistic momentum relates to classical momentum", "Show how conservation of relativistic momentum limits objects with mass to speeds less than <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mi>c</mi></annotation-xml></semantics></math>"], "5.9 Relativistic Energy": ["Explain how the work-energy theorem leads to an expression for the relativistic kinetic energy of an object", "Show how the relativistic energy relates to the classical kinetic energy, and sets a limit on the speed of any object with mass", "Describe how the total energy of a particle is related to its mass and velocity", "Explain how relativity relates to energy-mass equivalence, and some of the practical implications of energy-mass equivalence"], "6.1 Blackbody Radiation": ["Apply Wien\u2019s and Stefan\u2019s laws to analyze radiation emitted by a blackbody", "Explain Planck\u2019s hypothesis of energy quanta"], "6.2 Photoelectric Effect": ["Describe physical characteristics of the photoelectric effect", "Explain why the photoelectric effect cannot be explained by classical physics", "Describe how Einstein\u2019s idea of a particle of radiation explains the photoelectric effect"], "6.3 The Compton Effect": ["Describe Compton\u2019s experiment", "Explain the Compton wavelength shift", "Describe how experiments with X-rays confirm the particle nature of radiation"], "6.4 Bohrs Model of the Hydrogen Atom": ["Explain the difference between the absorption spectrum and the emission spectrum of radiation emitted by atoms", "Describe the Rutherford gold foil experiment and the discovery of the atomic nucleus", "Explain the atomic structure of hydrogen", "Describe the postulates of the early quantum theory for the hydrogen atom", "Summarize how Bohr\u2019s quantum model of the hydrogen atom explains the radiation spectrum of atomic hydrogen"], "6.5 De Broglies Matter Waves": ["Describe de Broglie\u2019s hypothesis of matter waves", "Explain how the de Broglie\u2019s hypothesis gives the rationale for the quantization of angular momentum in Bohr\u2019s quantum theory of the hydrogen atom", "Describe the Davisson\u2013Germer experiment", "Interpret de Broglie\u2019s idea of matter waves and how they account for electron diffraction phenomena"], "6.6 Wave-Particle Duality": ["Identify phenomena in which electromagnetic waves behave like a beam of photons and particles behave like waves", "Describe the physics principles behind electron microscopy", "Summarize the evolution of scientific thought that led to the development of quantum mechanics"], "7.1 Wave Functions": ["Describe the statistical interpretation of the wave function", "Use the wave function to determine probabilities", "Calculate expectation values of position, momentum, and kinetic energy"], "7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle": ["Describe the physical meaning of the position-momentum uncertainty relation", "Explain the origins of the uncertainty principle in quantum theory", "Describe the physical meaning of the energy-time uncertainty relation"], "7.3 The Schrodinger Equation": ["Describe the role Schr\u04e7dinger\u2019s equation plays in quantum mechanics", "Explain the difference between time-dependent and -independent Schr\u04e7dinger\u2019s equations", "Interpret the solutions of Schr\u04e7dinger\u2019s equation"], "7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box": ["Describe how to set up a boundary-value problem for the stationary Schr\u04e7dinger equation", "Explain why the energy of a quantum particle in a box is quantized", "Describe the physical meaning of stationary solutions to Schr\u04e7dinger\u2019s equation and the connection of these solutions with time-dependent quantum states", "Explain the physical meaning of Bohr\u2019s correspondence principle"], "7.5 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator": ["Describe the model of the quantum harmonic oscillator", "Identify differences between the classical and quantum models of the harmonic oscillator", "Explain physical situations where the classical and the quantum models coincide"], "7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers": ["Describe how a quantum particle may tunnel across a potential barrier", "Identify important physical parameters that affect the tunneling probability", "Identify the physical phenomena where quantum tunneling is observed", "Explain how quantum tunneling is utilized in modern technologies"], "8.1 The Hydrogen Atom": ["Describe the hydrogen atom in terms of wave function, probability density, total energy, and orbital angular momentum", "Identify the physical significance of each of the quantum numbers (<math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>m</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>) of the hydrogen atom", "Distinguish between the Bohr and Schr\u00f6dinger models of the atom", "Use quantum numbers to calculate important information about the hydrogen atom"], "8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron": ["Explain why the hydrogen atom has magnetic properties", "Explain why the energy levels of a hydrogen atom associated with orbital angular momentum are split by an external magnetic field", "Use quantum numbers to calculate the magnitude and direction of the orbital magnetic dipole moment of a hydrogen atom"], "8.3 Electron Spin": ["Express the state of an electron in a hydrogen atom in terms of five quantum numbers", "Use quantum numbers to calculate the magnitude and direction of the spin and magnetic moment of an electron", "Explain the fine and hyperfine structure of the hydrogen spectrum in terms of magnetic interactions inside the hydrogen atom"], "8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table": ["Explain the importance of Pauli\u2019s exclusion principle to an understanding of atomic structure and molecular bonding", "Explain the structure of the periodic table in terms of the total energy, orbital angular momentum, and spin of individual electrons in an atom", "Describe the electron configuration of atoms in the periodic table"], "8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays": ["Describe the absorption and emission of radiation in terms of atomic energy levels and energy differences", "Use quantum numbers to estimate the energy, frequency, and wavelength of photons produced by atomic transitions in multi-electron atoms", "Explain radiation concepts in the context of atomic fluorescence and X-rays"], "8.6 Lasers": ["Describe the physical processes necessary to produce laser light", "Explain the difference between coherent and incoherent light", "Describe the application of lasers to a CD and Blu-Ray player"], "9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds": ["Distinguish between the different types of molecular bonds", "Determine the dissociation energy of a molecule using the concepts ionization energy, electron affinity, and Coulomb force", "Describe covalent bonding in terms of exchange symmetry", "Explain the physical structure of a molecule in terms of the concept of hybridization"], "9.2 Molecular Spectra": ["Use the concepts of vibrational and rotational energy to describe energy transitions in a diatomic molecule", "Explain key features of a vibrational-rotational energy spectrum of a diatomic molecule", "Estimate allowed energies of a rotating molecule", "Determine the equilibrium separation distance between atoms in a diatomic molecule from the vibrational-rotational absorption spectrum"], "9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids": ["Describe the packing structures of common solids", "Explain the difference between bonding in a solid and in a molecule", "Determine the equilibrium separation distance given crystal properties", "Determine the dissociation energy of a salt given crystal properties"], "9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals": ["Describe the classical free electron model of metals in terms of the concept electron number density", "Explain the quantum free-electron model of metals in terms of Pauli\u2019s exclusion principle", "Calculate the energy levels and energy-level spacing of a free electron in a metal"], "9.5 Band Theory of Solids": ["Describe two main approaches to determining the energy levels of an electron in a crystal", "Explain the presence of energy bands and gaps in the energy structure of a crystal", "Explain why some materials are good conductors and others are good insulators", "Differentiate between an insulator and a semiconductor"], "9.6 Semiconductors and Doping": ["Describe changes to the energy structure of a semiconductor due to doping", "Distinguish between an n-type and p-type semiconductor", "Describe the Hall effect and explain its significance", "Calculate the charge, drift velocity, and charge carrier number density of a semiconductor using information from a Hall effect experiment"], "9.7 Semiconductor Devices": ["Describe what occurs when n- and p-type materials are joined together using the concept of diffusion and drift current (zero applied voltage)", "Explain the response of a p-n junction to a forward and reverse bias voltage", "Describe the function of a transistor in an electric circuit", "Use the concept of a p-n junction to explain its applications in audio amplifiers and computers"], "9.8 Superconductivity": ["Describe the main features of a superconductor", "Describe the BCS theory of superconductivity", "Determine the critical magnetic field for T = 0 K from magnetic field data", "Calculate the maximum emf or current for a wire to remain superconducting"], "10.1 Properties of Nuclei": ["Describe the composition and size of an atomic nucleus", "Use a nuclear symbol to express the composition of an atomic nucleus", "Explain why the number of neutrons is greater than protons in heavy nuclei", "Calculate the atomic mass of an element given its isotopes"], "10.2 Nuclear Binding Energy": ["Calculate the mass defect and binding energy for a wide range of nuclei", "Use a graph of binding energy per nucleon (BEN) versus mass number <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mo>(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>)</mo></annotation-xml></semantics></math> graph to assess the relative stability of a nucleus", "Compare the binding energy of a nucleon in a nucleus to the ionization energy of an electron in an atom"], "10.3 Radioactive Decay": ["Describe the decay of a radioactive substance in terms of its decay constant and half-life", "Use the radioactive decay law to estimate the age of a substance", "Explain the natural processes that allow the dating of living tissue using <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><mtext>C</mtext></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>"], "10.4 Nuclear Reactions": ["Describe and compare three types of nuclear radiation", "Use nuclear symbols to describe changes that occur during nuclear reactions", "Describe processes involved in the decay series of heavy elements"], "10.5 Fission": ["Describe the process of nuclear fission in terms of its product and reactants", "Calculate the energies of particles produced by a fission reaction", "Explain the fission concept in the context of fission bombs and nuclear reactions"], "10.6 Nuclear Fusion": ["Describe the process of nuclear fusion in terms of its product and reactants", "Calculate the energies of particles produced by a fusion reaction", "Explain the fission concept in the context of fusion bombs, the production of energy by the Sun, and nucleosynthesis"], "10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation": ["Describe two medical uses of nuclear technology", "Explain the origin of biological effects due to nuclear radiation", "List common sources of radiation and their effects", "Estimate exposure for nuclear radiation using common dosage units"], "11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics": ["Describe the four fundamental forces and what particles participate in them", "Identify and describe fermions and bosons", "Identify and describe the quark and lepton families", "Distinguish between particles and antiparticles, and describe their interactions"], "11.2 Particle Conservation Laws": ["Distinguish three conservation laws: baryon number, lepton number, and strangeness", "Use rules to determine the total baryon number, lepton number, and strangeness of particles before and after a reaction", "Use baryon number, lepton number, and strangeness conservation to determine if particle reactions or decays occur"], "11.3 Quarks": ["Compare and contrast the six known quarks", "Use quark composition of hadrons to determine the total charge of these particles", "Explain the primary evidence for the existence of quarks"], "11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors": ["Compare and contrast different types of particle accelerators", "Describe the purpose, components, and function of a typical colliding beam machine", "Explain the role of each type of subdetector of a typical multipurpose particle detector", "Use the curvature of a charge track to determine the momentum of a particle"], "11.5 The Standard Model": ["Describe the Standard Model in terms of the four fundamental forces and exchange particles", "Draw a Feynman diagram for a simple particle interaction", "Use Heisenberg\u2019s uncertainty principle to determine the range of forces described by the Standard Model", "Explain the rationale behind grand unification theories"], "11.6 The Big Bang": ["Explain the expansion of the universe in terms of a Hubble graph and cosmological redshift", "Describe the analogy between cosmological expansion and an expanding balloon", "Use Hubble\u2019s law to make predictions about the measured speed of distant galaxies"], "11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe": ["Describe the evolution of the early universe in terms of the four fundamental forces", "Use the concept of gravitational lensing to explain astronomical phenomena", "Provide evidence of the Big Bang in terms of cosmic background radiation", "Distinguish between dark matter and dark energy"]}