glossary.yml

- slug: concatenate
  ref:
    - aggregation
    - left_join
    - right_join
  en:
    term: "Concatenate"
    acronym: "concat"
    def: >
      Append/stack either columns (axis=1) or rows (axis=0) by end-to-end joining of data. [Python](#python).
  es:
    term: "concatenar"
    def: >
      Añadir/apilar ya sea columnas (eje=1) o filas (eje=0) mediante la unión de datos de extremo a extremo. [Python](#python).

- slug: 68_95_997_rule
  de:
    term: "68-95-99.7 Regel"
    def: >
      Drückt die Tatsache aus, dass 68% der Werte innerhalb einer
      [Standardabweichung](#standard_deviation) vom Mittelwert liegen,
      95% innerhalb von zwei und 99,7% innerhalb von drei. Umgekehrt
      liegen etwa 0,3% der Werte in den meisten Fällen mehr als drei
      Standardabweichungen über oder unterhalb des Mittelwerts.
  en:
    term: "68-95-99.7 rule"
    def: >
      Expresses the fact that 68% of values lie within one [standard
      deviation](#standard_deviation) of the [mean](#mean), 95% lie within two, and
      99.7% lie within three. Conversely, about 0.3% of values lie more than three
      standard deviations above or below the mean in most cases.
  id:
    term: "Aturan 68-95-99.7"
    def: >
      Menyatakan fakta bahwa 68% berkisar di satu [standar deviasi](#standard_deviation)
      dari mean(#mean), 95% berkisar di dua, dan 99.7% berkisar di tiga.
      Sebaliknya, sekitar 0.3% berkisar lebih dari tiga standar deviasi
      di atas atau di bawah mean dari kasus kebanyakan.
  it:
    term: "regola 68-95-99,7"
    def: >
      Esprime il fatto che il 68% dei valori si trova entro una [deviazione
      standard](#standard_deviation) dalla [media](#mean), il 95% entro due deviazioni
      standard e il 99,7% entro tre. Al contrario, circa lo 0,3% dei valori si trova oltre
      tre deviazioni standard sopra o sotto la media.
  af:
    term: "68-95-99.7 reël"
    def: >
      Beskryf die beginsel dat 68% van alle waardes binne een
      [standaardafwyking](#standard_deviation) van die [gemiddelde](#mean) val, 95%
      val binne twee en 99.7% val binne drie standaardafwykings. Omgekeerd, in die
      meeste gevalle val 0.3% van die waardes meer as drie standaardafwykings bo of
      onder die gemiddelde.
  es:
    term: "regla 68-95-99.7"
    def: >
      Expresa el hecho de que el 68% de los valores se encuentran dentro de una
      [desviación estándar](#standard_deviation) de la [media](#mean), el
      95% está dentro de dos y el 99,7% está dentro de tres. Por el contrario,
      aproximadamente el 0,3% de los valores se encuentran más de tres desviaciones
      estándar por encima o por debajo de la media en la mayoría de los casos.
  pt:
    term: "regra 68-95-99,7"
    def: >
      Expressa o fato de que 68% dos valores estão dentro de um [desvio padrão](#standard_deviation)
      da [média](#mean), 95% estão dentro de dois e 99,7% estão dentro de três. Inversamente,
      aproximadamente 0,3% dos valores estão mais do que três desvios padrões acima ou abaixo da média
      na maioria dos casos.
  fr:
    term: "règle de 68-95-99.7"
    def: >
      Exprime le fait que 68% des valeurs sont localisées à l'intérieur d'un (1)
      [écart-type](#standard_deviation) de la [moyenne](#mean), 95% à l'intérieur de
      deux (2) écarts-types, et 99,7% à l'intérieur de trois (3) écarts-types.
      Inversement et dans la plupart des cas, environ 0.3% des valeurs
      se situent à plus de 3 écarts-types au-dessus ou au-dessous de la moyenne.
  ar:
    term: "القاعدة ٩٩,٧-٩٥-٦٨"
    def: >
        يُعبِر عن حقيقة أن ٦٨٪ من القيم تقع ضمن وحدة واحدة من
        [الانحراف المعياري](#standard_deviation)
        من
        [الوسط](#mean)
        ، بينما ٩٥٪ تقع ضمن وحدتين،
        و٩٩,٧٪ تقع ضمن ثلاث وحدات
        بالمقابل ، حوالي ٠,٣ ٪  من القيم تقع  في أكثر من ثلاثة وحدات
        من الانحرافات المعيارية أعلى أو أقل من المتوسط في معظم الحالات.

  am:
    term: 68-95-99.7 ደንብ
    def: >
      68% የሥነ-ምግባር እሴቶች በአንድ [መሥፈርት) ውስጥ እንደሚመደቡ ይገልፃሉ:: የ[ማለት](#mean)[standard deviation](#standard_deviation) 95% በሁለት ውስጥ ያርፋል፣ እና 99.7% በሶስት ውስጥ ያርፋል. በተቃራኒው ደግሞ 0.3% ገደማ የሚሆኑት እሴቶች ከሦስት በላይ ናቸው አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ከዚያ በላይ ወይም ከዚያ በታች ያሉደረጃዎች።

- slug: abandonware
  bn:
    term: "বিসর্জনকৃত সফটওয়্যার"
    def: >
      যে সফটওয়্যার আর সক্রিয়ভাবে রক্ষনাবেক্ষন করা হচ্ছেনা।
  de:
    term: "Abandonware"
    def: >
      Software die nicht länger weiterentwickelt wird.
  en:
    term: "abandonware"
    def: >
      Software that is no longer being maintained.
  id:
    term: "abandonware"
    def: >
      Perangkat lunak yang sudah tidak dikelola.
  pt:
    term: "abandonware"
    def: >
      Software que não é mais mantido.
  af:
    term: "afgooiware"
    def: >
      Sagteware wat nie meer onderhou word nie.
  es:
    term: "abandonware"
    def: >
      Software cuyo mantenimiento ha sido abandonado.
  fr:
    term: "abandonware"
    def: >
      Un logiciel qui n'est plus maintenu.
  ar:
    term: "البرمجيات المهجورة أو المتروكة"
    def: >-
      هي البرامج التى لايتوفر لها دعم من أي برمجيات أُخرى
       ولم تعد على قيد الصيانة.
  am:
    term: የተተወው ዌር
    def: >
      ከአሁን በኋላ እየተስተካከለ ያለው ዌር።
  tn:
    term: "Matlotla"
    def: >
      Serweboleta (software) se se sa tlholeng se tlhokomelwa kgotsa se tlhabololwa.
  it:
    term: "abandonware"
    def: >
      "Un software abbandonato, non più mantenuto"

- slug: absolute_error
  de:
    term: "Absoluter Fehler"
    def: >
      Der absolute Wert der Differenz zwischen dem beobachteten und
      dem korrekten Wert. Der absolute Fehler ist normalerweise
      weniger nützlich als der [relative Fehler](#relative_error).
  en:
    term: "absolute error"
    def: >
      The absolute value of the difference between the observed and the correct value.
      Absolute error is usually less useful than [relative error](#relative_error).
  id:
    term: "kesalahan absolut"
    def: >
      Nilai absolut dari perbedaan nilai yang diobservasi dan nilai yang benar.
      Kesalahan absolut seringkali tidak terlalu berguna daripada
      [kesalahan relatif](#relative_error).
  it:
    term: "errore assoluto"
    def: >
      La differenza in valore assoluto tra il valore osservato e il valore corretto.
      L'errore assoluto è in genere meno utile dell'[errore relativo](#relative_error).
  es:
    term: "error absoluto"
    def: >
      El valor absoluto de la diferencia entre el valor observado y el valor correcto.
      El error absoluto suele ser menos útil que el [error relativo](#relative_error).
  af:
    term: "absolute fout"
    def: >
      Die absolute fout is die absolute waarde van die verskil tussen die waargenome-
      en die korrekte waarde. Die absolute fout is gewoonlik van minder waarde as die
      [relatiewe](#relative_error) fout.
  pt:
    term: "erro absoluto"
    def: >
      O valor absoluto da diferença entre um valor observado e o valor correto. O erro
      absoluto é normalmente menos útil do que o [erro relativo](#relative_error).
  fr:
    term: "erreur absolue"
    def: >
      La valeur absolue de la différence entre la valeur observée et la valeur
      correcte. L'erreur absolue est généralement moins pertinente que l'[erreur relative](#relative_error).
  ar:
    term: "الخطأ المُطلق"
    def: >
       هو عبارة عن القيمة المطلقة للفرق بين القيمة المرصودة والقيمة الواقعية الصحيحة،
       مع العِلم أن
       الخطأ المُطلق عادة مايكون أقل فائدة من
       [الخطأ النسبي](#relative_error).
  am:
    term: ፍጹም ስህተት
    def: >
      በተመለከተው እና በትክክለኛው እሴት መካከል ያለው ልዩነት ፍጹም እሴት። ፍፁም ስህተት አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ከ [አንፃራዊ ስህተት](#relative_error) ያነሰ ጠቀሜታ አለው ፡፡
  sw:
    term: "ukubwa wa nambari ya ukosefu "
    def: >
      Ukubwa wa hesabu ya kutoa jibu umepata kutoka jibu sahihi. 
      Dhani ingine kama hii, ni [uwiano wa ukosefu](#relative_error).

- slug: absolute_path
  ref:
    - relative_path
  en:
    term: "absolute path"
    def: >
      A path that points to the same location in the [filesystem](#filesystem)
      regardless of where it is evaluated. An absolute path is the equivalent of
      latitude and longitude in geography.
  id:
    term: "path absolut"
    def: >
      Sebuah path yang menunjukkan lokasi dalam [filesystem](#filesystem) terlepas
      dari lokasi program dijalanakn. Path absolut sama dengan garis lintang dan
      garis bujur dalam geografi.
  de:
    term: "absoluter Pfad"
    def: >
      Der absolute Pfad zeigt auf die gleiche Position im [filesystem](#filesystem),
      unabhängig davon, wo er ausgewertet wird. Der absolute Pfad entspricht in der
      Geographie der Angabe von Längen- und Breitengrad.
  af:
    term: "absolute roete"
    def: >
      'n Roete wat dieselfde posisie in die [lêerstelsel](#filesystem) aandui ongeag
      die posisie vanwaar dit geëvalueer word. Die absolute roete is die ekwivalent
      van lengtegraad en breedtegraad in geografie.
  fr:
    term: "chemin d'accès absolu"
    def: >
      Un chemin d'accès absolu indique la même position dans le système de fichier
      quel que soit l'emplacement où il est evalué. Un chemin d'accès absolu est
      l'équivalent de la latitude et longitude en géographie.
  es:
    term: "ruta absoluta"
    def: >
      Una ruta que dirige a la misma ubicación en el sistema de archivos
      independientemente del contexto donde sea evaluada. Una ruta absoluta es el
      equivalente a la latitud y longitud en geografía.
  pt:
    term: "caminho absoluto"
    def: >
      Um caminho que leva ao mesmo local no sistema de arquivos independente do
      contexto em que é avaliado. Um caminho absoluto pode ser comparado com a
      latitude e longitude em geografia.
  ar:
    term: "المسار المُطلق"
    def: >
        المسار الذي يُشير إلى ذات الموقع في
        [نظام الملفات](#filesystem)،
        بغض النظر عن مكان تقييمها،
        وللتبسيط يمكن أن يُقال أن
        المسار المُطلق يُعادل خطوط الطول والعرض في الجغرافيا.
  
  el:
    term: "απόλυτο μονοπάτι"
    def: >
      Ένα μονοπάτι (path) που δείχνει στην ίδια τοποθεσία στο [σύστημα αρχείων](#filesystem)
      ανεξάρτητα από το πού αξιολογείται. Ένα απόλυτο μονοπάτι ισοδυναμεί με
      το γεωγραφικό πλάτος και το γεωγραφικό μήκος στην γεωγραφία.

  am:
    term: ፍጹም መንገድ
    def: በ [የፋይል ስርዓት ውስጥ ወደ ተመሳሳይ ሥፍራ የሚጠቁም መንገድ የሚገመገምበት ቦታ ምንም ይሁን ምን ፡፡ ፍፁም ጎዳና
      እኩል ነው ጂኦግራፊ ውስጥ ኬክሮስ እና ኬንትሮስ
  it:
    term: "percorso assoluto del file"
    def: >
      Un percorso a un file che punta allo stesso luogo nel [filesystem](#filesystem)
      indipendentemente da dove venga valutato. Un percorso assoluto del file è 
      l'equivalente di latitudine e longitudine in geografia.

- slug: absolute_row_number
  de:
    term: "Absolute Zeilennummer"
    def: >
      Der sequentielle Index einer Zeile in einer Tabelle, unabhängig
      davon, welche Abschnitte der Tabelle angezeigt werden.
  en:
    term: "absolute row number"
    def: >
      The sequential index of a row in a table, regardless of what sections of the
      table is being displayed.
  id:
    term: "nomor baris absolut"
    def: >
      Indeks berurutan dari sebuah baris dalam tabel, terlepas dari bagian apa
      dari tabel yang ditampilkan.
  af:
    term: "absolute rynommer"
    def: >
      Die opeenvolgende indeks van 'n ry in 'n tabel, ongeag die gedeelte van die
      tabel wat vertoon word.
  es:
    term: "número de fila absoluto"
    def: >
      El índice secuencial que indentifica una fila en un tablero, sin importar qué
      secciones se estén mostrando.
  pt:
    term: "número de linha absoluto"
    def: >
      O índice sequencial de uma linha em uma tabela, independente de qual seção da
      tabela está sendo exibida.
  he:
    term: "מספר שורה מוחלט"
    def: >
      המספר הסידורי של שורה בטבלה, ללא קשר לאילו חלקים של הטבלה מוצגים
  ar:
    term: "رقم الصف المُطلق"
    def: >
        هو الفهرس المتسلسل لصف في جدول، بغض النظر عن أي قسم من اقسام الجدول يتم عرضها.

  am:
    term: ፍጹም ረድፍ ቁጥር
    def: የትኞቹም ክፍሎች ቢኖሩ በሠንጠረዥ ውስጥ የአንድ ረድፍ ቅደም ተከተል ማውጫ ጠረጴዛ እየታየ ነው ፡፡
  it:
    term: "numero di riga assoluto"
    def: >
      Indice sequenziale di una riga in una tabella, indipendetemente da quale sezione
      della tabella sia visualizzata.

  fr:
    term: "numéro de ligne absolu"
    def: >
      L'index séquentiel d'une ligne dans une table, quelles que soient les sections de la table affichées.
      
  el:
    term: "απόλυτος αριθμός σειράς"
    def: >
      Το διαδοχικό ευρετήριο (index) μιας γραμμής σε έναν πίνακα, ανεξάρτητα από το ποια τμήματα
      του πίνακα εμφανίζονται.

- slug: abstract_method
  de:
    term: "Abstrakte Methode"
    def: >
      In der [objektorientierten Programmierung](#oop) eine
      [Methode](#method), die zwar definiert, aber nicht implementiert
      ist. Programmierer definieren eine abstrakte Methode in einer
      [übergeordneten Klasse](#parent_class), um Operationen zu
      spezifizieren, die die [untergeordneten Klassen](#child_class)
      bereitstellen müssen.
  en:
    term: "abstract method"
    def: >
      In [object-oriented programming](#oop), a [method](#method) that is defined but
      not implemented. Programmers will define an abstract method in a [parent
      class](#parent_class) to specify operations that [child classes](#child_class)
      must provide.
  es:
    term: "método abstracto"
    def: >
      En [programación orientada a objectos](#oop), es un [método](#method) definido pero no implementado.
      Programadores definen un método abstracto en una [superclase](#parent_class) para especificar operaciones
      que las [subclases](#child_class) deberán proveer.
  id:
    term: "metode abstrak"
    def: >
      Dalam [pemrograman berorientasi objek](#oop), sebuah [metode](#method)
      yang didefinisikan tapi tidak diimplementasikan. Pemrogram akan mendefinisikan
      metode abstrak dalam [parent class](#parent_class) untuk menspesifikasikan operasi
      yang harus dimiliki oleh [child classes](#child_class).
  af:
    term: "abstrakte metode"
    def: >
      'n [Metode](#method), in [objekgeoriënteerde programmering](#oop), wat
      gedefiniëer maar nie geïmplementeer is nie. Programmeerders sal 'n abstrakte
      metode in 'n [voorsaatklas](#parent_class) definiëer wat in
      [nasaatklasse](#child_class) geïmplementeer moet word.
  pt:
    term: "método abstrato"
    def: >
      In [programação orientada a objetos](#oop), um [método](#method) que é definido
      mas não implementado. Pessoas programadoras definem um método abstrato em uma [classe base](#parent_class)
      para especificar operações que as [classes derivadas](#child_class) devem prover.
  ar:
    term: "الطريقة المجردة"
    def: >
      الطريقة المجردة هو تعبير يُتخدم
      في
      [البرمجة الشيئية](#oop)
      ،
      هذه
       [الطريقة](#method)
      يتم تعريفها ولكن لم لايتم تنفيذها،
      بمعنى آخر، المبرمجون يُعرِفون عادة طريقة مجردة في
      [الفئه الرئيسية](#parent_class)
      لتحديد العمليات التي يجب أن تقدمها
      [الفئات الفرعية](#child_class).

  am:
    term: abstract method
    def: "በ [ነገር-ተኮር መርሃግብር](#oop) ውስጥ አንድ [ዘዴ](#method) ተገልፇል ነገር ግን አልተተገበረም ፡፡
      መርሃግብሮች [ወላጅ] ውስጥ ረቂቅ ዘዴን ይገልፃሉ ክፍል](#parent_class) [የህፃናት ክፍሎች](#child_class)
      ማቅረብ አለበት ፡፡ \n"

  fr:
    term: "méthode abstraite"
    def: >
      En programmation orientée objet, une méthode définie mais non implémentée. Les programmeurs définissent une méthode abstraite dans une classe parente pour spécifier les opérations que les classes enfants doivent fournir.
      
  it:
    term: "metodo astratto"
    def: >
      In [programmazione orientata agli oggetti](#oop), un [metodo](#method) che è
      definito ma non implementato. Il programmatore definisce un metodo astratto in
      una [classe padre](#parent_class) per specificare delle operazioni che la 
      [classe figlia](#child_class) deve implementare.
  
  el:
    term: "αφηρημένη μέθοδος"
    def: >
      Στον [αντικειμενοστραφή προγραμματισμό](#oop), μια [μέθοδος](#method) που ορίζεται αλλά
       δεν εφαρμόζεται. Οι προγραμματιστές θα ορίσουν μια αφηρημένη μέθοδο σε μια [γονεϊκή
       κλάση](#parent_class) για να καθορίσουν διαδικασίες που οι [θυγατρικές κλάσεις](#child_class)
       πρέπει να παρέχουν.

- slug: abstract_syntax_tree
  en:
    term: "abstract syntax tree"
    acronym: "AST"
    def: >
      A deeply nested data structure, or [tree](#tree), that represents the structure
      of a program. For example, the AST might have a [node](#node) representing a
      [`while` loop](#while_loop) with one [child](#child_tree) representing the loop
      condition and another representing the [loop body](#loop_body).
  id:
    term: "abstract syntax tree"
    acronym: "AST"
    def: >
      Sebuah struktur data bersarang, atau [tree](#tree), yang merepresentasikan struktur
      dari sebuah program. Sebagai contoh, AST bisa jadi memiliki sebuah (node)[#node]
      merepresentasikan sebuah [`while` loop](#while_loop) degan sebuah [child](#child_tree)
      merepresentasikan kondisi loop dan yang lain merepresentasikan [loop body](#loop_body).
  af:
    term: "abstrakte sintaksisontledingsboom"
    def: >
      'n Diepgeneste datastruktuur, of [boom](#tree), wat die struktuur van 'n program
      verteenwoordig. Byvoorbeeld, as die abstrakte sintaksontledingsboom 'n
      [nodus](#node) het wat 'n [`doen` terwyl-lus](#while_loop) verteenwoordig wat
      met een [naasaatontledingsboom](#child_tree) die lustoestand verteenwoordig en
      'n ander nasaatontledingsboom wat die [lusraam](#loop_body) verteenwoordig.

  am:
    term: ረቂቅ አገባብ ዛፍ
    def: >
      አወቃቀሩን የሚወክል በጥልቀት የተቀመጠ የውሂብ መዋቅር ወይም [ዛፍ](#tree)ፕሮግራም ለምሳሌ ፣ AST ሀ ን የሚወክል [መስቀለኛ መንገድ](#node) ሊኖረው ይችላል ["while` loop](#while_loop) ከአንድ [ልጅ](#child_tree) ጋር ሁኔታ እና ሌላ የ [loop አካል](#loop_body)።

- slug: accuracy
  en:
    term: "accuracy"
    def: >
      Statistical measure of a classification model which gives the proportion 
      of correct predictions among total number of cases. It is calculated as 
      Accuracy = (TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)
  es:
    term: "precisión"
    def: >
      Medida estadística de un modelo de clasificación que da la proporción 
      de predicciones correctas entre el número total de casos. 
      Se calcula como Precisión = (TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)
  sw:
    term: "usahihi"
    def: >
      Kipimo cha takwimu cha muundo wa uainishaji ambao hutoa uwiano
      ya utabiri sahihi kati ya jumla ya idadi ya kesi. Imehesabiwa kama
      Usahihi = (TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)
  de:
    term: "Genauigkeit"
    def: > 
      Ein statistisches Maß zur Beschreibung eines Klassifizierungsmodells, 
      das den Anteil der korrekten Vorhersagen unter allen Vorhersagen angibt. Es wird als Genauigkeit = (TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN) berechnet. 
  af: 
    term: "akkuraatheid"
    def: >
      Dit is 'n statistiese maatstaf van 'n klassifikasiemodel wat die proporsie van korrekte voorspellings gee onder die totale aantal gevalle. 
      Dit word bereken as Akkuraatheid = (TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN).

- slug: actual_result
  de:
    term: "Tatsächliches Ergebnis"
    def: >
      Der Wert, der durch Ausführen von Code in einem Test erzeugt
      wird. Wenn dieser Wert mit dem [erwarteten
      Ergebnis](#expected_result) übereinstimmt, ist der Test
      bestanden; wenn die beiden Werte unterschiedlich sind, [schlägt
      der Test fehl](#fail_test).
  en:
    term: "actual result (of test)"
    def: >
      The value generated by running code in a test. If this matches the [expected
      result](#expected_result), the test [passes](#pass_test); if the two are
      different, the test [fails](#fail_test).
  sw:
    term: "matokeo halisi"
    def: >
      Huonyesha matokeo ya kujaribu msimbo kwenye tarakilishi. Ikiwa hili linafanana na [matokeo halisi]
      (#expected_result), hilo jaribio [hupita](#pass_test); Ikiwa upatalo na matokeo halisi
      sio sawa, huo msimbo huwa [jaribio lililoshindikana](#fail_test)

  af:
    term: "absolute resultaat (van 'n toets)"
    def: >
      Die waarde wat deur 'n toets gegenereer is. Indien dié waarde gelyk is aan die
      [verwagte resultaat](#actual_result), is die toets suksesvol; as die twee
      waardes verskil het die toets gefaal.
  ar:
    term: "النتيجة الفعلية للإختِبار"
    def: >
      القيمة الناتجة عن تشغيل إختبار للتعليمات البرمجية، إذا كانت هذه النتيجة تُطابِق
      [النتيجة المتوقعة](#expected_result)
      فإن الإختبار
      [تم نجاحه](#pass_test)
      و اذا كان النتيجتين مختلفتين فان الاختبار قد
      [فشل](#fail_test).
  tn:
    term: "Dipholo tsa tlhomamiso (tsa teko)"
    def: >
      Ke palo e e bonwang ka go fetisa "khoutu" mo tekong. Fa palo e, e tsamaelana le dipholo tse 
      [di solofetsweng](#expected_result), go raya gore teko e falotse; fa palo e le dipholo tse di solofetsweng 
      di sa tsamaelane, go raya gore teko [e tlholegile](#fail_test).
  id: 
    term: "hasil aktual (dari sebuah pengujian)"
    def: >
      Nilai yang dihasilkan dari kode yang dijalankan di dalam sebuah pengujian. 
      Jika hasil pengujian sesuai dengan [hasil yang diharapkan](#expected_result), 
      maka pengujian dianggap [lulus](#pass_test); 
      namun jika hasil keduanya berbeda, maka pengujian dianggap [gagal](#fail_test).    
  es:
    term: "resultado real (de una prueba)"
    def: >
      El valor generado ejecutando el código en una prueba. Si coincide con el 
      [resultado esperado] (#expected_result), la prueba [pasa] (#pass_test); 
      si son diferentes, la prueba [falla] (#fail_test).
  fr:
    term: "résultat réel (du test)"
    def: >
      La valeur générée par l'exécution du code lors d'un test. Si elle correspond au résultat attendu, le test réussit ; s'ils sont différents, le test échoue.
      
- slug: affordance
  en:
    term: "affordance"
    def: >
      A property of something that suggests how it can be used, such as a handle or button.
  id:
    term: "keterjangkauan"
    def: >
      suatu properti yang menyatakan bagaimana suatu hal dapat digunakan, seperti pegangan atau tombol.
  af:
    term: "bekostigbaarheid"
    def: >
      'n Eienskap van iets wat aandui hoe dit gebruik kan word, bevoorbeeld 'n
      lêerhanteerder of 'n knoppie.
  am:
    term: አቅም
    def: >
      የአንድ ነገር ንብረት እንደ መያዣ ወይም አዝራር እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል የሚጠቁም 

  fr:
    term: "affordance"
    def: >
      La caractéristique d'un objet qui suggère à son utilisateur son mode d'usage ou autre pratique. 
   
  sw:
    term: "uwezesho"
    def: >
      Sifa ya kitu ambacho kinapendekeza jinsi kinavyoweza kutumika, kama vile mpini au  kitufe.

- slug: aggregation
  en:
    term: "aggregation"
    def: >
      To combine many values into one, e.g., by summing a set of numbers or
      concatenating a set of strings.
  tn: 
    term: "Ditlhopha tsa boleng"
    def: > 
      Karolo ya boranyane bo kopane go aga ditlhophana tsa boleng jo bo rileng/ seemo se se rileng sa kitso. Sekai, e ka nna setlhopha sa mafoko a boleng jo bo tshwanang.
  es:
    term: "agregación"
    def: >
      Combinar muchos valores en uno, por ejemplo, sumando una serie de números o
      concatenando un conjunto de cadenas de caracteres.
  fr:
    term: "agrégation"
    def: >
      Synthétise plusieurs valeurs en une seule, example, en sommant plusieurs nombres
      ou en concaténant un ensemble de caractères.
  af:
    term: "samevoeging"
    def: >
      Om 'n groep waardes in een te kombineer bv. om 'n versameling getalle op te som
      of om 'n versameling alfabetiese stringe aaneen te skakel.
  pt:
    term: "agregação"
    def: >
      Combinar vários valores em um, por exemplo, somando um conjunto numérico ou
      concatenando um conjunto de caracteres.

  ar:
    term: "تجميع"
    def: >
      دمج مجموعة من القيم في قيمة واحدة، مثال، حمع مجموعة من الأرقام أو تجميع مجموعة من السلاسل.

  sw:
    term: "mchanganyiko"
    def: >
      Kugawana vitu mingi pamoja, kwa mfano, kujumlisha nambari au
      kunganisha matini.

- slug: aggregation_function
  en:
    term: "aggregation function"
    def: >
      A function that combines many values into one, such as `sum` or `max`.
  id:
    term: "fungsi Agregasi"
    def: >
      Sebuah fungsi untuk memadatkan beberapa nilai menjadi sebuah nilai, misalnya `sum` atau `max`.
  es:
    term: "función de agregación"
    def: >
      Una función que combina varios valores en uno, como `sum` o `max`.
  fr:
    term: "fonction d'agrégation"
    def: >
      Une fonction qui permet de synthétiser plusieurs valeurs en une seule, comme par
      exemple 'sum' ou 'max'.
  pt:
    term: "função de agregação"
    def: >
      Uma função que combina muitos valores em um só, como `sum` ou `max`.
  af:
    term: "aggregaatfunksie"
    def: >
      'n Funksie wat 'n groep waardes saamvoeg, bv. `sum` (summering) en `max`
      (maksimale waarde)
  ar:
    term: "دالة التجميع"
    def: >
       دالة تدمج العديد من القيم في قيمة واحدة ، مثل
       جمع
       أو
       أقصى.
  de:
    term: "Aggregatfunktion"
    def: >
      Eine Funktion, welche mehrere Werte in einem Ergebnis zusammenfasst,
      beispielsweise in einer Summe oder dem Maximalwert.
  tn:
    term: "Bokao/Tiriso ya ditlhopha"
    def: >
      Ke boranyane jwa boleng jo khompiutara/sebalamakgolo e bo balang ka go dirisa dipalo go tsentswe le kitso ya tlhomamo.

- slug: agile
  en:
    term: "agile development"
    def: >
      A software development methodology that emphasizes lots of small steps and
      continuous feedback instead of up-front planning and long-term scheduling.
      [Exploratory programming](#exploratory_programming) is often agile.
  es:
    term: "desarrollo ágil"
    def: >
      Una metodología de desarrollo de software que enfatiza muchos pasos pequeños y
      feedback continuo en vez de planificación por adelantado y a largo plazo.
      [Programación exploratoria](#exploratory_programming) suele ser ágil.
  af:
    term: "lenige ontwikkeling"
    def: >
      'n Sagteware-ontwikkelingsmetode wat die klem lê op vele klein stappies en
      deurlopende terugvoering in plaas van vooraf beplanning en langtermyn
      skeduluering. [Verkennende programmering](#exploratory_programming) is dikwel lenig.
  pt:
    term: "desenvolvimento ágil"
    def: >
      Um método de desenvolvimento de software que enfatiza vários passos pequenos e
      feedback contínuo ao invés de planejamento de longo prazo. [Programação exploratória](#exploratory_programming)
      costuma ser ágil.
  de:
    term: "Agile Softwareentwicklung"
    def: >
      Eine Methodik der Softwareentwicklung in der die Arbeit in viele
      kleine Schritte aufgeteilt wird und mit ständigem Feedback innerhalb
      selbstorganisierter Teams ein Program entwickelt wird. Im Gegensatz dazu
      stehen klassische Ansätze die häufig aufwändiger Planung bedürfen.
      [Explorative Programmierung](#exploratory_programming) ist oft agil.

  fr:
    term: "développement agile"
    def: >
      Une méthodologie de développement logiciel qui privilégie de nombreuses petites étapes et une rétroaction continue plutôt que la planification initiale et la programmation à long terme. La programmation exploratoire est souvent associée à l'approche agile.

  tn:
    term: "Tiro ya Potlako"
    def: >
      thulaganyo ya go kwala khoutu ya dirweboleta (software) e e remeletseng
      mo dikgatong-potlana tse di mmalwa le mo dikakgelong tse di tlhomameng, go na le mo mananeong
      a sennella-ruri le togamaano ko tshimologong.
      
  sw:
    term: "maendeleo pesi"
    def: >
      Mbinu ya ukuzaji programu ambayo inasisitiza hatua nyingi ndogo na maoni 
      endelevu badala ya mipango ya mbeleni na ratiba ya muda mrefu. 
      [Exploratory programming](#exploratory_programming) mara nyingi huwa chapa.


- slug: algorithm
  en:
    term: "algorithm"
    def: >
      An algorithm is a set of steps, intructions, or rules to be followed to accomplish a specific
      task. In computer science, an algorithm is a set of instructions in a computer program that solves a
      computational problem.
  id:
    term: "algoritma"
    def: >
      Rangkaian langkah, perintah, atau aturan yang harus diikuti untuk menyelesaikan suatu tugas spesifik. 
      Di dalam ilmu komputer, algoritma adalah rangkaian perintah di dalam sebuah program komputer yang 
      bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan komputasi.
  zu:
    term: "I-algorithm"
    def: >
      An algorithm is a set of steps, intructions, or rules to be followed to accomplish a specific
      task. In computer science, an algorithm is a set of instructions in a computer program that solves a
      computational problem.
  af:
    term: "algoritme"
    def: >
      'n Algoritme is 'n stel instruksies wat gevolg moet word om 'n spesifieke taak uit te voer.
  es:
    term: "algoritmo"
    def: >
      Un algoritmo es un conjunto de pasos, instrucciones o reglas que se han de seguir para llevar a cabo una tarea específica.
      En informática, un algoritmo es un conjunto de instrucciones en un programa informático que resuelve un problema computacional.
  fr:
    term: "algorithme"
    def: >
      Un algorithme est un ensemble d'étapes ou de règles à suivre pour réaliser une certaine tâche.
      En informatique, un algorithme est un ensemble d'instructions présentes dans un programme qui permet de résoudre un problème informatique.
  de:
    term: "Algorithmus"
    def: >
      Ein Algorithmus beschreibt eine Handlungsvorschrift, ein Verfahren oder einen Regelsatz zum Lösen eines Problems.
      In der Informatik ist ein Algorithmus eine eindeutige, ausführbare Folge von Anweisungen endlicher Länge zur Lösung eines Problems, 
      welche immer das gleiche Ergebnis liefern.
  ar:
    term: "خوارزمية"
    def: >
      الخوارزمية عبارة عن مجموعة من الخطوات والمقدمات أوالقواعد التي يجب اتباعها لتحقيق مهمة معين.
      في علوم الحاسب، الخوارزمية هي مجموعة من التعليمات في برنامج كمبيوتر تحل مشكلة حاسوبية.
  el:
    term: "αλγόριθμος"
    def: >
      Αλγόριθμος είναι ένα σύνολο από βήματα ή κανόνες για τη διεκπεραίωση μιας συγκεκριμένης εργασίας.
      Στην πληροφορική, αλγόριθμος είναι ένα σύνολο από εντολές σε κάποιο πρόγραμμα οι οποίες επιλύουν κάποιο
      υπολογιστικό πρόβλημα.
  it:
    term: "algoritmo"
    def: >
      Un algoritmo è una sequenza finita di operazioni da eseguire al fine di realizzare un certo compito.
      In informatica, un algoritmo è una sequenza finita di istruzioni presenti in un programma che permette di risolvere un problema computazionale.
  pt:
    term: "algoritmo"
    def: >
      Um algoritmo é um conjunto de etapas, instruções ou regras a serem seguidas para realizar uma tarefa específica.
      Na ciência da computação, um algoritmo é um conjunto de instruções em um programa de computador que resolve um problema computacional.
            
- slug: algorithmic_bias
  ref:
    - algorithm
  en:
    term: "algorithmic bias"
    def: >
      Repeatable results that show bias, or skewed treatment, found in an [algorithm](#algorithm).
      For example, social media algorithms may prioritize or stigmatize content from certain groups of users.    
  am:
    term: ስልተ ቀመር
    def: "አንድ ስልተ-ቀመር አንድን የተወሰነን ነገር ለማከናወን ሊከተሏቸው የሚገቡ እርምጃዎች ፣ ጥሰቶች ወይም ህጎች ስብስብነው
      \ አልጎሪዝም  በኮምፒተር ሳይንስ ውስጥ  የሂሳብ ችግሮችን ለመፍታት የተቀመጡ የኮምፒተር ፕሮግራም መመሪያዎች ስብስብ ነው
      \n"
  ar:
    term: "الخوارزمية المتحيزة"
    def: >
      النتائج المتكررة التي تظهر التحيز أو المعالجة المنحرفة الموجودة في
      .[الخوارزمية](#algorithm)
      .على سبيل المثال، قد تعطي خوارزميات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي الأولوية أو الوسم للمحتوى الخاص بمجموعات معينة من المستخدمين
  es:
    term: "sesgo algorítmico"
    def: >
      Resultados repetibles que muestran un sesgo, o un tratamiento sesgado, encontrado en un [algoritmo](#algorithm).
      Por ejemplo, algoritmos de redes sociales pueden priorizar o estigmatizar contenido de ciertos grupos de usuarios.


- slug: aliasing
  en:
    term: "aliasing"
    def: >
      To have two or more references to the same thing, such as a data structure in
      memory or a file on disk.
  af:
    term: "aliasering"
    def: >
      Om twee of meer verwysing na dieselfde ding te hê, soos byvoorbeeld meer as een
      verwysing na 'n datastruktuur in geheue of na 'n lêer op 'n skyf.
  de:
    term: "Aliasing"
    def: >
      Aliasing bezeichnet die Überlappung mehrerer Deskriptoren, also z.B.
      Speicheradressen (Zeiger) oder Referenzen, die den selben Ort für ein
      Objekt, beispielsweise eine Datenstruktur, beschreiben.
  tn:
    term: "Melawana_tiriso"
    def: >
      Melawana e e salwang morago ke khompiutara/sebalamakgolo go rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di amang tiriso ya tse di mo boranyaneng.

  fr:
    term: "aliasing"
    def: >
      Le fait d'avoir deux ou plusieurs références au même objet, comme par exemple une structure de données en mémoire ou un fichier sur disque.


  sw:
    term: "Kutambulisha"
    def: >
      Kuwa na marejeleo mawili au zaidi ya kitu kimoja, kama vile muundo wa data kwenye kumbukumbu au faili kwenye diski.
  es:
    term: "aliasing"
    def: >
      Solapamiento. Tener dos o más referencias al mismo objeto, por ejemplo como estructura de datos 
      en memoria o como archivo guardado en disco.

- slug: anaconda
  ref:
    - pip
    - conda
  en:
    term: "Anaconda"
    def: >
      Anaconda is a [software distribution] (#software_distribution) of R and Python. It is also a [repository] (#repository) of open-source Python and R programs for data science, packaged using the [conda](#conda) [package manager] (#package_manager). Anaconda also creates Anaconda Navigator, a suite of desktop tools including an [IDE] (#ide) and the [Jupyter Notebook](#jupyter_notebook) application.  
     
- slug: anchor
  en:
    term: "anchor"
    def: >
      In a [regular expression](#regular_expression), a symbol that fixes a position
      without matching characters. `^` matches the start of the line, while `$`
      matches the end of the line and `\b` matches a break between word and non-word characters.
  af:
    term: "anker"
    def: >
      In 'n [gewone (reguliere) uitdrukking](#regular_expression), is 'n anker 'n
      simbool wat 'n posisie aandui, bv. `^` dui die begin van 'n lyn aan en `$` dui
      die einde van 'n lyn aan. 'n Uidrukking soos bv. `^Die` anker die soektog na die
      woord `Die` aan die begin van die lyn.
  fr:
    term: "ancre"
    def: >
      C'est un symbole utilisé dans les expressions régulières (#regular_expression)
      afin de déterminer une position sans pour autant identifier des charactères. `^`
      détermine le début d'une ligne, tandis que `$` détermine sa fin. `\b` identifie
      un espace entre un mot et un non-mot.
  pt:
    term: "âncora"
    def: >
      Em uma [expressão regular](#regular_expression), é um símbolo que fixa uma posição sem caracteres
      correspondentes. `^` identifica o começo de uma linha, enquanto `$` indica o fim de uma linha e
      `\b` identifica uma quebra entre caracteres que formam e que não formam uma palavra.
  es:
    term: "ancla"
    def: >
      En una [expresión regular](#regular_expression), el símbolo que fija una posición
      sin coincidir con caracteres. `^` coincide con un inicio de línea, `$`
      con el final y `\b` con un límite de palabra.


- slug: anonymous_function
  en:
    term: "anonymous function"
    def: >
      A function that has not been assigned a name. Anonymous functions are usually
      quite short, and are usually defined where they are used, e.g., as callbacks.
      In [Python](#python), these are called lambda functions and are created through use of the
      lambda reserved word.
  af:
    term: "anonieme funksie"
    def: >
      'n Funksie waaraan daar nie 'n naam toegeken is nie. Anonieme funksies is
      gewoonlik baie kort en word gewoonlik gedefinieer waar hulle gebruik word bv. in
      die geval van 'n [terugskakelfunksie](#callback).
  fr:
    term: "fonction anonyme"
    def: >
      Une fonction qui ne s'est pas vue assignée de nom. Les fonctions anonymes sont
      en général courtes et définies là où elles sont utilisées, exemple: callbacks.
      En [Python](#python), elles sont appelées fonctions lambda et sont créées en
      utilisant le mot-clé `lambda`.
  ar:
    term: "دالة مجهولة"
    def: >
       هي دالة  لم يتم تعيين اسم لها، عادةً ما تكون الدوال المجهولة قصيرة جدًا
       وعادة ما يتم تحديدها في الموضع الذي يتم استخدامها ،مثل عمليات رد الإتصال
       (callback).
       لكن
       في
       لغة
       [Python](#python)
        تسمى هذه وظائف lambda ويتم إنشاؤها من خلال استخدام كلمة lambda المتداوله.
  es:
    term: "función anónima"
    def: >
      Es una función que no tiene asignado un nombre. Las funciones anónimas son usualmente cortas,
      y se definen en el mismo lugar donde son utilizadas, por ejemplo: en callbacks.
      En [Python](#python), estas funciones se conocen como funciones lambda
      y son creadas con el uso de la palabra reservada lambda.
  de:
    term: "Anonyme Funktion"
    def: >
      Eine Funktion ohne Namen. In der Regel sind anonyme Funktionen sehr kurz
      und werden nur dort definiert wo sie verwendet werden, z.B. als
      [Rückruffunktion](#callback). In [Python](#python) wird diese Art der Funktionen
      als Lambda-Funktionen bezeichnet und mit dem reservierten Ausdruck
      `lambda` definiert.

  am:
    term: ስም-አልባ ተግባር
    def: "ስም ያልተመደበ ተግባር። ስም-አልባ ተግባራት ብዙውን ጊዜ  በጣም አጭር  እና አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ በሚውሉበትን
      ቦታ የሚገልፁ ናቸዉ  ፣ ለምሳሌ ፣ እንደ የመልሶ መደወያዎች። በ [Python](#python) ውስጥ እነዚህ ላምበዳ ተግባራት
      ተብለው የሚጠሩ  እና በ lambda የተጠበቀ ቃል የተፈጠሩ ናቸው \n"

- slug: anti_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "anti join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that keeps rows from table A whose keys do *not* match keys in
      table B.
  af:
    term: "anti-koppeling"
    def: >
      'n [Koppeling](#join) wat rye in tabel A bevat wie se sleutels *nie* die
      sleutels van tabel B bevat nie.
  es:
    term: "anti join"
    def: >
      Una [unión](#join) que conserva las filas de la tabla A cuyas claves *no*
      coinciden con las de la tabla B.
  am:
    term: ፀረ መቀላቀል
    def: "በረድፎች ሠንጠረዥ ሀን ከሠንጠረዥ ለ እንዳይቀላቀሉ የሚያግዱ (#join) ቁልፎች  *ቁልፎች* \n"
  fr:
    term: "anti join"
    def: >
      Une jointure qui conserve les lignes de la table A dont les clés ne correspondent pas aux clés de la table B.
      
- slug: api
  en:
    term: "Application Programming Interface"
    acronym: "API"
    def: >
      A set of functions and procedures provided by one software library or web
      service through which another application can communicate with it. An API is not
      the code, the database, or the server: it's the access point.
  af:
    term: "Toepassing Programmeerderkoppelvlak"
    def: >
      n Versameling funksies en prosedures wat deur 'n sagtewareprogrammateek of
      webdiens voorsien word vir gebruik deur ander toepassings om met die
      programmateek of webdiens te kommunikeer. Die API is nie die kode, die databasis
      of die bediener nie, dit is die koppelvlak.
  es:
    term: "Interfaz de Programación de Aplicaciones"
    def: >
      Un conjunto de funciones y procedimientos proporcionados por una libreria de software o servicio web
      atraves del cual otra aplicación se puede comunicar. Una API no es el código,
      la base de datos o el servidor; es el punto de acceso.    
  ar:
    term: "واجهة التطبيق البرمجية"
    def: >
      مجموعة من الوظائف والإجراءات التي توفرها مكتبات البرامج أو خدمة الويب والتي يمكن من خلالها  لتطبيق آخر التواصل معها.
      واجهة التطبيق البرمجية ليست الكود أو قاعدة البيانات أو الخادم: إنها نقطة الوصول.
  fr:
    term: "Interface de Programmation d'application"
    def: >
      Un ensemble de fonctions et de procédures fournies par une bibliothèque de logiciels ou un service web
      par lequel une autre application peut communiquer. Une API n'est ni le code, ni la base de données
      ni le serveur, mais le point d'accès.
  de:
    term: "Schnittstelle zur Programmierung von Anwendungen"
    def: >
      Eine Sammlung von Funktionen und Prozeduren die von einer Softwarebibliothek bereitgestellt werden, sodass eine andere Software  damit interagieren kann. Eine API ist nicht der Code, die Datenbasis oder ein Server sie ist lediglich der Anküpfungspunkt.
  am:
    term: የትግበራ ፕሮግራም በይነገጽ
    def: >
      በአንድ የሶፍትዌር ቤተ-መጽሐፍት ወይም ድር የሚሰጡ የተግባሮች እና የአሠራር ሂደቶች ስብስብ ሌላ መተግበሪያ ከእሱ ጋር መገናኘት የሚችልበት አገልግሎት። ኤፒ አይ ኮድ አይደለም  ፣ የመረጃ ቋቱ ወይም አገልጋዩ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ነው ፡፡
  tn:
    term: "Mekgwatiriso ya Segokaganyi (API)"
    def: >
      Setlhotshwana sa ditiriso le ditsamaiso mo motlobong wa serweboleta (software library), kgotsa mo Tirelong ya Webo (web service), 
      se se gokaganyang motlobo kana tirelo ya teng le Tiriso (app) e sele. Ga se khoutu, polokelotshedimosetso kana sefara: ke seletlelelakgolagano.
      
  sw:
    term: "Kiolesura cha Kuandaa Programu [API]"
    def: >
      Seti ya vipengele na taratibu zinazotolewa na maktaba moja ya programu au 
      huduma ya tovuti ambayo programu nyingine inaweza kuwasiliana nayo. 
      API sio msimbo, hifadhidata, au seva: ni mahali pa ufikiaji.
      
- slug: append_mode
  en:
    term: "append mode"
    def: >
      To add data to the end of an existing file instead of overwriting the previous
      contents of that file. Overwriting is the default, so most programming languages
      require programs to be explicit about wanting to append instead.
  af:
    term: "byvoeg modus"
    def: >
      Om data aan die einde van 'n lêer te voeg in plaas daarvan om die inhoud van
      dielêer te oorskryf. Oorskryf is die verstek, wat beteken dat
      meesteprogrammeertale verwag dat programme eksplisiet moet aandui dat daar
      bygevoeg inplaas van oorskryf moet word.
  am:
    term: አባሪ ሁነታ
    def: >
      በቀደመው ፋይል ይዘቶች ላይ ከመፃፍ ይልቅ አሁን ባለው ፋይል መጨረሻ ላይ ውሂብ ለማከል ። እንደገና መፃፍ የነበረዉ ነው ፣ ስለሆነም አብዛኛዎቹ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች በምትኩ ለመተካት ፕሮግራሞች ግልጽ እንዲሆኑ ይጠይቃሉ።

  fr:
    term: "append mode"
    def: >
      Le fait d'ajouter des données à la fin d'un fichier existant au lieu d'écraser le contenu précédent de ce fichier. L'écrasement est la valeur par défaut, donc la plupart des langages de programmation exigent que les programmes soient explicites sur le fait de vouloir ajouter des données à la place.
        
  sw:
    term: "Hali ya Kuambatanisha"
    def: >
      Kuongeza data mwishoni mwa faili iliyopo badala ya kubatilisha yaliyomo awali ya faili hiyo. 
      Kuandika upya ni chaguo-msingi, kwa hivyo lugha nyingi za programu ahitaji programu kuwa wazi kuhusu kutaka kuambatanisha badala yake.

- slug: argument
  en:
    term: "argument"
    def: >
      The term should not be confused with, and is not a synonym for,
      [parameter](#parameter). An argument is one of possibly several expressions
      that are passed to a function. It is the actual value that is passed.
      Parameters and arguments are distinct, but related concepts. Parameters are
      variables and arguments are the values assigned to those variables.
  es:
    term: "argumento"
    def: >
      El término no debe ser confundido con, ni es sinónimo de, [parámetro](#parameter).
      Un argumento es una de posiblemente varias expresiones que son pasadas a una función.
      Es el valor real que se pasa.
      Parámetros y argumentos son conceptos distintos pero relacionados.
      Los parámetros son variables y los argumentos son los valores asignados a esas variables.
  fr:
    term: "argument"
    def: >
      Un argument est une expression donnée passée à une fonction.
      Ce terme ne doit pas être confondu avec [paramètre](#parameter), et n'en est pas un
      synonyme. Alors qu'un paramètre est une variable, un argument est une valeur associée
      à cette variable.
  pt:
    term: "argumento"
    def: >
      O termo não deve ser confundido com, e não é sinônimo de, [parâmetro](#parameter). Um argumento é uma das 
      possíveis expressões que são passadas para uma função. É o valor real que é transmitido. 
      Parâmetros e argumentos são conceitos distintos, mas relacionados. Parâmetros são variáveis e argumentos 
      são os valores atribuídos a essas variáveis.
  ar:
    term: "وسيطة"
    def: >
      قيمة يتم تمريرها إلى دالة أو وسيطة ، البعض يُطلِق عليها مصطلح
      [مُعطى](#parameter)
      والبعض الآخر يُطلِق عليها مصطلح وسيطة.
  af:
    term: "argument"
    def: >
      Die term moet nie verwar word met [parameter](#parameter) nie en is ook nie 'n
      sinoniem daarvoor nie. 'n Argument is die spesifieke waarde wat aan 'n funksie
      verskaf word in 'n lys van waardes wat deur kommas geskei word
      Die term moet nie verwar word met [parameter](#parameter) nie en is ook nie 'n
      sinoniem daarvoor nie. 'n Argument is die spesifieke waarde wat aan 'n funksie
      verskaf word in 'n lys van waardes wat deur kommas geskei word. Parameters is
      die veranderlikes en argumente is die waardes wat aan die veranderlikes toegeken is.
  de:
    term: "Argument"
    def: >
      Nicht zu verwechseln mit dem [Parameter](#parameter).  Parameter und Argumente sind
      verwandt aber nicht identisch. Ein Argument ist der tatsächliche Wert eines Parameters
      der beim Funktionsaufruf übergeben wird.

  am:
    term: ክርክር
    def: >
      ቃሉ ግራ መጋባት የለበትም ፣ ተመሳሳይ ቃልም  አይደለም ፣ [ግቤት](#parameter)። ክርክር ምናልባት ከበርካታ አገላለጾች አንዱ እና ወደ ተግባር የሚተላለፉ ነው ፡፡ እሱም  የተላለፈው ትክክለኛ እሴት ነው። መለኪያዎች እና ክርክሮች የተለዩ ናቸው ፣ ግን ተዛማጅ ፅንሰ ሀሳቦች ናቸው። መለኪያዎች ተለዋዋጮች ናቸው  ክርክሮች ደግሞ ለእነዚያ ተለዋዋጮች የተሰጡ እሴቶች ናቸው።
      
  sw:
    term: "Hoja"
    def: >
      Neno hilo halipaswi kuchanganywa na, na si kisawe cha,[parameter](#parameter). 
      Hoja ni mojawapo ya misemo kadhaa ambayo hupitishwa kwa chaguo la kukokotoa. 
      Ni thamani halisi inayopitishwa. Vigezo na hoja ni tofauti, lakini dhana zinazohusiana. 
      Vigezo ni vigeuzo na hoja ni thamani zilizopewa vigeu hivyo.

- slug: arithmetic_mean
  en:
    term: "arithmetic mean"
    def: >
      See [mean](#mean). Calculated from a set of n numbers by summing those 
      numbers, and dividing the result by n.
      See [mean](#mean).
  it:
    term: "media aritmetica"
    def: >
      Vedi [media](#mean).
  pt:
    term: "média aritmética"
    def: >
      Veja [média](#mean).
  es:
    term: "media aritmética"
    def: >
      Ver [media](#mean). Calculado por un grupo de n números realizando la suma
      de esos números y dividiendo el resultado entre n.
  af:
    term: "rekenkundige gemiddelde"
    def: >
      Sien [gemiddelde](#mean).
  am:
    term: የሂሳብ ሚዛን
    def: >
      ይመልከቱ [ማለት](#mean)

  fr:
    term: "moyenne arithmétique"
    def: >
      Calculé à partir d'un ensemble de n nombres en additionnant ces nombres et en divisant le résultat par n.
           
  sw:
    term: "wastani wa hesabu"
    def: >
      Rejelea [mean](#mean). 
      Imehesabiwa kutoka kwa seti ya nambari za n kwa kujumlisha nambari hizo, 
      na kugawanya matokeo na 

- slug: ascii
  en:
    term: "ASCII"
    def: >
      A standard way to represent the characters commonly used in the Western European
      languages as 7- or 8-[bit](#bit) integers, now superseded by [Unicode](#unicode).
  af:
    term: "ASCII"
    def: >
      'n Standaard manier om karakters wat algemeen in Wes-Europese tale gebruik word,
      voor te stel as 7- of 8-bis heelgetalle. ASCII word vervang deur [Unicode](#unicode).
  ar:
    term: "آسكي"
    def: >
       طريقة قياسية لتمثيل الأحرف المستخدمة بشكل شائع في لغات أوروبا الغربية كأعداد صحيحة من ٧ أو ٨ بت،
       يحل محلها الآن   [الترميز الموحد] (#unicode).
  es:
    term: "ASCII"
    def: >
      Manera estándar de representar los caracteres comúnmente usados en lenguajes de Europa Occidental
      como enteros de 7- u 8-[bits](#bit), ahora reemplazado por [Unicode](#unicode).
  de:
    term: "ASCII"
    def: >
      Eine standardisierte Methode um Zeichen und Ziffern, vornehmlich der Westeuropäischen
      Sprachen, in 7 oder 8 [Bits](#bit) darzustellen. Heute weitgehend durch [Unicode](#unicode)
      abgelöst.
  am:
    term: አስኪ
    def: >
      በምዕራብ አውሮፓ ቋንቋዎች ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ የዋሉ ገጸ-ባህሪያትን ለመወከል የሚጠቅም መደበኛ መንገድ እንደ 7 ወይም 8 ቢት ቁጥሮች ፣ አሁን በ [ዩኒኮድ](#unicode) የሚተዳደሩ
  fr:
    term: "ASCII"
    def: >
      Une norme informatique de codage qui représente les caractères couramment utilisés dans les langues d'Europe occidentale à 7 ou 8 
      [bits](#bit), aujourd'hui largement remplacé par [Unicode](#unicode).
      
  sw:
    term: "ASCII"
    def: >
      Njia ya kawaida ya kuwakilisha herufi zinazotumiwa sana katika lugha za Ulaya Magharibi kama nambari kamili 7- au 8-[bit](#bit), 
      ambayo sasa imechukuliwa na [Unicode](#unicode).

- slug: assertion
  en:
    term: "assertion"
    def: >
      A [Boolean](#boolean) expression that must be [true](#true) at a certain point in a
      program. Assertions may be built into the language (e.g., [Python](#python)'s
      `assert` statement) or provided as functions (e.g., [R](#r_language)'s `stopifnot`). They are
      often used in testing, but are also put in [production code](#production_code)
      to check that it is behaving correctly. In many languages, assertions should not be
      used to perform data validation as they may be silently dropped by compilers and interpreters
      under optimization conditions. Using assertions for data validation can therefore
      introduce security risks. Unlike many languages, R does not have an `assert` statement
      which can be disabled, and so use of a [package](#package) such as `assertr` for data
      validation does not create security holes.
  af:
    term: "bewering"
    def: >
      'n [Boole](#boolean)-uitdrukking wat waar moet wees op 'n spesifiek plek
      in 'n program. 'n Bewering kan ingebou wees in 'n programmeertaal (bv.
      [Python](#python) het 'n ingeboude beweerstelling - assert) of dit kan
      voorsien word as 'n funksie (bv. [R](#r_language) gebruik `stopifnot`).
      Bewerings word dikwels gebruik gedurende die toetsfase van sagtewareontwikkeling
      maar dit word ook gebruk in [produksieskode](#production_code) om te
      bevestig dat die kode reg werk. In sommige tale moet die gebruik van
      bewerings as 'n datageldigheidstoets vermy word aangesien sommige
      kompileerders en interpreteerders die bewering stilweg weggooi onder
      optimeringsvoorwaardes. Die gebruik van bewerings vir bevestiging van
      datageldigheid kan dus sekuriteitsrisikos veroorsaak. R het nie 'n
      beweringstelling wat gedeaktiveer kan word nie en dus sal die gebruik
      van 'n [pakket](#package) soos 'assertr' vir datageldigheid nie
      sekuriteitsgapings skep nie.
  de:
    term: "Assertion"
    def: >
      Eine [Boolscher Ausdruck](#boolean) welcher zu einem bestimmten Punkt während
      der Programlaufzeit [wahr](#true) sein muss um fortzuschreiten. In verschiedenen
      Sprachen (z.B. `assert` in [Python](#python)) sind diese Sicherstellungen fest integriert,
      oder werden als Funktionen bereitgestellt (z.B. `stopifnot` in [R](#r_language)).
      Sie werden häufig zum testen von code verwendet, können aber auch in [fertigen Quellcode](#production_code)
      einfließen um eine korrekte Ausführung zu gewährleisten. In vielen Sprachen sollten
      Assertionen jedoch nicht zur Datenvalidierung verwendet werden, da der Compiler je
      nach Optimierungsgrad diese entfernen kann. Assertionen können ein Sicherheitsrisiko
      darstellen. In R können Assertionen nicht deaktiviert werden, daher werden
      externe [Pakete](#package) wie beispielsweise `assertr` zur Datenvalidierung verwendet
      ohne ein Sicherheitsrisiko darzustellen.
  am:
    term: ማረጋገጫ
    def: >
      በአንድ [የተወሰነ] ቦታ ፕሮግራም ዉስጥ  ግዴታ  [እውነተኛ](#boolean) መሆን ያለበት የ [ቦሊያን](#true) አገላለጽ ነዉ.  ምልከታዎች በቋንቋው ውስጥ ሊገነቡ ይችላሉ (ለምሳሌ ፣ [ፓይቶን](#python) ዎቹ እንደ "ማረጋገጫ" መግለጫ ወይም እንደ ተግባራት ይቀርባሉ ል (ለምሳሌ ፣ [R](#r_language) 'stopifnot')።  ብዙውን ጊዜ ለሙከራ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ ፣ ግን ደግሞ በትክክል እየሰራ መሆኑን ለማጣራት   [በምርት ኮድ](#production_code) ውስጥ ይቀመጣሉ፡፡  በብዙ ቋንቋዎች ማረጋገጫዎች መሆን የለባቸውም በአቀነባባሪዎች እና በአስተርጓሚዎች በዝምታ ሊጣሉ ስለሚችሉ የውሂብ ማረጋገጫ ለማከናወን ያገለግል ነበር በማመቻቸት ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ. ለመረጃ ማረጋገጫ ማረጋገጫዎችን መጠቀም ይችላል የደህንነት አደጋዎችን ያስተዋውቁ ፡፡ ከብዙ ቋንቋዎች በተለየ መልኩ አር "ማረጋገጫ" መግለጫ የለውም ሊቦዝን ይችላል ፣ እና ስለዚህ እንደ "assertr`" የመሰለ [ጥቅል](#package) መጠቀም ማረጋገጫ የደህንነት ቀዳዳዎችን አይፈጥርም ፡፡
      
  sw:
    term: "Madai"
    def: >
      Semi ya [Boolean](#boolean) ambayo lazima iwe [true](#true) katika hatua fulani katika programu. 
      Madai yanaweza kujengwa katika lugha (k.m., kauli ya `assert` ya [Python](#python)) au 
      kutolewa kama vitendakazi (k.m., `stopifnot` ya [R](#r_language)). 
      Mara nyingi hutumiwa katika majaribio, lakini pia huwekwa katika [production code](#production_code) ili kuangalia ikiwa inatenda ipasavyo. 
      Katika lugha nyingi, madai hayafai kutumiwa kutekeleza uthibitishaji wa data kwa vile yanaweza kuondolewa kimyakimya na wakusanyaji na 
      wakalimani chini ya hali ya uboreshaji. Kutumia madai kwa uthibitishaji wa data kwa hivyo kunaweza kuanzisha hatari za usalama. 
      Tofauti na lugha nyingi, R haina taarifa ya `assert` ambayo inaweza kuzimwa, 
      na kwa hivyo matumizi ya [package](#package) kama vile `assertr` kwa uthibitishaji wa data haileti mashimo ya usalama.

- slug: associative_array
  en:
    term: "associative array"
    def: >
      See [dictionary](#dictionary).
  af:
    term: "assosiatiewe skikking"
    def: >
      Sien [woordeboek](#dictionary).
  de:
    term: "Assoziatives Array"
    def: >
      Siehe [Wörterbuch](#dictionary).

  am:
    term: ተጓዳኝ ድርድር
    def: >
      [መዝገበ-ቃላትን](#dictionary) ይመልከቱ (#dictionary)።
      
  sw:
    term: "safu ya ushirika"
    def: >
      Rejelea [dictionary](#dictionary).

- slug: asynchronous
  ref:
    - synchronous
  en:
    term: "asynchronous"
    def: >
      Not happening at the same time. In programming, an asynchronous operation is one
      that runs independently of another, or that starts at one time and ends at another.
  af:
    term: "asinchronies"
    def: >
      Asinchronies is die teenoorgestelde van sinchronies wat beteken dat twee of meer 
      aktiwiteite tergelykertyd plaasvind. In programering is 'n asinchorniese bewerking 'n 
      bewerking wat onafhanklik van 'n ander een plaasvind.
  ar:
    term: "غير متزامن"
    def: >
       لا يحدث في نفس الوقت.
       في البرمجة، العملية غير المتزامنة هي العملية التي يتم تنفيذها بشكل مستقل عن الأخرى
       أو تلك التي تبدأ في وقت معين وتنتهي في وقت آخر.
  el:
    term: "ασύγχρονος"
    def: >
      Δεν συμβαίνει ταυτόχρονα με κάτι άλλο. Στον προγραμματισμό, μια ασύγχρονη διεργασία
      είναι αυτή που εκτελείται ανεξάρτητα από άλλες διεργασίες.
  es:
    term: "asincrónico"
    def: >
      No sucediendo al mismo tiempo. En programación, una operación asincrónica es una que corre
      independientemente de otra, o que comienza en un tiempo y termina en otro.
  de:
    term: "asynchron"
    def: >
      Nicht gleichzeitige Ausführung. In der Programmierung ist eine asynchrone Operation
      unabhängig von anderen Operationen, oder wird zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt gestartet
      oder beendet.
  am:
    term: ያልተመሳሰለ
    def: >
      በተመሳሳይ ጊዜ አለመከሰት ፡፡ በፕሮግራም ውስጥ ያልተመሳሰለ አሠራር አንዱ  ከሌላው በተናጠል የሚሮጥ ፣ ወይም በተመሳሳይ  ጊዜ ተጀምሮ በሌላ ጊዜ ያበቃል ፡፡
  fr:
    term: asynchrone
    def: >
      Qui ne se produit pas en même temps. En programmation, une opération asynchrone
      est une opération qui s'exécute indépendamment d'une autre, ou qui commence
      à un moment et se termine à un autre.
      
  sw:
    term: "isiyolingana"
    def: >
      Haifanyiki kwa wakati mmoja. Katika programu, operesheni ya asynchronous ni ile inayoendesha kwa kujitegemea ya nyingine, 
      au ambayo huanza wakati mmoja na kuishia kwa mwingine.
      
- slug: attribute
  en:
    term: "attribute"
    def: >
      A name-value pair associated with an object, used to store metadata about the
      object such as an array's dimensions.
  fr:
    term: "attribut"
    def: >
      Un couple nom-valeur associé à un objet et utilisé pour stocker des métadonnées
      concernant ce dernier, par exemple les dimensions d'un tableau.
  af:
    term: "eienskap"
    def: >
      'n Naam-waarde paar wat verband hou met 'n voorwerp en gebruik word om
      metadata omtrent die voorwerp te stoor, bv. die afmetings van 'n skikking.
  de:
    term: "Attribut"
    def: >
      Ein Name-Wert Paar welches einem Objekt zugewiesen ist und in der Regel Metadaten
      über das Objekt, wie beispielsweise seine Größe, speichert.
  id:
    term: "atribut"
    def: >
      Pasangan nama-nilai yang merujuk kepada suatu objek, yang digunakan untuk menyimpan metadata tentang
      suatu objek seperti dimensi dari array.
  tn:
    term: "Tlhaloso_boleng jwa dilo/diteng"
    def: >
      Tlhaloso ya mokgwa kana tsela ya mabeelo a kitso ka e nngwe,go lebeletswe   popego ya kitso eo.
  am:
    term: አይነታ
    def: >-
      የስም እሴት ጥንድ  ከእቃ ጋር የተዛመደ  እንደ ድርድር ልኬቶች ያሉ ነገሮች ለማከማቸት የሚጠቅም
  es:
    term: "atributo"
    def: >
      Una pareja nombre-valor asociada a un objeto, usada para almacenar metadatos sobre
      el objeto como, por ejemplo, las dimensiones de un arreglo.
      
  sw:
    term: "sifa"
    def: >
      Jozi ya thamani ya jina inayohusishwa na kitu, 
      inayotumiwa kuhifadhi metadata kuhusu kitu kama vile vipimo vya mkusanyiko.
      

- slug: auto_completion
  en:
    term: "auto-completion"
    def: >
      A feature that allows the user to finish a word or code quickly
      by pressing the TAB key to list possible words or code from which the user can select.
  fr:
    term: "auto-complétion"
    def: >
      Une fonctionnalité permettant à l'utilisateur de finir rapidement un mot ou du
      code à travers l'utilisation de la touche TAB qui affiche le mot ou le code
      susceptible d'être choisi par l'utilisateur.
  pt:
    term: "auto-completar"
    def: >
      Uma funcionalidade que permite a pessoa usuária terminar uma palavra ou código rapidamente
      ao pressinar a tecla TAB para listar possíveis palavras ou códigos que podem ser escolhidos.
  af:
    term: "outomatiese voltooing"
    def: >
      'n Funksie wat 'n gebruiker toelaat om 'n woord of 'n kode vinnig te voltooi deur die
      TAB sleutel te druk om 'n lys van moontlike woorde of kodes te vertoon waaruit die gebruiker
      kan kies.
  de:
    term: "Autovervollständigung"
    def: >
      Eine Funktionalität welche es dem Nutzer erlaubt in einer Eingabemaske, z.B. in einer
      Konsole oder Text-Editor, schnell Wörter oder Ausdrücke zu vervollständigen. Normalweise
      ist diese Funktion der Tabulatortaste (TAB) zugewiesen.

  am:
    term: ራስ-ማጠናቀቅ
    def: >
      ተጠቃሚው የ TAB ቁልፍን በመጫን በፍጥነት በአጠቃቀሙ አንድ ቃል ወይም ኮድ  እንዲጨርስ ተጠቃሚው ሊመርጥበት የሚያስችል ባህሪ ነዉ;;
  
  es:
    term: "auto-completar"
    def: >
     Funcionalidad que le permite a una persona usuaria terminar una palabra o código rapidamente 
     pulsando la tecla TAB para que aparezca una lista de posibles palabras o códigos entre los que 
     el usuario puede seleccionar la función que necesite.  
     
  sw:
    term: "kukamilika kiotomatiki"
    def: >
      Kipengele kinachomruhusu mtumiaji kumaliza neno au msimbo haraka kwa 
      kubofya kitufe cha TAB ili kuorodhesha maneno au 
      msimbo unaowezekana ambao mtumiaji anaweza kuchagua.

- slug: autocorrelation
  en:
    term: "autocorrelation"
    def: >
      The degree of similarity between observations in the same series but separated by a time interval 
      (known as the "lag"). Autocorrelation analysis can be used to gain insight into time series 
      datasets by detecting repeating patterns that may be partially concealed by random noise, among 
      other uses.

  fr:
    term: "autocorrélation"
    def: >
      Le degré de similarité entre les observations d'une même série mais séparées par un intervalle de temps (appelé « décalage »). L'analyse d'autocorrélation peut être utilisée pour mieux comprendre les ensembles de données de séries chronologiques en détectant des modèles répétitifs qui peuvent être partiellement masqués par un bruit aléatoire.
      


  sw:
    term: "uhusiano wa kiotomatiki"
    def: >
      Kiwango cha ufanano kati ya uchunguzi katika mfululizo sawa lakini ukitenganishwa na muda (unaojulikana kama lag). 
      Uchanganuzi wa uunganisho otomatiki unaweza kutumika kupata maarifa kuhusu mkusanyiko wa data wa mfululizo wa saa kwa
      kugundua ruwaza zinazorudiwa ambazo zinaweza kufichwa kwa kiasi na kelele nasibu, 
      miongoni mwa matumizi mengine.
    

- slug: automatic_variable
  ref:
    - makefile
  en:
    term: "automatic variable"
    def: >
      A variable that is automatically given a value in a [build rule](#build_rule).
      For example, Make automatically assigns the name of a rule's
      [target](#build_target) to the automatic variable `$@`. Automatic variables are
      frequently used when writing [pattern rules](#pattern_rule).
  af:
    term: "outomatiese veranderlike"
    def: >
      'n Veranderlike waaraan daar outomaties 'n waarde toegeken word in [boureël](#build_rule). Byvoorbeeld, "Make" ken outomaties die naam van 'n reël se teiken aan die outomatiese veranderlike, '$@' toe. Outomatiese veranderlikes word dikwels gebruik tydens die skryf van [patroonreëls](#pattern_rule).
  am:
    term: ራስ-ሰር ተለዋዋጭ
    def: >
      በ [የግንባታ ደንብ](#build_rule) ውስጥ በራስ-ሰር ዋጋ የሚሰጠው ተለዋዋጭ። ለምሳሌ ፣ የደንቡን ስም በራስ-ሰር ይመድቡ [ዒላማ](#build_target) ወደ ራስ-ሰር ተለዋዋጭ "$ @"። ራስ-ሰር ተለዋዋጮች ናቸው በሚጽፉበት ጊዜ ብዙ ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ [የንድፍ ህጎች](#pattern_rule)።

- slug: backpropagation
  en:
    term: "backpropagation"
    def: >
      An algorithm that iteratively adjusts the weights used in a [neural
      network](#neural_network). Backpropagation is often used to implement
      [gradient descent](#gradient_descent).
  af:
    term: "terugwaartse voortplanting"
    def: >
      'n Algoritme wat die gewigte wat in 'n [neurale netwerk](#neural_network) gebruik word iteratief aanpas. Terugwaartse
      voortplanting word dikwels gebruik om [gradiënte afdaling](#gradient_descent) te implementeer.
  de:
    term: "Fehlerrückführung"
    def: >
      Ein Algoritmus der die Gewichtung in einem [neuralen Netzwerk](#neural_network) iterativ anpasst.
      Die Rückwärtspropagierung ist ein Spezialfall eines [allgemeinen Gradientenverfahrens](#gradient_descent)
      in der Optimierung, basierend auf dem mittleren quadratischen Fehler.
  am:
    term: የጀርባ ማሰራጨት
    def: > 
      በ [ነርቭ) ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ የዋሉ ክብደቶችን ያለማቋረጥ የሚያስተካክለው ስልተ ቀመር አውታረ መረብ](#neural_network)።
      የጀርባ ማሰራጨት ለመተግበር ብዙውን ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል [የግራዲያንት ዝርያ](#gradient_descent) ስልተ ቀመር
      አውታረ መረብ](#ነርቭ_አውታረ መረብ) በ [ነርቭ) ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ የዋሉ ክብደቶችን ያለማቋረጥ የሚያስተካክለው  የጀርባ
      ማሰራጨት ብዙውን ጊዜ  [የግራዲያንት ዝርያ](#gradient_descent) ለመተግበር ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል 
  fr:
    term: "backpropagation"
    def: >
     C'est un algorithme qui ajuste de manière itérative les pondérations utilisées dans un réseau de neurones. La rétropropagation est souvent utilisée pour implémenter la descente de gradient.
      
- slug: backward_compatible
  en:
    term: "backward-compatible"
    def: >
      A property of a system, hardware or software, that allows for interoperability
      with an older legacy system, or with input designed for such a system.
      For example a [function](#function) written in [Python](#python) 3 that can be
      run successfully with Python version 2 is backward-compatible.
  af:
    term: "terugwaarts versoenbaar"
    def: >
      'n Eienskap van 'n stelsel, hardeware of sagteware wat dit moontlik maak om
      met 'n ouer weergawe van die stelsel, of met die toevoer ontwerp vir 'n ouer stelsel
      te werk. Byvoorbeeld, 'n [funksie](#function) wat in [Python](#python) 3 geskryf is maar
      sal werk in Python weergawe 2 is terugwaarts versoenbaar."
  fr:
    term: "rétrocompatible"
    def: >
      Se dit d'un système, matériel ou logiciel, qui est capable d'être utilisé de la
      même manière que ses versions précédentes sans difficulté.
      Par exemple, une [fonction](#function) écrite en [Python](#python) 3 qui peut
      être utilisée avec [Python](#python) 2 est rétrocompatible.
  pt:
    term: "compatibilidade reversa"
    def: >
      Software que pode ser usado da mesma maneira que versão anteriores de si mesmo
      sem problemas. Também é chamado de retrocompatibilidade.
  de:
    term: "abwärtskompatibel"
    def: >
      Bezeichnet die Eigenschaft eines Systems (z.B. Hardware oder Software), das dessen Funktionsfähigkeit
      auch in Zusammenarbeit mit älteren oder obsoleten Versionen eines Systems garantiert. Beispielsweise
      ist eine [Funktion](#function) in [Python](#python) 3 abwärtskompatibel, wenn diese auch in Python 2
      ausgeführt werden kann.
  es:
    term: "retrocompatible"
    def: >
      Una propiedad de un sistema, hardware o software, que permite la interoperabilidad
      con un sistema heredado más antiguo, o con la entrada diseñada para un sistema así.
      Por ejemplo, una [función](#function) escrita en [Python](#python) 3 que puede ser ejecutada exitosamente en
      Python versión 2 es retrocompatible.
  am:
    term: ወደኋላ-ተኳሃኝ
    def: >
      እርስ በእርስ ለመተባበር የሚያስችል የአንድ ስርዓት ፣ ሃርድዌር ወይም ሶፍትዌር ንብረት በድሮው የቅርስ ስርዓት ወይም ለእንዲህ ዓይነቱ ስርዓት በተዘጋጀ ግብዓት። ለምሳሌ በ [ፓይዘን](#function) 3 ውስጥ የተፃፈ [ተግባር](#python) 3 ሊሆን ይችላል ከፓይዘን ስሪት 2 ጋር በተሳካ ሁኔታ ያሂዱ ከኋላ-ተኳሃኝ ነው። የአንድ ስርዓት ፣ ሃርድዌር ወይም ሶፍትዌር ንብረት በድሮው የቅርስ ስርዓት ወይም ለእንዲህ ዓይነቱ ስርዓት  እርስ በእርስ ለመተባበር እንዲያስችል የተዘጋጀ ግብዓት። ለምሳሌ [ተግባር](#python)  በ [ፓይዘን](#function) 3 ውስጥ የተፃፈ ከፓይዘን ስሪት 2 ጋር በተሳካ ሁኔታ የሚሄዱ ከኋላ-ተስማሚ ነው።

- slug: base_r
  ref:
    - tidyverse
  en:
    term: "base R"
    def: >
      The basic functions making up the [R](#r_language) language. The base packages can be found in
      `src/library` and are not updated outside of R; their version numbers follow R
      version numbering. Base packages are installed and loaded with R, while priority
      packages are installed with base R but must be loaded prior to use.
  af:
    term: "R basis"
    def: >
      Die basiese funksies van die [R](#r_language) programmeertaal. Die basispakette kan in 
      `src/library`gevind word en kan nie onafhanklik van R opgedateer word nie. Die weergawenommers 
      van die pakette volg die R weergawenummering. Basispakette word geinstalleer en gelaai as 
      deel van R terwyl prioriteitpakette saam met R geinstalleer word maar moet gelaai word voor 
      hulle gebruik kan word.
  pt:
    term: "R base"
    def: >
      As funções básicas que compõe a linguagem [R](#r_language). Os pacotes de base podem ser encontrados
      em `src/library` e não são atualizados fora do R; eles seguem a numeração de versão do
      próprio R. Pacotes de base são instalados e carregados junto do R, enquanto pacotes
      prioritários são instalados com o R base mas precisam ser carregados antes do uso.
  es:
    term: "R base"
    def: >
      Funciones básicas que conforman el lenguaje de programación [R](#r_language). Los paquetes base
      pueden encontrarse en `src/library` y no son actualizados fuera de R; su número de versión
      coincide con el de R. Los paquetes de R base se instalan y cargan junto con R, mientras que los
      paquetes prioritarios se instalan con R, pero deben ser cargados antes de utilizarse.
  am:
    term: ቤዝ አር
    def: >
      የ [R](#r_language) ቋንቋን የመሠረቱ መሠረታዊ ተግባራት። የመሠረት እሽጎች በ ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ "src / library" እና ከ R ውጭ አይዘመኑም; የእነሱ ስሪት ቁጥሮች አር የስሪት ቁጥር። የመሠረት ፓኬጆች ተጭነው በ R ተጭነዋል ፣ ቅድሚያ የሚሰጠው ግን ፓኬጆች ከመሠረታዊ አር ጋር ተጭነዋል ነገር ግን ከመጠቀምዎ በፊት መጫን አለባቸው ፡፡ የ [R](#r_language) ቋንቋን የመሠረቱ መሠረታዊ ተግባራት። የመሠረት እሽጎች በ "src/library" ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ እና ከ R ውጭ አይሻሻሉም; የእነሱ ስሪት ቁጥሮች የአር  ስሪት ቁጥርን ይከተላሉ።  መሠረት ፓኬጆች ጋር ከR ተጭነዉ ይዘረጋሉ፣ ቅድሚያ የሚሰጠው ግን ፓኬጆች ከመሠረታዊ አር ጋር ተጭነዋል ነገር ግን ከመጠቀም በፊት መጫን አለባቸው ፡፡

  fr:
    term: "base R"
    def: >
      Les fonctions de base composant le langage R. Les packages de base peuvent être trouvés dans src/library et ne sont pas mis à jour en dehors de R; leurs numéros de version suivent la numérotation des versions R. Les packages de base sont installés et chargés avec R, tandis que les packages prioritaires sont installés avec base R mais doivent être chargés avant utilisation.
  ar:
    term: "آر الأساس"
    def: >
      `src/library` يمكن الحصول علي الحزم الأساسية في .[R](#r_language) الوظائف الأساسية التي تتكون منها لغة آر
      R الحزم الأساسية مثبتة ويتم تحميلها مع R أرقام نسختها تتبع ترقيم نسخة R لايمكن تحديث الحزم الأساسية خارج
      ولكن يجب أن يتم تحميل قبل استخدامها .  R بينما الحزم ذات الألوية يتم تثبيتها مع 


- slug: bayes_rule
  en:
    term: "Bayes' Rule"
    def: >
      See [Bayes' Theorem](#bayes_theorem).
  af:
    term: "Bayes se rëel"
    def: >
      Sien [Bayes se stelling](#bayes_theorem).
  am:
    term: የባየስ ደንብ
    def: >
      [የባየስ ቲዎረም](#bayes_theorem) ይመልከቱ።

- slug: bayes_theorem
  ref:
    - bayesian_network
    - naive_bayes_classifier
    - prior_distribution
  en:
    term: "Bayes' Theorem"
    def: >
      An equation for calculating the probability that something is [true](#true) if something
      related to it is true. If P(X) is the probability that X is true and P(X`|`Y) is
      the probability that X is true given Y is true, then P(X`|`Y) = P(Y`|`X) * P(X) / P(Y).
  af:
    term: "Bayes se stelling"
    def: >
      'n Vergelyking om die waarskynlikheid te bepaal dat iets [waar](#true) is indien iets
      verwant ook waar is. As P(X) die waarskynlikheid is dat X waar is en P(X`|`Y) is die 
      waarskynlikheid dat X waar is indien die gegewe Y waar is, dan is P(X`|`Y) = P(Y`|`X) * P(X) / P(Y).
  es:
    term: "Teorema de Bayes"
    def: >
      Una ecuación para calcular la probabilidad de que algo sea [verdadero](#true) si algo    
      relacionado con ello es verdadero. Si P(X) es la probabilidad de que X is verdadero y P(X`|`Y) es    
      la probabilidad de que X es verdadero dado que Y sea verdadero, entonces P(X`|`Y) = P(Y`|`X) * P(X) / P(Y).


- slug: bayesian_network
  ref:
    - bayes_theorem
    - markov_chain
    - naive_bayes_classifier
  en:
    term: "Bayesian network"
    def: >
      A graph that represents the relationships between random variables for a given problem.
  es:
    term: "Red Bayesiana"
    def: >
      Un grafo que representa la relacion entre las variables aleatorias para un determinado problema.

  am:
    term: የባዬያን አውታረመረብ
    def: >
      ለተሰጠው ችግር በዘፈቀደ ተለዋዋጮች መካከል ያሉትን ግንኙነቶች የሚወክል ግራፍ ፡፡ በዘፈቀደ ተለዋዋጮች እና በተሰጠው ችግር  መካከል ያሉትን ግንኙነቶች የሚወክል ግራፍ ፡፡

- slug: bias
  ref:
    - variance
    - overfitting
    - classification
    - systematic_error
  en:
    term: "bias"
    def: >
      A statistic is biased if it is systematically or consistently different from the
      parameter it is supposed to estimate.
  es:
    term: "sesgo"
    def: >
      Un estadístico está sesgado si es sistemática o consistentemente diferente
      del parámetro que se supone que debe estimar.
  pt:
    term: "viés"
    def: >
      Uma estatística é enviesada se estiver sistemática ou consistentemente diferente
      do parâmetro que deveria estimar.
  tn:
    term: "go tsaya letlhakore"
    def: >
      Dipalopalo di tsaya letlhakore fa ele gore maduo a ditshakatsheko tsa tsone, gangwe le gape ga a ana neelano le maduo aa akanyeditsweng.
  xh:
    term: "Umkhethe"
    def: >
      Ubalo-manani lunomkhethe ukuba lwenziwe ngendlela echanekileyo okanye ngokungaguquguqukiyo ngokwahlukileyo kwiparameter emele ukuba iqikelele.
  de:
    term: "Verzerrung"
    def: >
      Auch systematische Abweichung genannt. Ein Messwert wird dann als verzerrt beschrieben, wenn er
      systematisch von dem wahren Wert einer Messgröße abweicht.
  am:
    term: ወገንተኝነት
    def: >
      ስታትስቲክስ በስርዓት ወይም በወጥነት ከ ‹የተለየ› ከሆነ አድሏዊ ነው ልኬት ሊገምተው ይገባል ፡፡ በስርዓት ወይም በወጥነት ከ ‹የተለየ› ከሆነ  ስታትስቲክስ አድሏዊ ነው ልኬት ሊገምተው ይገባል ፡፡
  fr:
    term: "bias"
    def: >
      Une statistique est biaisée si elle est systématiquement ou régulièrement différente du paramètre qu'elle est censée estimer.
      
- slug: big_data
  ref:
    - three_vs
  en:
    term: "big data"
    def: >
      Any data that until recently was too big for most people to work with on a
      single computer.
  ar:
    term: "البيانات الضخمة"
    def: > 
      أي بيانات كانت حتى وقت قريب أكبر من أن يشتغل عليها معظم الأشخاص على جهاز كمبيوتر واحد.
  de:
    term: "Big Data"
    def: >
      Alle Datenmengen, die bis vor Kurzem vor zu umfangreich für die Analyse mit
      nur einem Computer waren.
  es:
    term: "Big Data"
    def: >
      Cualquier dato que hasta hace poco tiempo era muy grande para que la mayoria de las personas pudieran trabajar con ellos en una sola computadora.   
  af:
    term: "Groot Data"
    def: >
      Enige data wat tot onlangs toe nog te veel was om met net een rekenaar te
      analiseer.
  tn:
    term: "kitso_ kgolo"
    def: >
      Tsamaiso e e tlhatlhobang kana e kanoka mekgwa ya ka fa kitso e ka ntshiwang ka teng.
      Tsamaiso e,e ama go kanokowa ga kitso e ntsi e e mo ditlhopheng mme e bile go se motlhofo gore e ka kanokiwa ka tsamaiso e e tlwaelesegileng.
      Enige data wat tot onlangs toe nog te veel was om met net een rekenaar te analiseer.
  am:
    term: ትልቅ መረጃ
    def: >
      ብዙ ሰዎች እስከ ቅርብ ጊዜ ድረስ በጣም ትልቅ ለነበሩት ብዙ መረጃዎች በ ‹ሀ› ላይ ለመስራት ነጠላ ኮምፒተር. ብዙ ሰዎች እስከ ቅርብ ጊዜ ድረስ በነጠላ ኮምፒተር በጣም ትልቅ ለነበሩት ብዙ መረጃዎች ሰርተዋል::
  sw:
    term: "Data kubwa"
    def: >
      Data inahitaji kutumikwa kwa kichakato kizito.
  zn:
    term: "Idatha Enkulu"
    def: >
      Noma iyiphi idatha kuze kube kamuva nje ibinkulu kakhulu ukuthi abantu abaningi basebenze ngayo kukhompuyutha eyodwa.
  fr:
    term: "big data"
    def: >
      Toutes les données qui, jusqu'à récemment, étaient trop volumineuses pour que la plupart des gens puissent les utiliser sur un seul ordinateur.
      
- slug: binary
  en:
    term: "binary"
    def: >
      A system which can have one of two possible states. In computing often
      represented as being in the state 0 or 1. Represented in [Boolean](#boolean)
      logic as [false](#false) (0) or [true](#true) (1). Computers are built upon
      systems which store 0s and 1s as [bits](#bit).
  pt:
    term: "binário"
    def: >
      Um sistema que pode ter dois estados possíveis. Em computação, frequentemente
      sendo no estado 0 ou 1. Representado na lógica [Booleana](#boolean) como
      [falso](#false) (0) ou [verdadeiro](#true) (1). Computadores são construídos
      sobre sistemas que armazenam 0s e 1s como [bits](#bit).
  de:
    term: "Binärsystem"
    def: >
      Ein System welches nur aus zwei Zuständen besteht. In der Informationstechnik oft
      in den Zuständen 0 oder 1 dargestellt. In der [Boolschen Logik](#boolean) auch als
      [falsch](#false) (0) oder [wahr](#true) (1). Computer verwenden als kleinste
      Speichereinheit ein [Bit](#bit) welches entweder eine 0 oder 1 enthalten kann.
  es:
    term: "sistema binario"
    def: >
      Un sistema donde puede haber dos posibilidades de estado. En la computación, el sistema binario se representa con el estado de 0 ó 1. En el sistema lógico [Booleano](#boolean), [falso](#false) se representa con (0) y [verdadero](#true) con (1). Las computadoras operan en sistemas  binarios donde almacenan [bits](#bit).
  am:
    term: ሁለትዮሽ
    def: >
      ከሁለት ሊሆኑ ከሚችሉ ግዛቶች ውስጥ አንዱን ሊኖረው የሚችል ስርዓት ፡፡ በኮምፒተር ውስጥ ብዙ ጊዜ በክፍለ-ግዛቱ 0 ወይም 1. የተወከለው በ [ቦሊያን](#boolean) ውስጥ ተወክሏል አመክንዮ እንደ [ሐሰት](#false) (0) ወይም [እውነት](#true) (1)። ኮምፒውተሮች ተገንብተዋል 0s እና 1s እንደ [ቢት](#bit) የሚያከማቹ ስርዓቶች ከሁለት በአንዱ ግዛቶች ውስጥ ሊኖር የሚችል ስርዓት ፡፡ በኮምፒተር ውስጥ ብዙ ጊዜ በ 0 ወይም 1 ይወከላል.  በ [ቦሊያን](#boolean) ውስጥ የተወከለው አመክንዮ እንደ [ሐሰት](#false) (0) ወይም [እውነት](#true) (1)። ኮምፒውተሮች  0s እና 1s እንደ [ቢት](#bit) እንዲያከማቹ ተገንብተዋል::
  fr:
    term: "binaire"
    def: >
      Un système qui peut avoir l'un des deux états possibles. En informatique souvent représenté comme étant à l'état 0 ou 1. Représenté en logique booléenne comme faux (0) ou vrai (1). Les ordinateurs sont construits sur des systèmes qui stockent les 0 et les 1 sous forme de bits.
      
- slug: binary_expression
  ref:
    - nullary_expression
    - ternary_expression
    - unary_expression
  en:
    term: "binary expression"
    def: >
      An expression which has two parameters and takes two arguments, such as `1 + 2`.
  af:
    term: "binêre uitdrukking"
    def: >
      'n Uitdrukking wat twee parameters het en twee argumente neem, soos bv. `1 + 2`.
  pt:
    term: "expressão binária"
    def: >
      Uma expressão com dois argumentos ou parâmetros, como `1 + 2`, por exemplo.
  tn:
    term: "Tlhaloso ka go tlhakanya dilo tse pedi."
    def: >
      Ke tlhaloso e e supagalang mo diemong tse pedi.sekai...go ka tlhakanngwa bongwe le bobedi.

  am:
    term: ሁለትዮሽ አገላለጽ
    def: >
      ሁለት መለኪያዎች ያሉት እና እንደ "1 + 2" ያሉ ሁለት ክርክሮችን የሚወስድ አገላለጽ።
  nl:
    term: "binaire expressie"
    def: >
      Een expressie met twee parameters of argumenten, zoals `1 + 2`.

- slug: binomial_distribution
  ref:
    - discrete_random_variable
    - histogram
  en:
    term: "binomial distribution"
    def: >
      A [probability distribution](#probability_distribution) that arises when there
      are a fixed number of trials, each of which can produce one of two outcomes, and
      the probability of those outcomes does not change. As the number of trials
      increases, the binomial distribution approximates a [normal distribution](#normal_distribution).
  pt:
    term: "distribuição binomial"
    def: >
      Uma [distribuição de probabilidade](#probability_distribution) que emerge quando há
      um número fixo de tentativas, cada uma das quais podendo produzir um de dois resultados e
      quando a probabilidade destes resultados não muda. Na medida em que o número de tentativas aumenta,
      a distribuição binomial se aproxima da [distribuição normal](#normal_distribution).

  am:
    term: ቢኖሚያል ስርጭት
    def: >
      እዚያ ሲኖር የሚነሳ አንድ [ፕሮባቢሊቲ ስርጭት](#probability_distribution) እነዚህ እያንዳንዳቸው ከሁለት ውጤቶች አንዱን ሊያወጡ የሚችሉ የተወሰኑ የሙከራ ሙከራዎች ናቸው የእነዚህ ውጤቶች ዕድል አይለወጥም ፡፡ እንደ ሙከራዎች ብዛት ይጨምራል ፣ የሁለትዮሽ ስርጭት አንድ [መደበኛ ስርጭት](#normal_distribution) በግምት። የተስተካከለ የሙከራ ቁጥር ሲኖር የሚነሳ አንድ [ፕሮባቢሊቲ ስርጭት](#probability_distribution) እያንዳንዳቸው ከሁለቱ ውጤቶች አንዱን ሊያመጣ ይችላል ፣ እናም የእነዚህ ውጤቶች ዕድል አይቀየርም። የሙከራዎች ቁጥር እየጨመረ በሄደ መጠን የሁለትዮሽ ማሰራጫው ወደ [መደበኛ ስርጭት](#normal_distribution) በግምት

- slug: bit
  ref:
    - binary
    - boolean
  en:
    term: "bit"
    def: >
      A unit of information representing alternatives, yes/no,
      [true](#true)/[false](#false). In computing a state of either 0 or 1.
  pt:
    term: "bit"
    def: >
      Uma unidade de informação representando alternativas, sim/não,
      [verdadeiro](#true)/[falso](#false). Em computação, um estado de 0 ou 1.
  es:
    term: "bit"
    def: >
      Unidad de información representando alternativas sí/no, [verdadero](#true)/[falso](#false).
      En computación, un estado de ser 0 ó 1.
  de:
    term: "Bit"
    def: >
      Ein Bit ist eine Informationseinheit, die nur zwei Alternativen
      darstellen kann. Beispiele hierfür sind Ja/ Nein, Wahr / Falsch. In der
      Computerwelt als 0 und 1 dargestellt.
  id:
    term: "bit"
    def: >
      Sebuah unit informasi yang merepresentasikan beberapa alternatif, ya/tidak, (true)[#true]/(false)[#false]. 
      Di dalam komputasi, bit adalah 0 atau 1.
  tn:
    term: "Kitso_ potlana"
    def: >
      Ke selekanyo sa kitso e nnye kana e e kwa tlase. Selekanyo se sa kitso, se ka emelwa ke lefela kana bongwe.
  am:
    term: ቢት
    def: >
      አማራጮችን የሚወክል የመረጃ ክፍል ፣ አዎ / አይደለም ፣ (እውነት) (#true) / [ውሸት](#false) የ 0 ወይም የ 1 ሁኔታን በማስላት ላይ ፡፡ አዎ / አይደለም ፣ (እውነት) (#true) / [ውሸት](#false) አማራጮችን የሚወክል የመረጃ ክፍል የ 0 ወይም የ 1 ሁኔታን በማስላት ላይ ፡፡
  fr:
    term: "bit"
    def: >
      Une unité d'information ne pouvant prendre que deux valeurs, souvent désignées par les alternatives oui/non 
      ou vrai/faux. En informatique cela représente un état de 0 ou 1.
      አማራጮችን የሚወክል የመረጃ ክፍል ፣ አዎ / አይደለም ፣ (እውነት) (#true) / [ውሸት](#false) የ 0 ወይም የ 1 ሁኔታን በማስላት ላይ ፡፡ አዎ / አይደለም ፣ (እውነት) (#true) / [ውሸት](#false) አማራጮችን የሚወክል የመረጃ ክፍል የ 0 ወይም የ 1 ሁኔታን በማስላት ላይ ፡፡]
  af:
    term: bit
    def: >
      'n Eenheid van inligting wat alternatiewe voorstel, ja/nee, waar/vals. Dit kan voorgestel work as 0 of 1.
  nl:
    term: bit
    def: >
      Een eenheid van informatie, die alternatieven representeert, zoals ja/nee, waar/onwaar. In de informatica wordt dit gerepresenteerd als een 0 of een 1.
      
  sw:
    term: "biti"
    def: >
      Sehemu ya habari inayowakilisha njia mbadala, ndiyo/hapana,
      [true](#true)/[false](#false). Katika kuhesabu hali ya 0 au 1.

- slug: blob
  en:
    term: "binary large object"
    acronym: "BLOB"
    def: >
      Data that is stored in a database without being interpreted in any way, such as
      an audio file. The term is also now used to refer to data transferred over a
      network or stored in a [version control](#version_control_system)
      [repository](#repository) as uninterpreted bits.
  tn:
    term: "Selekanyo sa kitso e e mo sedirisiweng se segolo"
    def: >
      Ke kitso e e beilweng e le mo seemong kana sedirisiweng se setona mo lefelong le le lengwe fela.
      
  sw:
    term: "kitu kikubwa cha binary"
    def: >
      Data ambayo imehifadhiwa katika hifadhidata bila kufasiriwa kwa njia yoyote, 
      kama vile faili ya sauti. Neno hili pia sasa linatumika kurejelea data 
      iliyohamishwa kupitia mtandao au kuhifadhiwa katika
      [version control](#version_control_system) [repository](#repository)
      kama biti zisizotafsiriwa.
      

- slug: block_comment
  en:
    term: "block comment"
    def: >
      A [comment](#comment) that spans multiple lines. Block comments may be marked
      with special start and end symbols, like `/*` and `*/` in C and its descendents,
      or each line may be prefixed with a marker like `#`.
  pt:
    term: "bloco de comentário"
    def: >
      Um [comentário](#comment) que abrange múltiplas linhas. Blocos de comentários
      podem ser indicados com símbolos especiais, como `/*` e `*/` em C e linguagens
      herdeiras dessa sintaxe, ou cada linha pode ser prefixada com uma indicação como `#`.
  de:
    term: "Blockkommentar"
    def: >
      Ein [Kommentar](#comment) welcher mehrere Zeilen umfasst. Blockkommentare haben
      spezifische Start- und Endsymbole, z.B. `/*` und `*/` in C und verwandten Sprachen.
      Manche Sprachen kennen keine Blockkommentare und so werden diese mit einem
      Einzelkommentarsymbol in jeder Zeile, z.B. `#`, gekennzeichnet.
      
  sw:
    term: "Maoni Mapana"
    def: >
      Maoni [comment](#comment) ambayo yanajumuisha mistari mingi. 
      Maoni mapana yanaweza kuwekewa alama maalum za kuanza na kumalizia,
      kama vile `/*` na `*/` katika C na vizazi vyake, au kila mstari unaweza kuanikwa kwa alama kama `#`.
    
    
  am:
    term: አግድ አስተያየት
    def: >
      በርካታ መስመሮችን የሚያልፍ [አስተያየት](#comment)። የማገጃ አስተያየቶች ምልክት ሊደረግባቸው ይችላል እንደ "/ *" እና "* /" ባሉ ልዩ የመጀመሪያ እና መጨረሻ ምልክቶች በ C እና በትውልዶቹ ፣ ወይም እያንዳንዱ መስመር እንደ ‹#› ባለው ጠቋሚ ቅድመ-ቅጥያ ሊሆን ይችላል ፡፡ [አስተያየት](#comment) የበርካታ መስመሮች rመzt ። የማገጃ አስተያየቶች mnአlባtምልክት ሊደረግባቸው ይችላል እንደ "/ *" እና "* /" ባሉ ልዩ የመጀመሪያ እና መጨረሻ ምልክቶች በ C እና በትውልዶቹ ፣ ወይም እያንዳንዱ መስመር እንደ ‹#› ባለው ጠቋሚ ቅድመ-ቅጥያ ሊሆን ይችላል ፡፡

- slug: boilerplate
  en:
    term: "boilerplate"
    def: >
      Standard text that is included in legal contracts, licenses, and so on.
      Also parts of the source code that have to be repeated very often to get basic functionality.
      In [object-oriented programs](#oop) these segments are used to encapsulate variables
      of objects. Some languages require a lot of these statements and are termed boilerplate
      languages, e.g. Java, which means that they are frequently generated automatically or by
      using [auto-completion](#auto_completion).
  de:
    term: "Boilerplate"
    def: >
      Standardisierte Texte welche sehr häufig Anwendung finden, beispielsweise für Verträge, Lizenzen, usw.
      Desweiteren werden damit Codesegmente oder Textbausteine bezeichnet, welche an mehreren Stellen wiederholt werden müssen um
      ein funktionierendes Programm zu erhalten. Boilerplate Code enthält allerdings wichtige
      Informationen um beispielsweise Variablen in der [objektorientierten Programmierung](#oop)
      zu kapseln. Manche Programmiersprachen sind sehr wortreich und erfordern viel Code um einfache
      Funktionalitäten zu erhalten, z.B. Java, sodass dieser Code häufig automatisch oder mittels
      [Autovervollständigung](#auto_completion) erstellt wird.
      
      
  sw:
    term: "boilerplate"
    def: >
      Maandishi ya kawaida ambayo yanajumuishwa katika mikataba ya kisheria, leseni, na kadhalika. 
      Pia sehemu za msimbo wa chanzo ambazo zinapaswa kurudiwa mara nyingi sana ili kupata utendakazi msingi. 
      Katika [object-oriented programs](#oop) sehemu hizi hutumika kujumuisha viambajengo vya vitu. 
      Lugha zingine zinahitaji mengi ya kauli hizi na huitwa lugha za boilerplate, k.m. Java, 
      ambayo ina maana kwamba huzalishwa kiotomatiki mara kwa mara au kwa 
      kutumia [auto-completion](#auto_completion).
      
  am:
    term: ቦይለር ፕሌት
    def: >
      በሕጋዊ ኮንትራቶች ፣ ፈቃዶች ፣ ወዘተ ውስጥ የተካተተ መደበኛ ጽሑፍ ፡፡

- slug: boolean
  ref:
    - truthy
    - falsy
    - binary
  en:
    term: "Boolean"
    def: >
      Relating to a variable or data type that can have either a logical value of
      [true](#true) or [false](#false). Named for George Boole, a 19th
      century mathematician. Binary systems, like all computers, are built on this
      foundation of systems of logical evaluations between states of true and false, 1
      or 0.
  ar:
    term: "التعبير المنطقي"
    def: >
        التعبير المنطقي هو عبارة عن تعبير يُستخدم لإنشاء جُمل إما تحمل
        [القيمة صح](#true)
        أو
        [القيمة خطأ](#false)
         وتستخدم التعبيرات المنطقية مع العبارات الشرطية في محركات البحث والخوارزميات،
         كما تُسمى التعبيرات المنطقية أيضا تعبيرات المقارنة والتعبيرات الشرطية
         والتعبيرات العلائقية.
  pt:
    term: "Booleano"
    def: >
      Relacionado a uma variável ou tipo de dado que pode ter um valor lógico de
      [verdadeiro](#true) ou [falso](#false). Nomeado em referêcia à George Boole, um
      matemático do século XIX. Sistemas binários, como todos os computadores, são construídos
      com base em sistemas de avaliação entre estados de verdadeiro e falso, 0 ou 1.
  es:
    term: "Booleano"
    def: >
     Relacionado a una variable o tipo de dato que puede tomar un valor lógico.
     Un valor lógico puede ser [verdadero](#true) o [falso](#false).
     El termino "booleano" viene en honor a George Boole, un matematico del siglo XIX.
     El concepto del computador esta fundamentado en el sistema binario,
     en el qual se evalua entre estados de verdedero o falso.
  de:
    term: "Boolean"
    def: >
      Eine Art der Variable oder eines Datentyps welche entweder den logischen Wert [wahr](#true)
      oder [falsch](#false) haben kann. Benannt nach George Boole, einem Mathematiker aus dem 19.
      Jahrhundert. Binärsysteme, wie alle Computer, beruhen auf der Verarbeitung von logischen
      Wahr-Falsch-Zuständen, 1 oder 0.
  id:
    term: "Boolean"
    def: >
      Berkaitan dengan variabel atau tipe data yang dapat memiliki nilai logika benar atau salah. 
      Istilah boolean diambil dari nama George Boole, seorang matematikawan abad ke-19. Sistem biner, 
      seperti semua komputer, dibangun di atas dasar sistem evaluasi logis true / false, 1 atau 0.

  am:
    term: ቡሊያን
    def: "የሎጂካዊ እሴት ሊኖረው ከሚችለው ተለዋዋጭ ወይም የውሂብ ዓይነት ጋር ማዛመድ (እውነት) (#true) ወይም [ሐሰት](#false)
      ፡፡ ለ 19 ኛ ጆርጅ ቡሌ ተብሎ ተሰይሟል ክፍለ ዘመን የሂሳብ ሊቅ የሁለትዮሽ ስርዓቶች ልክ እንደ ሁሉም ኮምፒውተሮች በዚህ
      ላይ ተገንብተዋል በእውነተኛ እና በሐሰት ግዛቶች መካከል የሎጂካዊ ግምገማዎች ስርዓት መሠረት ፣ 1 የሎጂካዊ እሴት ሊኖረው
      ከሚችለው ተለዋዋጭ ወይም የውሂብ ዓይነት ጋር ማዛመድ (እውነት)(#true) ወይም [ሐሰት](#false) ፡፡ የ19 ኛ ክፍለ
      ዘመን የሂሳብ ሊቅ ጆርጅ ቡሌ ተብሎ ይጠራል :: የሁለትዮሽ ስርዓቶች ልክ እንደ ሁሉም ኮምፒውተሮች  በእውነተኛ,1 እና
      በሐሰት,0  መሠረት ተገንብተዋል \n"

  sw:
    term: "Boolean"
    def: >
      Kuhusiana na aina au aina ya data ambayo inaweza kuwa na thamani ya kimantiki ya [true](#true) au [false](#false). 
      Imetajwa kwa George Boole, mwanahisabati wa karne ya 19. 
      Mifumo ya binary, kama kompyuta zote, 
      imejengwa juu ya msingi huu wa mifumo ya tathmini ya kimantiki kati ya majimbo ya kweli na ya uwongo, 1 au 0.
    
- slug: branch
  en:
    term: "branch"
    def: >
      See [Git branch](#git_branch).

  am:
    term: ቅርንጫፍ
    def: >
      [Git ቅርንጫፍ](#git_branch) ይመልከቱ።
      
  sw:
    term: "tawi"
    def: >
      rejelea [Git branch](#git_branch).
      

- slug: branch_per_feature_workflow
  en:
    term: "branch-per-feature workflow"
    def: >
      A common strategy for managing work with [Git](#git) and other [version control
      systems](#version_control_system) in which a separate [branch](#git_branch) is
      created for work on each new feature or each [bug](#bug) fix and merged when that work
      is completed. This isolates changes from one another until they are completed.

  am:
    term: የቅርንጫፍ-በእያንዳንዱ-ባህርይ የስራ ፍሰት
    def: >
      ሥራን በ [Git](#git) እና በሌሎች [ስሪት ቁጥጥር] ጋር ለማስተዳደር የተለመደ ስልት ስርዓቶች] (#version_control_system) የተለየ [ቅርንጫፍ](#git_branch) ባለበት ለእያንዳንዱ አዲስ ባህሪ ወይም ለእያንዳንዱ [ሳንካ](#git) ጥገና እና ሥራ ሲሠራ ተዋህዷል ተጠናቅቋል ፡፡ ይህ እስኪጠናቀቁ ድረስ ለውጦች እርስ በእርስ ይለየዋቸዋል።

- slug: breadcrumbs
  en:
    term: "breadcrumbs"
    def: >
      A set of supplementary navigational links included in many websites, usually
      placed at the top of the page. Breadcrumbs show the users where the current page
      lies in the website; the term comes from a fairy tale in which children left a
      trail of breadcrumbs behind themselves so that they could find their way home.
  es:
    term: "guías de navegación"
    def: >
      Literalmente: “migas,” “migas de pan,” “migaja;” en esto contexto: “árbol de navegación,”
      “guías de navegación,” “navegación de migas,“ o “rastro de navegación.” Un grupo de enlaces
      de navegación incluidos en muchos sitios web, generalmente ubicados en la parte superior
      de una página. “Breadcrumbs” muestran a los usuarios dónde se encuentra la página
      en el sitio web; la palabra proviene de un cuento de hadas en que unos niños
      habían dejado atrás un rastro de migas de pan para que pudieran encontrar su camino a casa.
  de:
    term: "Brotkrümelnavigation"
    def: >
      Ein Entwurfsmuster für Webseiten welches zusätzliche Navigationslinks, normalerweise im oberen Bereich,
      platziert. Brotkrümelnavigationslinks zeigen dem Nutzer wo er sich gerade relativ zum Rest
      der Webseite befindet. Der Begriff ist in Anlehnung an das Märchen Hänsel und Gretel
      entstanden, in welchem die Kinder eine Spur aus Brotkrümeln hinterlassen um den Weg zurück
      zu finden.

- slug: breadth_first
  ref:
    - depth_first
  en:
    term: "breadth first"
    def: >
      To go through a nested data structure such as a [tree](#tree) by exploring all
      of one level, then going on to the next level and so on, or to explore a problem
      by examining the first step of each possible solution, and then trying the next step
      for each.

  am:
    term: መጀመሪያ ስፋት
    def: "ሁሉንም በመዳሰስ እንደ [ዛፍ](#tree) ያለ ጎጆ ባለው የውሂብ መዋቅር ውስጥ ማለፍ የአንድ ደረጃ ፣ ከዚያ ወደ
      ቀጣዩ ደረጃ እና የመሳሰሉት መሄድ ፣ ወይም አንድ ችግርን ለመዳሰስ የእያንዳንዱን መፍትሄ የመጀመሪያ እርምጃ በመመርመር
      እና ቀጣዩን እርምጃ በመሞከር ለእያንዳንድ. የእያንዳንዱን መፍትሄ የመጀመሪያ እርምጃ በመመርመር እና ቀጣዩን እርምጃ በመሞከር
      ለእያንዳንድ. ሁሉንም በመዳሰስ እንደ [ዛፍ](#tree) ያለ ጎጆ ባለው የውሂብ መዋቅር ውስጥ ማለፍ የአንድ ደረጃ ፣ ከዚያ
      ወደ ቀጣዩ ደረጃ እና የመሳሰሉት መሄድ ፣ ወይም አንድ ችግርን ለመዳሰስ \n"

- slug: browser_cache
  en:
    term: "browser cache"
    def: >
      A place where web browsers keep copies of previously retrieved files (web pages, data files)
      in order to save time when they're requested again. Sometimes, issues may arise if there is
      a newer version of the file online, but the browser doesn't notice it.
  de:
    term: "Browser-Cache"
    def: >
      Ein [Puffer-Speicherort](#cache) auf dem Rechner des Benutzers, an dem der Webbrowser bereits
      abgerufene Ressourcen wie z.B. Texte und Bilder als Kopie aufbewahrt. Dadurch können Zeit und
      Netzwerkverkehr reduziert werden, wenn die Ressourcen erneut angefragt werden. Es kann durch
      die Verwendung des Browser-Caches jedoch auch passieren, dass veraltete Informationen angezeigt
      werden, wenn sich die Ressourcen in der Zwischenzeit geändert haben.

- slug: bug
  en:
    term: "bug"
    def: >
      A missing or undesirable [feature](#feature_software) of a piece of software;
      the digital equivalent of a weed.
  de:
    term: "Bug"
    def: >-
      Ein Bug ist ein Fehler oder Fehlfunktion einer Software.
  tn:
    term: "Mogare o o borai mo boranyaneng"
    def: >-
      Sengwe se se sa siamang, se le borai mo khompiutareng/sebalamakgolo. Se ka ama khompiutara/ sebalamakgolo le kitso e e mo go yone.
  am:
    term: ሳንካ
    def: >
      የአንድ ሶፍትዌር ቁራጭ የጠፋ ወይም የማይፈለግ [ባህሪ](#feature_software); የአንድ አረም ዲጂታል አቻ ፡፡ የአንድ አረም ዲጂታል አቻ ; የአንድ ሶፍትዌር ቁራጭ የጠፋ ወይም የማይፈለግ [ባህሪ](#feature_software) ፡፡
  es:
    term: "bug"
    def: >
      Una [carasterística](#feature_software) faltante o indeseada de un software.
  af:
    term: bug
    def: >
      'n Ontbrekende of ongewenste kenmerk van 'n stuk sagteware; die digitale ekwivalent van 'n onkruid.

- slug: bug_report
  en:
    term: "bug report"
    def: >
      A collection of files, [logs](#log), or related information that describes either an
      unexpected output of some code or program, or an unexpected error or warning.
      This information is used to help find and fix a [bug](#bug) in the program or code.
  de:
    term: "Fehlerbericht"
    def: >-
      Ein Fehlerbericht ist eine Sammlung von Dateien / Einträgen oder damit
      zusammenhängenden Informationen, die einen unbeabsichtigten Fehler
      beschreiben. Der Fehlerbericht wird für die Identifikation und Behebung
      seines des Softwarefehlers / Codefehlers gebraucht.

  am:
    term: የሳንካ ሪፖርት
    def: >
      የፋይሎች ስብስብ ፣ [መዝገቦች](#log) ፣ ወይም አንድን የሚገልጽ ተዛማጅ መረጃ የአንዳንድ ኮድ ወይም ፕሮግራም ያልተጠበቀ ውጤት ፣ ወይም ያልተጠበቀ ስህተት ወይም ማስጠንቀቂያ።  ይህ መረጃ በፕሮግራሙ ወይም በኮዱ ውስጥ [ሳንካ](#bug) ፈልጎ እንዲያስተካክል ለማገዝ ይጠቅማል ፡፡ የአንዳንድ ኮድ ወይም ፕሮግራም ያልተጠበቀ ውጤት ፣ ወይም ያልተጠበቀ ስህተት ወይም ማስጠንቀቂያ ወይም ተዛማጅ መረጃ የሚገልጽ  የፋይሎች ስብስብ ፣ [መዝገቦች](#log) ።  ይህ መረጃ በፕሮግራሙ ወይም በኮዱ ውስጥ [ሳንካ](#bug) ፈልጎ እንዲያስተካክል ለማገዝ ይጠቅማል ፡፡

- slug: bug_tracker
  en:
    term: "bug tracker"
    def: >
      A system that tracks and manages [reported bugs](#bug_report) for a software
      program, to make it easier to address and fix the [bugs](#bug).

  am:
    term: ሳንካ መከታተያ
    def: "ለሶፍትዌር [ሪፖርት የተደረጉ ስህተቶችን](#bug_report) የሚከታተል እና የሚያስተዳድር ስርዓት ፕሮግራሙን ፣
      \"ሳንካዎቹን\" [bugs](#bug) ለማስተካከል እና ለማስተካከል ቀላል ለማድረግ። ሪፖርት የተደረጉ ስህተቶችን (#bug_report)
      ለማስተካከል እና ቀላል ለማድረግ የሶፍትዌር ፕሮግራም የሚከታተል እና የሚያስተዳድር ስርዓት :: \n"

- slug: build_manager
  ref:
    - build_rule
    - dependency
    - makefile
  en:
    term: "build manager"
    def: >
      A program that keeps track of how files depend on one another and runs commands
      to update any files that are out-of-date. Build managers were invented to
      [compile](#compile) only those parts of programs that had changed, but are now
      often used to implement workflows in which plots depend on results files, which
      in turn depend on raw data files or configuration files.

  am:
    term: የግንባታ ሥራ አስኪያጅ
    def: >
      ፋይሎች እንዴት እርስ በእርስ እንደሚተያዩ የሚከታተል እና ትዕዛዞችን የሚያከናውን ፕሮግራም ጊዜ ያለፈባቸውን ማናቸውንም ፋይሎች ለማዘመን ፡፡ የግንባታ ሥራ አስኪያጆች ተፈለሰፉባቸው እነዚያን የተለወጡ የፕሮግራሞቹን ክፍሎች ብቻ ያጠናቅሩ (ግን ያጠናቅሩ) ፣ ግን አሁን ናቸው ሴራዎች በውጤቶች ፋይሎች ላይ የሚመረኮዙባቸውን የሥራ ፍሰቶች ለመተግበር ብዙ ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ በምላሹ በጥሬ መረጃ ፋይሎች ወይም በውቅር ፋይሎች ላይ የተመሠረተ ነው። ጊዜ ያለፈባቸውን ማናቸውንም ፋይሎች ለማዘመን ፋይሎች እንዴት እርስ በእርስ እንደሚተያዩ የሚከታተል እና ትዕዛዞችን የሚያከናውን ፕሮግራም  ፡፡  የግንባታ ሥራ አስኪያጆች ተፈለሰፉባቸው እነዚያን የተለወጡ የፕሮግራሞቹን ክፍሎች ብቻ ያጠናቅሩ (ግን ያጠናቅሩ) ፣ ግን አሁን ናቸው ሴራዎች በውጤቶች ፋይሎች ላይ የሚመረኮዙባቸውን የሥራ ፍሰቶች ለመተግበር ብዙ ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ በምላሹ በጥሬ መረጃ ፋይሎች ወይም በውቅር ፋይሎች ላይ የተመሠረተ ነው።

- slug: build_recipe
  en:
    term: "build recipe"
    def: >
      The part of a [build rule](#build_rule) that describes how to update something
      that has fallen out-of-date.

  am:
    term: ግንባታ የምግብ አሰራር
    def: >
      አንድን ነገር እንዴት ማዘመን እንደሚቻል የሚገልጽ የ [የግንባታ ደንብ](#build_rule) ክፍል ጊዜው ያለፈበት ነው ፡፡ ክፍል ጊዜው ያለፈበትን አንድን ነገር እንዴት ማዘመን እንደሚቻል የሚገልጽ የ [የግንባታ ደንብ](#build_rule)  ነው ፡፡

- slug: build_rule
  en:
    term: "build rule"
    def: >
      A specification for a [build manager](#build_manager) that describes how some
      files depend on others and what to do if those files are out-of-date.

  am:
    term: ደንብ ይገንቡ
    def: >
      የተወሰኑትን እንዴት እንደሚገልፅ ለ [የግንባታ ሥራ አስኪያጅ](#build_manager) ዝርዝር ፋይሎች በሌሎች ላይ ይወሰናሉ እና እነዚያ ፋይሎች ጊዜው ያለፈባቸው ከሆኑ ምን ማድረግ እንዳለባቸው ፡፡ የተወሰኑትን ፋይሎች በሌሎች ላይ ይወሰናሉ  እና እነዚያ ፋይሎች ጊዜው ያለፈባቸው ከሆኑ ምን ማድረግ እንዳለባቸው የሚገልፅ [የግንባታ ሥራ አስኪያጅ](#build_manager) ዝርዝር ነዉ ::

- slug: build_stale
  en:
    term: "stale (in build)"
    def: >
      To be out-of-date compared to a [prerequisite](#prerequisite). A [build
      manager](#build_manager)'s job is to find and update things that are stale.

  am:
    term: የቆየ (በግንባታ ላይ)
    def: >
      ከ [ቅድመ ሁኔታ](#prerequisite) ጋር ሲነፃፀር ጊዜው ያለፈበት መሆን። አንድ [ግንባታ አስተዳዳሪ](#build_manager) ሥራ የቆዩ ነገሮችን ፈልጎ ማዘመን ነው ፡፡

- slug: build_target
  ref:
    - makefile
    - default_target
  en:
    term: "build target"
    def: >
      The file(s) that a [build rule](#build_rule) will update if they are out-of-date
      compared to their [dependencies](#dependency).

  am:
    term: ግንባታ ዒላ ግንባታ ዒላማ
    def: >
      ጊዜው ያለፈባቸው ከሆኑ [የግንባታ ደንብ](#build_rule) የሚዘመኑ ፋይሎች (ሎች) ከእነሱ [ጥገኞች] ጋር ሲነፃፀር[dependencies](#dependency)።

- slug: byte
  en:
    term: "byte"
    def: >
      A unit of digital information that typically consists of eight [binary](#binary) digits, or [bits](#bit).
  es:
    term: "byte"
    def: >
      Unidad de información digital que típicamente consiste de ocho dígitos [binarios](#binary), o [bits](#bit).
  fr:
    term: "octet"
    def: >
      Un octet est une information numerique composée de huit chiffres binaires, appelés bits.
  de:
    term: "Byte"
    def: >-
      Ein Byte ist eine digitale Einheit, die aus acht Binärziffern oder Bits
      besteht.
  tn:
    term: "Selekanyetso_ kitso ya boranyane"
    def: >-
      Selekanyetso sa kitso ya boranyane se se agiwang ka kitso ya dipalo tse di ferang bobedi.

- slug: byte_code
  en:
    term: "byte code"
    def: >
      A set of instructions designed to be executed efficiently by an [interpreter](#interpreter).
  tn:
    term: "Setlhopha sa melawana"
    def: >
      Melawana e e kaetsweng ka sekao e le mo setlhopheng go ka ntshiwa ke moranodi ka tolamo.

  am:
    term: ባይት ኮድ
    def: >
      በ [አስተርጓሚ](#interpreter) በብቃት ለመፈፀም የታቀዱ መመሪያዎች ስብስብ።

- slug: cache
  en:
    term: "cache"
    def: >
      Something that stores copies of data so that future requests for it can be
      satisfied more quickly. The CPU in a computer uses a hardware cache to hold
      recently-accessed values; many programs rely on a software cache to reduce
      network traffic and latency. Figuring out when something in a cache is out-of-date
      and should be replaced is one of the [two hard problems in computer science](#two_hard_problems).

  am:
    term: መሸጎጫ
    def: >
      ለወደፊቱ የሚጠየቁ ጥያቄዎች በበለጠ ፍጥነት እንዲረካ  የውሂብ ቅጅዎችን የሚያከማች ነገር :: በኮምፒተር ውስጥ ያለው ሲፒዩ ለመያዝ የሃርድዌር መሸጎጫ ይጠቀማል በቅርብ ጊዜ የተደረሱ እሴቶች; ብዙ ፕሮግራሞች ለመቀነስ በሶፍትዌር መሸጎጫ ላይ ይተማመናሉ የኔትወርክ ትራፊክ እና መዘግየት። በመሸጎጫ ውስጥ አንድ ነገር ጊዜው ያለፈበት መሆኑን ማወቅ መተካት ያለበት ከ [በኮምፒተር ሳይንስ ውስጥ ሁለት ከባድ ችግሮች] አንዱ ነው (#two_hard_problems) ፡፡
  de:
    term: "Cache"
    def: >
      Cache ist ein Pufferspeicher, der (wiederholte) Datenzugriffe und -berechnungen
      zu vermeiden hilft. Im Cache abgelegte Daten können schneller abgerufen werden.
      Ein Hardware-Cache wird beispielsweise in Computerprozessoren verwendet und ein
      Beispiel für einen Software-Cache ist der [Browser-Cache](#browser_cache).
  es:
    term: "cache"
    def: >
      Algo que guarda copias de datos para que futuras consultas puedan ser respondidas más rápido.
      El CPU de una computadora usa un cache de hardware para guardar valores recientemente accedidos;
      muchos programas dependen de un cache de software para disminuir el tráfico y latencia de red.
      Averiguar cuando algo en cache se ha vuelto anticuado y debe ser reemplazado es uno de los [dos problemas difíciles de la ciencia de computación](#two_hard_problems).

- slug: caching
  en:
    term: "caching"
    def: >
      To save a copy of some data in a local [cache](#cache) to make future access faster.
  es:
    term: "caching"
    def: >
      Guardar una copia de algún dato en el [caché](#cache) local para hacer su acceso futuro más rápido.

- slug: call_stack
  en:
    term: "call stack"
    def: >
      A data structure that stores information about the active subroutines executed.
  id:
    term: "call stack"
    def: >
     Sebuah struktur data yang berguna untuk menyimpan informasi mengenai subrutin aktif yang sedang dijalankan.

  am:
    term: የጥሪ ቁልል
    def: "የተተገበሩ  ንቁ ንዑስ አንቀጾች መረጃን የሚያከማች የውሂብ መዋቅር ።\t\n"

- slug: callback
  en:
    term: "callback function"
    def: >
      A function A that is passed to another function B so that B can call it at some
      later point. Callbacks can be used [synchronously](#synchronous), as in generic
      functions like `map` that invoke a callback function once for each element in a
      collection, or [asynchronously](#asynchronous), as in a [client](#client) that
      runs a callback when a [response](#http_response) is received in answer to a [request](#http_request).
  de:
    term: "Rückruffunktion"
    def: >
      Rückruffunktionen sind Funktionen, welche anderen Funktionen als
      Parameter übergeben werden um sie zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt
      auszuführen. Bei der Parallelisierung werden häufig durch den Befehl
      `map` Rückruffunktionen [synchron/gleichzeitig](#synchronous) für mehrere
      Elemente in einer Kollektion ausgeführt, während bei
      [Klient](#client)/[Server](#server) Verbindungen auf
      [Anrufe](#http_request) [asynchron](#asynchronous) eine
      [Antwort](#http_response) geliefert wird.

  am:
    term: የመልሶ መደወያ ተግባር
    def: >
      ተግባር ሀ ወደ ሌላ ተግባር ለ እንዲተላለፍ ስለዚህ ተግባር ለን ተመሳሳይ ነዉ ይሉታል ።  እንደ ጀነሬክ ሁሉ ኮልባክ [synchronously](#synchronous) መጠቀም ይቻላል እንደ 'ካርታ' ያሉ ተግባሮች ለእያንዳንዱ ንጥረ ነገር አንድ ጊዜ የጥሪ ተግባራትን የሚሰሩ ናቸው ስብስብ, ወይም [asynchronously](#asynchronous), ልክ እንደ [ደንበኛ](#client) አንድ [ምላሽ] (#http_response) ለአንድ [ጥያቄ](#http_request) መልስ ሲደርሰው ጥሪውን ያካሄዳሉ።

- slug: camel_case
  ref:
    - kebab_case
    - pothole_case
  en:
    term: "camel case"
    def: >
      A style of writing code that involves naming variables and objects with no
      space, underscore (`_`), dot (`.`), or dash (`-`) characters, with each word being
      capitalized. Examples include `CalculateSum` and `findPattern`.
  de:
    term: "camel case (dt. Kamel-Schreibung)"
    def: >
      Schreibstil der die Benennung von Variablen und Objekten vorgibt. Bei
      "camel case" werden keine Leerzeichen, Unterstriche (`_`), Punkte (`.`)
      oder Bindestriche (`-`) verwandt und jedes Wort großgeschrieben.
      Beispiele sind: `BerechneSumme` oder `findeMuster`.
  tn:
    term: "Mokwalo wa Kamela"
    def: >
      Ke mokgwa wa go kwala dikaelo tsa khomputara ka go sa tsenye matshwao a sekgala (space), 
      thalela (`_`), khutlo (`.`) kana thaladi (`-`) mo maineng a maemedi a boleng jo bo fetogang (variables) kana a dilo (objects). 
      Mo godimo ga moo, lefoko lengwe le lengwe mo maineng a le simolola ka tlhakakgolo. 
      Dikai tsa mokwalo o ke `CalculateSum` le `findPattern`.

- slug: catch_exception
  ref:
    - condition
    - handle_condition
  en:
    term: "catch (an exception)"
    def: >
      To accept responsibility for handling an error or other unexpected event. [R](#r_language)
      prefers "handling a condition" to "catching an exception." [Python](#python), on the other hand,
      encourages raising and catching exceptions, and in some situations, requires it.
  ar:
    term: "إستثناء"
    def: >
      الإستثناء هو الشرط الخاص الذي يُعالج به الشذوذ أو الشيء الغير متوقع الذي حدث
      أثناء تنفيذ البرنامج.
  de:
    term: "abfangen (eines Fehlers)"
    def: >
      Möglichkeit einen Fehler oder andere unerwartete Ereignisse abzufangen
      und Informationen darüber zu verarbeiten. In [R](#r_language) sollen
      Fehler möglichst über vordefinierte Bedingungen abgefangen werden,
      während in anderen Sprachen, z.B. in [Python](#python) Fehler und
      Fehlermeldungen bewusst eingesetzt werden um Probleme einfacher zu lösen.
      Häufig werden neben der Art des Fehlers auch weitere Daten erhoben um
      mögliche Ursachen zu finden.

  am:
    term: ማጥመድ (ለየት ያለ)
    def: >
      አንድን ስህተት ወይም ሌላ ያልተጠበቀ ክስተት የመፍታት ኃላፊነትን መቀበል። [R](#r_language)"ለየት ያለ ነገር ከመያዝ"ይልቅ"ሁኔታን መያዝ"ይመርጣል። [Python](#python) በሌላ በኩል፣ ለየት ያሉ ሁኔታዎችን ማሳደግና መያዝን ያበረታታል ፤ በአንዳንድ ሁኔታዎች ደግሞ ይህን ማድረግ ያስፈልጋል ።

- slug: causation
  en:
    term: "causation"
    def: >
      A relationship between distinct events, where it is asserted that one event is responsible for
      producing or affecting change in the other.
  fr:
    term: "causalité"
    def: >
      Une relation entre des événements distincts, où il est affirmé qu'un événement est responsable de
      produire ou d'affecter un changement dans l'autre.
  de:
    term: "Kausalität"
    def: >
      Eine Beziehung zwischen zwei Ereignissen oder Zuständen, wobei klar ist,
      dass es einen ursächlichen oder anlässlichen Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden gibt.
  sw:
    term: "Kusababisha"
    def: >
      Uhusiano kati ya matukio tofauti, ambapo inadaiwa kuwa tukio moja linawajibika
      kuzalisha au kuathiri mabadiliko katika nyingine.

  am:
    term: causation
    def: >
      አንድ ክስተት ተጠያቂ ነው ተብሎ በሚነገርበት በልዩ ልዩ ክስተቶች መካከል ያለው ግንኙነት በሌላው ላይ ለውጥ መፍጠር ወይም ተፅዕኖ ማሳደር።

- slug: cc_0
  en:
    term: "CC-0"
    def: >
      A [Creative Commons](#cc_license) [license](#license) that imposes no
      restrictions whatsover, thereby putting a work in the public domain.
  pt:
    term: "CC-0"
    def: >
      Uma [licença](#license) [Creative Commons](#cc_license) que não impõe
      qualquer tipo de restrição, consequentemente colocando o trabalho em domínio público.
  es:
    term: "CC-0"
    def: >
      Una [licencia](#license) de [Creative Commons](#cc_license) que no impone ninguna
      restricción, por lo que pone a la obra en dominio público.
  de:
    term: "CC-0"
    def: >
      Eine [Creative-Commons](#cc_license) [Lizenz](#license) welche den
      Verzicht auf sämtliche Schutzrechte erklärt und das Werk in die
      Gemeinfreiheit überführt.

  am:
    term: ሲሲ-0
    def: >
      [Creative Commons](#cc_license)ምንም የማይጥል ፍቃድ] ይህ ደግሞ በሕዝብ ክልል ውስጥ ሥራ እንዲከናውን ያደርጋል ።

- slug: cc_by
  en:
    term: "CC-BY"
    def: >
      The [Creative Commons](#cc_license) - Attribution [license](#license) that
      requires people to give credit to the author of a work, but imposes no other restrictions.
  pt:
    term: "CC-BY"
    def: >
      Uma [licença](#license) [Creative Commons](#cc_license) com Atribuição, que requer que
      seja dado crédito às pessoas autoras do trabalho, mas que não impõe outras restrições.
  de:
    term: "CC-BY"
    def: >
      Eine [Creative-Commons](#cc_license) [Lizenz](#license) welche eine
      Namensnennung der Urheber verlangt aber sonst keine weiteren
      Restriktionen auferlegt.

  am:
    term: ሲሲ-ባይ
    def: >
      [Creative Commons](#cc_license) - Attribution [license](#license) ፈጠራ ኮመንስ ሲሲ-ፍቃድ- አበይት ፍቃድ ሰዎች ለአንድ ጽሑፍ ደራሲ ክብር እንዲሰጡ የሚጠይቅ ቢሆንም ሌላ ምንም ዓይነት እገዳ አይጥልም ።

- slug: cc_license
  en:
    term: Creative Commons license
    def: >
      A set of [licenses](#license) that can be applied to published work. Each license is formed by concatenating one or more of `-BY` (Attribution): users must cite the original source; `-SA` (ShareAlike): users must share their own work under a similar license; `-NC` (NonCommercial): work may not be used for commercial purposes without the creator's permission; `-ND` (NoDerivatives): no derivative works (e.g., translations) can be created without the creator's permission. Thus, `CC-BY-NC` means "users must give attribution and cannot use commercially without permission." The term `CC-0` (zero, not letter 'O') is sometimes used to mean "no restrictions," i.e., the work is in the public domain.
  pt:
    term: Licença Creative Commons
    def: >
      Um conjunto de [licenças](#license) que podem ser aplicadas à trabalhos publicados. Cada licença é formada pela concatenação de um ou mais dos termos a seguir: `-BY` (Atribuição): pessoas usuárias devem citar a fonte original; `-SA` (CompartilhaIgual): pessoas usuárias devem compartilhar o seu próprio trabalho utilizando uma licença similar; `-NC` (NãoComercial): o trabalho não pode ser usado para fins comerciais sem a permissão das pessoas criadoras; `-ND` (SemDerivações): nenhum trabalho derivado (como traduções, por exemplo) pode ser criado sem a permissão das pessoas criadoras. Assim, `CC-BY-NC` quer dizer "pessoas usuárias devem atribuir autoria e não podem o conteúdo de forma comercial sem permissão". O termo `CC-0` (zero, não a letra 'O') é às vezes usado com o sentido de "sem restrições", isto é, que o trabalho é de domínio público.
  de:
    term: Creative Commons Lizenz
    def: >
      Eine Sammlung von [Lizenzen](#license) welche verschiedene, einfache Lizenzvereinbarungen für beliebige Werke bereitstellt. Jede Lizenz kann zusätzlichen Bedingungen unterliegen: `-BY` (Namensnennung): Nutzer müssen den Autor des Werks nennen. `-SA` (Gleiche Bedingungen): Nutzer dürfen das Werk nur unter den gleichen Bedingungen weiter verbreiten. `-NC` (Nicht-Kommerziell): Ohne vorherige Zustimmung darf das Werk nur nicht kommerziell verwendet werden. `-ND` (Keine Bearbeitung): Ohne vorherige Zustimmung darf das Werk nicht verändert werden. Diese Bedingungen werden mit dem Prefix "CC" verknüpft um kombinierte Lizenzen zu kreieren. So bedeutet `CC-BY-NC` das die Nutzer den Namen des Autors nennen müssen und das Werk nur mit Zustimmung kommerziell nutzen dürfen. Der Begriff [CC0](#cc_0) beschreibt ein Werk "ohne Einschränkungen", d.h. das Werk ist gemeinfrei.
  am:
    term: የፈጠራ ኮመንስ ፍቃድ
    def: >
      ለህትመት ሥራ ሊመለከቱ የሚችሉ [ፍቃዶች](#license) እያንዳንዳቸው ፍቃድ ሚመሰረተው የ '-ባይ' (Attribution) ተጠቃሚዎችን አንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ በመመደብ ነው must cite cite the original source; '-SA' (ShareAlike) ተጠቃሚዎች የራሳቸውን ማጋራት አለባቸው በተመሳሳይ ፈቃድ ሥራ መሥራት፤ '-ኤን ሲ' (NonCommercial) ስራ ላይውል ይችላል ያለ ፈጣሪ ፈቃድ የንግድ ዓላማዎች፤ '-ND' (NoDerivatives) አይደለም የተዋሕዶ ስራዎች (ለምሳሌ፣ ትርጉሞች) ያለ ፈጣሪ ሊፈጠሩ ይችላሉ ፍቃድ። በመሆኑም 'CC-BY-ኤንሲ' ማለት"ተጠቃሚዎች ባህሪ መስጠት አለባቸው እና መጠቀም አይችሉም ለንግድ ያለ ፈቃድ". 'ሲሲ-0' (ዜሮ እንጂ ፊደል 'ኦ' አይደለም) የሚለው ቃል ነው አንዳንድ ጊዜ"እገዳ የለም"ማለትም ሥራው በሕዝብ ክልል ውስጥ ይገኛል።

- slug: centroid
  en:
    term: centroid
    def: >
      The center or anchor of a group created by a [clustering](#clustering) algorithm.
  pt:
    term: centróide
    def: >
      O centro ou âncora de um grupo criado por um algoritmo de [agrupamento](#clustering).
  am:
    term: ሴንትሮይድ
    def: >
      በ [ክምችት](#clustering) አልጎሪዝም የተፈጠረ ቡድን ማእከል ወይም መልህቅ። የተፈጠረ ቡድን ማእከል ወይም መልህቅ በ [ክምችት](#clustering) አልጎሪዝም ።

- slug: character_encoding
  en:
    term: character encoding
    def: >
      A specification of how characters are stored as bytes. The most commonly-used encoding today is [UTF-8](#utf_8).
  ar:
    term: ترميز
    def: >
      إعادة تمثيل البيانات بصياغة أُخرى ليسهل التعامل معها وحفظها كبايت (bytes)
       ولا علاقة للترميز بالسرية والتشفير مطلقا، ومن صيغ ترميز البيانات المشهورة
       هو
       يو تي إف
       [(UTF-8)](#utf_8).
  es:
    term: codificación de caracteres
    def: >
      Especificación sobre cómo los caracteres están guardados como bytes. En la actualidad, la codificación más utilizada es [UTF-8](#utf_8).
  am:
    term: የባህርይ ኮድ
    def: >
      ባለታሪኮች እንደ ባይት እንዴት እንደሚቀመጡ የሚገልጽ መመሪያ። ዛሬ በብዛት ጥቅም ላይ የሚውለው encoding  [UTF-8](#utf_8).

- slug: chi_square_test
  en:
    term: chi-square test
    def: >
      A statistical method for estimating whether two variables in a cross tabulation are [correlated](#correlation). A chi-square distribution varies from a [normal distribution](#normal_distribution) based on the [degrees of freedom](#degrees_of_freedom) used to calculate it.
  af:
    term: chi-kwadraattoets
    def: >
      'n Statistiese metode om te bepaal of twee veranderlikes in 'n kruistabellering gekorreleerd is. 'n Chi-kwadraatverdeling wissel vanaf 'n normale verspreiding gebaseer op die vryheidsgrade wat gebruik word om dit te bereken.
  am:
    term: ቺ-እስኬር ፈተና
    def: >
      በመስቀል ጠረፍ ውስጥ ሁለት ተለዋዋጭ ዎችን ለመገመት የሚያስችል አሃዛዊ ዘዴ (#correlation) ናቸው።  የቺ-ካሬ ስርጭት ከ[የተለመደ) የስርጭት ](#normal_distribution) ይለያያል በ[ዲግሪ)  ነፃነት](#degrees_of_freedom) መሰረት ለማስላት ይጠቀሙበት ነበር።

- slug: child_class
  en:
    term: child class
    def: >
      In [object-oriented programming](#oop), a [class](#class) derived from another class (called the [parent class](#parent_class)).
  es:
    term: subclase
    def: >
      En [programación orientada a objetos](#oop), es la extensión de otra clase (denominada [superclase](#parent_class)).
  pt:
    term: classe derivada
    def: >
      Em [programação orientada a objetos](#oop), a classe derivada de uma outra classe (chamada de [classe base](#parent_class)).
  am:
    term: ልጅ መደብ
    def: >
      በዕቃ ተኮር ፕሮግራም(#oop) ውስጥ ከሌላ መደብ የተገኘ [መደብ](#class) ([የወላጅ ክፍል](#parent_class)።

- slug: child_tree
  en:
    term: child (in a tree)
    def: >
      A [node](#node) in a [tree](#node) that is below another node (call the [parent](#parent_tree)).
  am:
    term: child (in a tree)
    def: >
      [ኖድ](#node) በ [ዛፍ](#node) ውስጥ ከሌላው ቁልቁል በታች ([ወላጁን](#parent_tree) ይሉታል።)

- slug: class
  en:
    term: class
    def: >
      In [object-oriented programming](#oop), a structure that combines data and operations (called [methods](#method)). The program then uses a [constructor](#constructor) to create an [object](#object) with those properties and methods. Programmers generally put generic or reusable behavior in [parent classes](#parent_class), and more detailed or specific behavior in [child classes](#child_class).
  es:
    term: clase
    def: >
      En [programación orientada a objetos](#oop), es una estructura que combina datos y operaciones (denominadas [métodos](#method)). El programa emplea un [constructor](#constructor) para crear un [objeto](#object) con esas propiedades y métodos. Los programadores generalmente definen comportamientos genéricos o reutilizables en [superclases](#parent_class) y comportamientos más específicos o detallados en [subclases](#child_class).
  am:
    term: ክፍል
    def: >
      በዕቃ ተኮር ፕሮግራም (#oop) ውስጥ, መረጃዎችን እና ክንውኖች ([ዘዴዎች](#method)። ፕሮግራሙ ከዚያ ምክኒያት የሚጠቀምበት [ኮንሰርተር](#constructor) ከነዚህ ጋር [አካል](#object) ለመፍጠር ባህሪያት እና ዘዴዎች. ፕሮግራም አዘጋጆች በአብዛኛው ጀነሬክ ወይም እንደገና ሊጠቀሙ የሚችሉ ናቸው ባህሪ በ[ወላጅ መደብ](#parent_class)፣ እና በዝርዝር ወይም በግልጽ ጠባይ በ[ልጆች መደብ](#child_class).

- slug: classification
  ref:
    - supervised_learning
    - clustering
  en:
    term: classification
    def: >
      The process of identifying which predefined category an item belongs to, such as deciding whether an email message is spam or not. Many [machine learning](#machine_learning) algorithms perform classification.
  am:
    term: መደብ
    def: >
      አንድ ዕቃ ከየትኛው ቅድመ ምድብ ጋር እንደሆነ የመለየት ሂደት, ለምሳሌ የኢሜይል መልዕክት የመልዕክት መልዕክት እስፓም ወይም አይደለም መወሰን. ብዙ [ማሽን መማር](#machine_learning) አልጎሪቶች የመደብ ልዩነትን ያከናውናሉ።
  es:
    term: "clasificación"
    def: >
      El proceso de identificar a que categoría predefinida pertenece un objeto, como, por ejemplo, decidir si un mensaje de correo electrónico es spam o no.
      Muchos algoritmos de [machine learning](#machine_learning) realizan clasificación.

- slug: cli
  en:
    term: command-line interface
    def: >
      A user interface that relies solely on text for commands and output, typically running in a [shell](#shell).
  am:
    term: ትዕዛዝ-መስመር አገናኝ
    def: >
      ኢንተርፌት በ[ዛጎል](#shell) ውስጥ ለመሮጥ ትዕዛዞች እና ውጤቶች ለማግኘት በጽሁፍ ላይ ብቻ የሚደገፍ  ።

- slug: client
  en:
    term: client
    def: >
      Typically, a program such as a web browser that gets data from a [server](#server) and displays it to, or interacts with, users. The term is used more generally to refer to any program A that makes requests of another program B. A single program can be both a client and a server.
  am:
    term: ደንበኛ
    def: >
      አብዛኛውን ጊዜ መረጃን ከአንድ ድረ ገጽ የሚያገኝ እንደ ዌብ ብራውዘር ያለ ፕሮግራም [ሰርቨር](#server) እና ለተጠቃሚዎች, ወይም ግንኙነት ለማሳየት. ቃሉ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል የበለጠ በአጠቃላይ ሌላ ፕሮግራም ጥያቄዎችን የሚያደርግ ማንኛውም ፕሮግራም ሀ ለማመልከት ለ. አንድ ፕሮግራም ደንበኛም ሆነ ሰርቨር ሊሆን ይችላል።

- slug: closure
  en:
    term: closure
    def: >
      A set of variables defined in the same [scope](#scope) whose existence has been preserved after that scope has ended.
  am:
    term: መዘጋት
    def: >
      ህልውናቸው በዚሁ [ስፋት](#scope) የተገለፁ ተለዋዋጭዎች ይህ ስፋት ካበቃ በኋላ ተጠብቆ እንዲቆይ ተደርጓል ።

- slug: clustering
  ref:
    - centroid
    - classification
    - supervised_learning
    - unsupervised_learning
  en:
    term: "clustering"
    def: >
      The process of dividing data into groups when the groups themselves are not
      known in advance.
  pt:
    term: "agrupamento"
    def: >
      O processo de dividir os dados em grupos quando os grupos em si não são conhecidos
      antecipadamente.
  ja:
    term: "クラスタリング"
    def: >
      データをどのように分類するかは不明のまま、グループに分割するプロセスのこと。

  am:
    term: መከፋፈል
    def: >
      ቡድኖቹ ራሳቸው በማይሆንበት ጊዜ መረጃዎችን በቡድን የመከፋፈል ሂደት አስቀድሞ የታወቀ ነው ።
  sw:
    term: "kugawanya"
    def: >
      Mchakato wa kugawanya data katika vikundi wakati vikundi vyenyewe bado havijagunduliwa mapema.

- slug: code_coverage
  en:
    term: "code coverage (in testing)"
    def: >
      How much of a [library](#library) or program is executed when tests run. This is normally
      reported as a percentage of lines of code: for example, if 40 out of 50 lines in
      a file are run during testing, those tests have 80% code coverage.

  am:
    term: ኮድ ሽፋን (በፈተና)
    def: >
      ፈተና ሲከናውን ምን ያህል [ቤተ መጻሕፍት](#library) ወይም ፕሮግራም ይፈፀም።  ይህ የተለመደ ነው እንደ አንድ በመቶ የኮድ መስመሮች ሪፖርት ተደርጓል ለምሳሌ, ከ 50 መስመሮች ውስጥ 40 ከሆነ አንድ ፋይል በፈተና ወቅት ይሰራል, እነዚያ ምርመራዎች 80% ኮድ ሽፋን አላቸው::
      
  sw:
    term: "kuasisi msimbo (majaribuni)"
    def: >
       Ni kiasi gani [maktaba](#library) au programu imetekelezwa wakati wa majaribio. 
       kwa mfano, ikiwa mistari 40 kati ya 50 ndani faili imetekelezwa wakati wa majaribio, 
       majaribio hayo yana kiwango cha asilimia 80%.
    
  
- slug: code_review
  en:
    term: "code review"
    def: >
      To check a program or a change to a program by inspecting its source code.
  es:
    term: "revisión de código"
    def: >
      Revisar un programa o un cambio a un programa inspeccionando su código fuente.

  am:
    term: የኮድ ክለሳ
    def: >
      ከምንጭ ኮዱ በመፈተሽ የአንድን ፕሮግራም ማጣራት ወይም አንድን ፕሮግራም መለወጥ ::

- slug: coercion
  en:
    term: "coercion"
    def: >
      See [type coercion](#type_coercion).
  am:
    term: ማስገደድ
    def: >
      [ዓይነት አስገዳጅነትን](#type_coercion) ተመልከት።

- slug: cognitive_load
  en:
    term: "cognitive load"
    def: >
      The amount of working memory needed to accomplish a set of simultaneous tasks.
  af:
    term: "kognitiewe lading"
    def: >
      Die hoeveelheid werkgeheue wat nodig is om 'n stel gelyktydige take te verrig.

  am:
    term: የማሰብ ችሎታ ጭነት
    def: >
      አንድ አይነት ስራዎችን ለማከናወን የሚያስፈልገው የስራ ትውስታ መጠን.

- slug: collection
  ref:
    - list
    - vector
    - tuple
  en:
    term: "collection"
    def: >
      An abstract data type that groups an arbitrary, variable number of data items (possibly zero), to allow 
      processing them in a uniform fashion. Common examples of collections are lists, variable-size arrays and sets. Fixed-size arrays 
      are usually not considered collections.

- slug: command
  en:
    term: "command"
    def: >
      An instruction telling a computer program to perform a specific task.

  am:
    term: ትዕዛዝ
    def: >
      አንድ የኮምፒውተር ፕሮግራም አንድ የተወሰነ ሥራን እንዲሠራ የሚነግረው መመሪያ።
  sw:
    term: "amri"
    def: >
      Agizo la kuiambia programu ya kompyuta kufanya kazi maalum.

- slug: command_history
  en:
    term: "command history"
    def: >
      An automatically created list of previously executed commands. Most read-eval-print loops
      ([REPLs](#repl)), including the [Unix shell](#shell), record history and allow
      users to play back recent commands.

  am:
    term: ትዕዛዝ ታሪክ
    def: >
      ቀደም ሲል ተፈጻሚ የነበሩ ትዕዛዞች በራሱ የተፈጠሩ ዝርዝር. አብዛኛዎቹ የንባብ-eቫል-የህትመት ልጥፎች ([REPLs](#repl)፣ የ[ዩኒክስ ዛጎልን](#shell)፣ ታሪክን መዝግበው እንዲፈቅዱ ተጠቃሚዎች የቅርብ ጊዜ ትዕዛዞች መልሰው ለማጫወት.

- slug: command_line_argument
  en:
    term: "command-line argument"
    def: >
      A filename or control flag given to a command-line program when it is run.

  am:
    term: ትዕዛዝ-መስመር ክርክር
    def: >
      በሚሰራበት ጊዜ ለትዕዛዝ-መስመር ፕሮግራም የተሰጠ የፋይል ስም ወይም የቁጥጥር ባንዲራ.

- slug: comment
  en:
    term: "comment"
    def: >
      Text written in a script that is not treated as code to be run, but rather as
      text that describes what the code is doing. These are usually short notes, often
      beginning with a `#` (in many programming languages).
    
  fr:
    term: "commentaire"
    def: >
      Texte écrit dans un script, qui n'est pas évalué lors de l'exécution du code. Il
      est utilisé pour décrire ce qui se passe lorsque le code est évalué. Les
      commentaires sont en général des notes brèves, qui commencent après un `#` (dans
      plusieurs langages de programmation)
  pt:
    term: "comentário"
    def: >
      Texto escrito em um script que não é tratado como código a ser executado, e sim
      como texto que descreve o que o código está fazendo. Normalmente é formado por
      notas curtas, frequentemente começando com um `#` (em várias linguagens de programação).
  de:
    term: "Kommentar"
    def: >
      Anmerkungen in einem Programmcode oder Skript, die nicht vom Computer interpretiert oder ausgeführt werden. Kommentare dienen der Leserlichkeit und Dokumentation für Nutzer des Skripts. In vielen Programmiersprache werden Kommentare mit '#' am Zeilenanfang eingeleitet.
  am:
    term: አስተያየት
    def: >
      እንደ ኮድ ተደርጎ በማይታይ ጽሁፍ የተፃፈ ጽሑፍ ይልቁንስ ኮዱን ምን እያደረገ እንዳለ የሚገልጽ ጽሑፍ።  እነዚህ ብዙውን ጊዜ አጫጭር ማስታወሻዎች ናቸው፣ ብዙ ጊዜ በ '፩' (በብዙ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች) መጀመር።
  sw:
    term: "maoni"
    def: >
      Maandishi yaliyoandikwa kwa hati ambayo hayachukuliwi kama kanuni ya kutekelezwa, lakini kama
      maandishi ambayo yanaelezea kile kanuni hufanya nini. Mara nyingi, hati hizi huwa na maelezo mafupi, 
      yanayoanza na `#` (katika lugha nyingi za programu).

- slug: commit
  en:
    term: "commit"
    def: >
      As a verb, the act of saving a set of changes to a database or [version control](#version_control_system)
      [repository](#repository). As a noun, the changes saved.

  am:
    term: ቃል
    def: >
      እንደ ግስ፣ በዳታቤዝ ወይም በ[ቨርዥን መቆጣጠሪያ](#version_control_system) ላይ የተወሰኑ ለውጦችን የማስቀመጥ ተግባር [መዝገበ](#repository) ::እነዚህ ለውጦች እንደ ስም ተቀምጠዋል ።

- slug: commit_message
  en:
    term: "commit message"
    def: >
      A comment attached to a [commit](#commit) that explains what was done and why.

  am:
    term: ቃል መልዕክት
    def: >
      ምን እንደተከናወነና ለምን እንደሆነ የሚያብራራ [commit](#commit) ላይ የተጠቀሰ ሐሳብ።

- slug: compile
  en:
    term: "compile"
    def: >
      To translate textual source into another form. Programs in [compiled
      languages](#compiled_language) are translated into machine instructions for a
      computer to run, and [Markdown](#markdown) is usually translated into
      [HTML](#html) for display.

  am:
    term: ያቀናበረው ንረት
    def: >
      የጽሁፍ ምንጭን ወደ ሌላ መልክ ለመተርጎም። ፕሮግራሞች በ[የተጠናቀረ] ቋንቋዎች](#compiled_language) ለa ማሽን መመሪያዎች ይተረጎማሉ ኮምፒዩተር ሊሰራ ና [Markdown](#markdown) ብዙ ጊዜ ይተረጎማል [HTML](#html) ለእይታ።

- slug: compiled_language
  en:
    term: "compiled language"
    def: >
      Originally, a language such as C or Fortran that is translated into machine
      instructions for execution. Languages such as Java are also compiled before
      execution, but into [byte code](#byte_code) instead of machine instructions,
      while [interpreted languages](#interpreted_language) like [Python](#python)
      are compiled to byte code on the fly.

  am:
    term: የተጠናቀረ ቋንቋ
    def: >
      መጀመርያ ወደ ማሽን የሚተረጎም እንደ ሲ ወይም ፎርትራን ያለ ቋንቋ የሞት ቅጣትን የሚወነጅሉ መመሪያዎች። እንደ ጃቫ ያሉ ቋንቋዎችም ከዚህ በፊት የተጠናቀሩ ናቸው አፈፃፀም, ነገር ግን በማሽን መመሪያ ይልቅ ወደ [ባይት ኮድ](#byte_code), ሲኾን [የተረጎሙት ቋንቋዎች](#interpreted_language) እንደ [ፓጥተን](#python) በራሪ ኮድ የተጠናቀሩ ናቸው።

- slug: compiler
  en:
    term: "compiler"
    def: >
      An application that translates programs written in some languages into machine
      instructions or [byte code](#byte_code).
  ar:
    term: "مُترجِم"
    def: >
      هو برنامج يقوم بترجمة النصوص المصدرية إلى أوامر ومعلومات يفهمها الحاسب لذلك
      يُمكن للكمبيوتر فهم البرنامج وتشغيله دون استخدام برنامج البرمجة المستخدم لإنشائه
      أو مايُسمى
      [رموز البايت](#byte_code).

  am:
    term: አጠናቃሪ
    def: >
      በአንዳንድ ቋንቋዎች የተጻፉ ፕሮግራሞችን ወደ ማሽን የሚተረጉም መተግበሪያ መመሪያዎች ወይም [ባይት ኮድ](#byte_code).

- slug: computational_linguistics
  ref:
    - nlp
  en:
    term: "computational linguistics"
    def: >
      The study or application of computational methods for [parsing](#parse) or understanding
      human languages. Early approaches were algorithmic; most modern approaches are statistical.
  es:
    term: "lingüística computacional"
    def: >
      El estudio o aplicación de métodos computacionales para procesamiento o entendimiento
      de lenguajes humanos. Los primeros acercamientos fueron algorítmicos; la mayoría
      de los acercamientos modernos son estadísticos.

  am:
    term: የሒሳብ ልሳነ-ቋንቋ
    def: >
      ለ[ፓርስቲንግ](#parse) ወይም ለመረዳት የሂሳብ ዘዴዎች ጥናት ወይም ተግባራዊነት የሰው ልጆች ቋንቋዎች ። የመጀመሪያ አቀራረቦች አልጎሪዝሚክ ነበሩ; አብዛኞቹ ዘመናዊ አቀራረቦች አኃዛዊ መረጃዎች ናቸው.
      
  
  sw:
    term: "isimu ya hesabu"
    def: >
      Utafiti au utumiaji wa mbinu za kukokotoa na [kuchanganua](#parse) au kuelewa lugha za binadamu. Mbinu za awali zilikuwa za algorithmic; mbinu nyingi za kisasa ni za takwimu.
           

- slug: computational_notebook
  en:
    term: "computational notebook"
    def: >
      A combination of a document format that allows users to mix prose and code in a
      single file, and an application that executes that code interactively and in
      place. The [Jupyter Notebook](#jupyter_notebook) and [R Markdown](#r_markdown)
      files are both examples of computational notebooks.

  am:
    term: የሒሳብ ማስታወሻ ደብተር
    def: >
      ተጠቃሚዎች የጽሁፍ እና ኮድን በአንድ ውስጥ ለማቀላቀፍ የሚያስችል የሰነድ ቅርጸት ድምር ነጠላ ፋይል, እና ያንን ኮድ በተሳታፊነት እና ውስጥ የሚፈፅም መተግበሪያ ቦታ ።  የ[Jupyter Notebook](#jupyter_notebook) እና [R Markdown](#r_markdown) ፋይሎች ሁለቱም የሒሳብ ማስታወሻ ደብተሮች ምሳሌዎች ናቸው።

- slug: compute_shader
  ref:
    - gpu
    - shader
  en:
    term: "compute shader"
    def: >
      A general purpose [shader][#shader] program for use in parallel processing. Often used
      for [machine learning][#machine_learning], simulations, and other fields which benifit
      from parallel computation.

- slug: conda
  ref:
    - pip
    - anaconda
  en:
    term: "conda"
    def: >
      A [package manager] (#package_manager) and environment management system, particularly popular for Python programs.
- slug: condition
  ref:
    - handle_condition
  en:
    term: "condition"
    def: >
      An error or other unexpected event that disrupts the normal flow of control.
  af:
    term: "toestand"
    def: >
      'n Fout of ander onverwagte gebeurtenis wat die normale vloei van beheer ontwrig.
      
  sw:
    term: "hali"
    def: >
      Hitilafu au tukio lingine lisilotarajiwa ambalo linatatiza mtiririko wa kawaida wa udhibiti.

  am:
    term: ሁኔታ
    def: >
      የተለመደውን የመቆጣጠሪያ ፍሰት የሚያደናቅፍ ስህተት ወይም ሌላ ያልተጠበቀ ክስተት።

- slug: conditional_expression
  en:
    term: "conditional expression"
    def: >
      A [ternary expression](#ternary_expression) that serves the role of an if/else
      statement. For example, C and similar languages use the syntax `test : ifTrue ?
      ifFalse` to mean "choose the value `ifTrue` if `test` is true, or the value
      `ifFalse` if it is not."

  am:
    term: የሁኔታዎች አገላለጽ
    def: >
      የአንድን /ሌላ) ሚና የሚያገለግል [ተርናሪ መግለጫ](#ternary_expression) መግለጫ።  ለምሳሌ C እና ተመሳሳይ ቋንቋዎች የsyntax 'ፈተና ይጠቀሙ እውነትከሆነ ? ውሸትከሆነ ' ማለት"'ፈተና' እውነት ከሆነ 'ifTrue' የሚለውን ዋጋ ምረጥ ወይም ዋጋው ካልሆነ 'የውሸት' ነው".

- slug: confidence_interval
  en:
    term: "confidence interval"
    def: >
      A range around an estimate that indicates the margin of error, combined with a
      probability that the actual value falls in that range.
  af:
    term: "vertrouensinterval"
    def: >
      'n Variasiewydte rondom 'n beraming wat'n foutgrens aandui, gekombineerd met die waarskynlikheid
       dat die werklike getal binne die skatting val.

  am:
    term: በራስ የመተማመን ጊዜ
    def: >
      የስህተቱን ኅዳግ ከሚጠቁም ግምት ዙሪያ የሚገኝ ክልል፣ ከa ጋር ተደምሮ ትክክለኛው ዋጋ በዚህ ክልል ውስጥ የመውደቁ አጋጣሚ ሰፊ ነው።
      
  ar:
    term: "فترة الثقة"
    def: >
      فترة الثقة تتكون من التقدير المعلمة وهامش الخطأ, وهي الفترة التي نثق بأن قيمة التقدير تكون داخل هذه الفترة

- slug: configuration file
  en:
    term: "configuration file"
    def: >
      A file that specifies the parameters and initial settings of a software program.
      Configuration, or config, files are often used for information subject to changes,
      such as environment-specific settings.

  am:
    term: የቅንብር ፋይል
    def: >
      የሶፍትዌሩን ፕሮግራም መስፈሪያዎች እና የመጀመሪያ አቀማመዶች የሚወስን ፋይል. ቅንብር ወይም config, ፋይሎች ብዙውን ጊዜ ለውጦች ለሚታዩበት መረጃ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ, እንደ አካባቢ-የተለየ አቀማመጥ.
      
  sw:
    term: "faili ya usanidi"
    def: >
      Faili inayobainisha vigezo na mipangilio ya awali ya programu. Faili ya usanidi hutumiwa kwa habari  zinazobadilika mara nyingi, 
      kama vile mipangilio iambatanayo ya mazingira.


- slug: console
  en:
    term: "console"
    def: >
      A computer terminal where a user may enter commands, or a program, such as a shell
      that simulates such a device.

  am:
    term: ኮንሶል
    def: >
      አንድ ተጠቃሚ ትዕዛዞች ሊገባበት የሚችልበት የኮምፒውተር ተርሚናል ወይም እንደ ዛጎል ያለ ፕሮግራም እንዲህ ያለውን መሣሪያ የሚኮርጅ ነው።
      
  sw:
    term: "koni ya kompyuta"
    def: >
      Kituo cha kompyuta ambapo mtumiaji anaweza kuingiza amri, au programu, kama vile shell
      ambayo huiga kifaa kama hicho.
      

- slug: confusion_matrix
  en:
    term: "confusion matrix"
    def: >
      A NxN matrix that describes the performance of a classification model, where N is the number 
      of classes or outputs. Each row in the matrix represents the instances of actual classes and each column 
      represents the predicted classes. For a binary classification model the confusion matrix 
      gives the True Positives (TP), False Negatives (FN), False Positives (FP) and True Negatives 
      (TN) in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants, respectively. The table can be used to calculate 
      Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity amongst other measures of the model.

- slug: constant
  en:
    term: "constant"
    def: >- 
      A constant in programming is a name associated with a value that never changes during the execution of a program. You can only access the constant’s value but not change it over time, as opposed to a [variable](#variable_program) 
  fr:
    term: "constante"
    def: >
      Une valeur qui ne peut pas être modifiée après avoir été définie, par opposition à une [variable](#variable_program).
  ar:
    term: "الثابت"
    def: >
      قيمة عددية ثابتة لا يمكن أن تتغير وهي عكس المتغير الذي يمكن أن يأخذ أكثر من قيمة.

  sw:
    term: "thabiti"
    def: >-
      Thamani ambayo haiwezi kubadilishwa baada ya kubainishwa, 
      ukilinganisha na [kigeu](#variable_program) ambayo hubadilika.

  es:
    term: "constante"
    def: >-
      Una constante en programación es un nombre asociado con un valor que nunca cambia durante la ejecución de un programa. Solo se puede acceder al valor de la constante, pero no cambiarlo con el tiempo. En oposición a una [variable](#variable_program).
      # Un valor que no puede ser cambiado después de haber sido definido, opuesto a lo que es una [variable](#variable_program).
      

- slug: constructor
  en:
    term: "constructor"
    def: >
      A function that creates an [object](#object) of a particular
      [class](#class). In the [S3](#s3) object system, constructors are a
      convention rather than a requirement.
  es:
    term: "constructor"
    def: >
      Una función que crea un [objeto](#object) de una [clase](#class)
      particular. En el sistema de objetos de [S3](#s3), los constructores
      son más una convención que un requisito.

  am:
    term: ገንቢ
    def: >
      የአንድ የተለየ [ዕቃ](#object) የሚፈጥር ተግባር [ክፍል](#class)::  በ[S3](#s3) ከግዴታ ይልቅ የአውራጃ ስብሰባ የእቃ ስርዓት ውስጥ ገንቢዎች ናቸው ::

- slug: continuation_prompt
  en:
    term: "continuation prompt"
    def: >
      A [prompt](#prompt) that indicates that the command currently being typed is not
      yet complete, and will not be run until it is.

  am:
    term: ቀጣይነት ያለው እርምጃ
    def: >
      በአሁኑ ጊዜ እየተለፈፈ ያለው ትዕዛዝ አለመሆኑን የሚያመለክት [አፋጣኝ](#prompt) ገና ሙሉ እስከሆነ ድረስ አይሮጥም

  sw:
    term: "kishawishi endelevu"
    def: >
       [kishawishi](#prompt) kinachoashiria kwamba amri inayochapwa kwa sasa bado haijakamilika, 
       na itaendeshwa mara tu itakapokamilika.

- slug: continuous_integration
  en:
    term: "continuous integration"
    def: >
      A software development practice in which changes are automatically merged as
      soon as they become available.


- slug: continuous_random_variable
  ref:
    - discrete_random_variable
  en:
    term: "continuous random variable"
    def: >
      A [variable](#variable_data) whose value can be any real value, either
      within a range, or unbounded, such as age or distance.

  am:
    term: ቀጣይ ድንገተኛ ተለዋዋጭ
    def: >
      ዋጋው ማንኛውም እውነተኛ ዋጋ ሊኖረው የሚችል [ተለዋዋጭ](#variable_data) ሁለቱም እንደ ዕድሜ ወይም ርቀት ባሉ የተለያዩ ወይም ገደብ የሌላቸው ነገሮች ውስጥ ነው።

- slug: control_flow
  en:
    term: "control flow"
    def: >
      The logical flow through a program's code. May be linear (i.e. just a series of
      commands), but may also include [loops](#loop) or conditional execution (i.e. if
      a condition is met).


- slug: copy_on_modify
  ref:
    - aliasing
  en:
    term: "copy-on-modify"
    def: >
      The practice of creating a new copy of aliased data whenever there is an attempt
      to modify it so that each reference will believe theirs is the only one.

  am:
    term: ኮፒ በ ማስተካከያ
    def: >
      ሙከራ በሚኖርበት ጊዜ ሁሉ አዲስ የተሰሩ መረጃዎችን የመፍጠር ልማድ እያንዳንዱ ማመሳከሪያ የእነርሱ ብቻ መሆኑን እንዲያምን የማስተካከል ሂደት ነዉ።

- slug: correlation
  en:
    term: "correlation"
    def: >
      A measure of how well two variables agree with each other. Correlation is usually measured by
      calculating a [correlation coefficient](#correlation_coefficient), and does not
      imply [causation](#causation).
  pt:
    term: "correlação"
    def: >
      O quão bem duas variáveis concordam uma com a outra. A correlação é normalmente
      medida pelo cálculo de um [coeficiente de correlação](#correlation_coefficient),
      e não significa que precise existir causalidade.
  af:
    term: "korrelasie"
    def: >
      Hoe sterk twee veranderlikes met mekaar ooreenstem. Korrelasie word gewoonlik gemeet aan
      die berekening van 'n [korrelasiekoëffisiënt](#correlation_coefficient), maar
      impliseer nie oorsaaklikheid.
  fr:  
    term: "corrélation"
    def: >
      Mesure à quel point deux variables sont en accord l'une avec l'autre. La corrélation 
      est habituellement mesurée en calculant un [coefficient de corrélation](#correlation_coefficient)
      et n'implique pas nécessairement un lien de [causalité](#causation).
  am:
    term: ተዛማጅነት
    def: >
      ሁለት መለዋወጫዎች እርስ በርስ ምን ያህል እንደሚስማሙ የሚያሳይ ልኬት ነዉ። ተዛማጅነት አብዛኛውን ጊዜ የሚለካው አንድን [የዝምድና ቅንጅት](#correlation_coefficient) ማስላት፣ እናም አይደለም [#ምክንያት](#causation) ማለት ነው።
  ar:
    term: "constant"
    def: >
      مقياس يوضح مدى ارتباط وقوةالعلاقة بين متغيرين ويتم حسابه بايجاد قيمة معامل الارتباط الذي تترواح قيمته بين 1-و +1.
  es:
    term: "correlación"
    def: >
      Una medida de cuán bien dos variables están de acuerdo una con la otra. La correlación usualmente se mide
      calculando un [coeficiente de correlación](#correlation_coefficient), y no implica
      [causalidad](#causation).
      
- slug: correlation_coefficient
  en:
    term: "correlation coefficient"
    def: >
      A measure of how well-[correlated](#correlation) two variables are. If the
      [correlation coefficient](#correlation_coefficient) between X and Y is 1.0,
      knowing X allows perfect prediction of Y. If the correlation coefficient is 0.0,
      knowing X tells you nothing about Y, and if it is -1.0, then X predicts Y, but
      a change in X causes an opposite change in Y.
  pt:
    term: "coeficiente de correlação"
    def: >
      Uma medida do quão bem duas variáveis estão [correlacionadas](#correlation). Se
      o [coeficiente de correlação](#correlation_coefficient) entre X e Y for 1.0,
      conhecer X permite uma previsão perfeita de Y. Se o coeficiente de correlação
      for 0.0, conhecer X não diz nada a respeito de Y, e se for -1.0, então X prevê
      Y, mas mudanças no valor de X gera uma mudança oposta em Y.
  af:
    term: "korrelasiekoëffisiënt"
    def: >
      'n Maatstaf van hoe sterk [gekorreleer](#correlation) twee veranderlikes is. As die
      korrelasiekoëffisiënt tussen X en Y gelyk is aan 1.0,
      dui dit aan dat X die perfekte voorspelling van Y is. As die korrelasiekoëffisiënt
      0,0 is, dui dit aan dat X nie verwant is aan Y nie. As dit -1,0 is, dan voorspel
      X vir Y, maar verandering in X veroorsaak 'n teenoorgestelde verandering in Y.
  am:
    term: የግንኙነት መጠን
    def: >
      ሁለት ተለዋዋጮች ምን ያህል በጥሩ ሁኔታ [[ተዛማጅ](#correlation) ልኬት ናቸው። ከሆነ እ.ኤ.አ. በ ኤክስ እና በ ዋይ መካከል [ትስስር Coefficient](#correlation_coefficient) 1.0 ፣ ኤክስን ማወቅ የ ዋይ ን ፍጹም ትንበያ ይፈቅዳል ፡፡ የግንኙነቱ መጠን 0.0 ከሆነ ፣ ኤክስ ን ማወቅ ስለ ዋይ ምንም አይነግርዎትም ፣ እና -1.0 ከሆነ ፣ ከዚያ ኤክስ ይተነብያል ፣ ግን የ ኤክስ ለውጥ በ ‹ዋይ› ተቃራኒ ለውጥ ያስከትላል ፡፡
  fr:  
    term: "coefficient de corrélation"
    def: >
      Une mesure de la [corrélation](#correlation) entre deux variables. 
      Si le [coefficient de corrélation](#correlation_coefficient) entre X et Y vaut 1.0,
      alors connaître X permet de connaître parfaitement Y. 
      Si le [coefficient de corrélation](#correlation_coefficient) vaut 0.0,
      alors connaître X ne nous dit rien sur Y.
      Enfin, si le [coefficient de corrélation](#correlation_coefficient) vaut -1.0, 
      alors X permet de prédire Y, mais un changement en X cause un changement opposé sur Y.
      
- slug: covariance
  en:
    term: "covariance"
    def: >
      How well two variables agree with each other. The [correlation
      coefficient](#correlation_coefficient) is a normalized measure of covariance.
  pt:
    term: "covariância"
    def: >
      O quão bem duas variáveis concordam uma com a outra. O [coeficiente de
      correlação](#correlation_coefficient) é uma medida normalizada da covariância.
  af:
    term: "kovariansie"
    def: >
      Hoe goed twee veranderlikes met mekaar ooreenstem. Die
      [korrelasiekoëffisiënt](#correlation_coefficient)
      is 'n genormaliseerde maatstaf vir kovariansie.
  am:
    term: መለዋወጥ
    def: >
      ሁለት ተለዋዋጮች እርስ በእርሳቸው እንዴት እንደተስማሙ ። ግንኙነቱ ትስስር](#correlation_coefficient) መደበኛ የሆነ የመለዋወጥ ልኬት ነው።
  fr:
    term: "covariance"
    def: >
      Mesure à quel point deux variables sont en accord l'une avec l'autre.
      Le [coefficient de corrélation](#correlation_coefficient) est une mesure 
      normalisée de la covariance.

- slug: cpu
  ref:
    - gpu
  en:
    term: "Central Processing Unit"
    acronym: "CPU"
    def: >
      The principal hardware of any digital computer. The CPU constitutes the
      essential electronic circuitry that interprets and executes instructions
      from the software or other hardware. Also called a central processor,
      main processor, or microprocessor.
  de:
    term: "Prozessor"
    def: >
      Die zentrale Recheneinheit eines jeden digitalen Computers. Der Prozessor ist eine elektronische Schaltung, die anhand von übergebenen Befehlen andere Maschinen oder elektrische Schaltungen steuert und Rechenoperationen ausführt. Wird auch als Hauptprozessor, Zentrale Recheneinheit, Zentraleinheit oder Zentrale Verarbeitungseinheit (kurz ZVE, englisch central processing unit, kurz CPU) bezeichnet.

  am:
    term: ማዕከላዊ ማቀነባበሪያ ክፍል
    def: >
      የማንኛውም ዲጂታል ኮምፒውተር ዋና ሃርድዌር. ሲፒዩ ነው::  መመሪያዎችን የሚተረጉም እና የሚፈፅም አስፈላጊ የኤሌክትሮኒክ ስረሰር ከሶፍትዌሩ ወይም ከሌላ ሃርድዌር የተወሰደ።በተጨማሪም ማዕከላዊ ፕሮሲሰር ተብሎ ይጠራል፤ ዋና ፕሮሲሰር ወይም ማይክሮፕሮሰሰር ::

  sw:
    term: "Central Processing Unit"
    def: >
      Vifaa vikuu vya kompyuta yoyote ya dijitali inayojumuisha
      sakiti muhimu za kielektroniki zinazotafsiri na kutekeleza maagizo
      kutoka kwa programu au maunzi mengine.

- slug: cran
  ref:
    - base_r
    - tidyverse
  en:
    term: "Comprehensive R Archive Network"
    acronym: "CRAN"
    def: >
      A public repository of [R](#r_language) packages.

  am:
    term: ሁሉን አቀፍ R መዝገብ ቤት አውታረ መረብ
    def: የ [R](#r_language) ጥቅሎች የህዝብ ማከማቻ።

- slug: cross_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "cross join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that produces all possible combinations of rows from two tables.

  am:
    term: ማቀናጀት
    def: ሁሉንም ሊሆኑ የሚችሉ የረድፎች ጥምረት የሚያመጣ አንድ [ተቀላቀል](#join) ከ ሁለት ጠረጴዛዎች፡፡

  af:
    term: "kruiskoppeling"
    def: >
      'n [Koppeling](#join) wat alle moontlike kombinasies van rye uit twee tabelle A en B oplewer.
      

- slug: cross_validation
  ref:
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: "cross-validation"
    def: >
      A technique that divides data into [training data](t#raining_data) and [test
      data](#test_data). The training data and correct answers are used to find
      [parameters](#parameter), and the algorithm's effectiveness is then measured by examining the
      answers it gives on the test data.

  am:
    term: መስቀል-ማረጋገጫ ማሽን መማር
    def: >
      መረጃን ወደ [የሥልጠና ውሂብ](#training_data) እና [የሙከራ ውሂብ](#test_data) የሚከፍል ዘዴ ፡፡ የሥልጠናው መረጃ እና ትክክለኛ መልሶች [መለኪያዎች](#parameter) ለማግኘት ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ ፣ እና የአልጎሪዝም እና #39 ውጤታማነት የሚለካው በፈተናው መረጃ ላይ የሚሰጡትን መልሶች በመመርመር ነው።

- slug: cryptographic_hash_function
  en:
    term: "cryptographic hash function"
    def: >
      A [hash function](#hash_function) that produces an apparently-random value for
      any input.

  am:
    term: ምስጠራ ሃሽ ተግባር
    def: >
      ለማንኛውም ግብዓት የዘፈቀደ እሴት የሚያመጣ ተግባር ::

- slug: css
  en:
    term: "Cascading Style Sheets"
    acronym: "CSS"
    def: >
      A way to control the appearance of HTML. CSS is typically used to specify fonts,
      colors, and layout.
  fr:
    term: "Feuilles de Style en Cascade"
    acronym: "CSS"
    def: >
      Une manière de contrôler l'apparence du rendu HTML. Le CSS est généralement
      utilisé dans le but de spécifier les polices, les couleurs ainsi que la
      structure d'une page web.

  am:
    term: ሲ.ኤስ.ኤስ.
    def: >
      የኤችቲኤምኤልን ገጽታ የሚቆጣጠርበት መንገድ። ሲ.ኤስ.ኤስ በተለምዶ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል ቅርጸ-ቁምፊዎችን ፣ ቀለሞችን እና አቀማመጥን ይጥቀሱ ፡፡

- slug: csv
  en:
    term: "comma-separated values"
    acronym: "CSV"
    def: >
      A text format for tabular data in which each [record](#record) is one row and [fields](#field) are
      separated by commas. There are many minor variations, particularly around
      quoting of [strings](#string).

  am:
    term: ሲ.ኤስ.ቪ.
    def: >
      እያንዳንዱ [መዝገብ](#record) የሚገኝበት ለሠንጠረዥ መረጃ የጽሑፍ ቅርጸት አንድ ረድፍ እና የመስክ ሳራ በኮማዎች ተለያይተዋል ፡፡ ብዙ ጥቃቅን ልዩነቶች አሉ ፣ በተለይም ሕብረቁምፊዎችን በመጥቀስ ፡፡

- slug: current_working_directory
  en:
    term: "current working directory"
    def: >
      The [folder](#folder) or [directory](#directory) location in which the program operates. Any action
      taken by the program occurs relative to this directory.
  pt:
    term: "diretório de trabalho"
    def: >
      O local, pasta ou diretório, em que o programa está operando. Qualquer ação do
      programa acontece relativa a esse diretório.
  fr:
    term: "répertoire de travail"
    def: >
      L'emplacement du système de fichiers dans lequel le programme en cours est en train d'opérer.
      Chaque opération effectuée par le programme se fait relativement à cet emplacement.

  am:
    term: የአሁኑ የሥራ ማውጫ
    def: >
      ፕሮግራሙ የሚሠራበትን [አቃፊ](#folder) ወይም ማውጫ ቦታ። ማንኛውም እርምጃ የተወሰደው በፕሮግራሙ የተወሰደው ከዚህ ማውጫ አንጻር ነው ፡፡

- slug: data_collison
  en:
    term: "data collison"
    def: >
      Occurs when  when two or more devices or nodes try to transmit signals at the same time on
      the same network. Similarly a data collision can also occur when [hashing](#hash_function) 
      if two distinct pieces of data have the same hash value. 

- slug: data_engineer
  ref:
    - data_scientist
    - data_wrangling
  en:
    term: "data engineer"
    def: >
      Someone who sets up and runs data analyses. Data engineers are often responsible
      for installing software, managing databases, generating reports, and archiving results.

  am:
    term: የውሂብ መሐንዲስ
    def: >
      መረጃ ትንታኔዎችን የሚያዘጋጅ እና የሚያከናውን ሰው ፡፡ የመረጃ መሐንዲሶች ብዙውን ጊዜ ናቸው ሶፍትዌርን ለመጫን ፣ የውሂብ ጎታዎችን ለማስተዳደር ፣ ሪፖርቶችን ለማመንጨት እና ውጤቶችን በማህደር ማስቀመጥ።

- slug: data_engineering
  ref:
    - data_science
  en:
    term: "data engineering"
    def: >
      The pragmatic steps taken to make data usable, such as writing short programs to
      put mailing addresses in a uniform format.
  el:
    term: "μηχανικός δεδομένων"
    def: >
      Ένα άτομο που υλοποιεί και τρέχει αναλύσεις δεδομένων. Οι μηχανικοί δεδομένων
      είναι συνήθως υπεύθυνοι για την εγκατάσταση λογισμικού, τη διαχείριση βάσεων
      δεδομένων, τη δημιουργία αναφορών και την αρχειοθέτηση των αποτελεσμάτων.

  am:
    term: የውሂብ ምህንድስና
    def: >
      እንደ አጭር መጻፍ ያሉ መረጃዎችን ለመጠቀም እንዲችሉ የተደረጉ ተግባራዊ ተግባራት የመልእክት አድራሻዎችን በአንድ ወጥ ቅርጸት ለማስቀመጥ ፕሮግራሞች ፡፡

- slug: data_frame
  ref:
    - tidy_data
  en:
    term: "data frame"
    def: >
      A two-dimensional data structure for storing tabular data in memory. Rows
      represent [records](#record) and columns represent [variables](#variable_data).
  fr:
    term: "trame de données"
    def: >
      Une structure bi-dimensionnelle pour enregistrer des données tabulaires. Les
      lignes représentent les [entrées](#record) et les colonnes représentent les
      [variables](#variable_data).
  es:
    term: "marco de datos"
    def: >
      Una estructura de datos bi-dimensional para guardar datos tabulares en memoria.
      Líneas representan [entradas](#record) y columnas representan [variables](#variable_data).
  sw: 
    term: "Data Fremu"
    def: >
      Muundo wa data wa pande mbili wa kuhifadhi data ya tabular katika kumbukumbu. Safu zinawakilisha rekodi na nguzo zinawakilisha vigezo.


- slug: data_masking
  en:
    term: "data masking"
    def: >
      Altering data in a dataset to anonymize or otherwise remove identifying information.
      For example, real names might be swapped out with fictional names to provide name-based data
      without referencing actual people.

  am:
    term: የውሂብ ክፈፍ
    def: >
      በትር ውስጥ ሰንጠረዥ መረጃዎችን ለማከማቸት ባለ ሁለት አቅጣጫዊ የውሂብ መዋቅር። ረድፎች [መዝገቦችን](#record) ይወክላሉ  እና አምዶች ይወክላሉ [variables](#variable_data)።


- slug: data_mining
  en:
    term: "data mining"
    def: >
      The use of computers to search for patterns in large datasets. The term [data
      science](#data_science) is now more commonly used.
  af:
    term: "data-ontgining"
    def: >
      Die gebruik van 'n rekendaar om te soek na patrone in groot datastelle. Die term [data wetenskap](#data_science) 
      word tans meer gebruik.
  zu:
    term: "ukumbiwa kwedatha"
    def: >
      The use of computers to search for patterns in large datasets. The term [data
      science](#data_science) is now more commonly used.
  sw:
    term: "Uchimbaji data"
    def: >
      Mchakato wa kuchimba na kugundua mifumo katika seti kubwa za data kwa kutumia tarakilishi.

  am:
    term: መረጃ ማውጣት
    def: >
      በትላልቅ የውሂብ ስብስቦች ውስጥ ቅጦችን ለመፈለግ የኮምፒተር አጠቃቀም። ዘ ቃል [ዳታ ሳይንስ](#data_science) አሁን በብዛት ጥቅም ላይ ውሏል ፡፡

- slug: data_package
  en:
    term: "data package"
    def: >
      A software package that, mostly, contains only data. Is used to make it simpler
      to disseminate data for easier use.
  af:
    term: "data pakket"
    def: >
      'n Sagtewarepakket wat meestal net data bevat. Word gebruik om dit eenvoudiger te maak
      om data te versprei vir makliker gebruik.

  am:
    term: የውሂብ ጥቅል
    def: >
      የሶፍትዌር ፓኬጅ ፣ በአብዛኛው ፣ መረጃዎችን ብቻ የያዘ። ለመሥራት ያገለገለ ነው ለቀላል አጠቃቀም መረጃን ለማሰራጨት የበለጠ ቀላል ነው።
 
  sw:
    term: "Kifurushi cha data"
    def: >
      Kifurushi cha programu ambacho, mara nyingi, kina data pekee. Hutumika kurahisisha kusambaza data kwa matumizi rahisi.

- slug: data_science
  en:
    term: "data science"
    def: >
      The combination of statistics, programming, and hard work used to extract
      knowledge from data.
  pt:
    term: "ciência de dados"
    def: >
      A combinação de estatística, programação e trabalho duro usados para extrair
      conhecimento a partir de dados.
  af:
    term: "datawetenskap"
    def: >
      Die kombinasie van statistiek en programmering wat gebruik word om kennis vanuit data te ontgin.
  sw:
    term: "sayansi ya data"
    def: >
      mchanganyiko wa takwimu, programu na kazi ngumu inayotumika kupata maarifa kutoka kwa data.
  es:
    term: "ciencia de datos"
    def: >
      La combinación de estadísticas, programación y trabajo duro que se utiliza para extraer información de los datos.
  el:
    term: "επιστήμη δεδομένων"
    def: >
      Ο συνδυασμός στατιστικής, προγραμματισμού και σκληρής δουλειάς που χρειάζεται για να εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα από δεδομένα.

  am:
    term: የውሂብ ሳይንስ
    def: >
      ጥቅም ላይ የዋለው የስታቲስቲክስ ፣ የፕሮግራም እና ከባድ ሥራ ጥምረት ከመረጃ ዕውቀትን ያውጡ።

- slug: data_scientist
  en:
    term: "data scientist"
    def: >
      Someone who uses programming skills to solve statistical problems.
  sw:
    term: "mwanasayansi wa data"
    def: >
      mtu anayetumia ujuzi wa programu kutafuta suluhu/kusuluhisha matatizo ya takwimu.
  pt:
    term: "cientista de dados"
    def: >
      Alguém que usa habilidades de programação para resolver problemas estatísticos.
  af:
    term: "datawetenskaplike"
    def: >
      Iemand wat programmeringsvaardighede gebruik om statistiese probleme op te los.
  es:
    term: "cientifico/cientifica de datos"
    def: >
      Alguien que usa habilidades de programación para resolver problemas de estadísticas.
  el:
    term: "επιστήμονας δεδομένων"
    def: >
      Ένα άτομο που χρησιμοποιεί προγραμματισμό για να λύσει προβλήματα στατιστικής.

  am:
    term: የውሂብ ሳይንቲስት
    def: >
      የስታቲስቲክስ ችግሮችን ለመፍታት የፕሮግራም ችሎታን የሚጠቀም ሰው ፡፡

- slug: data_structure
  en:
    term: "data structure"
    def: >
      A format for the organisation, management, and efficient access of data. Typically it will
      characterise a set of data values and their representation (or [encoding](#character_encoding)),
      the relationships between values, and ways to access or manipulate those data, such as
      reading, altering, or writing.
  sw:
    term: "muundo wa data"
    def: >
      Muundo wa ushirikashi, usimamizi na ufikiaji bora wa data. Kwa kawaida itakuwa
      kubainisha thamani ya seti za data na uwakilishi wao (au [encoding](#character_encoding)),
      uhusiano kati ya thamana, na njia za kufikia au kuendesha data hizo, kama vile
      kusoma, kubadilisha, au kuandika.
   
- slug: data_visualization
  en:
    term: "data visualization"
    def: >
      The creation of charts, maps, graphs, or infographics to translate datasets into something visual.
      Sometimes called "dataviz" or "data viz."
     

  am:
    term: የውሂብ መዋቅር
    def: >
      ለድርጅቱ ቅርጸት ፣ አስተዳደር እና ቀልጣፋ ተደራሽነት መረጃ በተለምዶ ያደርገዋል የውሂብ እሴቶችን ስብስብ እና የእነሱ ውክልና (ወይም።) [ኢንኮዲንግ](#character_encoding)) ፣ በእሴቶች መካከል ያሉ ግንኙነቶች እና ለመድረስ ወይም ለማታለል መንገዶች እነዚያ መረጃዎች ፣ እንደ ማንበብ ፣ መለወጥ ወይም መጻፍ ፡፡
      
  sw:
    term: "taswira ya data"
    def: >
      Uundaji wa chati, ramani, grafu, au infographics ili kutafsiri seti za data kuwa kitu kinachoonekana.
      Wakati mwingine huitwa "dataviz" au "data viz."

- slug: data_wrangling
  en:
    term: "data wrangling"
    def: >
      A colloquial name for small-scale [data engineering](#data_engineering).

  am:
    term: የውሂብ ክርክር
    def: >
      ለአነስተኛ መጠን [የመረጃ ምህንድስና](#data_engineering) የትብብር ስም።
      
  sw:
    term: "mchakato wa data"
    def: >
      Jina la mazungumzo kwa kiwango kidogo cha [data engineering](#data_engineering).

- slug: debug
  en:
    term: "debug"
    def: >
      In a computer environment 'debug' refers to the process of finding and resolving errors (also known as 'bugs') within computer programs or systems.

  pt:
    term: "depurar"
    def: >
      Em um ambiente de computador, 'debug' refere-se ao processo de encontrar e resolver erros (também conhecidos como 'bugs') em programas ou sistemas de computador.
  
  sw:
    term: "utatuzi"
    def: >
      Katika mazingira ya kompyuta 'utatuzi' inarejelea mchakato wa kutafuta na kutatua makosa (pia hujulikana kama hitilafu) ndani ya programu au mifumo ya kompyuta.


- slug: decision_tree
  ref:
    - random_forests
  en:
    term: "decision tree"
    def: >
      A tree whose [nodes](#node) are questions and whose [branches](#branch) eventually lead to a
      decision or [classification](#classification).

  am:
    term: የውሳኔ ዛፍ
    def: >
      [አንጓዎቹ](#node) ጥያቄዎቹ እና [ቅርንጫፎቹ](#branch) ውሎ አድሮ ወደ ውሳኔ ወይም [ምደባ](#classification) የሚወስድ ዛፍ።

- slug: decorator_pattern
  en:
    term: "Decorator pattern"
    def: >
      A [design pattern](#design_pattern) in which a function adds additional features
      to another function or a [class](#class) after its initial definition.
      Decorators are a feature of [Python](#python) and can be implemented in most
      other languages as well.

  am:
    term: የማስዋቢያ ንድፍ
    def: >
      አንድ ተግባር የሚጨምርበት የ [ዲዛይን ንድፍ](#design_pattern) ተጨማሪ ባህሪያትን ለሌላ ተግባር ወይም ከመጀመሪያው (ክፍል)(#class) ትርጉም ማስዋቢያዎች የ [Python](#python) ገጽታ ናቸው እና ሊተገበሩ ይችላሉ በአብዛኞቹ ሌሎች ቋንቋዎችም እንዲሁ ፡፡

- slug: decrement
  ref:
    - increment
  en:
    term: "decrement"
    def: >
      A unary operation that decreases the value of a variable, usually by 1.
  es:
    term: "decrementar"
    def: >
      Una operación unaria que disminuye el valor de una variable, generalmente en 1.
  pt:
    term: "decrementar"
    def: >
      Uma operação unária que diminui o valor de uma variável, geralmente em um.

  sw:
    term: "kupunguza"
    def: >
      Operesheni isiyo ya kawaida ambayo hupunguza thamani ya kigezo, kwa kawaida kwa 1.
      

- slug: deep_learning
  en:
    term: "deep learning"
    def: >
      A family of [neural network](#neural_network) algorithms that use multiple
      layers to extract features at successively higher levels.
  de:
    term: "Deep Learning"
    def: >
      Eine Familie von Algorithmen für künstliche neuronale Netzwerke, die mehrere Schichten verwenden, um schrittweise Eigenschaften auf immer höheren Ebenen zu extrahieren. 
  am:
    term: ጥልቅ ትምህርት
    def: >
      የሚጠቀሙባቸው [neural network](#neural_network) ስልተ ቀመሮች በተከታታይ በከፍተኛ ደረጃዎች ባህሪያትን ለማውጣት ብዙ ንብርብሮች።
      
  sw:
    term: "kujifunza kwa kina"
    def: >
      Familia ya algoriti za mtandao wa neva [neural network](#neural_network) ambazo hutumia tabaka nyingi 
      ili kutoa vipengele katika viwango vya juu.
      

- slug: default_target
  en:
    term: "default target"
    def: >
      The [build target](#build_target) that is used when none is specified explicitly.
 
  am:
    term: ነባሪ ዒላማ
    def: >
      ምንም በማይሆንበት ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ የሚውለው [የግንባታ ዒላማ](#build_target) በግልፅ ተገልጻል ፡፡

- slug: default_value
  en:
    term: "default value"
    def: >
      A value assigned to a function [parameter](#parameter) when the caller does not specify a
      value. Default values are specified as part of the function's definition.

  am:
    term: ነባሪ እሴት
    def: >
      መቼ ለአንድ ተግባር [ልኬት](#parameter) የተመደበ እሴት ደዋዩ ዋጋ አይገልጽም። ነባሪ እሴቶች እንደ የተግባሩ አካል ሆነው ተገልፀዋል ትርጉም
   
  pt:
    term: "valor por defeito"
    def: >
      Valor associado ao [parâmetro](#parameter) de uma função quando o operador não especifica um
      valor. Valores por defeito fazem parte da definição de uma função.

- slug: defensive_programming
  en:
    term: "defensive programming"
    def: >
      A set of programming practices that assumes mistakes will happen and either
      reports or corrects them, such as inserting [assertions](#assertion) to report
      situations that are not ever supposed to occur.

  am:
    term: የመከላከል  መርሃግብር
    def: >
      ስህተቶችን የሚወስድ የፕሮግራም አሰራሮች ስብስብ ይከሰታል እና እንደ ሪፖርት (እንደ ማረጋገጫ) ማስገባት (#assertion) ወይ ሪፖርት ያድርጉ ወይም ያስተካክሉዋቸው መከሰት ፈጽሞ የማይታሰቡ ሁኔታዎችን ሪፖርት ለማድረግ ፡፡

- slug: degrees_of_freedom
  en:
    term: "degrees of freedom"
    def: >
      In statistics, the degrees of freedom (often "DF") is a measure of how much independent
      information, in the form data and calculations, has been combined to produce a given
      statistical parameter. Put another way, the DF is the number of values that are free to
      vary in the calculation of a given statistical parameter. For a statistic calculated
      from data which are indepdendent (i.e., the values are uncorrelated), the DF can be
      generally estimated as the sample size minus the number of individual parameters
      calculated to obtain the final statistic.


- slug: delegate_pattern
  en:
    term: "Delegate pattern"
    def: >
      A [design pattern](#design_pattern) in which an [object](#object) does most of the work to
      complete a task, but uses one of a set of other objects to complete some
      specific parts of the work. Delegation is often used instead of inheritance to
      customize objects' behavior.

  am:
    term: የውክልና ንድፍ
    def: >
      \ አንድ [ንድፍ ንድፍ](#design_pattern) በውስጡ አንድ [ነገር](#object) አብዛኛውን ሥራ ይሠራልሥራን ማጠናቀቅ ፣ ግን ለማጠናቀቅ ከሌሎች ነገሮች ስብስብ ውስጥ አንዱን ይጠቀማል የተወሰኑ የተወሰኑ የሥራ ክፍሎች. ውክልና ብዙውን ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል ዕቃዎችን ለማበጀት ውርስ ባህሪ ::

- slug: dependency
  en:
    term: "dependency"
    def: >
      See [prerequisite](#prerequisite).
  sw:
    term: "utegemezi"
    def: >
      hali ya kutegemea jambo ama kitu fulani 

  am:
    term: ጥገኝነት
    def: "[ቅድመ ሁኔታ](#prerequisite) ን ይመልከቱ \n"

- slug: dependent_variable
  en:
    term: "dependent variable"
    def: >
      A variable whose value depends on the value of another variable, which is called
      the [independent variable](#independent_variable).
  pt:
    term: "variável dependente"
    def: >
      Uma variável cujo valor dependa do valor de outra variável, que é chamada de
      [variável independente](#independent_variable).

  am:
    term: ጥገኛ ተለዋዋጭ
    def: >
      ዋጋው በሌላ ተለዋዋጭ እሴት ላይ የሚመረኮዝ ተለዋዋጭ ፣ [ገለልተኛ ተለዋዋጭ](#independent_variable) ተብሎ የሚጠራው።

- slug: depth_first
  en:
    term: "depth first"
    def: >
      To go through a nested data structure such as a [tree](#tree) by going as far as
      possible down one path, then as far as possible down the next and so on, or to
      explore a problem by following one solution to its conclusion and then trying
      the next.

  am:
    term: ጥልቀት በመጀመሪያ
    def: >
      እንደ [tree](#tree)ያሉ ጎጆዎች በተዘረጋው የውሂብ መዋቅር ውስጥ ለማለፍ  በተቻለ መጠን በአንድ ጎዳና መሄድ ፣ ከዚያ በተቻለ መጠን በሚቀጥለው እና በመሳሰሉት መንገዶች ላይ ፣ ወይም ለመደምደሚያው አንድ መፍትሄን በመከተል እና ቀጣዩን በመሞከር አንድ ችግርን ለመመርመር ፡፡

- slug: design_pattern
  ref:
    - iterator_pattern
    - singleton_pattern
    - template_method_pattern
    - visitor_pattern
  en:
    term: "design pattern"
    def: >
      A recurring pattern in software design that is specific enough to be worth
      naming, but not so specific that a single best implementation can be provided by
      a [library](#library). For example, [data frames](#data_frame) and database
      [tables](#table) are instances of the same pattern.

  am:
    term: የንድፍ ንድፍ
    def: >
      የንድፍ ንድፍ  ለሶስተኛ ደረጃ መሰየሚያ ተብሎ በተጠቀሰው የሶፍትዌር ዲዛይን ውስጥ ተደጋጋሚ ንድፍ ፣ ግን በጣም የተለየ አይደለም ፣ አንድ ምርጥ አተገባበር በ [ቤተ-መጽሐፍት](#library) ሊቀርብ ይችላል ፡፡ ለምሳሌ ፣ [የውሂብ ክፈፎች] እና የመረጃ ቋት [ጠረጴዛዎች](#data_frame) ተመሳሳይ ንድፍ ምሳሌዎች ናቸው።

- slug: destructuring_assignment
  en:
    term: "destructuring assignment"
    def: >
      Unpacking values from data structures and assigning them to multiple variables
      in a single statement.

  am:
    term: የሚያጠፋ ተግባር
    def: >
      እሴቶችን ከመረጃ መዋቅሮች ማራገፍ እና ለብዙዎች መመደብ ተለዋዋጮች በአንድ መግለጫ ፡፡

- slug: dictionary
  en:
    term: "dictionary"
    def: >
      A data structure that allows items to be looked up by value, sometimes called an
      [associative array](#associative_array). Dictionaries are often implemented
      using [hash tables](#hash_table).

  am:
    term: መዝገበ-ቃላት
    def: >
      ዕቃዎችን በእሴት እንዲመለከቱ የሚያስችላቸው የውሂብ አወቃቀር ፣ አንዳንድ ጊዜ [associative array](#associative_array) ይባላል። መዝገበ ቃላት ብዙውን ጊዜ [hash tables](#hash_table) በመጠቀም ይተገበራሉ ፡፡
  es:
    term: "diccionario"
    def: >
      Una estructura de datos que contiene parejas llave-valor, a veces llamados [arreglos asociativos](#associative_array).
      Los diccionarios en ocasiones son implementados usando [tablas hash](#hash_table).

- slug: dimension_reduction
  ref:
    - principal_component_analysis
  en:
    term: "dimension reduction"
    def: >
      Reducing the number of dimensions in a dataset, typically by finding the
      dimensions along which it varies most.

  am:
    term: ልኬት ቅነሳ
    def: >
      በውሂብ ስብስብ ውስጥ ያሉትን ልኬቶች ብዛት መቀነስ ፣ በተለምዶ በማግኘት

- slug: directory
  en:
    term: "directory"
    def: >
      An item within a [filesystem](#filesystem) that can contain files and other
      directories. Also known as a [folder](#folder).
  es:
    term: "directorio"
    def: >
      Un objeto dentro de un [sistema de archivos](#filesystem) que contiene archivos y otros directorios.
      También conocido como un [folder](#folder).
  sw: 
    term: "Mpangilio orodha"
    def: >
      Kipengee ndani ya mfumo wa faili ambao unaweza kuwa na faili na saraka zingine. Pia inajulikana kama folda.

- slug: discrete_random_variable
  ref:
    - continuous_random_variable
  en:
    term: "discrete random variable"
    def: >
      A [variable](#variable_data) whose value can take on only one of a fixed
      set of values, such as [true](#true) or [false](#false).

  am:
    term: ልዩ ራንደም ተለዋዋጭ
    def: >
      : እንደ [እውነተኛ](#variable_data) ወይም [ሐሰት](#true) ያሉ እሴቶቹ ከተወሰኑ የእሴቶች ስብስብ በአንዱ ላይ ብቻ ሊወስድ የሚችል አንድ [ተለዋዋጭ](#false)።

- slug: distro
  en:
    term: "distro"
    def: >
      See [software distribution](#software_distribution).

  am:
    term: ዲስትሮ
    def: >
      ይመልከቱ [የሶፍትዌር ስርጭት](#software_distribution)

- slug: docstring
  en:
    term: "docstring"
    def: >
      Short for "documentation string," a string appearing at the start of a module,
      class, or function in [Python](#python) that automatically becomes that object's documentation.

  am:
    term: ዶስተስተሪንግ
    def: >
      አጭር ለ "የሰነድ ሕብረቁምፊ", በ [Python](#python) ውስጥ ሞጁል ፣ ክፍል ወይም ተግባር ሲጀመር የሚታየው አንድ ሕብረቁምፊ በራስ-ሰር የዚያ ነገር ሰነድ ይሆናል።

- slug: documentation_generator
  en:
    term: "documentation generator"
    def: >
      A software tool that extracts specially formatted comments or
      [dostrings](#docstring) from code and generates cross-referenced developer documentation.

  am:
    term: የሰነድ ማመንጫ
    def: >
      በልዩ ሁኔታ የተቀረጹ አስተያየቶችን የሚያወጣ የሶፍትዌር መሣሪያ ወይም [dostrings](#docstring)  ከኮድ እና በመስቀለኛ ማጣቀሻ ያመነጫል  የገንቢ ሰነድ ::

- slug: doi
  ref:
    - orcid
  en:
    term: "Digital Object Identifier"
    acronym: "DOI"
    def: >
      A unique persistent identifier for a book, paper, report, dataset, software release, or
      other digital artefact.
  ja:
    term: "デジタルオブジェクト識別子"
    acronym: "DOI"
    def: >
      本、文献、レポート、ソフトウェアリリースや他のデジタル媒体が持つ、固有かつ恒久的な識別子のこと。

  am:
    term: ዲጂታል የነገር መለያ
    def: >
      ለመጽሃፍ ፣ ወረቀት ፣ ሪፖርት ፣ የውሂብ ስብስብ ልዩ ልዩ የማያቋርጥ መለያ የሶፍትዌር መለቀቅ ወይም ሌላ ዲጂታል ቅርሶች።

- slug: dom
  en:
    term: "Document Object Model"
    acronym: "DOM"
    def: >
      A standard, in-memory representation of [HTML](#html) and [XML](#xml). Each
      [element](#element) is stored as a [node](#node) in a [tree](#tree) with a set
      of named [attributes](#attribute); contained elements are [child
      nodes](#child_tree). Modern programming languages provide many [libraries](#library) for
      searching and modifying the DOM.

  am:
    term: ዶም
    def: >
      የ [HTML](#html) መደበኛ እና ማህደረ ትውስታ ውክልና እና [XML](#xml) እያንዳንዱ [ንጥረ ነገር](#element) በአንድ [ዛፍ](#tree) ውስጥ እንደ [node](#node) ይቀመጣል ከተሰየመ [ባህሪዎች](#tree) ብስብ ጋር; የተካተቱ አካላት [የህፃናት ኖዶች](#attribute) ናቸው ፡፡ DOM ን ለመፈለግ እና ለማሻሻል ዘመናዊ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች ብዙ [ቤተ-መጻሕፍት](#child_tree) ይሰጣሉ ፡፡

- slug: dom_selector
  ref:
    - regular_expression
  en:
    term: "DOM selector"
    def: >
      A pattern that identifies [nodes](#node) in a [DOM](#dom) [tree](#tree). For
      example, `#alpha` matches nodes whose `id` [attribute](#attribute) is "alpha",
      while `.beta` matches nodes whose `class` [attribute](#attribute) is "beta".

  am:
    term: የዶም  መራጭ
    def: በ [DOM](#dom) [ዛፍ] ውስጥ [nodes](#node) ን የሚለይ ንድፍ። ለምሳሌ ፣ "#አልፋ" "መታወቂያቸው"
      (አይነታ) አስፈላጊ ሆኖ ከተገኘባቸው አንጓዎች ጋር ይዛመዳል።

- slug: domain_knowledge
  en:
    term: "domain knowledge"
    def: >
      Understanding of a specific problem domain, e.g., knowledge of transportation logistics.

  am:
    term: የጎራ እውቀት
    def: >
      ስለ አንድ የተወሰነ የችግር ጎራ መረዳትን ፣ ለምሳሌ ፣ ስለ የትራንስፖርት ሎጂስቲክስ.
  
  sw:
    term: "maarifa ya kikoa"
    def: >
      Uelewa wa kikoa maalum, kwa mfano, ujuzi wa vifaa vya usafiri.

- slug: double
  en:
    term: "double"
    def: >
      Short for "double-precision floating-point number", meaning a 64-bit numeric
      value with a fractional part and an exponent.

  am:
    term: ድርብ
    def: >
      አጭር ለ & quot; ድርብ ትክክለኛነት ተንሳፋፊ-ነጥብ ቁጥር & quot ;, ማለት 64-ቢት ነው ቁጥራዊ እሴት ከፋፋይ ክፍል እና አንድ አክሲዮን ጋር።

- slug: double_square_brackets
  ref:
    - single_square_brackets
  en:
    term: "double square brackets"
    def: >
      An index enclosed in `[[...]]`, used to return a single value of the underlying type.

  am:
    term: ባለ ሁለት ካሬ ቅንፎች
    def: >
      በ [[...]] ውስጥ የተካተተ መረጃ ጠቋሚ ፣ የአንድ ነጠላ ዋጋን ለመመለስ ያገለግል ነበር የመነሻ ዓይነት::

- slug: down_vote
  ref:
    - up_vote
  en:
    term: "down-vote"
    def: >
      A vote against something.

  am:
    term: ወደታች ድምጽ መስጠት
    def: >
      በአንድ ነገር ላይ የሚደረግ ድምጽ
      
  sw:
    term: "kura ya chini"
    def: >
      Kura dhidi ya kitu.

- slug: dry
  en:
    term: "Don't Repeat Yourself principle"
    acronym: "DRY"
    def: >
      The Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY) principle states that — Every piece of knowledge
      must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation within a system.
      The term comes from The Pragmatic Programmer, by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas.
      Programs that follow the DRY Principle avoid duplication of definitions and logic,
      so that a change in their behaviour only requires each modification to be made in
      one part of the code. The goal is to create code that is easier to maintain.

  am:
    term: የራስዎን መርህ አይድገሙ
    def: >
      የራስዎን (ደረቅ) መርህ አይደገምም የሚለው - እያንዳንዱ ቁራጭ የእውቀት በውስጡ አንድ ነጠላ ፣ የማያሻማ ፣ ስልጣን ያለው ውክልና ሊኖረው ይገባል አንድ ስርዓት. ቃሉ የመጣው ከፕራግማዊ መርሃግብሩ ፣ በአንድሪው ሁንት እና ዴቪድ ቶማስ ፡፡ የ "ደረቅ" መርህን የሚከተሉ ፕሮግራሞች የ ‹ብዜትን› ያስወግዳሉ ትርጓሜዎች እና አመክንዮዎች ፣ ስለሆነም በባህሪያቸው ላይ የሚደረገው ለውጥ እያንዳንዱን ማሻሻያ ብቻ ይፈልጋል በኮዱ አንድ ክፍል ውስጥ እንዲሠራ ፡፡ ግቡ ቀለል ያለ ኮድ መፍጠር ነው ጠብቅ ::

- slug: dynamic_loading
  en:
    term: "dynamic loading"
    def: >
      To [import](#import) a [module](#module) into the memory of a program while it
      is already running. Most [interpreted languages](#interpreted_language) use
      dynamic loading, and provide tools so that programs can find and load modules
      dynamically to configure themselves.

  am:
    term: ተለዋዋጭ ጭነት
    def: >
      አንድን (ሞዱል)(#import)ቀድሞውኑ በሚሰራበት ጊዜ ወደ ማህደረ ትውስታ ለማስገባት (ለማስመጣት)(#module) ፡፡ አብዛኛዎቹ [የተተረጎሙ ቋንቋዎች](#interpreted_language) ተለዋዋጭ ጭነት ይጠቀማሉ ፣ እና ፕሮግራሞች ሞጁሎችን ማግኘት እና መጫን እንዲችሉ መሣሪያዎችን ያቅርቡ ተለዋዋጭ በሆነ መልኩ ራሳቸውን ለማዋቀር ፡፡

- slug: dynamic_lookup
  en:
    term: "dynamic lookup"
    def: >
      To find a function or a property of an [object](#object) by name while a program
      is running. For example, instead of getting a specific property of an object
      using `obj.name`, a program might use `obj[someVariable]`, where `someVariable`
      could hold `"name"` or some other property name.

  am:
    term: ተለዋዋጭ ፍለጋ
    def: >
      የአንድ [ዕቃ](#object) ተግባር ወይም ንብረት በስም ለማግኘት ፕሮግራም እየሰራ እያለ ፡፡ ለምሳሌ ፣ የተወሰነ ንብረት ከማግኘት ይልቅ የ አንድ ነገር "obj.name` ን በመጠቀም አንድ ፕሮግራም" obj [someVariable] "ን ፣ የት ሊጠቀም ይችላል "someVariable`" & quot; name & quot; ወይም ሌላ ሌላ የንብረት ስም መያዝ ይችላል።

- slug: dynamic_scoping
  en:
    term: "dynamic scoping"
    def: >
      To find the value of a [variable](#variable_program) by looking at what is on
      the [call stack](#call_stack) at the moment the lookup is done. Almost all
      programming languages use [lexical_scoping](#lexical_scoping) instead, since it
      is more predictable.

  am:
    term: ተለዋዋጭ ስኮፒንግ
    def: >
      ምን እንደ ሆነ በማየት የአንድ [ተለዋዋጭ](#variable_program) ዋጋ ለማግኘት ፍለጋው በተጠናቀቀበት ጊዜ [የጥሪ ቁልል](#call_stack) ፡፡ ሁሉም ማለት ይቻላል የበለጠ ሊተነበይ ስለሚችል የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች ይልቁንስ [lexical_scoping](#lexical_scoping) ን ይጠቀማሉ ፡፡

- slug: edge
  en:
    term: "edge"
    def: >
      A connection between two [nodes](#node) in a [graph](#graph). An edge may have
      data associated with it, such as a name or distance.

  am:
    term: ጠርዝ
    def: >
      በ [ግራፍ](#node)ውስጥ በሁለት [ኖዶች](#graph) መካከል ያለ ግንኙነት። አንድ ጠርዝ እንደ ስም ወይም ርቀት ያለ ከዚህ ጋር የተጎዳኘ ውሂብ ሊኖረው ይችላል።
  sw:
    term: "kingo"
    def: >
      Muunganisho kati ya [nodes] mbili (#node) katika [graph](#graph). 
      Kingo yanaweza kuwa data inayohusishwa nayo, kama vile jina au umbali.

- slug: element
  ref:
    - empty_element
  en:
    term: "element"
    def: >
      A named component in an [HTML](#html) or [XML](#xml) document. Elements are
      usually written `<name>`...`</name>`, where "..." represents the content of the
      element. Elements often have [attributes](#attribute).

  am:
    term: ንጥረ ነገር
    def: >
      በ [HTML](#html) ወይም [XML](#xml) ሰነድ ውስጥ የተሰየመ አካል ንጥረ ነገሮች ብዙውን ጊዜ የተጻፉት "& lt; name & gt;" ... "& lt; / name & gt;", የት & quot; ... & quot; የንጥሉን ይዘት ይወክላል። ንጥረ ነገሮች ብዙውን ጊዜ [ባህሪዎች] አላቸው (#ባህሪ)።

- slug: emacs
  en:
    term: "Emacs (editor)"
    def: >
      A text editor that is popular among Unix programmers.


- slug: email
  en:
    term: "Electronic mail"
    acronym: "email"
    def: >
      Electronic mail is a method for delivering messages between people over a computer network.
      Messages are sent via an [SMTP](#smtp) server and retrieved using either an [IMAP](#imap) or
      [POP](#pop) server.


- slug: empty_element
  en:
    term: "empty element"
    def: >
      An [element](#element) of an [HTML](#html) or [XML](#xml) document that has no
      [children](#child_tree). Empty elements can always be written as
      `<name></name>`, but may also be written using the shorthand notation `<name/>`
      (with a slash after the name inside the angle brackets).

  am:
    term: ባዶ አካል
    def: >
      የ [ኤችቲኤምኤል](#element) ወይም የ [XML](#xml) ሰነድ [አባል](#child_tree) ምንም [ልጆች] የሌሉት (#የልጁ_ ዛፍ)። ባዶ አባሎች ሁል ጊዜ እንደ"& lt; name & gt; & lt; / name & gt;"ተብሎ ሊፃፉ ይችላሉ ፣ ነገር ግን በአጭሩ ማሳወቂያ በመጠቀም ሊፃፍ ይችላል & (lt; name / & gt;

- slug: empty_vector
  en:
    term: "empty vector"
    def: >
      A vector that contains no elements. Empty vectors have a type such as logical or
      character, and are *not* the same as [null](#null).
  fr:
    term: "vecteur vide"
    def: >
      Un vecteur qui ne contient aucun élément. Les vecteurs vides possèdent un type, par
      exemple entier ou caractère, et sont *différents* de [null](#null).

  am:
    term: ባዶ ቬክተር
    def: >
      ምንም ንጥረ ነገሮችን ያልያዘ ቬክተር። ባዶ ቬክተሮች እንደ ሎጂካዊ ወይም ቁምፊ ዓይነት አላቸው ፣ እና እንደ [null](#null) * ተመሳሳይ * አይደሉም።
      
- slug: encoding
  en:
    term: "encoding"
    def: >
      The process of putting a sequence of characters such as letters, numbers, punctuation, 
      and certain symbols, into a specialized format for efficient transmission or storage. 

- slug: environment
  en:
    term: "environment"
    def: >
      A structure that stores a set of variable names and the values they refer to.
  fr:
    term: "environnement"
    def: >
      Une structure qui stocke un ensemble de noms de variables et les valeurs qui leur
      sont associées.

  am:
    term: አካባቢ
    def: >
      ተለዋዋጭ ስሞችን እና የሚጠቅሷቸውን እሴቶች የሚያከማች መዋቅር።
      
   
  sw:
    term: "mazingira"
    def: >
      Muundo unaohifadhi seti ya majina tofauti na thamani wanazorejelea.

- slug: error_handling
  en:
    term: "error handling"
    def: >
      What a program does to detect and correct for errors. Examples include printing
      a message and using a default configuration if the user-specified configuration
      cannot be found.

  am:
    term: ስህተትን  መቆጣጠር
    def: >
      አንድ ፕሮግራም ስህተቶችን ለመመርመር እና ለማረም ምን ያደርጋል። ምሳሌዎች በተጠቃሚ የተገለጸ ውቅር ሊገኝ የማይችል ከሆነ መልእክት ማተም እና ነባሪ ውቅረትን መጠቀምን ያካትታሉ።

- slug: error_test
  en:
    term: "error (in a test)"
    def: >
      Signalled when something goes wrong in a [unit test](#unit_test) itself rather
      than in the system being tested. In this case, we do not know anything about the
      correctness of the system.

  am:
    term: የስህተት አያያዝ
    def: >
      አንድ ፕሮግራም ስህተቶችን ለመመርመር እና ለማረም ምን ያደርጋል። ምሳሌዎች በተጠቃሚ የተገለጸ ውቅር ሊገኝ የማይችል ከሆነ መልእክት ማተም እና ነባሪ ውቅረትን መጠቀምን ያካትታሉ።

- slug: escape_sequence
  en:
    term: "escape sequence"
    def: >
      A sequence of characters added as a prefix to some other character that would
      otherwise have a special meaning, temporarily altering the meaning of the character.
      For example, the escape sequence `\"` is used to represent a double-quote character
      inside a double-quoted string.

  am:
    term: የማምለጫ ቅደም ተከተል
    def: >
      ለሌላ ገጸ-ባህሪ እንደ ቅድመ-ቅጥያ የታከሉ የቁምፊዎች ቅደም ተከተል ያ ማለት ትርጉሙን ለጊዜው የሚቀይር ልዩ ትርጉም ይኖረዋል የባህሪው ለምሳሌ ፣ የማምለጫ ቅደም ተከተል "\ & quot;"በድርብ በተጠቀሰው ገመድ ውስጥ ባለ ሁለት ጥቅስ ቁምፊን ለመወከል ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል።

- slug: evaluation
  en:
    term: "evaluation"
    def: >
      The process of taking an expression such as `1+2*3/4` and turning it into a
      single, irreducible value.

  am:
    term: ግምገማ
    def: >
      እንደ "1 + 2 * 3/4" ያለ አገላለጽን የመውሰድ እና የማዞር ሂደት ወደ አንድ ፣ የማይቀለበስ እሴት።
      
  sw:
    term: "tathmini"
    def: >
      Mchakato wa kuchukua usemi kama vile `1+2*3/4` na kuugeuza kuwa thamani moja isiyoweza kupunguzwa.

- slug: exception
  en:
    term: "exception"
    def: >
      An object that stores information about an error or other unusual event in a
      program. One part of a program will create and [raise an
      exception](#raise_exception) to signal that something unexpected has happened;
      another part will [catch](#catch_exception) it.

  am:
    term: በስተቀር
    def: >
      ስለ ስህተት ወይም ሌላ ያልተለመደ መረጃን የሚያከማች ዕቃ ክስተት በፕሮግራም ውስጥ ፡፡ አንድ የፕሮግራም አንድ ክፍል ይፈጥራል እና አንድ ያሳድጋል በስተቀር] አንድ ያልተጠበቀ ነገር እንዳለው ለማመልከት (#raise_exception) ተከስቷል; ሌላ ክፍል [ይይዛል](#catch_exception) ፡፡

- slug: exception_handler
  en:
    term: "exception handler"
    def: >
      A piece of code that deals with an [exception](#exception) after it is
      [caught](#catch_exception), e.g., by writing a [log message](#log_message),
      retrying the operation that failed, or performing an alternate operation.

  am:
    term: ልዩ ተቆጣጣሪ
    def: >
      ከእሱ በኋላ [በስተቀር](#exception) ጋር የሚዛመድ የቁጥር ቁራጭ ተይ [ል (#catch_exception) ፣ ለምሳሌ ፣ አንድ [የምዝግብ ማስታወሻ](#log_message) በመጻፍ  ፣ ያልተሳካውን ክወና እንደገና በመሞከር ወይም ተለዋጭ ክዋኔን በማከናወን ላይ።

- slug: expected_result
  ref:
    - actual_result
  en:
    term: "expected result (of test)"
    def: >
      The value that a piece of software is supposed to produce when tested in a
      certain way, or the state in which it is supposed to leave the system.

  am:
    term: የተጠበቀው ውጤት (የሙከራ)
    def: >
      አንድ ቁራጭ ሶፍትዌር መቼ ያወጣል ተብሎ የሚታሰበው ዋጋ በ ውስጥ ተፈትኗል አንድን መንገድ ፣ ወይም መተው ያለበት ሁኔታ ስርዓት::
  es:
    term: "resultado esperado (de una prueba)"
    def: >
      El valor que se supone debe producir una sección de código cuando se prueba de una 
      manera determinada, o el estado en el que se supone debe dejar el sistema.
  sw:
    term: "matokeo yanayotarajiwa (ya majaribio)"
    def: >
      Thamani ambayo kipande cha programu kinatakiwa kutoa kinapojaribiwa kwa njia fulani, au hali ambayo kinatakiwa kuondoka kwenye mfumo.

- slug: exploratory_programming
  en:
    term: "exploratory programming"
    def: >
      A software development methodology in which requirements emerge or change as the
      software is being written, often in response to results from early runs.
  es:
    term: "programación exploratoria"
    def: >
      Un método de desarrollo de software en el cual los requerimientos emergen o cambian
      a medida que el software es escrito, frecuentemente en respuesta a resultados de
      corridas previas.

  am:
    term: ተመራማሪ መርሃግብር
    def: >
      ሶፍትዌሩ በሚጻፍበት ጊዜ መስፈርቶች ብቅ የሚሉበት ወይም የሚለወጡበት የሶፍትዌር ልማት ዘዴ ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ከቀደሙት ሥራዎች ለሚመጡ ውጤቶች ምላሽ ይሰጣል ፡፡
  sw:
    term: "programu ya uchunguzi"
    def: >
      Mbinu ya uundaji wa programu ambayo mahitaji huibuka au kubadilika jinsi programu inavyoandikwa, mara nyingi kwa kujibu matokeo ya uendeshaji wa mapema.

- slug: export
  en:
    term: "export"
    def: >
      To make something visible outside a [module](#module) so that other parts of a
      program can [import](#import) it. In most languages a module must export things
      explicitly in an attempt to avoid [name collision](#name_collision).

  am:
    term: ወደ ውጭ መላክ
    def: >
      ከ [ሞዱል](#module) ውጭ የሆነ ነገር እንዲታይ ለማድረግ ሌላ የፕሮግራሙ ክፍሎች (ማስመጣት)(#import) ይችላሉ። በአብዛኛዎቹ ቋንቋዎች ሞዱል መሆን አለበት [የስም ግጭት](#name_collision) ን ለማስወገድ #ነገሮችን በግልፅ ወደ ውጭ ይላኩ ።

- slug: fail_test
  ref:
    - pass_test
  en:
    term: "fail (a test)"
    def: >
      A test fails if the [actual result](#actual_result) does not match the [expected result](#expected_result).
  tn:
    term: "E tlholegile (teko)"
    def: >
      Teko e tlholega fa dipholo tsa tlhomamisho di sa chwane le dipholo tse di ne di letetswe.
  am:
    term: መውደቅ (ፈተና)
    def: >
      [ትክክለኛው ውጤት](#actual_result) የማይዛመድ ከሆነ አንድ ሙከራ አልተሳካም የተጠበቀው ውጤት (#expected_result)።
  es:
    term: "fallar (una prueba)"
    def: >
      Una prueba falla si el [resultado real](#actual_result) no coincide con el [resultado esperado](#expected_result).      
  sw:
    term: "kushindwa (jaribio)"
    def: >
      Jaribio litashindikana ikiwa [matokeo_halisi](#actual_result) hayalingani na [matokeo_yanayotarajiwa](#expected_result)

- slug: "false"
  ref:
    - truthy
    - falsy
  en:
    term: "false"
    def: >
      The logical ([Boolean](#boolean)) state opposite of "[true](#true)". Used in
      logic and programming to represent a [binary](#binary) state of something.
  am:
    term: ውሸት
    def: >
      የ ሎጂካዊ ([ቦሊያን]ሁኔታ ከ [እውነተኛ](#boolean) ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ ውሏልየ [ሁለትዮሽ](#true) ሁኔታን ለመወከል አመክንዮ እና መርሃግብር አንድ ነገር ::
      
      
  sw:
    term: "uongo"
    def: >
      Mantiki ya [Boolean](#boolean) iliyo katika hali kinyume cha [kweli](#true).
      Inatumika katika mantiki na upangaji kuwakilisha hali [binary](#binary) ya kitu.
    
- slug: false_negative
  ref:
    - false_positive
    - true_negative
    - true_positive
    - machine_learning
    - classification
  en:
    term: "false negative"
    def: >
      Data points which are actually [true](#true) but incorrectly predicted as [false](#false).

  pt:
    term: "falso negativo"
    def: >
      Dados ou resultados que são realmente [verdadeiro](#true), mas são incorretamente previstos como [falso](#false).
  
  sw:
    term: "uongo hasi"
    def: >
      Pointi za data ambazo kwa hakika ni za [kweli](#true) lakini zimetabiriwa kimakosa kama kua za [uongo](#false).


- slug: false_positive
  ref:
    - false_negative
    - true_negative
    - true_positive
    - machine_learning
    - classification
  en:
    term: "false positive"
    def: >
      Data points which are actually [false](#false) but incorrectly predicted as [true](#true).

  pt:
    term: "falso positivo"
    def: >
      Dados ou resultados que são realmente [falso](#false), mas são incorretamente previstos como [verdadeiro](#true) pelo algoritmo
      
  sw:
    term: "uwongo chanya"
    def: >
      Pointi za data ambazo kwa hakika ni za [uongo](#false) lakini zimetabiriwa kimakosa kama kua za [kweli](#true).

- slug: falsy
  ref:
    - truthy
  en:
    term: "falsy"
    def: >
      Evaluating to [false](#false) in a [Boolean](#boolean) context.

  am:
    term: ሐሰተኛ
    def: >
      በ [ቦሊያን](#false) አውድ ውስጥ ወደ [ሐሰት](#boolean) መገምገም።
      
  sw:
    term: "uongo"
    def: >
      Inatathmini hadi ya [uongo](#false) katika muktadha wa [Boolean](#boolean).
      
- slug: faq
  en:
    term: "Frequently Asked Questions"
    acronym: "FAQ"
    def: >
      A curated list of questions commonly asked about a subject, along with answers.

  am:
    term: ተደጋግሞ የሚነሱ ጥያቄዎች አህጽሮተ ቃል-ተደጋጋሚ ጥያቄዎች
    def: >
      ስለ አንድ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ በተለምዶ የሚጠየቁ የተጠናቀሩ የጥያቄዎች ዝርዝር በመልሶች ::
      
  sw:
    term: "maswali yanayoulizwa mara kwa mara"
    def: >
      Orodha iliyoratibiwa ya maswali yanayoulizwa kwa kawaida kuhusu mada fulani, pamoja na majibu.

- slug: fasta
  en:
    term: "FASTA"
    def: >
      A file format for storing amino acid or genomic sequence information. 
      Information for each sequence is broken up into a block of 2 lines. Line 1 contains 
      information about the sequence and begins with a greater than symbol, ‘>’. Line 2 
      contains the actual amino acid or genomic sequence using single-letter codes. 
  sw:
    term: "FASTA"
    def: >
      Umbizo la faili la kuhifadhi amino asidi au taarifa ya mfuatano wa jeni. 
      Habari kwa kila mlolongo imegawanywa katika kizuizi cha mistari miwili(2). 
      Mstari wa kwanza (1) una taarifa kuhusu mfuatano na huanza na alama kubwa kuliko, ‘>’. 
      Mstari wa pili (2) una asidi ya amino halisi au mfuatano wa jeni kwa kutumia misimbo ya herufi moja.
  es:
    term: "FASTA"
    def: >
      Formato de archivo para almacenar información de secuencias genómicas o de aminoácidos.
      La información de cada secuencia se divide en 2 líneas. La línea 1 contiene información sobre la secuencia
      y comienza con el símbolo '>' (mayor que). La línea 2 contiene la secuencia genómica o de aminoácidos utilizando
      códigos de una sola letra. 
      
- slug: fastq
  en:
    term: "FASTQ"
    def: >
      A file format for storing genomic sequence information and the corresponding quality scores. 
      Information for each sequence is broken up into a block of four lines. Line 1 contains information about
      the sequence and begins with ‘@’. Line 2 contains the actual genomic sequence using single-letter codes to 
      represent nucleotides. Line 3 is a separator that begins with a `+`. Line 4 has a string of 
      quality characters for each base in the genomic sequence. 
  sw:
    term: "FASTQ"
    def: >
      Umbizo la faili la kuhifadhi maelezo ya mfuatano wa jeni na alama za ubora zinazolingana.
      Habari kwa kila mlolongo imegawanywa katika kizuizi cha mistari minne.
      Mstari wa kwanza (1) una taarifa kuhusu mfuatano huo na huanza na ‘@’. 
      Mstari wa pili (2) una mfuatano halisi wa jeni kwa kutumia misimbo ya herufi moja kuwakilisha nyukleotidi. 
      Mstari wa tatu (3) ni kitenganishi kinachoanza na `+`. 
      Mstari wa nne (4) una mfuatano wa herufi za ubora kwa kila msingi katika mfuatano wa jeni. 

- slug: feature
  en:
    term: "Feature"
    def: >
      An individual characteristic or property of a phenomenon that is measurable 
      (e.g. length, height, number of petals) and used as the input to a model.  
      Finding or selecting features that are highly independent and discriminatory 
      is a fundamental part of classification.
      
  sw:
    term: "Kigezo"
    def: >
      Tabia au ubinafsi wa kitu ambacho kinaweza kupimika
      (kama vile urefu, kimo, idadi ya petali) na kutumika kama ingizo la modeli.
      Kutafuta au kuchagua vipengele ambavyo ni huru na vibaguzi
      ni sehemu ya msingi ya uainishaji.
      
- slug: feature_branch
  ref:
    - master_branch
  en:
    term: "feature branch"
    def: >
      A [branch](#branch) within a [Git](#git) [repository](#repository)
      containing [commits](#commit) dedicated to a specific feature, e.g., a
      [bug](#bug) fix or a new function. This branch can be merged into another branch.

  am:
    term: የባህሪ ቅርንጫፍ
    def: >
      አንድ [ቅርንጫፍ](በአንድ ቅርንጫፍ) ውስጥ በአንድ [Git](#git) [ማከማቻ](#repository) ለተለየ ባህሪ የተሰጠ [ተግባሮች](#commit) የያዘ ፣ ለምሳሌ ፣ አንድ [bug](#bug) ማስተካከል ወይም አዲስ ተግባር። ይህ ቅርንጫፍ ወደ ሌላ ቅርንጫፍ ሊዋሃድ ይችላል ፡፡

- slug: feature_data
  en:
    term: "feature (in data)"
    def: >
      A variable or observable in a dataset.

  am:
    term: ባህሪ (በመረጃ ውስጥ)
    def: >
      በውሂብ ስብስብ ውስጥ ተለዋዋጭ ወይም ታዛቢ።

- slug: feature_engineering
  en:
    term: "feature engineering"
    def: >
      The process of choosing the variables to be used as inputs to a [model](#model).
      Choosing good features often depends on [domain knowledge](#domain_knowledge).

  am:
    term: የባህሪ ምህንድስና
    def: >
      ለ ‹ግብዓት› ጥቅም ላይ የሚውሉ ተለዋዋጮችን የመምረጥ ሂደት [ሞዴል](#model) ጥሩ ባህሪያትን መምረጥ ብዙውን ጊዜ በ [ጎራ ላይ የተመሠረተ ነው እውቀት](#domain_knowledge)።

- slug: feature_request
  en:
    term: "feature request"
    def: >
      A request to the maintainers or developers of a software program to add a
      specific functionality (a feature) to that program.
  sw:
    term: "Ombi la kuongeza Kigezo (au kipengele)"
    def: >
      Ombi kwa watunzaji au wasanidi programu wa kuongeza utendaji maalum (au kipengele) kwenye programu hiyo.

  am:
    term: የባህሪ ጥያቄ
    def: >
      ለሶፍትዌር ፕሮግራም ተጠባባቂዎች ወይም ገንቢዎች የቀረበ ጥያቄ ለዚያ ፕሮግራም አንድ የተወሰነ ተግባር (ባህሪ) ያክሉ።

- slug: feature_software
  en:
    term: "feature (in software)"
    def: >
      Some aspect of software that was deliberately designed or built. A [bug](#bug)
      is an undesired feature.

  am:
    term: ባህሪ (በሶፍትዌር ውስጥ)
    def: >
      ሆን ተብሎ የተቀየሰ ወይም የተገነባ የሶፍትዌር አንዳንድ ገጽታ። ሀ [bug](#bug) የማይፈለግ ባህሪ ነው።
      
  sw:
    term: "kipengele (katika programu)"
    def: >
      Baadhi ya vipengele vya programu ambavyo viliundwa au kujengwa kimakusudi. [hitilafu] (#bug) ni kipengele kisichohitajika.

- slug: field
  en:
    term: "field"
    def: >
      A component of a [record](#record) containing a single value. Every record in a
      [tibble](#tibble) or database [table](#table) has the same fields.
  fr:
    term: "champ"
    def: >
      Composant d'une [entrée](#record) contenant une seule valeur. Chaque entrée dans
      une [tibble](#tibble) ou [table](#table) de base de données contient les mêmes champs.

  am:
    term: መስክ
    def: >
      አንድ ነጠላ እሴት የያዘ የ [መዝገብ](#record) አንድ አካል። እያንዳንዱ መዝገብ በ [tibble](#tibble) ወይም በመረጃ ቋት [ሰንጠረዥ](#table) ተመሳሳይ መስኮች አሉት ፡፡

- slug: filename_extension
  en:
    term: "filename extension"
    def: >
      The last part of a filename, usually following the '.' symbol. Filename
      extensions are commonly used to indicate the type of content in the file, though
      there is no guarantee that this is correct.

  am:
    term: የፋይል ስም ቅጥያ
    def: >
      የፋይል ስም የመጨረሻው ክፍል ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ & #39 ን ይከተላል & #39; ምልክት የፋይል ስም ቅጥያዎች በ ውስጥ ያለውን የይዘት አይነት ለማመልከት በተለምዶ ያገለግላሉ ምንም እንኳን ይህ ትክክል ስለመሆኑ ምንም ማረጋገጫ ባይኖርም ፋይል ያድርጉ ፡፡

- slug: filename_stem
  en:
    term: "filename stem"
    def: >
      The part of the filename that does not include the [extension](#filename_extension).
      For example, the stem of `glossary.yml` is `glossary`.

  am:
    term: የፋይል ስም ግንድ
    def: >
      [ቅጥያውን](#filename_extension) የማያካትት የፋይል ስም ክፍል። ለምሳሌ ፣ የ "መዝገበ-ቃላት .yml` ግንድ" የቃላት መፍቻ "ነው።

- slug: filesystem
  en:
    term: "filesystem"
    def: >
      The part of the [operating system](#operating_system) that manages how files
      are stored and retrieved. Also used to refer to all of those files and
      [directories](#directory) or the specific way they are stored (as in "the Unix filesystem").
  de:
    term: "Dateisystem"
    def: >
      Der Teil des [Betriebssystems](#operating_system), der verwaltet wie Dateien gespeichert
      und abgerufen werden. Der Begriff wird auch als Referenz für alle Dateien und
      [Verzeichnisse](#directory) verwendet, oder für die spezifische Art, wie Dateien
      gespeichert werden (z.B. "das Unix-Dateisystem").
  es:
    term: "sistema de archivos"
    def: >
      La parte del sistema operativo que administra cómo se almacenan y recuperan
      los archivos. También se usa para referirse a todos esos archivos y directorios
      o a la forma específica en que se almacenan (como en "el sistema de archivos Unix").
  ja:
    term: "ファイルシステム"
    def: >
      [オペレーティングシステム](#operating_system)におけるファイルの保存方法と取得方法を管理する部分。
      また、それらファイルや[ディレクトリ](#directory)を参照するのに用いられたり、
      それらが保存される特定の方法 (例えば「Unix ファイルシステム」において見られるようなもの)のこと。

  am:
    term: የፋይል ስርዓት
    def: >
      የሚያስተዳድረው የ [ኦፐሬቲንግ ሲስተም](#operating_system) ክፍል filesm እንዴት እንደሚከማች እና እንደተገኘ። እነዚያን ሁሉ ፋይሎች ለማመልከትም እንዲሁ እና [ማውጫዎች](#directory) ወይም የሚቀመጡበት የተወሰነ መንገድ (እንደ ውስጥ የዩኒክስ የፋይል ስርዓት).

- slug: filter
  en:
    term: "filter"
    def: >
      As a verb, to choose a set of [records](#record) (i.e., rows of a table) based
      on the values they contain. As a noun, a command-line program that reads lines
      of text from files or [standard input](#stdin), performs some operation on them
      (such as filtering), and writes to a file or [stdout](#stdout).
  fr:
    term: "filtrer"
    def: >
      Le fait de sélectionner un ensemble d'[observations](#record) (par exemple
      certaines lignes d'une table) en se basant sur leurs valeurs.

  am:
    term: ማጣሪያ
    def: >
      እንደ ግስ ፣ የ [መዝገቦችን] ስብስብ ለመምረጥ (#record) (ማለትም ፣ የ ሀ ረድፎች) ሰንጠረዥ) በያዙት እሴቶች ላይ በመመርኮዝ ፡፡ እንደ ስም ፣ የትእዛዝ-መስመር ፕሮግራም የጽሑፍ መስመሮችን ከፋይሎች ወይም [መደበኛ ግቤት](#stdin) ያነባል ፣ የተወሰኑትን ያከናውናል በእነሱ ላይ ክዋኔ (እንደ ማጣሪያ) ፣ እና ወደ ፋይል ወይም [stdout](#stdout) ይጽፋል።

- slug: fixture
  en:
    term: "fixture"
    def: >
      The thing on which a test is run, such as the [parameters](#parameter) to the function being
      tested or the file being processed.

  am:
    term: መሰኪያ
    def: >
      አንድ ሙከራ የሚካሄድበት ነገር ለምሳሌ [መለኪያዎች](#parameter) ወደ ሚፈተነው ተግባር ወይም ፋይሉ እየተሰራ ነው።

- slug: folder
  en:
    term: "folder"
    def: >
      Another term for a [directory](#directory).
  de:
    term: "Ordner"
    def: >
      Anderer Begriff für [Verzeichnis](#directory).
  es:
    term: "carpeta"
    def: >
      Otro término para hacer referencia a un [directorio](#directory).
  am:
    term: አቃፊ
    def: >
      ሌላ ቃል ለ [ማውጫ](#directory) ::
  sw:
    term: "Kabrasha"
    def: >
      Neno lingine kwa saraka.

- slug: for_loop
  ref:
    - while_loop
  en:
    term: "for loop"
    def: >
      A construct in a program that repeats one or more other statements (the [loop
      body](#loop_body)) once for each item in a sequence, such as each number in a
      range or each element of a list.

  am:
    term: ለሉፕ(ፎር ሉፕ)
    def: >
      አንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ መግለጫዎችን በሚደግመው ፕሮግራም ውስጥ አንድ ግንባታ (የ [loop body](#loop_body)) አንድ ጊዜ ለእያንዳንዱ ንጥል በቅደም ተከተል እንደ እያንዳንዱ በአንድ ክልል ውስጥ ወይም በእያንዳንዱ የዝርዝር አካል ውስጥ ቁጥር።

- slug: fork
  ref:
    - branch
  en:
    term: "fork"
    def: >
      A copy of one person's [Git](#git) [repository](#repository)
      that lives in another person's GitHub account. Changes to the content of a fork
      can be submitted to the [upstream repository](#upstream_repository) via a
      [pull request](#pull_request).

  am:
    term: ሹካ
    def: >
      በሌላ ሰው የ GitHub አካውንት ውስጥ የሚኖር የአንድ ሰው [Git](#git) [ማከማቻ](#repository) ቅጅ። በሹካ ይዘት ላይ የተደረጉ ለውጦች በ [ጎትት ጥያቄ](#upstream_repository) በኩል ወደ [ወደ ላይኛው መጋዘን](#pull_request) ሊቀርቡ ይችላሉ ፡፡

- slug: fragment_shader
  ref:
    - gpu
    - geometry_shader
    - shader
    - vertex_shader
  en:
    term: "fragment shader"
    def: >
      The [shader][#shader] stage in the rendering pipeline designated towards calculating
      colours for each fragment on the screen. For each pixel covered by a primitive, a
      fragment is generated. All fragments for each pixel will have their colours combined
      based on depth and opacity after the fragment shader stage is complete.

- slug: full_identifier_git
  en:
    term: "full identifier (of a commit)"
    def: >
      A unique 160-bit identifier for a [commit](#commit) in a [Git](#git)
      [repository](#repository), usually written as a 20-character
      [hexadecimal](#hexadecimal) character [string](#string).

  am:
    term: ሙሉ መለያ (የአንድ ቃል)
    def: >
      በ [Git](#git) [ማከማቻ](#commit) ውስጥ ለ [ቃል](#repository) ልዩ የ 160 ቢት መለያ ለይቶ የሚታወቅ ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ እንደ 20-ቁምፊ [ሄክሳዴሲማል](#hexadecimal) ቁምፊ [ክር](#string)

- slug: full_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "full join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that returns all rows and all columns from two tables A and B.
      Where the [keys](#key) of A and B match, values are combined; where they do not,
      missing values from either table are filled with [null](#null), [NA](#na), or
      some other [missing value](#missing_value) signifier.

  am:
    term: ሙሉ መቀላቀል
    def: >
      ሁሉንም ረድፎች እና ሁሉንም አምዶች ከሁለት የሚመልስ [መቀላቀል](#join) ሰንጠረ Aች ሀ እና ቢ የ "A" እና "ቢ" (ቁልፎች)(#key) የሚዛመዱበት ፣ እሴቶች የተዋሃዱ ናቸው ፤ እነሱ ከሌሉበት ፣ ከየትኛውም ሰንጠረዥ የሚጎድሉ እሴቶች በ [null](#null) ፣ [NA](#na) ፣ ወይም በሌላ ሌላ [የጠፋ እሴት](#missing_value) አመላካች ተሞልተዋል።

  af:
    term: "volle koppeling"
    def: >
      'n [Koppeling](#join) wat alle rye en alle kolomme uit twee tabelle A en B oplewer. Waar die [ID-sleutels](#key) van A en B by mekaar pas, word die waardes gekombineer; waar dit nie die geval is nie, word ontbrekende waardes uit enige van die twee tabelle gevul met [nul](#null), [NA](#na), of enige ander aanduier van 'n [ontbrekende waarde](#missing_value).


- slug: fully_qualified_name
  en:
    term: "fully-qualified name"
    def: >
      An unambiguous name of the form `package::thing`, indicating the original source
      of the [object](#object) in question.

  am:
    term: ሙሉ ብቃት ያለው ስም
    def: >
      የቅጹን ጥቅል የማያሻማ ስም :: ነገር " በጥያቄ ውስጥ ያለው (ነገር)(#object) የመጀመሪያ ምንጭ።

- slug: function
  ref:
    - command
  en:
    term: "function"
    def: >
      A code block which gathers a sequence of operations into a whole, preserving it for ongoing use
      by defining a set of tasks that takes zero or more required and optional arguments as inputs
      and returns expected outputs (return values), if any. Functions enable repeating these defined
      tasks with one command, known as a function call.
  ja:
    term: "関数"
    def: >
      別の処理の中で使用する、あるいは繰り返し使用するために、連続した操作をひとかたまりの
      コードブロックとして名前を付けて定義したもの。関数は任意の引数を使って、
      入力ともしあれば返された出力(返り値)を定義します。関数は定義されたタスクを、
      関数呼び出しと呼ばれる１つのコマンドで繰り返し使用することを可能にします。
  de:
    term: "Funktion"
    def: >
      Eine Funktion ist ein in sich abgeschlossener Teil eines Programmcodes, der eine Abfolge
      von Anweisungen umfasst und mehrere optionale oder notwendige Eingansparameter akzeptieren
      kann. Funktionen haben einen eindeutigen Namen, der es erlaubt die Funktion durch einen
      Funktionsaufruf mehrfach in einem Programm zu verwenden. Eine Funktion kann mehrere optionale
      oder notwendige Eingangsparameter akzeptieren. Eine Funktion kann Werte zurückgeben, deren
      Datentypen in einer Funktionsdokumentation niedergeschrieben sein sollten.

  am:
    term: ተግባር
    def: >
      ከዜሮ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ የሚፈለጉ እና አማራጭ ክርክሮችን የሚወስዱ የተወሰኑ ተግባሮችን እንደ ግብዓቶች እና የሚመልሱ ውጤቶችን (ተመላሽ እሴቶችን) የሚመልሱ ተግባሮችን በመለየት ለቀጣይ አገልግሎት የሚጠብቅ የኮድ ብሎክ ፣ ካለ ፡፡ ተግባራት የተገለጹ ተግባሮችን እንደ አንድ ተግባር ጥሪ በመባል በሚታወቀው በአንድ ትእዛዝ መድገምን ያስችሉታል ፡፡

- slug: functional_programming
  ref:
    - higher_order_function
    - oop
  en:
    term: "functional programming"
    def: >
      A style of programming in which data is transformed through successive
      application of functions, rather than by using control structures such as loops.
      In functional programming, there must be a direct relationship between the input
      to a function and the output produced by the function, meaning the result should not
      be affected by the current values of global variables or other parts of the [global
      program state](#global_environment). It also requires that functions do not produce [side effects](#side_effect),
      meaning they do not modify the global program state, or do anything other than computing
      the return value, such as writing output to a [log](#log) file, or printing to the [console](#console).


- slug: garbage_in_garbage_out
  en:
    term: "garbage in, garbage out"
    acronym: "GIGO"
    def: >
      The idea that messy data as an input will result in messy data as an output.

  am:
    term: ተግባራዊ ፕሮግራም
    def: >
      መረጃዎች በሚቀየሩበት የፕሮግራም ዘይቤ እንደ ቀለበቶች ያሉ የመቆጣጠሪያ አሠራሮችን ከመጠቀም ይልቅ የተግባሮችን ትግበራ በመተግበር ላይ በተግባራዊ መርሃግብር ውስጥ በግብአት መካከል ቀጥተኛ ግንኙነት መኖር አለበት ወደ ተግባር እና በተግባሩ የሚመረተው ውጤት ፣ ውጤቱ በአለምአቀፍ ተለዋዋጮች ወይም በሌሎች የዓለም ክፍሎች የፕሮግራም ሁኔታ](#global_environment). እንዲሁም ተግባራት [የጎንዮሽ ጉዳቶች](#side_effect) እንዳያወጡ ይጠይቃል ፡፡ ማለትም የዓለም አቀፍ ፕሮግራሙን ሁኔታ አያሻሽሉም ፣ ወይም የመመለሻውን ዋጋ ከማስላት ውጭ ሌላ ነገር አያደርጉም ፣ ለምሳሌ ውጤትን በ [መዝገብ](#log) ፋይል ላይ መጻፍ ፣ ወይም ወደ [ኮንሶል](#console) ማተም።


- slug: generator_function
  ref:
    - iterator_pattern
  en:
    term: "generator function"
    def: >
      A function whose state is automatically saved when it returns a value so that
      execution can be restarted from that point the next time it is called.
      One example of generator functions use is to produce
      streams of values that can be processed by [for loops](#for_loop).

  am:
    term: ጄነሬተር ተግባር
    def: >
      ሀ ሲመለስ ሁኔታው በራስ-ሰር የሚቀመጥ ተግባር በሚቀጥለው ጊዜ በሚጠራበት ጊዜ አፈፃፀም ከዚያ ነጥብ እንደገና እንዲጀመር ዋጋ ይስጡ ፡፡ የጄነሬተር ተግባራት አጠቃቀም አንዱ ምሳሌ በ [ለ loops](#for_loop) ሊሠሩ የሚችሉ የእሴቶችን ጅረቶች ማምረት ነው ፡፡

- slug: generic_function
  en:
    term: "generic function"
    def: >
      A collection of functions with similar purpose, each operating on a different
      class of data.
  fr:
    term: "fonction générique"
    def: >
      Une collection de fonctions ayant un objectif similaire, chacune opérant sur une
      classe de données différente.
  pt:
    term: "função genérica"
    def: >
      Um conjunto de funções com propósito similar, cada uma operando em uma classe diferente
      de dados.
  es:
    term: "función genérica"
    def: >
      Un conjunto de funciones con propósitos similares, cada una operando en una clase
      diferente de datos.

  am:
    term: አጠቃላይ ተግባር
    def: >
      ተመሳሳይ ዓላማ ያላቸው የተግባሮች ስብስብ ፣ እያንዳንዱ በተለየ የውሂብ ክፍል ላይ ይሠራል።

- slug: geometric_mean
  ref:
    - mean
    - harmonic_mean
  en:
    term: "Geometric Mean"
    def: >
      Calculated from a set of n numbers by first computing the product of those
      numbers, and then computing the n-th [root](#root_math) of the result. In 
      contrast to the [arithmetic mean](#arithmetic_mean), which measures 
      central tendancy in an "additive" way, the geometric mean measures central
      tendancy in a "multiplicative" way, and hence is often appropriate when 
      estimating an average rates of change or some other multiplicative 
      constant. 

- slug: geomtry_shader
  ref:
    - gpu
    - shader
    - tessellation_shader
  en:
    term: "geometry shader"
    def: >
      The [shader][#shader] stage in the rendering pipeline designated towards processing
      primitives. Not to be confused with [tessellation shaders][#tessellation_shader], geometry
      shaders are focused on modifying the shape of primitives to create new results. For
      example, pixels may be converted into particles using a geometry shader.

- slug: ggplot2
  en:
    term: "ggplot2"
    def: >
      A [package](#package) in [R](#r_language) that implements a layered grammar of graphics for generating plots. It is a popular alternative to plotting with [base R](#base_r) and part of the [tidyverse](#tidyverse).

- slug: git
  en:
    term: "Git"
    def: >
      A [version control tool](#version_control_system) to record and manage changes to a project.
  fr:
    term: "Git"
    def: >
      Un outil de gestion des versions qui permet d'enregistrer et de piloter les
      modifications effectuées au niveau d'un projet.
  ja:
    term: "Git(ギット)"
    def: >
       プロジェクトなどの変更履歴を記録・追跡するための分散型バージョン管理システムのこと。
  pt:
    term: "Git"
    def: >
      Uma ferramenta de controle de versão para registrar e gerenciar mudanças em um projeto.

  am:
    term: ጋት
    def: >
      ለመቅረጽ እና [የስሪት መቆጣጠሪያ መሳሪያ](#version_control_system) በፕሮጀክት ላይ ለውጦችን ማስተዳደር።

- slug: git_branch
  ref:
    - feature_branch
    - fork
    - master_branch
  en:
    term: "Git branch"
    def: >
      A snapshot of a version of a [Git](#git) [repository](#repository).
      Multiple branches can capture multiple versions of the same repository.
  fr:
    term: "Git branch"
    def: >
      Une photographie d'une version d'un dépôt Git. Plusieurs branches peuvent
      capturer plusieurs versions au niveau d'un même dépôt.
  pt:
    term: "Git branch"
    def: >
      Uma fotografia de uma versão de um repositório Git. Múltiplos branches podem
      capturar múltiplas versões de um mesmo repositório.

  am:
    term: የጊት ቅርንጫፍ
    def: >
      የአንድ [Git](#git) [ማከማቻ](#repository) ስሪት ቅጽበታዊ ገጽ እይታ። በርካታ ቅርንጫፎች አንድ ዓይነት ማከማቻ ብዙ ስሪቶችን መያዝ ይችላሉ።

- slug: git_clone
  en:
    term: "Git clone"
    def: >
      Copies (and usually downloads) of a [Git](#git) [remote repository](#remote_repository)
      on a local computer.
  fr:
    term: "Git clone"
    def: >
      Permet de copier (et généralement de télécharger) un [dépôt Git distant](#remote_repository)
      sur l'ordinateur local.
  am:
    term: የጌት ክሎኒ
    def: >
      የ [ጂት](#git) [የርቀት) ቅጂዎች (እና አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ውርዶች) ማከማቻ](#remote_repository)
      በአካባቢያዊ ኮምፒተር ላይ ፡፡

- slug: git_conflict
  en:
    term: "Git conflict"
    def: >
      A situation in which incompatible or overlapping changes have been made on
      different [branches](#branch) that are now being [merged](#git_merge).

  am:
    term: የጂት ግጭት
    def: 'አሁን ባሉ የተለያዩ [ቅርንጫፎች](#branch) ላይ የማይጣጣሙ ወይም ተደራራቢ ለውጦች የተደረጉበት ሁኔታ [ተዋህዷል](#git_merge)::'

- slug: git_fork
  ref:
    - git_clone
  en:
    term: "Git fork"
    def: >
      To make a new copy of a [Git](#git) [repository](#repository)
      on a [server](#server), or the copy that is made.

  am:
    term: የጂት ሹካ
    def: በ [አገልጋይ](#repository) ላይ የ [Git](#git) [ማከማቻ](#server) አዲስ ቅጅ ወይም የተሰራውን
      ቅጅ ለማድረግ።

- slug: git_merge
  en:
    term: "Git merge"
    def: >
      Merging branches in [Git](#git) incorporates development
      histories of two [branches](#branch) in one. If changes are made to similar
      parts of the branches on both branches, a [conflict](#git_conflict) will occur and
      this must be resolved before the merge will be completed.

  am:
    term: Git ውህደት
    def: በ [Git](#git) ውስጥ ቅርንጫፎችን ማዋሃድ በአንዱ ውስጥ የሁለት [ቅርንጫፎች](#branch) የልማት ታሪኮችን
      ያካትታል ፡፡ በሁለቱም ቅርንጫፎች ላይ ባሉ ተመሳሳይ ቅርንጫፎች ላይ ለውጦች ከተደረጉ አንድ "ግጭት" (#git_conflict)
      ይከሰታል እናም ውህደቱ ከመጠናቀቁ በፊት ይህ መፍትሄ ማግኘት አለበት ፡፡

- slug: git_pull
  en:
    term: "Git pull"
    def: >
      Downloads and synchronizes changes between a [remote
      repository](#remote_repository) and a local [repository](#repository).
  fr:
    term: "Git pull"
    def: >
      Télécharge et synchronise les modifications entre le [dépôt distant](#remote_repository)
      et le [dépôt](#repository) local.

  am:
    term: Git መጎተት
    def: በአንድ [የርቀት ማከማቻ](#remote_repository) እና በአከባቢው [ማከማቻ](#repository) መካከል ለውጦችን
      ያውርዳል እና ያመሳስላል።

- slug: git_push
  en:
    term: "Git push"
    def: >
      Uploads and synchronizes changes between a local [repository](#repository) and a
      [remote repository](#remote_repository).
  fr:
    term: "Git push"
    def: >
      Charge et synchronise des modifications entre le [dépôt](#repository) local et
      le [dépôt distant](#remote_repository).

  am:
    term: Git መግፋት
    def: በአካባቢያዊ [ማከማቻ](#repository) እና ሀ መካከል ለውጦችን ይሰቅላል እና ያመሳስላቸዋል [የርቀት ማከማቻ](#remote_repository)።

- slug: git_remote
  en:
    term: "Git remote"
    def: >
      A short name for a [remote repository](#remote_repository) (like a bookmark).
  am:
    term: ጌት በርቀት
    def: ለ [የርቀት ማከማቻ] አጭር ስም (#remote_repository) (እንደ ዕልባት)።

- slug: github
  en:
    term: "GitHub"
    def: >
      A cloud-based platform built around [Git](#git) that allows you to save versions
      of your project online and collaborate with other Git users.
  fr:
    term: "GitHub"
    def: >
      Une platefome dans le Cloud, construite autour de [Git](#git) qui permet de
      sauvegarder en ligne les versions d'un projet et de collaborer avec d'autres
      utilisateurs Git.
  pt:
    term: "GitHub"
    def: >
      Uma plataforma baseada em nuvem construída em torno do [Git](#git) que permite
      salvar versões do seu projeto online e colaborar com outras pessoas usuárias do Git.

  am:
    term: ጊት ሀብ
    def: የፕሮጀክትዎን ስሪቶች በመስመር ላይ እንዲያስቀምጡ እና ከሌሎች የጂት ተጠቃሚዎች ጋር እንዲተባበሩ የሚያስችልዎ በ [Git](#git)
      ዙሪያ የተገነባ ደመና-ተኮር መድረክ።

- slug: global_environment
  en:
    term: "global environment"
    def: >
      The [environment](#environment) that holds top-level definitions in a programming language, e.g.,
      those written directly in the interpreter.
  fr:
    term: "environnement global"
    def: >
      L'[environnement](#environment) qui contient des définitions de premier niveau
      dans un langage de programmation, par exemple celles écrites directement dans l'interpréteur.

  am:
    term: ዓለም አቀፍ አካባቢ
    def: በፕሮግራም ቋንቋ የከፍተኛ ደረጃ ትርጓሜዎችን የሚይዝ (አካባቢው)(#environment) ፣ ለምሳሌ በቀጥታ በአስተርጓሚው
      ውስጥ የተፃፉ ፡፡

- slug: global_installation
  ref:
    - local_installation
  en:
    term: "global installation"
    def: >
      Installing a package in a location where it can be accessed by all users and projects.
  es:
    term: "instalación global"
    def: >
      El acto de instalar un paquete en una ubicación donde pueda ser accedido por todas las usuarias y proyectos.
  fr:
    term: "installation globale"
    def: >
      Le fait d'installer un package dans un emplacement où il peut être accessible
      par tous les utilisateurs ainsi que tous les projets.

  am:
    term: ዓለም አቀፍ ጭነት
    def: አንድ ጥቅል በሁሉም ተጠቃሚዎች እና ፕሮጀክቶች ሊደረስበት በሚችልበት ቦታ ላይ መጫን።

- slug: global_variable
  ref:
    - local_variable
  en:
    term: "global variable"
    def: >
      A variable defined outside any particular function or [package](#package) namespace, which is
      therefore visible to all functions.
  es:
    term: "variable global"
    def: >
      Una variable definida fuera de alguna función en particular, por lo que es
      visible para todas las funciones.
  fr:
    term: "variable globale"
    def: >
      Une variable définie en dehors de l'espace de noms d'une quelconque fonction, qui est par
      conséquent visible pour toutes les fonctions.
  ko:
    term: "전역 변수"
    def: >
      소스 코드 상의 모든 곳에서 접근할 수 있는 변수.
  hr:
    term: "globalna varijabla"
    def: >
      Varijabla definirana izvan bilo koje određene funkcije, koja je stoga vidljiva svim funkcijama.
  am:
    term: ዓለም አቀፍ ተለዋዋጭ
    def: 'ከማንኛውም የተለየ ተግባር ወይም [ጥቅል](#package) የስም ቦታ ውጭ የተገለጸ ተለዋዋጭ ፣ ስለሆነም የሚታየው
      ወደ ሁሉም ተግባራት::'

- slug: globbing
  en:
    term: "globbing"
    def: >
      To specify a set of filenames using a simplified form of [regular
      expressions](#regular_expression), such as `*.dat` to mean "all files whose
      names end in `.dat`". The name is derived from "global".

  am:
    term: ግሎባልንግ
    def: >
      ቀለል ያለ የ [መደበኛ] ቅጽ በመጠቀም የፋይል ስሞችን ስብስብ ለመለየት መግለጫዎች](#regular_expression) ፣ እንደ"* .dat`"ማለት"ስማቸው በ".dat`"የሚያበቃ ሁሉም ፋይሎች ማለት ነው። ስሙ የተገኘው ከ "ዓለምአቀፋዊ" ነው ፡፡

- slug: gnu
  ref:
    - gpl
  en:
    term: "GNU Operating System"
    acronym: "GNU"
    def: >
      "GNU" is an [operating system](#operating_system) that is free software.
      GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU is Not Unix!". The GNU operating
      system consists of GNU [packages](#package) as well as free software realeased by third parties.


- slug: gpl
  ref:
    - gnu
  en:
    term: "GNU Public License"
    acronym: "GPL"
    def: >
      A [license](#license) that allows people to re-use software as long as they
      distribute the source of their changes.

  am:
    term: የጂኤንዩ የህዝብ ፈቃድ
    def: >
      ሰዎች የለውጦቻቸውን ምንጭ እስካሰራጩ ድረስ ሶፍትዌሮችን እንደገና እንዲጠቀሙ የሚያስችል (ፈቃድ)፡፡


- slug: gradient_boosting
  en:
    term: "gradient boosting"
    def: >
      A [machine learning](#machine_learning) technique that produces an ensemble of
      weak prediction models (typically [decision trees](#decision_tree)) in a
      stepwise fashion.

  am:
    term: የቀስታ መጨመር
    def: >
      አንድ ስብስብ የሚያመነጭ [የማሽን መማሪያ](#machine_learning) ዘዴ ደካማ የትንበያ ሞዴሎች (በተለምዶ [የውሳኔ ዛፎች](#decision_tree)) በ ደረጃ በደረጃ ፋሽን.

- slug: gradient_descent
  ref:
    - backpropagation
  en:
    term: "gradient descent"
    def: >
      An optimization algorithm that repeatedly calculates the gradient at the current
      point takes a small step in the direction in which the gradient is decreasing,
      and then recalculates the gradient.

  am:
    term: የግራዲያንት ዝርያ
    def: >
      በአሁኑ ጊዜ የግራዲያተሩን ደጋግሞ የሚያሰላ የማመቻቸት ስልተ ቀመር ነጥብ ቀስ በቀስ እየቀነሰ በሚሄድበት አቅጣጫ ትንሽ ደረጃን ይወስዳል እና ከዚያ የግራዲየሙን እንደገና ያሰላል።

- slug: graph
  ref:
    - tree
  en:
    term: "graph"
    def: >
      1. A plot or a chart that displays data, or 2. a data structure in which
      [nodes](#node) are connected to one another by [edges](#edge).

  am:
    term: ቀመር
    def: >
      1. መረጃን የሚያሳይ ሴራ ወይም ገበታ ፣ ወይም 2. በውስጡ የውሂብ መዋቅር [nodes](#node) እርስ በእርሳቸው በ [ጠርዞች](#edge) ተገናኝተዋል።

- slug: gpu
  ref:
    - cpu
    - shader
    - compute_shader
  en:
    term: "Graphics Processing Unit"
    acronym: "GPU"
    def: >
      Specialized processor designed to run many instances of
      a single program in parallel. Orginally designed for use
      in graphics, but is also used for general computation in
      the form of [compute shaders][#compute_shader].
    
- slug: group
  en:
    term: "group"
    def: >
      To divide data into subsets according to a set of criteria while leaving records in
      a single structure.

  am:
    term: ቡድን
    def: >
      በአንድ መዋቅር ውስጥ መዝገቦችን በሚተዉበት ጊዜ መረጃን እንደ መስፈርት ስብስብ በንዑስ ክፍልፋዮች ለመከፋፈል ፡፡

- slug: gui
  en:
    term: "graphical user interface"
    acronym: "GUI"
    def: >
      A user interface that relies on windows, menus, pointers, and other graphical
      elements, as opposed to a [command-line interface](#cli) or voice-driven interface.
  pt:
    term: "interface gráfica de usuário"
    acronym: "GUI"
    def: >
      Uma interface de usuário cujo uso depende de janelas, menus, ponteiros e outros
      elementos gráficos, em oposição a uma [interface de linha de comando](#cli) ou
      interface comandada por voz.


- slug: handle_condition
  ref:
    - condition
    - exception
  en:
    term: "handle (condition)"
    def: >
      To accept responsibility for handling an error or other unexpected event. [R](#r_language)
      prefers "handling a condition" to "[catching an exception](catch_exception)". [Python](#python), on the other hand,
      encourages raising and catching exceptions, and in some situations, requires it.

  am:
    term: እጀታ (ሁኔታ)
    def: >
      ስህተት ወይም ሌላ ያልተጠበቀ ክስተት ለማስተናገድ ሃላፊነትን ለመቀበል። [R](#r_language) "ሁኔታን ማስተናገድ"ከሚለው ይልቅ"(ለየት ያለ ሁኔታ ለመያዝ) (catch_exception)"ን ይመርጣል። [Python](#python) ፣ በሌላ በኩል ፣ ልዩነቶችን ማሳደግ እና መያዝን ያበረታታል ፣ እና በአንዳንድ ሁኔታዎችም ይጠይቃል ፡፡

- slug: hardware
  en:
    term: "hardware"
    acronym: "HW"
    def: >
      Any physical component of a computer system. Hardware can be internal, such as CPU, memory,
      and graphics cards; or external, such as monitors and keyboards. Hardware operates in conjunction
      with software to produce a functioning computer system.

  am:
    term: ሃርድዌር(ከብረት የተሰሩ እቃዎች)
    def: >
      የኮምፒተር ስርዓት ማንኛውም አካላዊ አካል። ሃርድዌር እንደ ሲፒዩ ፣ ማህደረ ትውስታ ፣ ውስጣዊ ሊሆን ይችላል እና ግራፊክስ ካርዶች; ወይም እንደ ማሳያ እና የቁልፍ ሰሌዳዎች ያሉ ውጫዊ። ሃርድዌር አብሮ ይሠራል የሚሰራ የኮምፒተር ስርዓት ለማምረት ከሶፍትዌር ጋር ፡፡

- slug: harmonic_mean
  ref:
    - mean
  en:
    term: "Harmonic Mean"
    def: >
      Calculated from a set of n numbers by first computing the sum of the 
      [reciprocals](#reciprocal) of those numbers, and then dividing n by the 
      resulting sum. Alternatively, it can be computed as the 
      [reciprocal](#reciprocal) of the [arithmetic mean](#arithmetic_mean) of 
      the [reciprocal](#reciprocal) values. Similarly to the 
      [geometric mean](#geometric_mean), the harmonic mean is often used as an 
      alternative measure of central tendancy to the usual 
      [arithmetic mean](#arithmetic_mean) when estimating an average rates of 
      change or some other multiplicative constant. For a set of positive 
      numbers that are not all equal, the min < HM < GM < AM < max where min is 
      the minimum value, max is the maximum value, and HM GM and AM are the 
      harmonic, [geometric](#geometric_mean), and [arithmetic](#arithmetic_mean)
      means respectively.


- slug: hash_function
  en:
    term: "hash function"
    def: >
      A function that turns arbitrary data into a bit array, or a [key](#key), of a fixed size. Hash
      functions are used to determine where data should be stored in a [hash table](#hash_table).

  am:
    term: ሃሽ ተግባር
    def: >
      የዘፈቀደ ውሂብን ወደ ትንሽ ድርድር ወይም ወደ አንድ የተወሰነ መጠን [ቁልፍ](#key) የሚቀይር ተግባር። ሃሽ ተግባራት በ [ሃሽ ሰንጠረዥ] ውስጥ የት እንደሚቀመጡ ለመወሰን ተግባሮች ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ (#hash_table) ፡፡

- slug: hash_table
  en:
    term: "hash table"
    def: >
      A data structure that calculates a pseudo-random key (location) for each value passed to it and stores
      the value in that location. Hash tables enable fast lookup for arbitrary data. This occurs
      at the cost of extra memory because hash tables must always be larger than the amount
      of information they need to store, to avoid the possibility of data collisions, when the
      hash function returns the same key for two different values.

  am:
    term: ሃሽ ጠረጴዛ
    def: >
      ለእሱ ለተላለፈው ለእያንዳንዱ እሴት የሐሰት-የዘፈቀደ ቁልፍ (ሥፍራ) የሚሰላ የውሂብ መዋቅር በዚያ ቦታ ያለው እሴት። የሃሽ ሰንጠረ arች የዘፈቀደ ውሂብ ፈጣን ፍለጋን ያንቁ ፡፡ ይህ ይከሰታል ተጨማሪ የማስታወስ ችሎታ ባለው ወጪ ፣ ምክንያቱም የሃሽ ሰንጠረ alwaysች ሁል ጊዜ ከቁጥር የበለጠ መሆን አለባቸው የመረጃ ግጭቶች እንዳይከሰቱ ለማስቀመጥ የሚፈልጉትን መረጃ ፣ መቼ ሃሽ ተግባር ለሁለት የተለያዩ እሴቶች ተመሳሳይ ቁልፍን ይመልሳል።

- slug: header_row
  ref:
    - csv
  en:
    term: "header row"
    def: >
      If present, the first row of a data file that defines column names (but
      not their data types or units).

  am:
    term: የራስጌ ረድፍ
    def: >
      የሚገኝ ከሆነ ፣ የዓምድ ስሞችን (ግን የውሂብ አይነቶቻቸውን ወይም አሃዶቻቸውን ሳይሆን) የሚወስን የመረጃ ፋይል የመጀመሪያ ረድፍ።

- slug: heterogeneous
  ref:
    - homogeneous
  en:
    term: "heterogeneous"
    def: >
      Containing mixed data types. For example, in [Python](#python) and [R](#r_language), a [list](#list) can contain a mix of numbers, character
      strings, and values of other types.

  am:
    term: የተለያዩ
    def: >
      የተደባለቀ የውሂብ አይነቶችን የያዘ። ለምሳሌ ፣ በ [Python](#python) እና [R](#r_language) ውስጥ [ዝርዝር](#list) የቁጥሮች ፣ የቁምፊ ሕብረቁምፊዎች እና የሌሎች ዓይነቶች እሴቶች ድብልቅ ሊይዝ ይችላል ፡፡

- slug: hexadecimal
  en:
    term: "hexadecimal"
    def: >
      A base-16 number system. Hexadecimal values are usually written using the digits
      0-9 and the characters A-F in either upper or lower case. Hexadecimal is often
      used to represent [binary](#binary) values, since two hexadecimal digits use exactly
      one byte of storage.

  am:
    term: አስራስድስትዮሽ
    def: >
      የመሠረት-16 ቁጥር ስርዓት. ሄክሳዴሲማል እሴቶች ብዙውን ጊዜ አሃዞችን በመጠቀም ይጻፋሉ 0-9 እና ቁምፊዎች A-F በሁለቱም በላይኛው ወይም በታችኛው ጉዳይ። ሄክሳዴሲማል ብዙ ጊዜ ነው ሁለት ሄክሳዴሲማል አሃዞች በትክክል አንድ ባይት ክምችት ስለሚጠቀሙ የ [ሁለትዮሽ](#binary) እሴቶችን ይወክላል።

- slug: higher_order_function
  en:
    term: "higher-order function"
    def: >
      A function that operates on other functions. For example, the higher-order
      function `map` executes a given function once on each value in a [list](#list).
      Higher-order functions are heavily used in [functional programming](#functional_programming).

  am:
    term: ከፍተኛ-ትዕዛዝ ተግባር
    def: >
      በሌሎች ተግባራት ላይ የሚሰራ ተግባር ፡፡ ለምሳሌ ፣ ከፍተኛ-ትዕዛዝ ተግባር "ካርታ` በ [ዝርዝር](#list) ውስጥ በእያንዳንዱ እሴት ላይ አንድ ጊዜ የተሰጠ ተግባርን ያከናውናል። የከፍተኛ ትዕዛዝ ተግባራት [በተግባራዊ መርሃግብር](#functional_programming) ውስጥ በጣም ያገለግላሉ።

- slug: high_performance_computing
  en:
    term: "high performance computing"
    acronym: "HPC"
    def: >
        When computing power is drawn from multiple powerful processors that work together in parallel, rather than from a single desktop computer, laptop, or work station.
        This significantly speeds up analysis and reduces computing time, which allows people to work with [big data](#big_data).
  es:
    term: "computación de alto rendimiento"
    def: >
       Método que utiliza procesadores poderosos, usualmente trabajando en paralelo, para analizar datos. 
       Su uso adecuado reduce el tiempo de análisis en comparación con una computadora personal y permite la exploración de grandes colecciones de datos.

- slug: hippocratic_license
  en:
    term: "Hippocratic License"
    def: >
      An ethical software [license](#license) that allows free use for any purpose
      that does not contravene the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

  am:
    term: የሂፖክራሲያዊ ፈቃድ
    def: >
      ለማንኛውም ዓላማ ነፃ አጠቃቀምን የሚፈቅድ የስነምግባር ሶፍትዌር [ፈቃድ](#license) ዓለም አቀፍ የሰብአዊ መብቶች ድንጋጌን አይቃረንም ፡፡

- slug: histogram
  en:
    term: "histogram"
    def: >
      A graphical representation of the distribution of a set of numeric data, usually
      a vertical bar graph.
  af:
    term: "histogram"
    def: >
     'n Grafiese voorstelling van die verspreiding van 'n data, gewoonlik 'n vertikale staafgrafiek.

  am:
    term: ግጥም ጥርብ ግራፍ
    def: >
      የቁጥር ውሂብ ስብስብ ስርጭት ግራፊክ ውክልና ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ቀጥ ያለ የአሞሌ ግራፍ

- slug: hitchhiker
  en:
    term: "hitchhiker"
    def: >
      Someone who is part of a project but does not actually do any work on it.

  am:
    term: ሂቼቺከር
    def: >
      አንድ የፕሮጀክት አካል የሆነ ነገር ግን በእውነቱ በእሱ ላይ ምንም ሥራ የማይሠራ ሰው ፡፡

  st:
    term: "mohahlaudi"
    def: >
      Motho a leng karolo ya letsema empa a sa etse letho ho lona.
      
- slug: home_directory
  en:
    term: "home directory"
    def: >
      A directory that contains a user's files. Each user on a multi-user computer
      will have their own home directory; a personal computer will often only have one
      home directory.

  am:
    term: መኖሪያ ሀጸ ማውጫ
    def: >
      የተጠቃሚ ፋይሎችን የያዘ ማውጫ. እያንዳንዱ ተጠቃሚ በብዙ ተጠቃሚ ኮምፒተር ላይ የራሳቸው ቤት ማውጫ ይኖራቸዋል; የግል ኮምፒተር ብዙ ጊዜ አንድ የቤት ማውጫ ብቻ ይኖረዋል ፡፡

- slug: homogeneous
  ref:
    - heterogeneous
  en:
    term: "homogeneous"
    def: >
      Containing a single data type. For example, a [vector](#vector) must be homogeneous: its
      values must all be numeric, logical, etc.

  am:
    term: ተመሳሳይነት ያለው
    def: >
      አንድ ነጠላ የውሂብ አይነት የያዘ። ለምሳሌ ፣ አንድ [ቬክተር](#vector) ተመሳሳይ መሆን አለበት-የእሱ እሴቶች ሁሉም ቁጥራዊ ፣ ሎጂካዊ ፣ ወዘተ መሆን አለባቸው ፡፡

- slug: html
  ref:
    - xml
  en:
    term: "HyperText Markup Language"
    acronym: "HTML"
    def: >
      The standard [markup language](#markup_language) used for web pages. HTML is
      represented in memory using [DOM](#dom) (Digital Object Model).
  de:
    term: "Hypertext-Auszeichnungssprache"
    acronym: "HTML"
    def: >
      Die Standard-[Auszeichnungssprache](#markup_language) für Webseiten. HTML wird
      im Speicher durch das [Dokumenten-Objekt-Modell](#dom) repräsentiert.

  am:
    term: የሃይፐር ጽሑፍ ምልክት ማድረጊያ ቋንቋ
    def: >
      ለድር ገጾች ጥቅም ላይ የዋለው መደበኛው [ምልክት ማድረጊያ ቋንቋ](#markup_language) ኤችቲኤምኤል ነው [DOM](#dom) (ዲጂታል ነገር ሞዴል) በመጠቀም በማስታወስ ውስጥ ተወክሏል።

- slug: http
  en:
    term: "HyperText Transfer Protocol"
    acronym: "HTTP"
    def: >
      The standard [protocol](#protocol) for data transfer on the World-Wide Web. HTTP
      defines the format of [requests](#http_request) and [responses](#http_response),
      the meanings of standard error codes, and other features.

  am:
    term: የሃይፐር ጽሑፍ ማስተላለፍ ፕሮቶኮል
    def: >
      በአለም አቀፍ ድር ላይ ለመረጃ ማስተላለፍ መደበኛ [ፕሮቶኮል](#protocol)። ኤች.ቲ.ፒ.ፒ. የ [ጥያቄዎች](#http_request) ቅርጸት እና [ምላሾች](#http_response) ፣ የመደበኛ ስህተት ኮዶች ትርጓሜዎች እና ሌሎች ባህሪዎች ይገልፃል።

- slug: http_header
  en:
    term: "HTTP header"
    def: >
      A key-value pair at the top of an [HTTP](#http) [request](#http_request) or
      [response](#http_response) that carries additional information such as the
      user's preferred language or the length of the data being transferred.

  am:
    term: የኤችቲቲፒ ራስጌ
    def: >
      በ [HTTP] አናት ላይ የቁልፍ እሴት ጥንድ (#http) [ጥያቄ](#http_request) ወይም እንደ "መረጃ" ተጨማሪ መረጃዎችን የሚያስተላልፍ [ምላሽ](#http_response) የተጠቃሚው ተመራጭ ቋንቋ ወይም የተላለፈው የውሂብ ርዝመት።

- slug: http_request
  ref:
    - http_response
  en:
    term: "HTTP request"
    def: >
      A message sent from a [client](#client) to a [server](#server) using the
      [HTTP](#http) [protocol](#protocol) asking for data. A request usually asks for
      a web page, image, or other data.

  am:
    term: የኤችቲቲፒ ጥያቄ
    def: >
      በመጠቀም ከ [ደንበኛ](#client) ወደ [አገልጋይ](#server) የተላከ መልእክት
      [HTTP](#http) [ፕሮቶኮል](#protocol) መረጃን በመጠየቅ ላይ። ጥያቄ ብዙውን ጊዜ ይጠይቃል አንድ ድር ገጽ ፣ ምስል ወይም ሌላ ውሂብ።

- slug: http_response
  en:
    term: "HTTP response"
    def: >
      A reply sent from a [server](#server) to a [client](#client) using the
      [HTTP](#http) [protocol](#protocol) in response to a [request](#http_request).
      The response usually contains a web page, image, or data.

  am:
    term: የኤችቲቲፒ ምላሽ
    def: >
      በመጠቀም ከ [አገልጋይ](#server) ለ [ደንበኛ](#client) የተላከ መልስ [HTTP](#http) [ፕሮቶኮል](#protocol) ለ [ጥያቄ] ምላሽ ለመስጠት (#http_request)። ምላሹ ብዙውን ጊዜ የድር ገጽን ፣ ምስልን ወይም መረጃን ይ containsል።

- slug: icon
  en:
    term: "icon"
    def: >
      In computing, an icon is a graphic symbol that is displayed on a computer screen to help a user navigate the computer system.
  af:
    term: "ikoon"
    def: >
      In rekenaarkunde is 'n ikoon 'n grafiese simbool wat op 'n rekenaarskerm vertoon word om die gebruiker te help om 'n rekenaarstelsel te navigeer.

- slug: ide
  ref:
    - repl
  en:
    term: "Integrated Development Environment"
    acronym: "IDE"
    def: >
      An application that helps programmers develop software. IDEs typically have a
      built-in editor, a [console](#console) to execute code immediately, and browsers for
      exploring data structures in memory and files on disk.
  es:
    term: "Entorno de Desarrollo Integrado"
    acronym: "EDI"
    def: >
      Una aplicación que ayuda a programadores a desarrollar software. Los EDI
      usualmente tiene un editor incorporado, una consola que ejecuta el código
      inmediatamente y navegadores para explorar estructuras de datos en la memoria y
      archivos en el disco.
  am:
    term: የተቀናጀ የልማት አካባቢ
    def: >
      ፕሮግራም ሰሪዎች ሶፍትዌሮችን እንዲያዳብሩ የሚያግዝ መተግበሪያ ፡፡ መታወቂያዎች በተለምዶ ሀ አብሮገነብ አርታዒ ፣ ኮዱን ወዲያውኑ ለማስፈፀም [ኮንሶል](#console) እና አሳሾች ለ በማስታወሻ ውስጥ እና በዲስክ ላይ ባሉ ፋይሎች ውስጥ የውሂብ መዋቅሮችን ማሰስ ፡፡

- slug: imap
  ref:
    - pop
    - smtp
  en:
    term: "Internet Message Access Protocol"
    acronym: "IMAP"
    def: >
      A standard internet protocol used by email clients to retrieve messages from an email server.
      Messages are left on the server so that they can be accessed from multiple email clients.

- slug: immutable_type
  en:
    term: "immutable type"
    def: >
      Immutable is when no change is possible over time.
      An object of this type can not be changed and its state can not be modified after it is created.

- slug: import
  en:
    term: "import"
    def: >
      To bring things from a [module](#module) into a program for use. In most
      languages a program can only import things that the module explicitly
      [exports](#export).
  es:
    term: "importar"
    def: >
      traer cosas de un [módulo](#module) para incorporarlas al programa. En la mayoría
      de las lenguajes, un programa solo puede importar cosas que el módulo
      [exporta](#export) explícitamente.

  am:
    term: ማስመጣት
    def: >
      ነገሮችን ከ [ሞጁል](#module) ወደ አገልግሎት ፕሮግራም ለማምጣት ፡፡ በአብዛኛዎቹ ቋንቋዎች አንድ ፕሮግራም ሞጁሉን በግልፅ የሚያስገቡ ነገሮችን ብቻ ማስመጣት ይችላል [ወደ ውጭ መላክ](#export)

- slug: impostor_syndrome
  en:
    term: "impostor syndrome"
    def: >
      The [false](#false) belief that one's successes are a result of accident or luck rather
      than ability.

  st:
    term: "lefu la kaketso"
    def: >
      Tumelo e fosahetseng ya hore katleho ya emong e tlile ka lehlohonolo eseng hobane a tshwanetswe kapa a sebeditse ka thata.

  am:
    term: አስመሳይ ሲንድሮም
    def: >
      የአንድ ሰው ስኬቶች በአጋጣሚ ወይም በእድል ዕድል የተገኙ ናቸው የሚለው [ውሸት](#false) እምነት ከችሎታ ይልቅ ፡፡

- slug: in_place_operator
  en:
    term: "in-place operator"
    def: >
      An operator that updates one of its operands. For example, the expression
      `x += 2` uses the in-place operator `+=` to add 2 to the current value of `x` and
      assign the result back to `x`.

  am:
    term: በቦታው ውስጥ ኦፕሬተር
    def: >
      አንዱን ኦፕሬዶቹን የሚያሻሽል ኦፕሬተር ፡፡ ለምሳሌ አገላለፁ "x + = 2` አሁን ባለው የ" x` እና "እሴት ላይ 2 ለመጨመር የቦታውን ኦፕሬተር ይጠቀማል ውጤቱን ወደ ‹x` ይመልሱ ፡፡

- slug: increment
  ref:
    - decrement
  en:
    term: "increment"
    def: >
      A unary operation that increases the value of a variable, usually by 1.
  es:
    term: "incrementar"
    def: >
      Una operación unaria que aumenta el valor de una variable, generalmente en 1.
  pt:
    term: "incrementar"
    def: >
      Uma operação unária que aumenta o valor de uma variável, geralmente em um.


- slug: independent_variable
  en:
    term: "independent variable"
    def: > 
      The factor that you purposely change or control in order to see what effect 
      it has on the [dependent variable](#dependent_variable).
  es:
    term: "variable independiente"
    def: >
      El factor que cambias o controlas intencionadamente para ver qué efecto tiene 
      sobre la [variable dependiente](#dependent_variable).

- slug: index
  en:
    term: "index"
    def: >
      Each of the elements of an array. Indexes represent the position by numerical representation.

- slug: infinite_loop
  ref:
    - loop
  en:
    term: "infinite loop"
    def: >
      A loop where the exit condition is never met, so the loop continues to repeat itself.
      Often a programming error.


- slug: inner_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "inner join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that returns the combination of rows from two tables, A and B, whose
      [keys](#key) exist in both tables.

  am:
    term: ውስጣዊ መቀላቀል
    def: >
      የሁለት ጠረጴዛዎች ሀ እና ቢ የማን ረድፎችን ጥምር የሚመልስ [መቀላቀል](#join) [ቁልፎች](#key) በሁለቱም ጠረጴዛዎች ውስጥ አሉ ፡፡

  af:
    term: "binnekoppeling"
    def: >
      'n [Koppeling](#join) wat die kombinasie van rye uit twee tabelle A en B oplewer, waarvan die [ID-sleutels](#key) in beide tabelle bestaan.
      

- slug: instance
  en:
    term: "instance"
    def: >
      An [object](#object) of a particular [class](#class).

  am:
    term: አብነት
    def: >
      የአንድ የተወሰነ (ክፍል)(#object) (#ነገር)(#class)።

- slug: integration_test
  ref:
    - unit_test
  en:
    term: "integration test"
    def: >
      A test that checks whether the parts of a system work properly when put together.

  am:
    term: የውህደት ሙከራ
    def: >
      አንድ ሲስተም ሲስተም አካላት በትክክል መሥራታቸውን የሚያረጋግጥ ሙከራ።

- slug: interface
  en:
    term: "interface"
    def: >
      A ubiquitously used phrase in computing that describes a point of contact. This could be
      a user interface (e.g. [graphical user interface](#gui) or [command line](#cli)), the 
      interface of an [object](#object) with the rest of the [code](#source_code) or how a 
      program can interact with web services through an [API](#api).

- slug: interpreted_language
  en:
    term: "interpreted language"
    def: >
      A high-level language that is not executed directly by the computer, but instead
      is run by an [interpreter](#interpreter) that translates program instructions
      into machine commands on the fly.

  am:
    term: የተተረጎመ ቋንቋ
    def: >
      በቀጥታ በኮምፒተር የማይተገበር የከፍተኛ ደረጃ ቋንቋ ፣ ግን ይልቁንስ የሚከናወነው የፕሮግራም መመሪያዎችን በሚተረጎም በ [አስተርጓሚ](#interpreter) ነው በመብረር ላይ ወደ ማሽን ትዕዛዞች ፡፡

- slug: interpreter
  en:
    term: "interpreter"
    def: >
      A program whose job it is to run programs written in a high-level [interpreted language](#interpreted_language).
      Interpreters can run interactively, but may also execute commands saved in a file.

  am:
    term: አስተርጓሚ
    def: >
      በከፍተኛ ደረጃ [በተተረጎመ ቋንቋ] የተጻፉ ፕሮግራሞችን ማካሄድ ሥራው የሆነ ፕሮግራም (#interpreted_language) ፡፡ አስተርጓሚዎች በይነተገናኝ ሆነው ሊሰሩ ይችላሉ ፣ ግን ደግሞ በአንድ ፋይል ውስጥ የተቀመጡ ትዕዛዞችን ያስፈጽሙ ይሆናል።

- slug: invariant
  en:
    term: "invariant"
    def: >
      Something that must be [true](#true) at all times inside of a program or during the
      [lifecycle](#lifecycle) of an [object](#object). Invariants are often expressed using [assertions](#assertion).
      If an invariant expression is not true, this is indicative of a problem, and
      may result in failure or early termination of the program.

- slug: ipython
  ref:
    - jupyter
  en:
    term: "IPython"
    def: >
      Short for "Interactive [Python](#python)", it is a [console](#console) designed
      to assist interactive and exploratory programming with features such
      as coloured text, [tab-completion](#tab_completion),
      [filesystem](#filesystem) navigation, quick access to
      [documentation](#docstring) and [shell commands](#shell).

  am:
    term: የማይለዋወጥ
    def: >
      የሆነ ነገር በማንኛውም ጊዜ በፕሮግራሙ ውስጥ ወይም በ ውስጥ (እውነት)(#true) መሆን አለበት [የሕይወት ዑደት](#lifecycle) የአንድ [ነገር](#object)። ተለዋዋጭነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የሚገለጸው [ማረጋገጫዎችን](#assertion) በመጠቀም ነው  ፡፡


- slug: iso_date_format
  en:
    term: "ISO date format"
    def: >
      An international for formatting dates. While the full standard is complex, the
      most common form is `YYYY-MM-DD`, i.e., a four-digit year, a two-digit month,
      and a two-digit day, separated by hyphens.

  am:
    term: የ ISO ቀን ቅርጸት
    def: >
      ቀኖችን ለመቅረጽ ዓለም አቀፍ ፡፡ ሙሉው መስፈርት ውስብስብ ቢሆንም ፣ እ.ኤ.አ. በጣም የተለመደው ቅጽ "YYYY-MM-DD" ነው ፣ ማለትም ፣ ባለ አራት አሃዝ ዓመት ፣ ባለ ሁለት አሃዝ ወር ፣ እና በሰልፍ ተለያይተው ባለ ሁለት አሃዝ ቀን።

- slug: issue
  en:
    term: "issue"
    def: >
      A [bug report](#bug_report), feature request, or other to-do item associated
      with a project. Also called a [ticket](#ticket).

  am:
    term: ርዕሰ ጉዳይ
    def: >
      አንድ [የሳንካ ዘገባ](#bug_report) ፣ የባህሪይ ጥያቄ ወይም ሌላ የሚደረገው ንጥል ከአንድ ፕሮጀክት ጋር. እንዲሁም [ትኬት] ተብሎ ይጠራል (#ticket)።

- slug: issue_label
  en:
    term: "label (an issue)"
    def: >
      A short textual tag associated with an [issue](#issue) to categorize it. Common
      labels include [`bug`](#bug) and `feature request`.

  am:
    term: መለያ (ጉዳይ)
    def: >
      ለመመደብ ከ [ጉዳይ](#issue) ጋር የተቆራኘ አጭር የጽሑፍ መለያ። የተለመደ መለያዎች ["bug`]" (#bug) እና "feature request` ን ያካትታሉ።

- slug: issue_tracking_system
  en:
    term: "issue tracking system"
    def: >
      Similar to a [bug tracking system](#bug_tracker) in that it tracks [issues](#issue)
      made to a [repository](#repository), usually in the form of [feature
      requests](#feature_request), [bug reports](#bug_report), or some other to-do item.

  am:
    term: ጉዳይ የመከታተያ ስርዓት
    def: >
      ከ "ሳንካ መከታተያ ስርዓት](#bug_tracker) ጋር ተመሳሳይ ነው [" ጉዳዮች "](#issue) ወደ [ማከማቻ](#repository) የተሰራ ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ በ [ባህሪይ] ጥያቄዎች](#feature_request) ፣ [የሳንካ ሪፖርቶች](#bug_report) ፣ ወይም ሌላ የሚደረጉ ነገሮች።

- slug: iterator_pattern
  ref:
    - visitor_pattern
  en:
    term: "Iterator pattern"
    def: >
      A [design pattern](#design_pattern) in which a temporary [object](#object) or [generator
      function](#generator_function) produces each value from a collection in turn for
      processing. This pattern hides the differences between different kinds of data
      structures so that everything can be processed using loops.

  am:
    term: የኢተራክተር ንድፍ
    def: >
      ጊዜያዊ [ነገር](#design_pattern) ወይም [ጄኔሬተር) ውስጥ አንድ [ንድፍ ንድፍ](#object) ተግባር](#generator_function) እያንዳንዱን እሴት ከአንድ ክምችት በተራ ያወጣል ማቀነባበር. ይህ ንድፍ በተለያዩ የውሂብ ዓይነቶች መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት ይደብቃል ሁሉም ነገሮች ቀለበቶችን በመጠቀም እንዲከናወኑ መዋቅሮች ፡፡

- slug: java
  en:
    term: "Java"
    def: >
      Java is a high-level, cross-platform, object-oriented and general-purpose programming language. Programs written in Java will run on any platform that supports 
      the Java software platform without having to be recompiled. This feature gave rise to the slogan "Write Once Run Anywhere". Java syntax is 
      similar to that of C and C++.
      
  af:
    term: "Java"
    def: >
      Java is 'n hoëvlak, kruisplatvorm, objekgeoriënteerde en algemene-gebruik programmeertaal. Programme wat in Java geskryf is sal op enige platform werk, 
      wat die Java sagtewareplatform implementeer, sonder dat dit hersaamgestel hoef te word. Die kenmerk het gelei tot die slagspreuk "skryf eenkeer, hardloop enige 
      plek". Die Javasintaks is soortgelyk aan die van C en C++.
      
- slug: join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "join"
    def: >
      One of several operations that combine values from two [tables](#table).

  am:
    term: ተቀላቀል
    def: >
      እሴቶችን ከሁለት [ሰንጠረ ](#table)ች] ከሚያጣምሩ በርካታ ክዋኔዎች አንዱ ፡፡

  af:
    term: "koppeling"
    def: >
      Een van verskeie bewerkings wat waardes uit twee [tabelle](#table) aan mekaar koppel.


- slug: json
  ref:
    - yaml
  en:
    term: "JavaScript Object Notation"
    acronym: "JSON"
    def: >
      A way to represent data by combining basic values like numbers and character
      strings in [lists](#list) and [key/value](#dictionary) structures. The acronym stands for "JavaScript
      Object Notation"; unlike better-defined standards like [XML](#xml), it is
      unencumbered by a syntax for comments or ways to define a [schema](#schema).
  fr:
    term: "JavaScript Object Notation"
    acronym: "JSON"
    def: >
      Un façon de représenter des données textuelles ou numériques en combinant des
      ensembles de paires nom/valeurs et des listes de valeurs. L'acronyme signifie
      "JavaScript Object Notation", car il s'agit d'un format dérivé de la notation
      des objets du langage JavaScript. Contrairement à d'autres standards plus
      structurés comme [XML](#xml), JSON ne permet pas de définir un [schéma](#schema)
      de données, ni ne supporte l'ajout de commentaires.

  am:
    term: የጃቫስክሪፕት ነገር ማስታወሻ
    def: >
      እንደ ቁጥሮች እና ባህሪ ያሉ መሰረታዊ እሴቶችን በማጣመር መረጃን ለመወከል የሚያስችል መንገድ [ዝርዝሮች](#list) እና [ቁልፍ / እሴት](#dictionary) መዋቅሮች ውስጥ ሕብረቁምፊዎች። አህጽሮተ ቃል "ጃቫስክሪፕት" ማለት ነው የነገር ማሳወቂያ"፤ እንደ [XML](#xml) ካሉ በተሻለ ከተገለጹ ደረጃዎች በተለየ ፣ እሱ ነው ለአስተያየቶች አገባብ (ሰነድ) ያልተመዘገበ ወይም [መርሃግብር](#schema) ን የሚገልጹ መንገዶች ።

- slug: jupyter
  ref:
    - jupyter_notebook
  en:
    term: "Jupyter"
    def: >
      Project Jupyter is a non-profit, open-source project that was born out of the IPython Project
      in 2014 as [IPython](#ipython) evolved to support interactive [data science](#data_science) and scientific
      computing in many different programming languages.

  am:
    term: ጁፒተር
    def: >
      ፕሮጀክት ጁፒተር ከ ‹አይፒን› ፕሮጀክት የተወለደው ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋመ ፣ ክፍት ምንጭ ፕሮጀክት ነው እ.ኤ.አ በ 2014 አይፒንቶን በይነተገናኝ [ዳታ ሳይንስ](#data_science) እና ሳይንሳዊን ለመደገፍ እንደተሻሻለ በበርካታ የተለያዩ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች ማስላት።

- slug: jupyterlab
  ref:
    - jupyter
    - jupyter_notebook
  en:
    term: "JupyterLab"
    def: >
      JupyterLab is a next-generation interface to [Jupyter Notebooks](#jupyter_notebook).
      JupyterLab is open-source, web-based and has a multiple-document interface which supports working with multiple notebooks and [Markdown](#markdown) files in a single browser tab.
      JupyterLab also supports opening terminal/[console](#console) windows in the browser.

- slug: jupyter_notebook
  ref:
    - jupyter
  en:
    term: "Jupyter Notebook"
    def: >
      The Jupyter Notebook is an open-source, web-based [computational notebook](#computational_notebook)
      that allows the user to write and share live code, equations, visualisations, and narrative text.

  am:
    term: የጁፒተር ማስታወሻ ደብተር
    def: >
      የጁፒተር ማስታወሻ ደብተር ክፍት ምንጭ ፣ በድር ላይ የተመሠረተ [የሂሳብ ማስታወሻ ደብተር](#computational_notebook) ነው  ተጠቃሚው የቀጥታ ኮድ ፣ እኩልታዎች ፣ ምስላዊ እይታዎች እና የትረካ ጽሑፍን እንዲጽፍ እና እንዲያጋራ ያስችለዋል።

- slug: k_means_clustering
  ref:
    - clustering
  en:
    term: "k-means clustering"
    def: >
      An [unsupervised_learning](#unsupervised_learning) algorithm that forms *k*
      groups by repeatedly calculating the [centroid](#centroid) of the current groups
      and then reallocating data points to the nearest centroid until the centroids no
      longer move.

  am:
    term: k-ማለት ማሰባሰብ ማለት
    def: >
      * ቁጥጥር * ያልተደረገበት ትምህርት (#unsupervised_learning) ስልተ ቀመር * k * የወቅቱን ቡድኖች [ሴንትሮይድ](#centroid) በተደጋጋሚ በማስላት ቡድኖች እና ከዚያ የመረጃ ማከፋፈያ ቦታ ወደ ሴንትሮይድ ቁ ረዘም ያለ እንቅስቃሴ።

- slug: k_nearest_neighbors
  en:
    term: "k-nearest neighbors"
    def: >
      A [classification](#classification) algorithm that classifies data points based
      on their similarity to their *k* nearest neighbours.

  am:
    term: k-ቅርብ ጎረቤቶች
    def: >
      የመረጃ ነጥቦችን በመለየት የሚመደብ አንድ [ምደባ](#classification) ስልተ ቀመር ከቅርብ ጎረቤቶቻቸው *k* ተመሳሳይነት ላይ።

- slug: kebab_case
  ref:
    - camel_case
    - pothole_case
  en:
    term: "kebab case"
    def: >
      A naming convention in which the parts of a name are separated with dashes, as
      in `first-second-third`.

  am:
    term: kebab ጉዳይ
    def: >
      የስም ክፍሎች ከዳሽን ጋር የሚለዩበት የስያሜ ስብሰባ ፣ እንደ በ ‹የመጀመሪያ-ሁለተኛ-ሦስተኛ› ውስጥ ፡፡

- slug: key
  en:
    term: "key"
    def: >
      1. A [field](#field) or combination of fields whose value(s) uniquely identify a
      [record](#record) within a [table](#table) or dataset. Keys are often used to
      select specific records and in [joins](#join).
      2. Part of a key/value pair, used as a unique identifier in a data structure
      such as a [dictionary](#dictionary).

  am:
    term: ቁልፍ
    def: >
      1. ዋጋቸው (ቸው) በልዩ ሁኔታ የሚለዩት አንድ [መስክ](#field) ወይም የመስኮች ጥምረት ሀ መዝገብ በአንድ [ጠረጴዛ](#record) ወይም የውሂብ ስብስብ ውስጥ። ቁልፎች ብዙውን ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላሉ የተወሰኑ መዝገቦችን ይምረጡ እና በ [ተቀላቀል](#table)። በመረጃ አወቃቀር ውስጥ እንደ ልዩ መለያ ጥቅም ላይ የዋለ የቁልፍ / እሴት ጥንድ ክፍል እንደ [መዝገበ-ቃላት](#dictionary)።

  af:
    term: "ID-sleutel"
    def: >
      1. 'n [Veld](#field) of kombinasie van velde waarvan die waarde(s) 'n [rekord](#record) in 'n [tabel](#table) of datastel uniek identifiseer. ID-sleutels word dikwels gebruik om spesifieke rekords te kies, asook in [koppelings](#join).
      2. 'n Deel van 'n ID-sleutel/waardepaar, wat as 'n unieke identifiseerder gebruik word in 'n datastruktuur soos 'n [woordeboek](#dictionary).
      

- slug: keyword_argument
  ref:
    - named_argument
    - variable_arguments
  en:
    term: "keyword arguments"
    def: >
      Extra (often optional) arguments given to a function as key/value pairs.

  am:
    term: ቁልፍ ቃል ክርክሮች
    def: >
      እንደ ቁልፍ / እሴት ጥንዶች ለአንድ ተግባር የተሰጡ ተጨማሪ (ብዙውን ጊዜ አማራጭ) ክርክሮች።

- slug: latent_variable
  en:
    term: "latent variable"
    def: >
      A variable that is not observed directly but instead is inferred from the states
      or values of other variables.

  am:
    term: ድብቅ ተለዋዋጭ
    def: >
      በቀጥታ የማይታይ ተለዋዋጭ በምትኩ ከክልሎች የመነጨ ነው ወይም የሌሎች ተለዋዋጮች እሴቶች።

- slug: latex
  en:
    term: "LaTeX"
    def: >
      A typesetting system for document preparation that uses a specialized [markup language](#markup_language) to define a document structure
      (e.g., headings), stylise text, insert mathematical equations, and manage citations and cross-references. LaTeX is widely
      used in academia, in particular for scientific papers and theses in mathematics, physics, engineering, and computer science.
  de:
    term: "LaTeX"
    def: >
      Ein Textsatzsystem zum Erstellen von Dokumenten, das eine spezielle [Auszeichnungssprache](#markup_language)
      nutzt, um die Dokument-Struktur (z.B. Titel) zu definieren, Text zu setzen, mathematische Gleichungen einzufügen
      und Zitate und Querverweise zu verwalten. LaTeX  wird häufig in der akademischen Welt verwendet, besonders für
      wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen und Abschlussarbeiten in Mathematik, Physik, Maschinenbau und Informatik.
  fr:
    term: "LaTeX"
    def: >
      Un système de composition de documents qui utilise un [langage de balisage](#markup_language) pour définir la structure et mise en page
      d'un document, composer des formules mathématiques et gérer citations et références. Le format LaTeX est très utilisé
      dans les domaines scientifiques et techniques pour la production d'articles et de mémoires.

  am:
    term: 'ላቲኤክስ '
    def: >
      የሰነድ አወቃቀርን ለመግለፅ ልዩ [ምልክት ማድረጊያ ቋንቋ](#markup_language) የሚጠቀም የሰነድ ዝግጅት አጻጻፍ ስርዓት (ለምሳሌ አርእስቶች) ፣ የቅጥ ጽሑፍ ፣ የሂሳብ እኩልታዎችን ያስገቡ ፣ እና ጥቅሶችን እና ማጣቀሻዎችን ያቀናብሩ። ላቲኤክስ በሰፊው ነው በአካዳሚክ ውስጥ በተለይም ለሳይንሳዊ ወረቀቶች እና በሂሳብ ፣ በፊዚክስ ፣ በኢንጂነሪንግ እና በኮምፒተር ሳይንስ ፡፡

- slug: lazy_evaluation
  ref:
    - short_circuit_test
  en:
    term: "lazy evaluation"
    def: >
      Delaying evaluation of an expression until the value is actually needed
      or, in the case of a conditional expression, only evaluating as much of
      the expression as is necessary. For instance, the second half of `A and B`
      will only be evaluated if A is [truthy](#truthy).

  am:
    term: ሰነፍ ግምገማ
    def: >
      እሴቱ በትክክል እስኪፈለግ ድረስ የአንድን አገላለጽ ግምገማ መዘግየት ወይም በሁኔታዊ አገላለጽ ሁኔታ ፣ የሚገመገሙትን ያህል ብቻ አገላለጹ እንደአስፈላጊነቱ ፡፡ ለምሳሌ ፣ የ "ሀ እና ቢ" ሁለተኛ አጋማሽ የሚገመገመው ሀ [እውነት](#truthy) ከሆነ  ከሆነ ብቻ ነው።

- slug: left_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "left join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that combines data from two tables, A and B, where [keys](#key) in table
      A match keys in table B, [fields](#field) are concatenated. Where a key in table
      A does *not* match a key in table B, columns from table B are filled with
      [null](#null), [NA](#na), or some other [missing value](#missing_value). Keys from table B
      that do not match keys from table A are excluded for the result.

  am:
    term: ግራ መቀላቀል
    def: >
      በሰንጠረ in ውስጥ [ቁልፎች](#join) ከሁለት ጠረጴዛዎች ፣ ሀ እና ቢ መረጃዎችን የሚያጣምር አንድ [ተቀላቀል](#key) በሠንጠረዥ B ፣ [ሜዳዎች](#field) ውስጥ የግጥሚያ ቁልፎች ተጣምረዋል። በጠረጴዛ ውስጥ ቁልፍ የት አለ በሠንጠረዥ B ውስጥ አንድ ቁልፍን * አይመሳሰልም * ፣ ከሠንጠረዥ B አምዶች ይሞላሉ [null](#null) ፣ [NA](#na) ፣ ወይም ሌላ (የጠፋ ዋጋ) (missing_value)። ከጠረጴዛ B ውስጥ ቁልፎች ከሠንጠረዥ ሀ ቁልፎችን የማይዛመዱ ለውጤቱ ተገልለዋል ፡፡

- slug: lexical_scoping
  en:
    term: "lexical scoping"
    def: >
      To look up the value associated with a name according to the textual structure
      of a program. Most programming languages use lexical scoping instead of [dynamic
      scoping](#dynamic_scoping) because the latter is less predictable.

  am:
    term: የቃላት ክልል
    def: >
      በጽሑፍ አሠራሩ መሠረት ከስም ጋር የተጎዳኘውን እሴት ለመፈለግ የፕሮግራም አብዛኛዎቹ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች ከ [ተለዋዋጭ] ይልቅ የቃላት አጻጻፍ አጠቃቀምን ይጠቀማሉ የኋላ ኋላ ብዙም ሊተነብይ የማይችል ስለሆነ [dynamic scoping](#dynamic_scoping))።

- slug: library
  en:
    term: "library"
    def: >
      A reusable software [package](#package), also often called a [module](#module).
  es:
    term: "biblioteca"
    def: >
      un paquete de software reutilizable, también  se llama un [módulo](#module).
  fr:
    term: "bibliothèque"
    def: >
      Un [paquet](#package) logiciel réutilisable, parfois aussi appelé [module](#module).
  pt:
    term: "biblioteca"
    def: >
      Um pacote de programas reutilizáveis, também frequentemente referido como um [módulo](#module).

  am:
    term: ቤተ መጻሕፍት
    def: >
      እንደገና ጥቅም ላይ ሊውል የሚችል ሶፍትዌር [ጥቅል](#package) ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ [ሞዱል](#module) ተብሎም ይጠራል።
  de:
    term: "Bibliothek"
    def: >
      Ein wiederverwendbares [Softwarepaket](#package), oft auch [Modul] (#module) genannt.

- slug: license
  en:
    term: "license"
    def: >
      A legal document describing how something can be used, and by whom.

  am:
    term: ፈቃድ
    def: >
      አንድ ነገር እንዴት ጥቅም ላይ እንደሚውል የሚገልጽ የሕግ ሰነድ ፣ እና በማን ፡፡
      
  de:
    term: "Lizenz"
    def: >
      Ein Rechtsdokument, das beschreibt, wie etwas verwendet werden kann und von wem.
      

- slug: lifecycle
  en:
    term: "lifecycle"
    def: >
      The steps that something is allowed or required to go through. The lifecycle of
      an [object](#object) runs from its [construction](#constructor) through the
      operations it can or must perform before it is destroyed; the lifecycle of an
      [issue](#issue) may be: "created", "assigned", "in progress", "ready for review",
      and "completed".

  am:
    term: የህይወት ኡደት
    def: አንድ ነገር እንዲያልፍ የተፈቀደለት ወይም የሚፈለግበት ደረጃዎች። የሕይወት ዑደት አንድ (ነገር) (#object) ከሱ
      (ከገንቢው)(#constructor) በኩል በ ከመጥፋቱ በፊት ሊያከናውን ወይም ሊያከናውንባቸው የሚገቡ ክዋኔዎች; የአንድ
      [ጉዳይ](#issue) ምናልባት "ተፈጠረ" ፣ "ተመድቧል" ፣ "በሂደት ላይ" ፣ "ለግምገማ ዝግጁ" ፣ እና"ተጠናቅቋል".

- slug: lift
  en:
    term: "lift"
    def: >
      How well a model predicts or [classifies](#classification) things, measured as the ratio of the
      response in the segment identified to the response in the population as a whole.
      A lift of 1 means the model does no better than chance; higher lift means the
      model is doing better.

  am:
    term: ማንሳት
    def: >
      እንደ አንድ ጥምርታ የሚለካ አንድ ሞዴል ምን ያህል ነገሮችን በደንብ ይተነብያል ወይም [ይመድባል](#classification) በአጠቃላይ በሕዝቡ ውስጥ ለሚገኘው ምላሽ በተጠቀሰው ክፍል ውስጥ ምላሽ ፡፡ የ 1 ማንሳት ማለት ሞዴሉ ከአጋጣሚ የተሻለ አይሆንም ማለት ነው ፡፡ ከፍተኛ ማንሻ ማለት ሞዴል በተሻለ ሁኔታ እየሰራ ነው ፡፡

- slug: line_comment
  en:
    term: "line comment"
    def: >
      A [comment](#comment) in a program that spans part of a single line, as opposed
      to a [block comment](#block_comment) that may span multiple lines.
  pt:
    term: "comentário de linha"
    def: >
      Um [comentário](#comment) em um programa que abrange parte de uma única linha,
      em contraste a um [bloco de comentário](#block_comment) que pode abranger
      mútiplas linhas.

  am:
    term: የመስመር አስተያየት
    def: >
      በተቃራኒው የአንድ መስመርን ክፍል በሚዘረጋ ፕሮግራም ውስጥ አንድ [አስተያየት](#comment) ወደ [አግድ አስተያየት](#block_comment) ብዙ መስመሮችን ሊዘረጋ ይችላል።

- slug: linear_regression
  ref:
    - logistic_regression
  en:
    term: "linear regression"
    def: >
      A method for finding the best straight-line fit between two datasets, typically
      by minimizing the squares of the distances between the points and a regression line.
  af:
    term: "lineêre regressie"
    def: >
      'n Metode om die beste pas tussen twee datastelle te vind deur die vierkante van die
      afstande tussen die punte en 'n regressielyn te minimaliseer.

  am:
    term: መስመራዊ ማፈግፈግ
    def: >
      በተለይም በሁለት የውሂብ ስብስቦች መካከል በጣም ጥሩውን ቀጥተኛ መስመር የሚመጥን ዘዴ በነጥቦች እና በድጋሜ መስመር መካከል ያሉ ርቀቶችን ካሬዎች በመቀነስ ፡፡

- slug: linter
  en:
    term: "linter"
    def: >
      A program that checks for common problems in software, such as violations of
      indentation rules or variable naming conventions. The name comes from the first
      tool of its kind, called `lint`.

  am:
    term: ተልባ
    def: >
      እንደ ጥሰቶች ያሉ በሶፍትዌሮች ውስጥ የተለመዱ ችግሮችን የሚያጣራ ፕሮግራም የመግቢያ ደንቦች ወይም ተለዋዋጭ የስም ስምምነቶች። ስሙ የመጣው ከመጀመሪያው ነው የዚህ ዓይነት መሣሪያ ፣ "lint"።

- slug: lisp
  en:
    term: "Lisp"
    def: >
      A family of programming languages that represent programs and data as nested
      lists. Many other programming languages have borrowed ideas from Lisp.

  am:
    term: ሊፕስ
    def: >
      እንደ ጎጆ ፕሮግራሞችን እና መረጃዎችን የሚወክሉ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች ቤተሰብ ዝርዝሮች. ሌሎች ብዙ የፕሮግራም ቋንቋዎች ሀሳቦችን ከሊስፕ ተውሰዋል ፡፡

- slug: list
  en:
    term: "list"
    def: >
      A [vector](#vector) that can contain values of many different ([heterogeneous](#heterogeneous)) types.

  am:
    term: ዝርዝር
    def: >
      የብዙ የተለያዩ ([የተለያዩ)(#vector) እሴቶችን ሊይዝ የሚችል አንድ ([heterogeneous](#heterogeneous))።

- slug: list_comprehension
  en:
    term: "list comprehension"
    def: >
      In [Python](#python), an expression that creates a new list in place. For
      example, `[2*x for x in values]` creates a new list whose items are the doubles
      of those in `values`.

  am:
    term: የዝርዝር ግንዛቤ
    def: >
      በ [Python](#python) ውስጥ በቦታው አዲስ ዝርዝርን የሚፈጥሩ አገላለጾች ፡፡ ለ ለምሳሌ ፣ "[2 * x ለ x በእሴቶች]" ንጥሎቹ ሁለት እጥፍ የሚሆኑበትን አዲስ ዝርዝር ይፈጥራል በ ‹እሴቶች› ውስጥ ካሉ ፡፡

- slug: literate_programming
  ref:
    - computational_notebook
    - r_markdown
  en:
    term: "literate programming"
    def: >
      A programming paradigm that mixes prose and code.
  fr:
    term: "programmation lettrée"
    def: >
      Une approche de la programmation qui mélange langage naturel (prose) et code.
  de:
    term: "literarisches Programmieren"
    def: >
      Ein Programmierparadigma, dass Dokumentation und Programmkode in einer
      gemeinsamen Datei handelt.
  es:
    term: "programación literaria"
    def: >
      Un paradigma de programación que combina código y documentación en un solo
      archivo.

  am:
    term: ማንበብና መጻፍ መርሃግብር
    def: >
      ጽሑፍ እና ኮድን የሚቀላቀል የፕሮግራም ዘይቤ ፡፡

- slug: local_installation
  ref:
    - global_installation
  en:
    term: "local installation"
    def: >
      Placing a [package](#package) inside a particular project so that it is only accessible
      within that project.
  es:
    term: "instalación local"
    def: >
      El acto de ubicar un paquete en un proyecto en particular para que sólo sea accesible
      dentro de ese proyecto.
  fr:
    term: "installation locale"
    def: >
      Mettre un [paquet](#package) à l'intérieur d'un projet particulier, de façon à ce qu'il
      ne soit accessible que depuis ce projet.

  am:
    term: አካባቢያዊ ጭነት
    def: >
      በዚያ ፕሮጀክት ውስጥ ብቻ ተደራሽ እንዲሆን በአንድ የተወሰነ ፕሮጀክት ውስጥ [ጥቅል](#package) በማስቀመጥ ላይ።

- slug: local_variable
  ref:
    - closure
    - global_variable
  en:
    term: "local variable"
    def: >
      A variable defined inside a function which is only visible within that function.
  es:
    term: "variable local"
    def: >
      Una variable definida dentro de una función, por lo que solo es visible dentro
      de ella.
  fr:
    term: "variable locale"
    def: >
      Une variable définie à l'intérieur d'une fonction, qui n'est visible qu'au sein de
      cette fonction.
  ko:
    term: "지역 변수"
    def: >
      특정 함수 내에서 정의되고 그 함수 내에서만 유효한 변수.

  am:
    term: አካባቢያዊ ተለዋዋጭ
    def: >
      በዚያ ተግባር ውስጥ ብቻ በሚታየው ተግባር ውስጥ የተገለፀ ተለዋዋጭ።

- slug: log
  en:
    term: "log"
    def: >
      A record of a program's execution containing [messages](#log_message) written
      via a [logging framework](#logging_framework) for later inspection.

  am:
    term: መዝገብ
    def: >
      የተፃፈ [መልዕክቶች](#log_message) የያዘ የፕሮግራም አፈፃፀም መዝገብ በኋላ ለማጣራት [የምዝግብ ማስታወሻ ማዕቀፍ](#logging_framework)

- slug: log_message
  en:
    term: "log message"
    def: >
      A single entry in a [log](#log) of a program's execution. Log messages are
      usually highly structured so that data (such as the time or the severity) can be
      recovered later.

  am:
    term: የምዝግብ ማስታወሻ
    def: >
      በፕሮግራሙ አፈፃፀም [መዝገብ](#log) ውስጥ አንድ ነጠላ ግቤት የምዝግብ ማስታወሻ መልዕክቶች ናቸው መረጃ (እንደ ጊዜ ወይም ክብደት ያሉ) በኋላ ላይ መልሶ ማግኘት እንዲችል ብዙውን ጊዜ በጣም የተዋቀረ ነው።

- slug: logging_framework
  en:
    term: "logging framework"
    def: >
      A software [library](#library) that manages internal reporting for programs.

  am:
    term: የምዝግብ ማስታወሻ ማዕቀፍ
    def: >
      ለፕሮግራሞች ውስጣዊ ሪፖርትን የሚያስተዳድር ሶፍትዌር [ቤተ-መጽሐፍት](#library) ፡፡

- slug: logging_level
  en:
    term: "logging level"
    def: >
      A setting that controls how much information is generated by a [logging
      framework](#logging_framework). Typical logging levels include `DEBUG`,
      `WARNING`, and `ERROR`.

  am:
    term: የምዝግብ ማስታወሻ ደረጃ
    def: >
      በ [ምዝግብ ማስታወሻ] ምን ያህል መረጃ እንደሚመነጭ የሚቆጣጠር ቅንብር ማዕቀፍ](#logging_framework)። የተለመዱ የምዝግብ ማስታወሻዎች ደረጃዎች «DEBUG` ን ያካትታሉ ፣ ማስጠንቀቂያ ፣ እና "ስህተት"።

- slug: logical_indexing
  en:
    term: "logical indexing"
    def: >
      To index a [vector](#vector) or other structure with a vector of [Booleans](#boolean), keeping only the
      values that correspond to [true](#true) values. Also referred to as [masking](#masking).

  am:
    term: አመክንዮአዊ ማውጫ
    def: >
      አንድን [ቬክተር](#vector) ወይም ሌላ መዋቅርን ከ [ቦሌያን](#boolean) ጋር ለማቆጣጠር ፣ የ ከ [እውነተኛ](#true) እሴቶች ጋር የሚዛመዱ እሴቶች። እንደዚሁም [ማስክ](#masking) ተብሎ ይጠራል

- slug: logistic_regression
  ref:
    - linear_regression
  en:
    term: "logistic regression"
    def: >
      A method for fitting a model to some data that uses logistic (S-shaped) curves
      instead of straight lines.
  af:
    term: "logistiese regressie "
    def: >
      'n Metode om 'n model aan te pas tot data wat van logistieke (S-vormige) kurwes gebruik
      maak.

  am:
    term: የሎጂስቲክ ማሽቆልቆል
    def: >
      ከቀጥታ መስመሮች ይልቅ የሎጂስቲክስ (ኤስ-ቅርጽ) ኩርባን ከሚጠቀም አንዳንድ መረጃዎች ጋር ሞዴልን ለመግጠም ዘዴ ፡፡

- slug: long_identifier_git
  ref:
    - short_identifier_git
  en:
    term: "long identifier (of commit)"
    def: >
      See [full identifier](#full_identifier_git).

  am:
    term: ረጅም መለያ (የቁርጠኝነት)
    def: >
      ይመልከቱ [ሙሉ መለያ](#full_identifier_git)።

- slug: long_option
  ref:
    - short_option
  en:
    term: "long option"
    def: >
      A full-word identifier for a [command-line argument](#command_line_argument).
      While most common flags are a single letter preceded by a dash, such as `-v`,
      long options typically use two dashes and a readable name, such as `--verbose`.

  am:
    term: ረጅም አማራጭ
    def: >
      ለ [የትእዛዝ መስመር ክርክር](#command_line_argument)። ምንም እንኳን ብዙ የተለመዱ ባንዲራዎች እንደ--V ያሉ እንደ ሰረዝ የቀደመ አንድ ነጠላ ፊደል ናቸው ፣ ረዥም አማራጮች በተለምዶ ሁለት ዳሽዎችን እና የሚነበብ ስም ይጠቀማሉ ፣ ለምሳሌ - - ‹bobose ›፡፡

- slug: loop
  ref:
    - for_loop
    - while_loop
    - infinite_loop
    - loop_body
  en:
    term: "loop"
    def: >
      A structure that repeatedly executes a section of code until a specific exit condition is met.


- slug: loop_body
  en:
    term: "loop body"
    def: >
      The statement or statements executed by a loop.
  am:
    term: የሉፍ አካል
    def: >
      በሉፕ የተተገበረው መግለጫ ወይም መግለጫዎች።
      
- slug: lsof
  en:
    term: "lsof"
    def: >
      UNIX command to see the list of open files being used by [processes](#process). 
  es:
    term: "lsof"
    def: >
      Comando en UNIX para ver la lista de archivos abiertos siendo utilizados por [procesos](#process).

- slug: machine_learning
  en:
    term: "machine learning"
    def: >
      The study or use of algorithms whose performance improves as they are given more
      data. Machine learning algorithms often use [training data](#training_data) to
      build a [model](#model). Their performance is then measured by how well they
      predict the properties of [test data](#test_data).

  am:
    term: ማሽን መማር
    def: >
      የበለጠ ሲሰጣቸው አፈፃፀማቸው የሚሻሻል ስልተ ቀመር ጥናት ወይም አጠቃቀም መረጃ የማሽን መማሪያ ስልተ ቀመሮች ብዙውን ጊዜ [የሥልጠና መረጃ](#training_data) እስከ ይጠቀማሉ አንድ ግንባታ (ሞዴል) (#model)። የእነሱ አፈፃፀም የሚለካው እነሱ በጥሩነታቸው ነው የ [የሙከራ ውሂብ](#test_data) ባህሪያትን ይተነብይ ።

- slug: magic_number
  en:
    term: "magic number"
    def: >
      An unnamed numerical constant that appears in a program without explanation.

  am:
    term: አስማት ቁጥር
    def: >
      ያለምንም ማብራሪያ በፕሮግራም ውስጥ የሚታየውን ያልተሰየመ የቁጥር ቋት ፡፡

- slug: make
  en:
    term: "Make"
    def: >
      The original [build manager](#build_manager) for Unix, still in daily use after
      more than forty years.

  am:
    term: አድርግ
    def: >
      ለዩኒክስ የመጀመሪያው [የግንባታ ሥራ አስኪያጅ](#build_manager) ፣ አሁንም በኋላ በየቀኑ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል ከአርባ ዓመት በላይ ፡፡

- slug: makefile
  en:
    term: "Makefile"
    def: >
      A file containing commands for [Make](#make), often actually called `Makefile`.

  am:
    term: የመገለጫ ጽሑፍ
    def: >
      ለ "Make" (#make) ትዕዛዞችን የያዘ ፋይል ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ በትክክል "Makefile`" ተብሎ ይጠራል።

- slug: markdown
  en:
    term: "Markdown"
    def: >
      A [markup language](#markup_language) with a simple syntax intended as a replacement for [HTML](#html).
      Markdown is often used for README files, and is the basis for [R markdown](#r_markdown).
  de:
    term: "Markdown"
    def: >
      Eine [Auszeichnungssprache](#markup_language) mit einfacher Syntax, die als Ersatz für [HTML](#html)
      vorgesehen ist. Markdown wird oft für README (lies mich) Dateien verwendet und ist die Basis von
      [R Markdown](#r_markdown).
  fr:
    term: "Markdown"
    def: >
      Un [langage de balisage](#markup_language) à la syntaxe simple visant à remplacer [HTML](#html).
      Markdown est souvent utilisé dans les fichiers LISEZ MOI (README), et forme la base du
      [R markdown](#r_markdown).

  am:
    term: ምልክት ማድረጊያ
    def: >
      ለ [HTML](#html) ምትክ ተብሎ የታቀደ ቀለል ያለ አገባብ ያለው አንድ [የምልክት ቋንቋ](#markup_language) ምልክት ማድረጊያ ብዙውን ጊዜ ለ README ፋይሎች ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል ፣ እና ለ [R markdown](#r_markdown) መሠረት ነው።

- slug: markov_chain
  ref:
    - bayesian_network
    - monte_carlo
  en:
    term: "Markov Chain"
    def: >
      Any [model](#model) describing a series of events in which the
      probability of each event depends only on the current state, not on the path
      taken to reach that state.

  am:
    term: የማርኮቭ ሰንሰለት
    def: >
      የተከታታይ ክስተቶችን የሚገልጽ ማንኛውም [ሞዴል](#model) የእያንዳንዱ ክስተት ዕድል የሚወሰነው አሁን ባለው ሁኔታ ላይ ብቻ ነው ፣ ወደዚያ ሁኔታ ለመድረስ በሚወስደው መንገድ ላይ አይደለም ፡፡

- slug: markup_language
  ref:
    - latex
    - xml
  en:
    term: "markup language"
    def: >
      A set of rules for annotating text to define its meaning or how it should be
      displayed. The markup is usually not displayed, but instead controls how the
      underlying text is interpreted or shown. [Markdown](#markdown) and [HTML](#html)
      are widely-used markup languages for web pages.
  de:
    term: "Auszeichnungssprache"
    def: >
      Ein Regelwerk zur Annotation von Text, um zu definieren, was er bedeutet oder wie er
      dargestellt werden soll. Die Textauszeichnung wird in der Regel nicht dargestellt, sondern
      kontrolliert wie der zu Grunde liegende Text interpretiert oder angezeigt wird. [Markdown](#markdown)
      und [HTML](#html) sind weit verbreitete Auszeichnungssprachen für Internetseiten.
  fr:
    term: "langage de balisage"
    def: >
      Un ensemble de règles pour annoter un texte afin d'en définir la structure ou d'en modifier
      l'affichage. Des balises déterminent comment le texte
      qu'elles délimitent doit être interprété ou affiché. Le [Markdown](#markdown) et [HTML](#html)
      sont des exemples de langages de balisage utilisés pour des pages web.

  am:
    term: ምልክት ማድረጊያ ቋንቋ
    def: >
      ትርጉሙን ወይም እንዴት መሆን እንዳለበት ለመግለጽ ጽሑፍን ለማብራራት የደንብ ስብስብ ታይቷል ምልክቱ ብዙውን ጊዜ አይታይም ፣ ግን ይልቁንስ እንዴት እንደሚቆጣጠር መሰረታዊ ጽሑፍ ተተርጉሟል ወይም ታይቷል። [Markdown](#markdown) እና [HTML](#html) ለድረ-ገፆች በሰፊው ጥቅም ላይ የዋሉ የማውጫ ቋንቋዎች ናቸው ፡፡

- slug: marthas_rules
  en:
    term: "Martha's Rules"
    def: >
      A simple set of rules for making decisions in small groups.

  am:
    term: የማርት ደንቦች
    def: >
      በትንሽ ቡድኖች ውስጥ ውሳኔዎችን የማድረግ ቀላል የህጎች ስብስብ።

- slug: masking
  en:
    term: "Masking"
    def: >-
      [TODO] to be defined


- slug: master_branch
  ref:
    - feature_branch
  en:
    term: "master branch"
    def: >
      A dedicated, permanent, central [branch](#branch) which should contain a "ready product".
      After a new feature is developed on a separate branch to avoid breaking the main
      code, it can be [merged](#git_merge) into the master branch.

  am:
    term: ዋና ቅርንጫፍ
    def: >
      "ዝግጁ ምርት" መያዝ ያለበት ራሱን የወሰነ ፣ ቋሚ ፣ ማዕከላዊ [ቅርንጫፍ](#branch)። ዋናውን ኮድ ላለማፍረስ በተለየ አካል ላይ አዲስ ባህሪ ከተሰራ በኋላ ወደ ዋናው ቅርንጫፍ ውስጥ [ሊዋሃድ](#git_merge) ሊሆን ይችላል ፡፡

- slug: maximum_likelihood_estimation
  en:
    term: "maximum likelihood estimation"
    def: >
      To choose the [parameters](#parameter) for a [probability
      distribution](#probability_distribution) in order to maximize the likelihood of
      obtaining observed data.
  af:
    term: "maksimumaanneemlikheidsberaming"
    def: >
      Om die parameters vir 'n [waarskynlikheids verdeling](#probability_distribution)
      te verkry, te maksimeer.

  am:
    term: ከፍተኛ የእድል ግምት
    def: >
      ለ [ፕሮባቢሊቲ] [መለኪያዎች](#parameter) ለመምረጥ የመሆን እድልን ከፍ ለማድረግ (#ፕሮባቢሊቲ_ ስርጭት) የታየ መረጃን ማግኘት ፡፡

- slug: mean
  ref:
    - median
    - mode
  en:
    term: "mean"
    def: >
      The average value of a dataset, more properly known as the [arithmetic
      mean](#arithmetic_mean) to distinguish it from the [geometric](#geometric_mean)
      and [harmonic](#harmonic_mean) means.
  de:
    term: "Mittelwert"
    def: >
      Der Durchschnitt eines Datensatzes, genauer auch bezeichnet als [arithmetischer
      Mittelwert](#arithmetic_mean), um ihn zu unterscheiden vom [geometrischen](#geometric_mean)
      und [harmonischen](#harmonic_mean) Mittelwert.
  it:
    term: "media"
    def: >
      Rapporto tra la somma dei valori e il numero di valori. Chiamata anche [media aritmetica](#arithmetic_mean)
      per distinguerla dalla [media geometrica](#geometric_mean) e dalla [media armonica](#harmonic_mean).
  af:
    term: "gemiddeld"
    def: >
      Die gemiddelde waarde van 'n datastel, beter bekend as die
      [rekenkundige gemiddeld](#arithmetic_mean) om dit van die [meetkundige](#geometric_mean)
      en die [harmoniese](#harmonic_mean) gemiddelde te onderskei.
  pt:
    term: "média"
    def: >
      O valor médio de um conjunto de dados, mais apropriadamente conhecido como
      [média aritmética](#arithmetic_mean) para que seja distinguido da média
      [geométrica](#geometric_mean) e da [harmônica](#harmonic_mean).
  am:
    term: ማለት
    def: >
      የውሂብ ስብስብ አማካይ ዋጋ ፣ ይበልጥ በትክክል በትክክል "ሂሳብ" ተብሎ ይጠራል ከ [ጂኦሜትሪክ](#arithmetic_mean) ለመለየት[የሂሳብ_ማለት]#geometric_mean) እና [harmonic](#harmonic_mean) ማለት ነው።
  sw:
    term: "wastani"
    def: >
      Namba ya katikati kwa data.  Kuikokotoa, jumla nambari halafu gawana na nambari
      za nambari.
      
- slug: mean_absolute_error
  ref:
    - mean_squared_error
    - root_mean_squared_error
  en:
    term: "mean absolute error"
    def: >
      The average error of all predicted values compared with actual values.
  es:
    term: "error absoluto medio"
    def: >
      El error promedio de todos los valores predichos en comparación con los
      valores reales.
  am:
    term: ፍፁም ስህተት ማለት ነው።
    def: >
      ከእውነተኛ እሴቶች ጋር ሲነፃፀር የሁሉም የተነበዩ እሴቶች አማካይ ስህተት።

- slug: mean_squared_error
  ref:
    - root_mean_squared_error
  en:
    term: "mean squared error"
    def: >
      The average of the squares of all the errors of all predicted values compared
      with actual values. Squaring makes larger errors count for more,
      and transforms negative errors into positive values, making this a
      more popular measure than [mean absolute error](#mean_absolute_error).
  es:
    term: "error cuadrático medio"
    def: >
      El promedio de los cuadrados de todos los errores de todos los valores
      predichos comparados con valores reales. El cuadrado hace que los errores
      más grandes cuenten más, haciendo esta medida más popular que el
      [error absoluto medio](#mean_absolute_error).

  am:
    term: አማካይ ስኩዌር ስህተት
    def: >
      የሁሉም ትንበያ እሴቶች ሁሉ ስህተቶች አደባባዮች አማካይ ሲነፃፀሩ ከትክክለኛ ዋጋዎች ጋር. መቧጨር ትላልቅ ስህተቶች ለተጨማሪ እንዲቆጠሩ ያደርጋቸዋል ፣ እና አሉታዊ ስህተቶችን ወደ አወንታዊ እሴቶች ይቀይረዋል ፣ ይህም ሀ ከ [ፍጹም ፍፁም ስህተት] የበለጠ ታዋቂ ልኬት (#mean_absolute_error)።

- slug: median
  ref:
    - mode
  en:
    term: "median"
    def: >
      A value separating the upper and lower halves of a sorted dataset. The median
      often gives a better idea of what is typical of the dataset than the
      [mean](#mean), which can be influenced by a small number of extreme [outliers](#outlier).
      If the dataset contains an even number of elements, this is the average of the
      two central elements.
  es:
    term: "mediana"
    def: >
      Un valor que separa las mitades superior e inferior de un conjunto de datos ordenado.
      Frecuentemente, la mediana da una idea mejor de lo que es característico del conjunto de
      datos que la [media](#mean), que puede estar influenciada por un pequeño número de [valores
      atípicos](#outlier). Si el conjunto de datos contiene un número par de elementos, este es el
      promedio de los dos elementos centrales.
  af:
    term: "mediaan"
    def: >
      'n Waarde wat die boonste en onderste helfte van 'n gesorteerde datastel skei. Die mediaan
      gee dikwels 'n beter idee van wat tipies is vir die datastel as die
      [mediaan](#mean), wat beïnvloed kan word deur 'n klein aantal ekstreme uitskieters.

  am:
    term: መካከለኛ
    def: >
      የተስተካከለ የውሂብ ስብስብ የላይኛው እና የታችኛው ግማሾችን የሚለይ እሴት። መካከለኛ ብዙውን ጊዜ ከ ‹ዳታ› ስብስቡ ምን ዓይነት እንደሚሆን የተሻለ ሀሳብ ይሰጣል (አማካይ)(#mean) ፣ በትንሽ ቁጥር ጽንፈኛ [አውጪዎች](#outlier) ተጽዕኖ ሊኖረው ይችላል። የውሂብ ስብስቡ አንድ እንኳን ብዛት ያላቸውን ንጥረ ነገሮችን ከያዘ ይህ የሁለቱ ማዕከላዊ አካላት አማካይ ነው።

- slug: merge_git
  en:
    term: "merge (Git)"
    def: >
      See [Git merge](#git_merge)

  am:
    term: ማዋሃድ (ጌት)
    def: >
      ይመልከቱ [Git merge](#git_merge)

- slug: method
  en:
    term: "method"
    def: >
      An implementation of a [generic function](#generic_function) that handles
      objects of a specific class.
  es:
    term: "método"
    def: >
      Una implementación de una [función genérica](#generic_function) que
      manipula objetos de una clase específica.

  am:
    term: ዘዴ
    def: >
      የሚያስተናግደው የ [አጠቃላይ ተግባር](#generic_function) የአንድ የተወሰነ ክፍል ዕቃዎች።

- slug: milestone
  en:
    term: "milestone"
    def: >
      A target that a project is trying to meet, often represented as a set of
      [issues](#issue) that all have to be resolved by a certain time.
  af:
    term: "mylpaal"
    def: >
      'n Teiken wat 'n projek probeer bereik, dikwels voorgestel as 'n stel [kwessies](#issue) 
      wat almal teen 'n sekere tyd opgelos moet wees.

  am:
    term: ወሳኝ ምዕራፍ
    def: >
      አንድ ፕሮጀክት ሊያሟላ እየሞከረ ያለው ዒላማ ፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ እንደ ስብስብ ይወከላል [ጉዳዮች](#issue) ሁሉም በተወሰነ ጊዜ መፍታት አለባቸው ፡፡

- slug: mime_type
  en:
    term: "MIME type"
    def: >
      A standard way to identify the contents of files on the internet. The term is an
      acronym of "multi-purpose Internet mail extension", and MIME types are often
      identified by [filename extensions](#filename_extension), such as `.png` for
      PNG-formatted images.

  am:
    term: MIME ዓይነት
    def: >
      በይነመረቡ ላይ የፋይሎችን ይዘት ለመለየት መደበኛ መንገድ። ቃሉ አንድ ነው የ "ሁለገብ በይነመረብ መልእክት ማራዘሚያ" ምህፃረ ቃል ፣ እና MIME ዓይነቶች ብዙ ጊዜ ናቸው እንደ".png` ለ"በ [የፋይል ስም ቅጥያዎች](#filename_extension) ተለይቷል በ PNG የተቀረጹ ምስሎች።

- slug: minimum_spanning_tree
  en:
    term: "minimum spanning tree"
    acronym: "MST"
    def: >
      A minimum spanning tree is a data structure that describes the unique set of [edges](#edge) that connect all of the [nodes](#node) in a [graph](#graph) while minimizing the weights of all included [edges](#edge). The minimum spanning tree may refer to either the algorithm to calculate the structure or the resulting structure itself. 

- slug: missing_value
  en:
    term: "missing value"
    def: >
      A special value such as [null](#null) or [NA](#na) used to indicate the absence
      of data. Missing values can signal that data was not collected or that the data
      did not exist in the first place (e.g., the middle name of someone who does not
      have one).

  am:
    term: የጠፋ እሴት
    def: >
      መቅረቱን ለማመልከት ጥቅም ላይ የዋለው እንደ [null](#null) ወይም [NA](#na) ያሉ ልዩ እሴት የውሂብ. የጠፋ እሴቶች መረጃው እንዳልተሰበሰበ ወይም እንደዚያ መረጃ ሊያመለክቱ ይችላሉ በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ አልነበረም (ለምሳሌ ፣ የሌለ ሰው መካከለኛ ስም) አንድ አለኝ) ፡፡

- slug: mit_license
  en:
    term: "MIT License"
    def: >
      A [license](#license) that allows people to re-use software with no restrictions.

  am:
    term: MIT ፈቃድ
    def: >
      ሰዎች ያለምንም ገደብ ሶፍትዌሮችን እንደገና እንዲጠቀሙ የሚያስችል (ፈቃድ)(#license)።

- slug: mock_object
  en:
    term: "mock object"
    def: >
      A simplified replacement for part of a program whose behavior is easy to control
      and predict. Mock objects are used in [unit tests](#unit_test) to simulate
      databases, web services, and other complex systems.

  am:
    term: አስቂኝ ነገር
    def: >
      ባህሪያቱን ለመቆጣጠር ቀላል የሆነ የፕሮግራም አካል ቀለል ያለ ምትክ እና መተንበይ. አስቂኝ ነገሮች በ [ዩኒት ሙከራዎች](#unit_test) ውስጥ ለማስመሰል ያገለግላሉ የመረጃ ቋቶች ፣ የድር አገልግሎቶች እና ሌሎች ውስብስብ ስርዓቶች።

- slug: mode
  ref:
    - mean
    - median
  en:
    term: "mode"
    def: >
      The value, or values, that occurs most frequently in a dataset.
  es:
    term: "moda"
    def: >
      El valor que ocurre con más frecuencia en un conjunto de datos.
  af:
    term: "modus"
    def: >
      Die waarde wat die meeste in 'n datastel voorkom.


- slug: model
  en:
    term: "model"
    def: >
      A specification of the mathematical relationship between different variables.
  af:
    term: "model"
    def: >
      'n Spesifikasie van'n wiskundige verband tussen verskillende veranderlikes.


- slug: module
  en:
    term: "module"
    def: >
      A reusable software [package](#package), also often called a [library](#library).
  es:
    term: "módulo"
    def: >
      un paquete de software reutilizable, también se llama una [biblioteca](#library).
  fr:
    term: "module"
    def: >
      Un [paquet](#package) logiciel réutilisable, parfois aussi appelé [bibliothèque](#library).
  xh:
    term: "Imodyuli"
    def: >
      [Iphakheji yesoftware](#package) enokuphinda isebenze, ekwabizwa ngokuba [yilayibrari](#library)
  af:
    term: "module"
    def: >
     'n Herbruikbare [sagtewarepakket](#package), ook dikwels 'n [biblioteek](#library) genoem.


- slug: monte_carlo
  ref:
    - markov_chain
  en:
    term: "Monte Carlo method"
    def: >
      Any method or algorithm that relies on artificially-injected randomness.


- slug: moving_average
  en:
    term: "moving average"
    def: >
      The [mean](#mean) of each set of several consecutive values from [time
      series](#time_series) data.


- slug: multi_threaded
  en:
    term: "multi-threaded"
    def: >
      Capable of performing several operations simultaneously. Multi-threaded programs
      are usually more efficient than [single-threaded](#single_threaded) ones, but
      also harder to understand and debug.


- slug: mutable_type
  en:
    term: "mutable type"
    def: >
      An object of this type may be changed and its state can be modified after it is created.

- slug: mutation
  en:
    term: "mutation"
    def: >
      Changing data in place, such as modifying an element of an array or adding a
      record to a database.


- slug: n_gram
  en:
    term: "n-gram"
    def: >
      A sequence of $N$ items, typically words in natural language. For example, a
      trigram is a sequence of three words. N-grams are often used as input in
      [computational linguistics](#computational_linguistics).


- slug: na
  ref:
    - "null"
  en:
    term: "NA"
    def: >
      A special value used to represent data that is not available.
  fr:
    term: "NA"
    def: >
      Une valeur spéciale utilisée pour représenter des données qui ne sont pas disponibles.
  af:
    term: "NA"
    def: >
      'n Spesiale waarde wat gebruik word om data wat nie beskikbaar is nie, voor te stel.
  ar:
    term: "لاشيء"
    def: >
      هو رمز مميز يٌمثِل حرفاً بلا قيمة أو قيمة مفقودة أي انه يرمز إلى عدم وجود أي
      قيمة على الإطلاق.

      
      


- slug: naive_bayes_classifier
  en:
    term: "naive Bayes classifier"
    def: >
      Any [classification](#classification) algorithm based on [Bayes'
      Theorem](#bayes_theorem) that assumes every [feature](#feature_data) being
      classified is independent of every other feature.


- slug: name_collision
  ref:
    - call_stack
    - fully_qualified_name
  en:
    term: "name collision"
    def: >
      The ambiguity that arises when two or more things in a program that have the
      same name are active at the same time. Most languages use
      [namespaces](#namespace) to prevent such collisions.


- slug: named_argument
  ref:
    - keyword_argument
    - variable_arguments
  en:
    term: "named argument"
    def: >
      A function [parameter](#parameter) that is given a value by explicitly naming it in a function call.


- slug: namespace
  ref:
    - name_collision
    - scope
  en:
    term: "namespace"
    def: >
      A collection of names in a program that exists in isolation from other
      namespaces. Each function, [object](#object), [class](#class), or
      [module](#module) in a program typically has its own namespace so that
      references to "X" in one part of a program do not accidentally refer to
      something called "X" in another part of the program. Scope is a distinct, but related, concept.


- slug: nano_editor
  en:
    term: "Nano (editor)"
    def: >
      A very simple text editor found on most Unix systems.


- slug: negative_selection
  en:
    term: "negative selection"
    def: >
      To specify the [elements](#element) of a [vector](#vector) or other data structure that are not desired
      by negating their indices.


- slug: neural_network
  ref:
    - deep_learning
    - backpropagation
    - perceptron
  en:
    term: "neural network"
    def: >
      One of a large family of algorithms for identifying patterns in data by
      mimicking the way neurons interact. A neural network consists of one or more
      layers of [nodes](#node), each of which is connected to nodes in the preceding and
      subsequent layer. If enough of a node's inputs are active, that node activates
      as well.


- slug: nlp
  en:
    term: "natural language processing"
    acronym: "NLP"
    def: >
      See [computational linguistics](#computational_linguistics).
  es:
    term: "procesamiento de lenguaje natural"
    acronym: PLN
    def: >
      Ver [lingüística computacional](#computational_linguistics).


- slug: node
  en:
    term: "node"
    def: >
      An element of a [graph](#graph) that is connected to other nodes by
      [edges](#edge). Nodes typically have data associated with them, such as names or weights.
  af:
    term: "node, nodus"
    def: >
      'n Element in 'n [grafiese voorstelling](#graph), soos 'n grafiek of 'n netwerk, wat 
      deur ander 'n node/nodus met 'n [skakel](#edge) verbind is. Nodes/Nodusse het spesifieke data, 
      soos byvoorbeeld name of gewigte, gekoppel. 


- slug: non_blocking_execution
  en:
    term: "non-blocking execution"
    def: >
      To allow a program to continue running while an operation is in progress. For
      example, many systems support non-blocking execution for file I/O so that the
      program can continue doing work while it waits for data to be read from or
      written to the [filesystem](#filesystem) (which is typically much slower than
      the CPU).


- slug: normal_distribution
  en:
    term: "normal distribution"
    def: >
      A continuous random distribution with a symmetric bell-curve shape. As datasets
      get larger, some of their most important statistical properties can be modeled
      using a normal distribution.


- slug: nosql_database
  en:
    term: "NoSQL database"
    def: >
      Any database that does not use the [relational](#relational_database) model. The name comes from
      the fact that such databases do not use [SQL](#sql) as a query language.
  fr:
    term: "base de données NoSQL"
    def: >
      Une base de données qui ne suit pas le modèle [relationnel](#relational_database), ainsi nommée car
      n'utilisant en principe pas le langage de requête [SQL](#sql).


- slug: "null"
  en:
    term: "null"
    def: >
      A special value used to represent a missing object. Null is not the same as [NA](#na),
      and neither is it the same as an [empty vector](#empty_vector).
  fr:
    term: "null"
    def: >
      Une valeur spéciale utilisée pour représenter l'absence de valeur. Null n'est pas équivalent à [NA](#na),
      ni à un [vecteur vide](#empty_vector).
  af:
    term: "nul"
    def: >
     'n Spesiale waarde wat gebruik word om 'n vermiste voorwerp voor te stel. Nul is nie dieselfde as [NA](#na) nie, 
     en dit is ook nie dieselfde as 'n [leë vektor](#empty_vector) nie.
      


- slug: null_hypothesis
  ref:
    - p_value
  en:
    term: "null hypothesis"
    def: >
      The claim that any patterns seen in data are entirely due to chance. Other
      claims (e.g., "X causes Y") must be much more likely than the null hypothesis in
      order to be substantiated.
  pt:
    term: "hipótese nula"
    def: >
      A afirmação de que quaisquer padrões observados nos dados foram gerados
      inteiramente ao acaso. Outras afirmações (por exemplo, "X causa Y") devem ser
      mais prováveis de acontecer do que a hipótese nula para que possam ser sustentadas.


- slug: nullary_expression
  ref:
    - binary_expression
    - ternary_expression
    - unary_expression
  en:
    term: "nullary expression"
    def: >
      An "expression" with no arguments, such as the value 3.

- slug: numpy
  ref:
    - python
  en:
    term: "numpy"
    def: >
      An open source Python package that works with arrays, vectors and matrices of dimension N,
      in a comparable method and with a syntax similar at Matlab software. You can find functions and
      sophisticated operations, focused in multidimensional arrays, linear algebra, Fourrier transform and
      generation of random values.
  es:
    term: "numpy"
    def: >
      Es un paquete Python de código abierto que le permite trabajar con arreglos, vectores y matrices de
      dimensión N, en un método comparable y con una sintaxis similar al software Matlab. Puede encontrar
      funciones y operaciones sofisticadas, enfocadas en matrices multidimensionales, álgebra lineal,
      transformada de Fourrier y generación de valores aleatorios.
  pt:
    term: "numpy"
    def: >
      É um pacote Python de código aberto que permite trabalhar com arrays, vetores e matrizes de dimensão N,
      em um método comparável e com uma sintaxe semelhante ao software Matlab. Você pode encontrar funções
      e operações sofisticadas, focadas em arrays multidimensionais, álgebra linear, transformada de Fourrier
      e geração de valores aleatórios.

- slug: object
  en:
    term: "object"
    def: >
      In [object-oriented programming](#oop), a structure that contains the data
      for a specific instance of a [class](#class). The operations the object is
      capable of are defined by the class's [methods](#method).
  es:
    term: "objeto"
    def: >
      En [programación orientada a objetos](#oop), es una estructura que contiene
      los datos de una instancia específica de una [clase](#class). Las
      operaciones que son capaces de realizar estos objetos están definidas
      por los [métodos](#method) de la clase.


- slug: objective_function
  ref:
    - gradient_descent
  en:
    term: "objective function"
    def: >
      A function of one or more variables used to measure or compare the goodness of
      different solutions in an optimization problem.


- slug: observation
  en:
    term: "observation"
    def: >
      A value or property of a specific member of a population.
  fr:
    term: "observation"
    def: >
      Une valeur ou une propriété associée à un membre spécifique d'une population.


- slug: off_by_one_error
  en:
    term: "off-by-one error"
    def: >
      A common error in programming in which the program refers to element `i` of a
      structure when it should refer to element `i-1` or `i+1`, or processes `N`
      elements when it should process `N-1` or `N+1`.


- slug: oop
  en:
    term: "object-oriented programming"
    acronym: "OOP"
    def: >
      A style of programming in which functions and data are bound together in
      [objects](#object) that only interact with each other through well-defined
      interfaces.
  es:
    term: "programación orientada a objetos"
    acronym: "POO"
    def: >
      Un paradigma de programación en el cual los datos (atributos) y funciones
      (métodos) se agrupan en objetos que interactúan entre sí a través de
      interfaces bien definidas.
  pt:
    term: "programação orientada a objetos"
    acronym: "POO"
    def: >
      Um paradigma de programação no qual dados (atributos) e funções (métodos)
      são encapsulados em objetos que interagem entre si por meio de
      interfaces bem definidas.


- slug: open_license
  en:
    term: "open license"
    def: >
      A [license](#license) that permits general re-use, such as the [MIT
      License](#mit_license) or [GPL](#gpl) for software and [CC-BY](#cc_by) or
      [CC-0](#cc_0) for data, prose, or other creative outputs.
  es:
    term: "licencia abierta"
    def: >
      Una [licencia](#license) que permite reuso en general, tal como la [Licencia MIT](#mit_license) 
      o [GPL](#gpl) para software y [CC-BY](#cc_by) o
      [CC-0](#cc_0) para datos, prosas u otros productos creativos.


- slug: open_science
  en:
    term: "open science"
    def: >
      A generic term for making scientific software, data, and publications generally available.
  af:
    term: "oop wetenskap"
    def: >
     'n Generiese term om wetenskaplike sagteware, data en publikasies toegangklik te maak.

- slug: openrefine
  ref:
    - tidy data
  en:
    term: "OpenRefine"
    def: >
     A standalone, open source desktop application for data cleanup and transformations, also know as data wrangling.


- slug: operating_system
  en:
    term: "operating system"
    def: >
      A program that provides a standard interface to whatever hardware it is running
      on. Theoretically, any program that only interacts with the operating system
      should run on any computer that operating system runs on.
  de:
    term: "Betriebssystem"
    def: >
      Ein Programm, das eine Standard-Oberfläche zu der Hardware, auf der es läuft,
      zur Verfügung stellt. Theoretisch sollte ein Programm, dass nur mit dem Betriebssystem
      interagiert, auf jedem Computer laufen, der dieses Betriebssystem nutzt
  ja:
    term: "オペレーティングシステム"
    def: >
      動作させるハードウェアがどのようなものであっても標準的なインターフェイスを提供するプログラム。
      理論的には、オペレーティングシステムとしかやりとりを行わないプログラムはどれでも、
      そのオペレーティングシステムが搭載されているいかなるコンピューター上でも動作するはずである。


- slug: optional_parameter
  en:
    term: "optional_parameter"
    def: >
      A [parameter](#parameter) that does not have to be given a value when a function
      is called. Most programming languages require programmers to define [default
      values](#default_value) for optional parameters, or assign them a special value automatically.
      Arguments passed to optional parameters will often be specified using [keyword
      arguments](#keyword_argument).


- slug: orcid
  en:
    term: "ORCID"
    def: >
      An Open Researcher and Contributor ID that uniquely and persistently identifies
      an author of scholarly works. ORCIDs are for people what [DOIs](#doi) are for documents.


- slug: orthogonality
  en:
    term: "orthogonality"
    def: >
      The ability to use various features of software in any order or combination. Orthogonal
      systems tend to be easier to understand, since features can be combined without
      worrying about unexpected interactions.


- slug: outlier
  ref:
    - overfitting
  en:
    term: "outlier"
    def: >
      Extreme values that might be measurement or recording errors, or might actually
      be rare events. Outliers are sometimes ignored when doing statistics, or handled
      or visualized separately.


- slug: overfitting
  ref:
    - outlier
  en:
    term: "overfitting"
    def: >
      Fitting a [model](#model) so closely to one dataset that it does not generalize
      to others.


- slug: p_value
  en:
    term: "p value"
    def: >
      The probability of obtaining a result at least as strong as the one observed if
      the [null_hypothesis](#null_hypothesis) is [true](#true) (i.e., if variation is purely
      due to chance). The lower the p-value, the more likely it is that something
      other than chance is having an effect.


- slug: package
  en:
    term: "package"
    def: >
      A collection of code, data, and documentation that can be distributed and
      re-used. Also referred to in some languages as a [library](#library) or [module](#module).
  fr:
    term: "paquet (logiciel)"
    def: >
      Un ensemble de code, données et documentation qui peut être distribué et réutilisé.
      Est aussi appelé [bibliothèque](#library) ou [module](#module) dans certains langages.
  ja:
    term: "パッケージ"
    def: >
      配布や再利用が可能なコード、データおよびソフトウェアドキュメンテーションの集合体。
      プログラミング言語によっては、「[ライブラリー](#library)」や「[モジュール](#module)」と呼ぶこともある。


- slug: package_manager
  en:
    term: "package manager"
    def: >
      A program that does its best to keep track of the different software
      installed on a computer and their dependencies on one another.


- slug: pager
  en:
    term: "pager"
    def: >
      A program that displays a few lines of text at a time.

- slug: pandas
  ref:
    - python
  en:
    term: "pandas"
    def: >
      An open source Python package that offers fast, flexible, and expressive data
      structures to make working with structured data, and time series easy and intuitive. It is
      a powerful tool for data analysis and data manipulation.
  es:
    term: "pandas"
    def: >
      Es un paquete de Python de código abierto que ofrece estructuras de datos rápidas,
      flexibles y expresivas para que trabajar con series de tiempo estructuradas sea fácil
      e intuitivo. Se utiliza como una poderosa herramienta para el análisis y la manipulación
      de datos.
  pt:
    term: "pandas"
    def: >
      É um pacote Python de código aberto que oferece estruturas de dados rápidas, flexíveis
      e expressivas para tornar o trabalho com dados estruturados e séries temporais fácil e
      intuitivo. É usado como uma ferramenta poderosa para análise e manipulação de dados.


- slug: parameter
  en:
    term: "parameter"
    def: >
      A variable specified in a function definition whose value is passed to the function
      when the function is called. Parameters and arguments are distinct, but related concepts.
      Parameters are variables and [arguments](#argument) are the values assigned to those variables.
  fr:
    term: "paramètre"
    def: >
      Une variable spécifiée dans la définition d'une fonction, dont la valeur est passée à
      la fonction lorsque celle-ci est appelée.
      À ne pas confondre avec le terme [argument](#argument). Un paramètre est une variable,
      un argument est une valeur assignée à cette variable.
  de:
    term: "Parameter"
    def: >
      Die Parameter sind die Namen der Eingangswerte einer Funktion, welche beim Aufruf übergeben
      werden. Parameter und Argumente sind verwandt aber nicht identisch. Ein Parameter ist eine
      Variable und ein [Argument](#argument) ist dem der Variable zugewiesene Wert.
  pt:
    term: "parâmetro"
    def: >
      Uma variável especificada na definição de uma função, cujo valor é passado para a função quando
      ela é invocada. O parâmetro é a variável, enquanto seu valor dentro da função é
      um [argumento](#argument). Parâmetro e argumento são termos relacionados, mas diferentes.


- slug: parent_class
  en:
    term: "parent class"
    def: >
      In [object-oriented programming](#oop), the [class](#class) from which a sub
      class (called the [child class](#child_class)) is derived.
  es:
    term: "superclase"
    def: >
      En [programación orientada a objetos](#oop), es la clase a partir de
      la cual se derivan otras clases (denominadas [subclases](#child_class)).
  pt:
    term: "classe base"
    def: >
      Em [programação orientada a objetos](#oop), a classe a partir da qual outra
      classe (chamada [classe derivada](#child_class)) é produzida.


- slug: parent_directory
  ref:
    - subdirectory
  en:
    term: "parent directory"
    def: >
      The [directory](#directory) that contains another directory of interest. Going from a
      directory to its parent, then its parent, and so on eventually leads to the
      [root directory](#root_directory) of the [filesystem](#filesystem).


- slug: parent_tree
  en:
    term: "parent (in a tree)"
    def: >
      A [node](#node) in a [tree](#node) that is above another node (call a
      [child](#child_tree)). Every node in a tree except the [root node](#root_tree)
      has a single parent.


- slug: parse
  en:
    term: "parse"
    def: >
      To translate the text of a program or web page into a data structure in memory
      that the program can then manipulate.


- slug: pass_test
  ref:
    - fail_test
  en:
    term: "pass (a test)"
    def: >
      A test passes if the [actual result](#actual_result) matches the [expected result](#expected_result).
  es:
    term: "pasar (una prueba)"
    def: >
      Una prueba pasa si el [resultado real](#actual_result) coincide con el [resultado esperado](#expected_result).

- slug: patch
  en:
    term: "patch"
    def: >
      A single file containing a set of changes to a set of files, separated by markers
      that indicate where each individual change should be applied.


- slug: path
  ref:
    - absolute_path
    - relative_path
  en:
    term: "path (in filesystem)"
    def: >
      A [string](#string) that specifies a location in a [filesystem](#filesystem). In Unix, the
      [directories](#directory) in a path are joined using `/`.


- slug: pattern_rule
  en:
    term: "pattern rule"
    def: >
      A generic [build rule](#build_rule) that describes how to update any file whose
      name matches a pattern. Pattern rules often use [automatic
      variables](#automatic_variable) to represent the actual filenames.


- slug: peanuts
  en:
    term: "Peanuts"
    def: >
      An American comic strip by Charles M. Schulz which has inspired the names of [R](#r_language) versions.


- slug: perceptron
  en:
    term: "perceptron"
    def: >
      The simplest kind of [neural network])(#neural_network), which approximates a
      single neuron with _N_ binary inputs by computing a weighted sum of its inputs and
      firing if that value is zero or greater.


- slug: permalink
  en:
    term: "permalink"
    def: >
      Short for "permanent link", a URL that is intended to last forever.
  es:
    term: "permalink"
    def: >
      Abreviatura de "enlace permanente", una URL que se pretende que dure para siempre.


- slug: phony_target
  en:
    term: "phony target"
    def: >
      A [build target](#build_target) that does not correspond to an actual file.
      Phony targets are often used to store commonly used commands in a [Makefile](#makefile).


- slug: pip
  ref:
    - pypi
  en:
    term: "Pip Install Packages"
    acronym: "PIP"
    def: >
      The standard [package manager](#package_manager) for [Python](#python). pip enables
      the download and installation of Python packages not included in the standard library.


- slug: pipe_operator
  en:
    term: "pipe operator"
    def: >
      The `%>%` used to make the output of one function the input of the next.


- slug: pipe_shell
  en:
    term: "pipe (in the Unix shell)"
    def: >
      The `|` used to make the output of one command the input of the next.


- slug: pivot_table
  en:
    term: "pivot table"
    def: >
      A technique for summarizing tabular data in which each cell represents the sum,
      average, or other function of the subset of the original data identified by the
      cell's row and column heading.


- slug: plus_one
  de:
    term: "+1"
    def: >
      Eine Zustimmung zu etwas.
  en:
    term: "+1"
    def: >
      A vote in favor of something.
  fr:
    term: "+1"
    def: >
      Un vote en faveur de quelque chose.
  es:
    term: "+1"
    def: >
      Un voto a favor de alguna cosa.
  af:
    term: "+1"
    def: >
      Om ten gunste van iets te stem.

- slug: pointcloud
  en:
    term: "pointcloud"
    def: >
      A set of discrete data points in three-dimensional space.

- slug: poisson_distribution
  en:
    term: "Poisson distribution"
    def: >
      A [discrete random distribution](#discrete_random_variable) that expresses the
      probability of $N$ events occurring in a fixed time interval if the events occur
      at a constant rate, independent of the time since the last event.


- slug: positional_argument
  ref:
    - keyword_argument
    - named_argument
  en:
    term: "positional argument"
    def: >
      An argument to a function that gets its value according to its place in the
      function's definition, as opposed to a named argument that is
      explicitly matched by name.


- slug: posterior_distribution
  ref:
    - bayes_theorem
  en:
    term: "posterior distribution"
    def: >-
      Probability distribution summarizing the [prior distribution](#prior_distribution) and the likelihood function.


- slug: pop
  ref:
    - imap
    - smtp
  en:
    term: "Post Office Protocol"
    acronym: "POP"
    def: >
      A standard internet protocol used by email clients to retrieve messages from an email server.
      Messages are generally downloaded and deleted from the server, making it difficult to access
      messages from multiple email clients. POP3 (version 3) is the version of POP in common use.


- slug: pothole_case
  ref:
    - camel_case
    - kebab_case
  en:
    term: "pothole case"
    def: >
      A naming style that separates the parts of a name with underscores, as in `first_second_third`.

- slug: preamble
  ref:
    - latex
  en:
    term: "preamble"
    def: >
      A series of commands, either placed in the main document, or kept in a separate document,
      that are included prior to the \begin{document} command. The preamble defines the type of
      the document, along with other formatting attributes and parameters. This is also the section
      of the document where packages are added using the command \usepackage{} to enable
      additional functionalities, and where custom commands can be defined.


- slug: prerequisite
  ref:
    - dependency
  en:
    term: "prerequisite"
    def: >
      Something that a [build target](#build_target) depends on.


- slug: principal_component_analysis
  ref:
    - dimension_reduction
  en:
    term: "principal component analysis"
    acronym: "PCA"
    def: >
      An algorithm that find the axis along which data varies most, then the axis that
      accounts for the largest part of the remaining variation, and so on.


- slug: prior_distribution
  en:
    term: "prior distribution"
    def: >
      The [probability distribution](#probability_distribution) that is assumed as a
      starting point when using [Bayes' Theorem](#bayes_theorem) and used to construct
      a more accurate [posterior_distribution](#posterior_distribution).


- slug: prng
  ref:
    - seed
  en:
    term: "pseudo-random number generator"
    acronym: "PRNG"
    def: >
      A function that can generate [pseudo-random numbers](#pseudo_random_number).
  af:
    term: "pseudolukrakenommergenereerder"
    acronym: "PLNG"
    def: >
      'n Funksie wat [pseudo- lukrake nommers](#pseudo_random_number) kan genereer.
      

- slug: probability_distribution
  en:
    term: "probability distribution"
    def: >
      A mathematical description of all possible outcomes of a random event, and the
      probability of each occurring.


- slug: procedural_generation
  en:
    term: "procedural generation"
    def: >
      A method of generating data algorithmically rather than manually. Typically
      this is done to reduce file sizes, increase the overall amount of content, and/or incorporate
      randomness at the expense of processing power.


- slug: procedural_programming
  en:
    term: "procedural programming"
    def: >
      A style of programming in which functions operate on data that is passed into
      them. The term is used in contrast to other programming styles, such as
      [object-oriented programming](#oop) and [functional programming](#functional_programming).


- slug: process
  en:
    term: "process"
    def: >
      An [operating system](#operating_system)'s representation of a running program.
      A process typically has some memory, the identity of the user who is running it,
      and a set of connections to open files.


- slug: product_manager
  en:
    term: "product manager"
    def: >
      The person responsible for defining what features a product should have.


- slug: production_code
  en:
    term: "production code"
    def: >
      Software that is delivered to an end user. The term is used to distinguish such
      code from test code, deployment infrastructure, and everything else that
      programmers write along the way.


- slug: project_manager
  en:
    term: "project manager"
    def: >
      The person responsible for ensuring that a project moves forward.


- slug: prompt
  ref:
    - continuation_prompt
  en:
    term: "prompt"
    def: >
      The text printed by an [REPL](#repl) or [shell](#shell) that indicates it is
      ready to accept another command. The default prompt in the Unix shell is usually
      `$`, while in [Python](#python) it is `>>>`, and in [R](#r_language) it is `>`.


- slug: protocol
  en:
    term: "protocol"
    def: >
      Any standard specifying how two pieces of software interact. A network protocol
      such as [HTTP](#http) defines the messages that [clients](#client) and
      [servers](#server) exchange on the World-Wide Web; [object-oriented](#oop)
      programs often define protocols for interactions between [objects](#object) of
      different [classes](#class).


- slug: provenance
  en:
    term: "provenance"
    def: >
      A record of where data originally came from and what was done to process it.


- slug: pseudo_random_number
  en:
    term: "pseudo-random number"
    def: >
      A value generated in a repeatable way that resembles the [true](#true) randomness of the
      universe well enough to fool observers.
  es:
    term: "número pseudo-aleatorio"
    def: >
      Un valor generado de forma repetible que refleja suficientemente bien a la
      verdadera aleatoriedad del universo como para engañar a simples observadores mortales.
  af:
    term: "pseudo- lukrake nommer"
    def: >
      'n Waarde wat op so 'n wyse gegenereer is dat dit lyk op die [ware](#true) lukraakheid van die heelal, tot so 'n mate dat dit waarnemers fop.


- slug: psf
  en:
    term: "Python Software Foundation"
    acronym: "PSF"
    def: >
      A non-profit organization that oversees and promotes the development and use of [Python](#python).


- slug: pull_indexing
  ref:
    - push_indexing
  en:
    term: "pull indexing"
    def: >
      Vectorized indexing in which the value at location `i` in the index [vector](#vector)
      specifies which [element](#element) of the source vector is being pulled into that location
      in the result vector, i.e., `result[i] = source[index[i]]`.


- slug: pull_request
  en:
    term: "pull request"
    def: >
      The request to merge a new feature or correction created on a user's [fork](#fork) of a
      [Git](#git) [repository](#repository) into the [upstream repository](#upstream_repository).
      The developer will be notified of the change, review it, make or suggest changes, and potentially
      [merge](#git_merge) it.


- slug: push_indexing
  ref:
    - pull_indexing
  en:
    term: "push indexing"
    def: >
      Vectorized indexing in which the value at location `i` in the index [vector](#vector)
      specifies an [element](#element) of the result vector that gets the corresponding element of
      the source vector, i.e., `result[index[i]] = source[i]`. Push indexing can
      easily produce gaps and collisions.


- slug: pypi
  ref:
    - pip
  en:
    term: "Python Package Index"
    acronym: "PyPI"
    def: >
      The official third-party software repository for [Python](#python). Anyone can upload
      a [package](#package) to PyPI. PyPI packages may install via executed scripts or
      pre-compiled, system-specific wheels.


- slug: python
  en:
    term: "Python"
    def: >
      A popular interpreted open-source programming language that relies on
      indentation to define control structure.
  es:
    term: "Python"
    def: >
      Un lenguaje de programación de código abierto interpretado popular que
      se basa en la sangría para definir la estructura de control.
  fr:
    term: "Python"
    def: >
      Un langage de programmation open-source interprété populaire qui utilise l'indentation pour
      définir les structures de contrôle.
  pt:
    term: "Python"
    def: >
      Uma popular linguagem de programação interpretada, de código aberto,  que
      depende de indentação para definir a estrutura de controle.
  it:
    term: "Python"
    def: >
      Un linguaggio di programmazione open-source (pubblicamente accessibile), orientato a oggetti, interpretato (non necessita di compilazione) e 
      che utlizza l'indentazione per definire le strutture di controllo.


- slug: quantile
  en:
    term: "quantile"
    def: >
      If a set of sorted values are divided into groups of each size, each group is
      called a quantile. For example, if there are five groups, each is called a
      *quintile*; the bottom quintile contains the lowest 20% of the values, while the
      top quintile contains the highest 20%.


- slug: query_string
  en:
    term: "query string"
    def: >
      The portion of a [URL](#url) after the question mark `?` that specifies extra
      parameters for the [HTTP request](#http_request) as name-value pairs.


- slug: quosure
  en:
    term: "quosure"
    def: >
      A data structure containing an unevaluated expression and its environment.


- slug: quoting_function
  en:
    term: "quoting function"
    def: >
      A function that is passed expressions rather than the values of those expressions.


- slug: r_consortium
  en:
    term: "R Consortium"
    def: >
      A group that supports the worldwide community of users, maintainers and
      developers of [R](#r_language). Its members include leading institutions and
      companies dedicated to the use, development, and growth of R.


- slug: r_foundation
  en:
    term: "R Foundation"
    def: >
      A non-profit founded by the R development core team providing support for [R](#r_language). It
      is a member of the [R Consortium](#r_consortium).


- slug: r_hub
  en:
    term: "R Hub"
    def: >
      A free platform available to check an [R](#r_language) [package](#package) on several different platforms
      in preparation for the CRAN submission process.


- slug: r_language
  en:
    term: "R (programming language)"
    def: >
      A popular open-source programming language used primarily for data science.
  fr:
    term: "R (langage de programmation)"
    def: >
      Un langage de programmation et logiciel libre principalement utilisé en statistique et en science des données.
  pt:
    term: "R (linguagem de programação)"
    def: >
      Uma linguagem de programação de código aberto usada principalmente para ciência de dados.

- slug: r_markdown
  ref:
    - computational_notebook
    - literate_programming
  en:
    term: "R Markdown"
    def: >
      A dialect of [Markdown](#markdown) that allows authors to mix prose and code (usually written in
      [R](#r_language)) in a single document.
  es:
    term: "R Markdown"
    def: >
      Un dialecto de [Markdown](#markdown) que permite a sus autores mezclar prosa y
      código (usualmente escrito en [R](#r_language)) en un mismo documento.
  fr:
    term: "R Markdown"
    def: >
      Un dialecte de [Markdown](#markdown) qui permet à ses auteurs de mélanger langage naturel et code
      (habituellement écrit en langage [R](#r_language)) dans un même document.


- slug: raise_exception
  ref:
    - throw_exception
  en:
    term: "raise (an exception)"
    def: >
      To signal that something unexpected or unusual has happened in a program by
      creating an [exception](#exception) and handing it to the [error-handling](#error_handling) system,
      which then tries to find a point in the program that will
      [catch](#catch_exception) it.


- slug: random_forests
  en:
    term: "random forests"
    def: >
      An algorithm used for regression or [classification](#classification) that uses a collection of
      [decision trees](#decision_tree), called a forest. Each tree votes for a classification, and the
      algorithm chooses the classification having the most votes over all the trees in the forest.


- slug: raster_image
  en:
    term: "raster image"
    def: >
      An image stored as a matrix of pixels.
  es:
    term: "imagen rasterizada"
    def: >
      Una imagen almacenada como una matriz de píxeles.


- slug: reactive_programming
  en:
    term: "reactive programming"
    def: >
      A style of programming in which actions are triggered by external events.


- slug: reactive_variable
  en:
    term: "reactive variable"
    def: >
      A variable whose value is automatically updated when some other value or values
      change. Reactive variables are used extensively in [Shiny](#shiny).

- slug: readme
  ref:
    - markdown
    - vignette
  en:
    term: "README"
    def: >
      A plain text file containing important information about a project or software package.

- slug: reciprocal
  en:
    term: reciprocal
    def: >
      The reciprocal of a number x is 1 / x, or alternatively x raised to the
      power of -1.


- slug: record
  en:
    term: "record"
    def: >
      A group of related values that are stored together. A record may be represented
      as a [tuple](#tuple) or as a row in a [table](#table); in the latter case, every
      record in the table has the same [fields](#field).
  fr:
    term: "entrée"
    def: >
      Un groupe de valeurs liées qui sont enregistrées ensemble. Une entrée peut être
      représentée comme un [tuple](#tuple) ou une ligne dans une [table](#table); dans
      ce dernier cas, chaque entrée dans la table comporte les mêmes [champs](#field).


- slug: recursion
  en:
    term: "recursion"
    def: >
      Calling a function from within a call to that function, or defining a term using
      a simpler version of the same term.
  fr:
    term: "récursion"
    def: >
      Faire appel à une fonction au sein de cette même fonction, ou définir un terme
      en utilisant une version simplifiée du même terme.


- slug: recycle
  en:
    term: "recycle"
    def: >
      To re-use values from a shorter [vector](#vector) in order to generate a sequence of the
      same length as a longer one. In [Python](#python) NumPy, this is called broadcasting.
  es:
    term: "reciclar"
    def: >
      Reutilizar valores de un vector más corto con el fin de generar una secuencia
      del mismo largo que el vector más largo.


- slug: redirection
  en:
    term: "redirection"
    def: >
      To send a request for a web page or web service to a different page or service.


- slug: refactoring
  en:
    term: "refactoring"
    def: >
      Reorganizing software without changing its behavior.


- slug: regression_testing
  en:
    term: "regression testing"
    def: >
      Testing software to ensure that things which used to work have not been broken.


- slug: regular_expression
  en:
    term: "regular expression"
    def: >
      A pattern for matching text, written as text itself. Regular expressions are
      sometimes called "regexp", "regex", or "RE", and are powerful tools for working with text.
  es:
    term: "expresión regular"
    def: >
      Un patrón para buscar coincidencias en texto, que están a su vez escritas como
      texto. Las expresiones regulares a veces son llamadas "regexp", "regex", o "RE",
      y son poderosas.


- slug: reinforcement_learning
  ref:
    - supervised_learning
    - unsupervised_learning
  en:
    term: "reinforcement learning"
    def: >
      Any [machine learning](#machine_learning) algorithm which is not given specific
      goals to meet, but instead is given feedback on whether or not it is making progress.


- slug: relational_database
  ref:
    - sql
  en:
    term: "relational database"
    def: >
      A database that organizes information into [tables](#table), each of which has a fixed set
      of named [fields](#field) (shown as columns) and a variable number of [records](#record) (shown as rows).
  es:
    term: "base de datos relacional"
    def: >
      Una base de datos que organiza la información en [tablas](#table), cada una de las cuales
      tiene un set fijo de [campos](#field) con nombre (que se muestran como columnas) y un
      número variable de [registros](#record) (que se muestran como filas).
  fr:
    term: "base de données relationnelle"
    def: >
      Une base de données dont le contenu est organisé sous forme de [tables](#table),
      chacune avec un ensemble déterminé de [champs](#field) (représentés sous forme de colonnes)
      et un nombre variable d'[entrées](#record) (représentées sous forme de lignes).
  sw:
    term: "hifadhidata ya uhusiano"
    def: >
      Hifadhidata ambayo hupanga habari katika majedwali, ambayo kila moja ina seti isiyobadilika 
      ya sehemu zilizotajwa (zinazoonyeshwa kama safu wima) na idadi tofauti ya rekodi (zinazoonyeshwa 
      kama safu mlalo).

- slug: relative_error
  en:
    term: "relative error"
    def: >
      The absolute value of the difference between the actual and correct value
      divided by the correct value. For example, if the actual value is 9 and the
      correct value is 10, the relative error is 0.1. Relative error is usually more
      useful than [absolute error](#absolute_error).
  it:
    term: "errore relativo"
    def: >
      Errore assoluto diviso il valore assoluto del valore corretto. Ad esempio, se il
      valore osservato è 9 e il valore corretto è 10, l'errore relativo è 0,1. L'errore
      relativo è spesso più utile dell'[errore assoluto](#absolute_error).
  es:
    term: "error relativo"
    def: >
      El valor absoluto de la diferencia entre el valor observado y el valor correcto,
      dividido por el valor deseado. Por ejemplo, si el valor observado es 9 y el
      valor correcto es 10, el error relativo es 0.1. El error relativo suele ser más
      útil que el [error absoluto](#absolute_error).
  pt:
    term: "erro relativo"
    def: >
      O valor absoluto da diferença entre um valor observado e o valor correto,
      dividido pelo vaor correto. Por exemplo, se o valor observado é 9 e o correto é
      10, o erro relativo é 0.1. Erro relativo é normalmente mais útil do que o [erro absoluto](#absolute_error).
  fr:
    term: "erreur relative"
    def: >
      La valeur absolue de la différence entre la valeur observée et la valeur correcte,
      divisée par la valeur correcte. Par exemple, si la valeur observée est 9 et la valeur
      correcte est 10, l'erreur relative est 0.1. L'erreur relative est généralement
      plus utile que [l'erreur absolue](#absolute_error).


- slug: relative_path
  ref:
    - absolute_path
  en:
    term: "relative path"
    def: >
      A path whose destination is interpreted relative to some other location, such as
      the [current working directory](#current_working_directory). A relative path is
      the equivalent of giving directions using terms like "straight" and "left".
  pt:
    term: "caminho relativo"
    def: >
      Um caminho cujo destino é interpretado de maneira relativa a outro local, como o
      [diretório de trabalho](#current_working_directory). Um caminho relativo é o
      equivalente a indicar um destino com termos como "siga em frente" e "vire a esquerda".
  fr:
    term: "chemin d'accès relatif"
    def: >
      Un chemin d'accès dont la destination est définie relativement à un autre emplacement,
      par exemple le [répertoire de travail actuel](#current_working_directory). Utiliser
      un chemin relatif équivaut à se déplacer à l'aide d'instructions telles que "tout droit"
      ou "tourner à gauche".


- slug: relative_row_number
  en:
    term: "relative row number"
    def: >
      The index of a row in a displayed portion of a table, which may or may not be
      the same as the [absolute row number](#absolute_row_number) within the table.
  pt:
    term: "número de linha relativo"
    def: >
      O índice de uma linha em uma parte da tabela em exibição, que pode ou não ser
      igual ao [número de linha absoluto](#absolute_row_number) na tabela.


- slug: remote_login
  en:
    term: "remote login"
    def: >
      Starting an interactive session on one computer from another computer, e.g., by
      using [SSH](#ssh).
  tn:
    term: "kgolagano kgakala"
    def: >
      Seemo sa go simolola tirisano le kgolagano ya dibalamakgolo sekai, fa o dirisa [SSH](#ssh).


- slug: remote_repository
  en:
    term: "remote repository"
    def: >
      A [repository](#repository) located on another computer. Tools such as [Git](#git) are
      designed to synchronize changes between local and remote
      repositories in order to share work.


- slug: repl
  ref:
    - ide
  en:
    term: "read-eval-print loop"
    acronym: "REPL"
    def: >
      An interactive program that reads a command typed in by a user, executes it,
      prints the result, and then waits patiently for the next command. REPLs are
      often used to explore new ideas, or for debugging.


- slug: repository
  ref:
    - git
    - github
  en:
    term: "repository"
    def: >
      A place where a [version control system](#version_control_system) stores the
      files that make up a project and the metadata that describes their history.
  es:
    term: "repositorio"
    def: >
      Lugar en el que un [sistema de control de versión](#version_control_system)
      guarda los archivos que conforman un proyecto y los metadatos que describen su historia.
  pt:
    term: "repositório"
    def: >
      Um local onde um [sistema de controle de versão](#version_control_system)
      armazena os arquivos que compõem um projeto e os metadados que descrevem sua história.
  ja:
    term: "リポジトリ"
    def: >
       [バージョン管理システム](#version_control_system)において、管理対象となるプロジェクトを構成するファイルとその履歴を説明するメタデータを保存する場所。

- slug: reprex
  en:
    term: "reprex"
    def: >
      A reproducible example. When asking questions about coding problems online or
      filing issues on [GitHub](#github), you should always include a reprex so others can
      reproduce your problem and help. The [reprex](https://github.com/tidyverse/reprex)
      package can help!


- slug: reproducible_example
  en:
    term: "reproducible example"
    def: >
      See [reprex](#reprex).


- slug: reproducible_research
  en:
    term: "reproducible research"
    def: >
      The practice of describing and documenting research results in such a way that
      another researcher or person can re-run the analysis code on the same data to
      obtain the same result.
  pt:
    term: "pesquisa reprodutível"
    def: >
      A prática de escrever e documentar resultados de pesquisa de forma que outras
      pessoas pesquisadoras possam executar novamente o código de análise com os
      mesmos dados para obter os mesmos resultados.

- slug: reserved_word
  en:
    term: "reserved word"
    def: >
      A word (character string) with a distinct meaning for a programming or scripting language.
      Typically, reserved words cannot be used as names for variables or constants, as this would
      confuse the compiler or interpreter.

- slug: restructured_text
  ref:
    - markdown
  en:
    term: "reStructured Text"
    acronym: "reST"
    def: >
      A plaintext [markup](#markup_language) format used primarily in [Python](#python) documentation.


- slug: revision
  en:
    term: "revision"
    def: >
      See [commit](#commit).


- slug: right_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "right join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that combines data from two tables, A and B. Where [keys](#key) in table
      A match keys in table B, [fields](#field) are concatenated. Where a key in table
      B does *not* match a key in table A, columns from table A are filled with
      [null](#null), [NA](#na), or some other [missing value](#missing_value) signifier.
      Keys from table A that do not exist in table B are dropped.


- slug: root_directory
  en:
    term: "root directory"
    def: >
      The [directory](#directory) that contains everything else, either directly or indirectly. The root
      directory is written `/` (a bare forward slash).


- slug: root_math
  ref:
    - square_root
  en:
    term: n-th root
    def: >
      The n-th root of a positive number x is the number that when multiplied by
      itself n times produces x. This can commonly be calculated by raising x to
      the power of the [reciprocal](#reciprocal) of n.


- slug: root_mean_squared_error
  ref:
    - mean_absolute_error
  en:
    term: "root mean squared error"
    acronym: "RMSE"
    def: >
      The [square root](#square_root) of the [mean squared error](#mean_squared_error). Like the
      [standard deviation](#standard_deviation), it is in the same units as the
      original data.
  es:
    term: "raíz del error cuadrático medio"
    acronym: RECM
    def: >
      La raíz cuadrada del [error cuadrático medio](#mean_squared_error). Como la
      [desviación estándar](#standard_deviation), está en las mismas unidades que
      los datos originales.


- slug: root_tree
  en:
    term: "root (in a tree)"
    def: >
      The [node](#node) in a [tree](#tree) of which all other nodes are direct or indirect
      [children](#child_tree), or equivalently the only node in the tree that has no [parent](#parent_tree).


- slug: rotating_file
  en:
    term: "rotating file"
    def: >
      A set of files used to store recent information. For example, there might be one
      file with results for each day of the week, so that results from last Tuesday
      are overwritten this Tuesday.


- slug: rse
  en:
    term: "research software engineer"
    acronym: "RSE"
    def: >
      Someone whose primary responsibility is to build the specialized software that
      other researchers depend on.


- slug: rseng
  en:
    term: "research software engineering"
    acronym: "RSEng"
    def: >
      The practice of and methods for building the specialized software that
      other researchers depend on.


- slug: s3
  en:
    term: "S3"
    def: >
      A framework for [object-oriented programming](#oop) in [R](#r_language).
  es:
    term: "S3"
    def: >
      Un entorno para la [programación orientada a objetos](#oop) en [R](#r_language).


- slug: s4
  en:
    term: "S4"
    def: >
      A framework for [object-oriented programming](#oop) in [R](#r_language).


- slug: s_language
  en:
    term: "S"
    def: >
      A language originally developed in Bell Labs for data analysis, statistical
      modeling, and graphics. [R](#r_language) is a dialect of S.
  es:
    term: "S"
    def: >
      Un lenguaje para análisis de datos, modelado estadístico y gráficos desarrollado
      originalmente en los Laboratorios Bell. [R](#r_language) es un dialecto de S.


- slug: sandbox
  en:
    term: "sandbox"
    def: >
      A testing environment that is separate from the production system, or an
      environment that is only allowed to perform a restricted set of operations for
      security reasons.

- slug: sanity_check
  en:
    term: "sanity check"
    def: >
      A basic test to see if the outcome of a calculation, script or analysis makes sense or is true.  
      This can be performed by visualisation or by simply inspecting the outcome. 

- slug: scalar
  en:
    term: "scalar"
    def: >
      A single value of a particular type, such as 1 or "a". Scalars exist in most languages, but do not really
      exist in [R](#r_language); in R, values that appear to be scalars are actually [vectors](#vector) of unit length.
  es:
    term: "escalar"
    def: >
      Un único valor de un tipo particular, como 1 o "a". Los escalares realmente no
      existen en [R](#r_language); los valores que parecen ser escalares son en realidad vectores de
      largo uno.


- slug: schema
  en:
    term: "schema"
    def: >
      A specification of the format of a dataset, including the name, format, and
      content of each [table](#table).
  fr:
    term: "schéma"
    def: >
      Spécification du format d'un ensemble de données qui inclut le nom, format et
      contenu de chaque [table](#table).


- slug: scope
  ref:
    - namespace
  en:
    term: "scope"
    def: >
      The portion of a program within which a definition can be seen and used. See
      [closure](#closure), [global variable](#global_variable), and [local variable](#local_variable).


- slug: script
  en:
    term: "script"
    def: >
      Originally, a program written in a language too user-friendly for "real" programmers to
      take seriously; the term is now synonymous with program.


- slug: search_path
  en:
    term: "search path"
    def: >
      The list of directories that a program searches to find something. For example,
      the Unix [shell](#shell) uses the search path stored in the `PATH` variable when
      trying to find a program whose name it has been given.


- slug: seed
  en:
    term: "seed"
    def: >
      A value used to initialize a [pseudo-random number generator](#prng).
  af:
    term: "saadjie"
    def: >
      'n Waarde wat gebruik word om 'n [pseudolukrakenommergenereerder](#prng) te begin.
  es:
    term: "semilla"
    def: >
      Un valor utilizado para inicializar un [generador de números pseudoaleatorios](#prng).
      
- slug: select
  en:
    term: "select"
    def: >
      To choose entire columns or rows from a table by name or location.
  af:
    term: "kies"
    def: >
      Om volledige kolomme of rye in 'n tabel volgens naam of plek te kies (selekteer).

- slug: selecting on the dependent variable bias
  en:
    term: "selecting on the dependent variable bias"
    def: >
      A study that only includes cases where the dependent variable shows the same value, instead of cases with different values in the dependent variable, is a study affected by selecting on the dependent variable bias.
  es:
    term: "sesgo de selección en la variable dependiente"
    def: >
     Un estudio que solamente incluye casos en los que la variable dependiente tiene el mismo valor, en lugar de casos con variación en la variable dependiente, es un estudio con sesgo de selección en la variable dependiente.
      

- slug: self_join
  ref:
    - anti_join
    - cross_join
    - full_join
    - inner_join
    - left_join
    - right_join
    - self_join
  en:
    term: "self join"
    def: >
      A [join](#join) that combines a table with itself.


- slug: semantic_versioning
  en:
    term: "semantic versioning"
    def: >
      A standard for identifying software releases. In the version identifier
      `major.minor.patch`, `major` changes when a new version of software is
      incompatible with old versions, `minor` changes when new features are added to
      an existing version, and `patch` changes when small [bugs](#bug) are fixed.


- slug: sense_vote
  ref:
    - marthas_rules
  en:
    term: "sense vote"
    def: >
      A preliminary vote used to determine whether further discussion is needed in a meeting.

- slug: sensitivity
  en:
    term: "sensitivity"
    def: >
      Statistical measure of a classification model which gives the True Positive rate. For 
      example, the proportion of people who have a disease that test positive. Calculated 
      as Sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN).

- slug: sequential_data
  en:
    term: "sequential data"
    def: >
      Any list of data items where the order is an inherent property of the list. Often the next item in the list is dependent on the previous item or items.

- slug: server
  en:
    term: "server"
    def: >
      Typically, a program such as a database manager or web server that provides data
      to a [client](#client) upon request.
  af:
    term: "bediener"
    def: >
      'n Program soos 'n databasisbeheerder of webbediener wat op versoek data aan 'n [kliënt](#client) verskaf.

- slug: shader
  ref:
    - compute_shader
    - gpu
    - fragment_shader
    - vertex_shader
    - geometry_shader
    - tessellation_shader
  en:
    term: "shader"
    def: >
      A program designed to run on the [GPU][gpu]. Generally used in graphics to calculate lighting or position vertices
      in a scene, though can be used for more general programming through the use of [compute shaders][#compute_shader].

- slug: shebang
  en:
    term: "shebang"
    def: >
      In Unix, a character sequence such as `#!/usr/bin/python` in the first line of an
      executable file that tells the [shell](#shell) what program to use to run that file.


- slug: shell
  en:
    term: "shell"
    def: >
      A [command-line interface](#cli) that allows a user to interact with the
      [operating system](#operating_system), such as Bash (for Unix and MacOS) or PowerShell (for Windows).


- slug: shell_script
  en:
    term: "shell script"
    def: >
      A set of commands for the [shell](#shell) stored in a file so that they can be
      re-executed. A shell script is effectively a program.


- slug: shell_variable
  en:
    term: "shell variable"
    def: >
      A variable set and used in the [Unix shell](#shell). Commonly used shell
      variables include `HOME` (the user's home directory) and `PATH` (their [search path](#search_path)).


- slug: shiny
  en:
    term: "Shiny"
    def: >
      A [R](#r_language) [package](#package) that makes it simple to build web applications to
      interactively visualise and manipulate data. Often used to make interactive [graphs](graph)
      and [tables](#table) straight from [R](#r_language) without having
      to know [HTML](#html), [CSS](#css) or JavaScript.


- slug: short_circuit_test
  ref:
    - lazy_evaluation
  en:
    term: "short circuit test"
    def: >
      A logical test that only evaluates as many arguments as it needs to. For
      example, if `A` is [false](#false), then most languages never evaluate `B` in the
      expression `A and B`.


- slug: short_identifier_git
  en:
    term: "short identifier (of commit)"
    def: >
      The first few characters of a [full identifier](#full_identifier_git). Short
      identifiers are easy for people to type and say aloud, and are usually unique
      within a [repository's](#repository) recent history.


- slug: short_option
  ref:
    - long_option
  en:
    term: "short option"
    def: >
      A single-letter identifier for a [command-line
      argument](#command_line_argument). Most common flags are a single letter
      preceded by a dash, such as `-v`.


- slug: side_effect
  en:
    term: "side effect"
    def: >
      A change made by a function while it runs that is visible after the function
      finishes, such as modifying a [global variable](#global_variable) or writing to
      a file. Side effects make programs harder for people to understand, since the
      effects are not necessarily clear at the point in the program where the function is called.


- slug: signal
  en:
    term: "signal (a condition)"
    def: >
      A way of indicating that something has gone wrong in a program, or that some
      other unexpected event has occurred. [R](#r_language) prefers "signalling a condition" to
      "raising an exception". [Python](#python), on the other hand,
      encourages [raising](#raise_exception) and [catching exceptions](#catch_exception),
      and in some situations, requires it.


- slug: single_square_brackets
  ref:
    - double_square_brackets
  en:
    term: "single square brackets"
    def: >
      One set of square brackets `[ ]`, used to select a structure from another structure based
      on an index value, or range of values, inside the square brackets.


- slug: single_threaded
  en:
    term: "single-threaded"
    def: >
      A model of program execution in which only one thing can happen at a time.
      Single-threaded execution is easier for people to understand, but less efficient
      than [multi-threaded](#multi_threaded) execution.


- slug: singleton
  ref:
    - singleton_pattern
  en:
    term: "singleton"
    def: >
      A set with only one element, or a [class](#class) with only one [instance](#instance).


- slug: singleton_pattern
  en:
    term: "Singleton pattern"
    def: >
      A [design pattern](#design_pattern) that creates a [singleton](#singleton)
      [object](#object) to manage some resource or service, such as a database or
      [cache](#cache). In [object-oriented programming](#oop), the pattern is usually
      implemented by hiding the [constructor](#constructor) of the [class](#class) in some way
      so that it can only be called once.


- slug: slug
  en:
    term: "slug"
    def: >
      An abbreviated portion of a page's URL that uniquely identifies it. In the
      example `https://www.mysite.com/category/post-name`, the slug is `post-name`.


- slug: smtp
  ref:
    - smtps
    - imap
    - pop
  en:
    term: "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"
    acronym: "SMTP"
    def: >
      A standard internet communication protocol for transmitting [email](#email).


- slug: smtps
  ref:
    - smtp
    - imap
    - pop
  en:
    term: "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Secure"
    acronym: "SMTPS"
    def: >
      A method for securing [SMTP](#smtp) using [TLS](#tls).


- slug: snake_case
  ref:
    - camel_case
    - kebab_case
  en:
    term: "snake case"
    def: >
      See [pothole case](#pothole_case).


- slug: software_distribution
  ref:
    - distro
  en:
    term: "software distribution"
    def: >
      A set of programs that are built, tested, and distributed as a collection so
      that they can run together.

- slug: source_code
  en:
    term: "source code"
    def: >
      Source code or, simply, code, is the origin of executed code (either by means of
      an interpreter or compiler). It's the primarily human-produced series of commands
      that make up a program. (Note: Automatic code generators exist for some applications)

- slug: source_distribution
  en:
    term: "source distribution"
    def: >
      A [software distribution](#software_distribution) that includes the source code,
      typically so that programs can be recompiled on the target computer when they
      are installed.

- slug: specificity
  en:
    term: "specificity"
    def: >
      Statistical measure of a classification model which gives the True Negative rate. 
      For example, the proportion of people who do not have a disease that test negative. 
      Calculated as Specificity = TN/(TN+FP).

- slug: spectral analysis 
  ref:
    - python
    - data analysis
    - bayesian inference 
    - bayesian statistics
  en:
    term: "spectral analysis/ spectrum analysis problem"
    def: >
      From a finite record of a stationary data sequence, estimate how
      the total power is distributed over frequency.
      
- slug: sprint
  en:
    term: "sprint"
    def: >
      A short, intense period of work on a project.


- slug: sql
  en:
    term: "SQL"
    def: >
      The language used for writing queries for a [relational
      database](#relational_database). The term is an acronym for
      Structured Query Language.
  es:
    term: "SQL"
    def: >
      Lenguaje utilizado para escribir consultas para una [base de datos
      relacional](#relational_database). El término está un acrónimo del
      inglés Structured Query Language (Lenguage Estructurado de Consulta).
  fr:
    term: "SQL"
    def: >
      Langage employé pour composer des requêtes dans une
      [base de données relationnelle](#relational_database).
      Le terme est l'acronyme de "Structured Query Language" (langage de requête structuré).

- slug: square_root
  en:
    term: "Square root"
    def: >
      A special case of the [n-th root](#root_math) for which n = 2, i.e. the 2-nd root has the special name "square root".

- slug: ssh
  en:
    term: "Secure Shell"
    acronym: "SSH"
    def: >
      A protocol and the program that implements it which allows remote access to a server through a secure channel where all information
      is encrypted.
  es:
    term: "Secure Shell"
    acronym: "SSH"
    def: >
      Un protocolo y el programa que lo implementa cuya principal función es el
      acceso remoto a un servidor por medio de un canal seguro en el que toda la
      información está cifrada.


- slug: ssh_key
  en:
    term: "SSH key"
    def: >
      A string of random bits stored in a file that is used to identify a user for
      [SSH](#ssh). Each SSH key has separate public and private parts; the public part
      can safely be shared, but if the private part becomes known, the key is compromised.


- slug: stack_frame
  en:
    term: "stack frame"
    def: >
      A section of the [call stack](#call_stack) that records details of a single call
      to a specific function.


- slug: stack_overflow
  en:
    term: "Stack Overflow"
    def: >
      A question-and-answer site popular among programmers.
  pt:
    term: "Stack Overflow"
    def: >
      Um site de perguntas e respostas popular entre pessoas programadoras.
  es:
    term: "Stack Overflow"
    def: >
      Un sitio de preguntas y respuestas popular entre personas programadoras.


- slug: standard_deviation
  ref:
    - 68_95_997_rule
  en:
    term: "standard deviation"
    def: >
      How widely values in a dataset differ from the [mean](#mean). It is calculated
      as the square root of the [variance](#variance).
  de:
    term: "Standardabweichung"
    def: >
      Wie weit Werte in einem Datensatz vom [Mittelwert](#mean) abweichen. Die Standardabweichung
      wird berechnet als Quadratwurzel der [Varianz](#variance).
      
  it:
    term: "deviazione standard"
    def: >
      Misura della distanza dei valori dalla loro [media](#mean). È calcolata come
      la radice quadrata della [varianza](#variance).
  es:
    term: "desviación estándar"
    def: >
      En qué medida los valores de un conjunto de datos difieren de la [media](#mean).
      Se calcula como la raíz cuadrada de la [varianza](#variance).
  pt:
    term: "desvio padrão"
    def: >
      O quanto os valores de um conjunto de dados diferem da [média](#mean). É calculado
      como a raiz quadrada da [variância](#variance).


- slug: standard_normal_distribution
  en:
    term: "standard normal distribution"
    def: >
      A [normal distribution](#normal_distribution) with a [mean](#mean) of 0 and a
      [standard deviation](#standard_deviation) of 1. Values from normal distributions
      with other [parameters](#parameter) can easily be rescaled to be on a standard
      normal distribution.
  es:
    term: "distribución normal estándar"
    def: >
      Una [distribución normal](#normal_distribution) con una [media](#mean) de
      0 y una [desviación estándar](#standard_deviation) de 1. Valores de
      distribuciones normales con otros parámetros se puede reescalar fácilmente
      para obtener una distribución normal estándar.
  pt:
    term: "distribuição normal padrão"
    def: >
      Uma [distribuição normal](#normal_distribution) com uma média 0 e um 
      [desvio padrão](#standard_deviation) de 1. Valores de distribuições normais
      com outros parâmetros podem ser facilmente redimensionados para obter-se 
      uma distribuição normal padrão.


- slug: stderr
  ref:
    - stdin
    - stdout
  en:
    term: "standard error"
    def: >
      A predefined communication channel for a [process](#process), typically used for
      error messages.


- slug: stdin
  ref:
    - stderr
    - stdout
  en:
    term: "standard input"
    def: >
      A predefined communication channel for a [process](#process), typically used to
      read input from the keyboard or from the previous process in a [pipe](#pipe_shell).


- slug: stdout
  ref:
    - stderr
    - stdin
  en:
    term: "standard output"
    def: >
      A predefined communication channel for a [process](#process), typically used to
      send output to the screen or to the next process in a [pipe](#pipe_shell).


- slug: stratified_sampling
  en:
    term: "stratified sampling"
    def: >
      Selecting values by dividing the overall population into [homogeneous](#homogeneous)
      groups and then taking a random sample from each group.


- slug: stream
  en:
    term: "stream"
    def: >
      A sequential flow of data, such as the [bits](#bit) arriving across a network connection
      or the bytes read from a file.


- slug: string
  en:
    term: "string"
    def: >
      A block of text in a program. The term is short for "character string".
  es:
    term: "secuencia de caracteres"
    def: >
      Bloque de texto en un programa.


- slug: string_interpolation
  en:
    term: "string interpolation"
    def: >
      The process of inserting text corresponding to specified values into a [string](#string),
      usually to make output human-readable.


- slug: students_t_distribution
  en:
    term: "student's t-distribution"
    def: >
      See [t-distribution](#t_distribution).


- slug: subcommand
  en:
    term: "subcommand"
    def: >
      A command that is part of a larger family of commands. For example, `git commit`
      is a subcommand of [Git](#git).


- slug: subdirectory
  ref:
    - parent_directory
  en:
    term: "subdirectory"
    def: >
      A directory that is below another directory.


- slug: supervised_learning
  ref:
    - unsupervised_learning
    - reinforcement_learning
  en:
    term: "supervised learning"
    def: >
      A [machine learning](#machine_learning) algorithm in which a system is taught to
      [classify](#classification) values given [training data](#training_data) containing
      previously-classified values.
  es:
    term: "aprendizaje supervisado"
    def: >
      Tipo de algoritmos en los que el sistema aprende patrones a partir de [datos de entrenamiento](#training_data) anotados/etiquetados.

- slug: svm
  en:
    term: "support vector machine"
    acronym: "SVM"
    def: >
      A [supervised learning](#supervised_learning) algorithm that seeks to divide
      points in a dataset so that the empty space between the resultant sets is as wide as possible.


- slug: synchronous
  ref:
    - asynchronous
  en:
    term: "synchronous"
    def: >
      To happen at the same time. In programming, synchronous operations are ones that
      have to run simultaneously, or complete at the same time.
  fr:
    term: synchrone
    def: >
      Qui se produit en même temps. En programmation, des opérations synchrones
      sont des opérations qui doivent s'exécuter simultanémment ou se terminer en même temps.

- slug: systematic_error
  en:
    term: "systematic error"
    def: >
      See [bias](#bias).


- slug: t_distribution
  ref:
    - students_t_distribution
  en:
    term: "t-distribution"
    def: >
      A variation on the [normal distribution](#normal_distribution) that is adjusted
      to account for estimating [variance](#variance) from the sample instead of
      knowing it in advance.


- slug: tab_completion
  en:
    term: "tab completion"
    def: >
      A technique implemented by most [REPLs](#repl), [shells](#shell), and
      programming editors that completes a command, variable name, filename, or other
      text when the TAB key is pressed.


- slug: table
  en:
    term: "table"
    def: >
      A set of [records](#record) in a [relational database](#relational_database) or
      [observations](#observation) in a [data frame](#data_frame). Tables are usually displayed as
      rows (each of which represents one record or observation and columns (each of which represents a
      [field](#field) or [variable](#variable_data).
  fr:
    term: "table"
    def: >
      Une série d'entrées dans une [base de données
      relationnelle](#relational_database) ou d'observations dans une [trame de
      données](#data_frame). Une table est généralement représentée sous la forme de
      lignes (où chacune représente une [entrée](#record) ou
      [observation](#observation)) et colonnes (où chacune représente un
      [champ](#field) ou une [variable](#variable_data)).


- slug: tag
  en:
    term: "tag (in version control)"
    def: >
      A readable label attached to a specific [commit](#commit) so that it can easily
      be referenced later.


- slug: tdd
  en:
    term: "test-driven development"
    acronym: "TDD"
    def: >
      A programming practice in which tests are written before a new feature is added
      or a [bug](#bug) is fixed in order to clarify the goal.


- slug: template_method_pattern
  en:
    term: "Template Method pattern"
    def: >
      A [design pattern](#design_pattern) in which a [parent class](#parent_class)
      defines an overall sequence of operations by calling [abstract
      methods](#abstract_method) that [child classes](#child_class) must then
      implement. Each child class then behaves in the same general way, but implements
      the steps differently.


- slug: ternary_expression
  ref:
    - binary_expression
    - nullary_expression
    - unary_expression
  en:
    term: "ternary expression"
    def: >
      An expression that has three parts. [Conditional expressions](#conditional_expression)
      are the only ternary expressions in most languages.

- slug: tessellation_shader
  ref:
    - geometry_shader
    - gpu
    - shader
  en:
    term: "tessellation shader"
    def: >
      The [shader][#shader] stage in the rendering pipeline designated towards subdividing
      primitives to increase the resolution of a mesh without impacting memory. Not to be
      confused with [geometry shaders][#geometry_shader] which change the overall shape.

- slug: test_data
  en:
    term: "test data"
    def: >
      Test data is a portion of a dataset used to evaluate the correctness of a
      [machine learning](#machine_learning) algorithm after it has been trained.
      It should always be separated from the [training data](#training_data) to
      ensure that the model is properly tested with unseen data.

- slug: test_runner
  en:
    term: "test runner"
    def: >
      A program that finds and runs software tests and reports their results.


- slug: three_vs
  en:
    term: "three Vs"
    def: >
      The volume, velocity, and variety that distinguish [big data](#big_data).


- slug: throw_exception
  en:
    term: "throw (exception)"
    def: >
      Another term for [raising](#raise_exception) an exception.


- slug: tibble
  en:
    term: "tibble"
    def: >
      A modern replacement for [R](#r_language)'s data frame, which stores tabular data in columns
      and rows, defined and used in the [tidyverse](#tidyverse).
  fr:
    term: "tibble"
    def: >
      Une alternative moderne du "data frame" en [R](#r_language) permettant de matérialiser des
      données tabulaires en colonnes et en lignes. Le "tibble" a été défini et est
      utilisé dans le [tidyverse](#tidyverse).
  es:
    term: "tibble"
    def: >
      Un remplazo moderno para los data frames de [R](#r_language) que guarda datos tabulares en
      columnas y filas, definido y usado en el [tidyverse](#tidyverse).


- slug: ticket
  en:
    term: "ticket"
    def: >
      See [issue](#issue).


- slug: ticketing_system
  en:
    term: "ticketing system"
    def: >
      See [issue tracking system](#issue_tracking_system).


- slug: tidy_data
  ref:
    - table
  en:
    term: "tidy data"
    def: >
      Tabular data that satisfies [three
      conditions](https://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.pdf) that facilitate initial
      cleaning, and later exploration and analysis—(1) each variable forms a column,
      (2) each observation forms a row, and (3) each type of observation unit forms a table.
  es:
    term: "datos ordenados"
    def: >
      Datos tabulares que satisfacen [tres
      condiciones](https://vita.had.co.nz/papers/tidy-data.pdf) que facilitan su
      limpieza inicial y su posterior exploración y análisis—(1) cada variable
      conforma una columna, (2) cada observación conforma una fila y (3) cada tipo de
      unidad de observación conforma una tabla.


- slug: tidymodels
  en:
    term: "Tidymodels"
    def: >
      A collection of [R](#r_language) [packages](#package) for modeling and statistical analysis designed with a
      [shared philosophy](https://tidymodels.github.io/model-implementation-principles/index.html).
  fr:
    term: "Tidymodels"
    def: >
      Une collection de packages [R](#r_language) pour la modélisation et l'analyse statistique,
      élaborés en prenant en considération une [philosophie partagée](https://tidymodels.github.io/model-implementation-principles/index.html)


- slug: tidyverse
  en:
    term: "Tidyverse"
    def: >
      A collection of [R](#r_language) [packages](#package) for operating on tabular data in consistent ways.
  fr:
    term: "Tidyverse"
    def: >
      Une collection de packages [R](#r_language) permettant le traitement des données tabulaires
      d'une manière cohérente.
  es:
    term: "Tidyverse"
    def: >
      Una colección de paquetes de [R](#r_language) para operar de maneras consistentes con datos tabulares.
  pt:
    term: "Tidyverse"
    def: >
      Uma coleção de pacotes de [R](#r_language) para trabalhar de forma consistente com dados tabulares.


- slug: time_series
  ref:
    - moving_average
  en:
    term: "time series"
    def: >
      A set of measurements taken at different times, which may or may not be regular intervals.


- slug: timestamp
  en:
    term: "timestamp"
    def: >
      A digital identifier showing the time at which something was created or
      accessed. Timestamps should use [ISO date format](#iso_date_format) for portability.


- slug: tls
  en:
    term: "Transport Layer Security"
    acronym: "TLS"
    def: >
      A cryptographic protocol for securing communications over a computer network.


- slug: tolerance
  en:
    term: "tolerance"
    def: >
      How closely the [actual result](#actual_result) of a test must agree with the
      [expected result](#expected_result) in order for the test to pass. Tolerances
      are usually expressed in terms of [relative error](#relative_error).


- slug: training_data
  en:
    term: "training data"
    def: >
      Training data is a portion of a dataset used to train [machine learning](#machine_learning)
      algorithm to recognise similar data. It should always be separated from the
      [test data](#test_data) to ensure that the model is properly tested with data it has
      never seen before.

- slug: transitive_dependency
  en:
    term: "transitive dependency"
    def: >
      If A depends on B and B depends on C, C is a transitive dependency of A.


- slug: tree
  en:
    term: "tree"
    def: >
      A [graph](#graph) in which every node except the [root](#root_tree) has exactly
      one [parent](#parent_tree).


- slug: triage
  en:
    term: "triage"
    def: >
      To go through the [issues](#issue) associated with a project and decide which
      are currently priorities. Triage is one of the key responsibilities of a
      [project manager](#project_manager).


- slug: "true"
  ref:
    - truthy
    - falsy
  en:
    term: "true"
    def: >
      The logical ([Boolean](#boolean)) state opposite of "[false](#false)". Used in
      logic and programming to represent a [binary](#binary) state of something.


- slug: true_negative
  ref:
    - true_positive
    - false_negative
    - false_positive
    - machine_learning
    - classification
  en:
    term: "true negative"
    def: >
      Data points which are actually [false](#false) and correctly predicted as [false](#false).
  es:
    term: "verdadero negativo"
    def: >
      Resultado en el que el valor real es [negativo](#false) y es correctamente predicho como [negativo](#false).


- slug: true_positive
  ref:
    - true_negative
    - false_negative
    - false_positive
    - machine_learning
    - classification
  en:
    term: "true positive"
    def: >
      Data points which are actually [true](#true) and correctly predicted as [true](#true).
  es:
    term: "verdadero positivo"
    def: >
      Resultado en el que el valor real es [verdadero](#true) y es correctamente predicho como [verdadero](#true).


- slug: truthy
  ref:
    - falsy
  en:
    term: "truthy"
    def: >
      Evaluating to [true](#true) in a [Boolean](#boolean) context.


- slug: tuple
  en:
    term: "tuple"
    def: >
      A data type that has a fixed number of parts, such as the three color components of a
      red-green-blue color specification. In "[Python](#python)", tuples are immutable (their
      values cannot be reset.)
  fr:
    term: "tuple"
    def: >
      Un type de donnée correspondant à une collection d'objets en nombre fixé, par exemple
      les trois composantes de la spécification rouge-vert-bleu d'une couleur. En "[Python](#python)",
      les tuples sont immuables (leurs valeurs sont fixées à l'initialisation et ne peuvent plus être
      modifiées par la suite).
      Les tuples contenant n objets sont aussi appelés n-uplets.

- slug: two_hard_problems
  en:
    term: "two hard problems in computer science"
    def: >
      Refers to a quote by Phil Karlton—"There are only two hard problems in computer
      science—cache invalidation and naming things." Many variations add a third
      problem (most often "[off-by-one errors](#off_by_one_error)").


- slug: type_coercion
  en:
    term: "type coercion"
    def: >
      To convert data from one type to another, e.g., from the integer `4` to the
      equivalent floating point number `4.0`.


- slug: unary_expression
  ref:
    - binary_expression
    - nullary_expression
    - ternary_expression
  en:
    term: "unary expression"
    def: >
      An expression with one argument, such as `log 5`.
  es:
    term: "expresión unaria"
    def: >
      Una expresión con un único argumento, como `log 5`.


- slug: unicode
  en:
    term: "Unicode"
    def: >
      A standard that defines numeric codes for many thousands of characters and
      symbols. Unicode does not define how those numbers are stored; that is done by
      standards like [UTF-8](#utf_8).
  de:
    term: "Unicode"
    def: >
      Ein Standard, der einen numerischen Zeichensatz für viele tausend Zeichen und 
      Symbole definiert. Unicode definiert nicht, wie diese Zahlen gespeichert werden; 
      das geschieht durch Standards wie [UTF-8](#utf_8).
  fr:
    term: "Unicode"
    def: >
      Une norme qui définit des codes numériques pour plusieurs milliers de caractères 
      et de symboles. Unicode ne définit pas comment ces nombres sont stockés ; cela est 
      fait par des normes comme [UTF-8](#utf_8).

- slug: unit_test
  ref:
    - integration_test
  en:
    term: "unit test"
    def: >
      A test that exercises one function or feature of a piece of software and
      produces [pass](#pass_test), [fail](#fail_test), or [error](#error_test).
      
- slug: unix
  ref:
    - operating_system
  en:
    term: "UNIX"
    def: >
      UNIX is a family of [operating systems](#operating_system) developed during
      1969 at AT&T Bell Labs. Its main features are simple tools, well-defined functionality
      and being portable by nature.
  es:
    term: "UNIX"
    def: >
      UNIX es una familia de [sistemas operativos](#operating_system) desarrollada en 1969 en AT&T Bell Labs.
      Sus principales características son herramientas sencillas, funcionalidad bien definida y portabilidad.

- slug: unsupervised_learning
  ref:
    - supervised_learning
    - reinforcement_learning
  en:
    term: "unsupervised learning"
    def: >
      Algorithms that [cluster](#clustering) data without knowing in advance what the
      groups will be.
  es:
    term: "aprendizaje no supervisado"
    def: >
      Un tipo de algoritmos que aprenden patrones a partir de datos sin anotar/etiquetar.

- slug: up_vote
  ref:
    - down_vote
  en:
    term: "up-vote"
    def: >
      A vote in favor of something.


- slug: update_operator
  en:
    term: "update operator"
    def: >
      See [in-place operator](#in_place_operator).


- slug: upstream_repository
  en:
    term: "upstream repository"
    def: >
      The [remote repository](#remote_repository) from which this [repository](#repository) was derived.
      Programmers typically save changes in their own repository and then submit
      a [pull request](#pull_request) to the upstream repository where changes from
      other programmers are also collected.


- slug: url
  en:
    term: "Uniform Resource Locator"
    acronym: "URL"
    def: >
      A unique address on the World-Wide Web. URLs originally identified web pages,
      but may also represent datasets or database queries, particularly if they
      include a [query string](#query_string).
      
    
- slug: user_interface
  ref:
    - cli
    - gui
  en:
    term: "user interface"
    acronym: "UI"
    def: >
      Platform for interaction between a user and a machine. The interaction may occur via text 
      (a [command line interface](#cli)), graphics and windows (a [graphical user interface](#gui)), 
      or other methods such as voice-driven interfaces.
  es:
    term: "interfaz de usuario"
    def: >
      Plataforma para la interacción entre un usuario y una máquina.
      Una interacción puede ocurrir mediante texto (una [interfaz de línea de comandos](#cli)),
      gráficamente y con ventanas (una [interfaz gráfica de usuario](#gui)),
      u otros métodos tal como interfaces manejadas por voz.

- slug: utf_8
  en:
    term: "UTF-8"
    def: >
      A way to store the numeric codes representing [Unicode](#unicode) characters in memory that
      is [backward-compatible](#backward_compatible) with the older [ASCII](#ascii) standard.


- slug: variable_arguments
  ref:
    - keyword_argument
    - named_argument
  en:
    term: "variable arguments"
    def: >
      In a function, the ability to take any number of arguments. [R](#r_language) uses `...` to
      capture the "extra" arguments. [Python](#python) uses `*args` and `**kwargs` to capture
      unnamed, and named, "extra" arguments, respectively.
  fr:
    term: "arguments en nombre variable"
    def: >
      La possibilité d'intégrer n'importe quel nombre d'arguments dans une fonction. [R](#r_language)
      utilise `...` afin de capturer les arguments "additionnels". [Python](#python) utilise `*args`
      et `**kwargs` pour capturer respectivement les paramètres "additionnels" nommés et non nommés.


- slug: variable_data
  ref:
    - continuous_random_variable
    - discrete_random_variable
  en:
    term: "variable (data)"
    def: >
      Some attribute of a population that can be measured or observed.


- slug: variable_program
  ref:
    - constant
  en:
    term: "variable (program)"
    def: >
      A name in a program that has some data associated with it. A variable's value
      can be changed after definition.
  es:
    term: "variable (programa)"
    def: >
      Un nombre en un programa que tiene algunos datos asociados. El valor de una
      variable se puede cambiar después de su definición.
  fr:
    term: "variable (programme)"
    def: >
      Un nom associé à des données au niveau d'un programme. La valeur d'une variable
      peut être modifiée après l'avoir définie.
  ar:
    term: "المتغير"
    def: >
      المُتغير هو موقع يٌخزِن البيانات المؤقتة داخل البرنامج ويمكن تعديله وتخزينه وعرضه
      عند الحاجة.
  ja:
    term: "変数 (プログラム)"
    def: >
      プログラム内で使用される、データが関連付けられる箱のようなものの総称。変数の値は定義した後で変更が可能。


- slug: variance
  en:
    term: "variance"
    def: >
      How widely values in a dataset differ from the [mean](#mean). It is calculated
      as the average of the squared differences between the values and the mean. The
      [standard deviation](#standard_deviation) is often used instead, since it has
      the same units as the data, while the variance is expressed in units squared.
  de:
    term: "Varianz"
    def: >
      Wie weit Werte in einem Datensatz vom [Mittelwert](#mean) entfernt sind. Die Varianz wird
      berechnet als die Differenz eines Wertes und des Mittelwerts im Quadrat. Stattdessen wird oft auch
      die [Standardabweichung](#standard_deviation) verwendet, da sie dieselbe Einheit wie die Daten
      hat, während die Varianz in der Einheit zum Quadrat ausgedrückt wird.
  it:
    term: "varianza"
    def: >
      Misura della distanza dei valori dalla loro [media](#mean). È calcolata
      come la media dei quadrati delle differenze tra i valori e la loro media. La [deviazione
      standard](#standard_deviation) è spesso usata al posto della varianza, perché ha
      la stessa unità di misura dei dati, mentre la varianza è misurata nell'unità al quadrato.
  es:
    term: "varianza"
    def: >
      En qué medida los valores de un conjunto de datos difieren de la [media](#mean).
      Se calcula como el promedio de las diferencias al cuadrado entre los valores
      y la media. La [desviación estándar](#standard_deviation) se usa a menudo en
      su lugar, ya que tiene las mismas unidades que los datos, mientras que la
      varianza se expresa en unidades al cuadrado.
  sw:
    term: "achano"
    def: >
      Mraba ya mbali ya kawaida kutoka [wastani](#mean). Kuipata, tengua nambari na
      wastani ya nambari hizo, halafu kokotoa wastani ya mraba.

- slug: vector
  en:
    term: "vector"
    def: >
      A sequence of values, usually of [homogeneous](#homogeneous) type. Vectors are
      the fundamental data structure in [R](#r_language); a [scalar](#scalar) is just a vector with
      exactly one [element](#element).
  es:
    term: "vector"
    def: >
      Una secuencia de valores, normalmente de tipo [homogéneo](#homogeneous). Los
      vectores son la estructura de datos fundamental en [R](#r_language); un [escalar](#scalar) es
      solo un vector con exactamente un elemento.


- slug: vectorize
  en:
    term: "vectorize"
    def: >
      To write code so that operations are performed on entire vectors, rather than
      element-by-element within loops.
  es:
    term: "vectorizar"
    def: >
      Escribir código de modo que las operaciones se ejecuten en vectores completos,
      más que elemento por elemento dentro de un bucle.


- slug: version_control_system
  ref:
    - git
  en:
    term: "version control system"
    def: >
      A system for managing changes made to software during its development.
  es:
    term: "sistema de control de versión"
    def: >
      Un sistema para manejar los cambios hechos durante el desarollo de software.
  fr:
    term: "système de gestion des versions"
    def: >
      Un système qui permet de gérer les modifications effectuées sur un programme
      durant son développement.
  pt:
    term: "sistema de controle de versão"
    def: >
      Um sistema para gerenciar as mudanças feitas em um software durante o seu desenvolvimento.

- slug: vertex_shader
  ref:
    - gpu
    - fragment_shader
    - geometry_shader
    - shader
  en:
    term: "vertex shader"
    def: >
      The [shader][#shader] stage in the rendering pipeline designated towards handling
      operations on individual vertices in a scene. A vertex shader can be used to calculate
      properties of a single vertex, such as position and per-vertex lighting. Not to be
      confused with [fragment shaders][#fragment_shader] which are used to determine the
      actual colour being rendered to each pixel of the screen.

- slug: vignette
  en:
    term: "vignette"
    def: >
      A long-form guide used to provide details of a [package](#package) beyond the README.md or
      function documentation.
  es:
    term: "viñeta"
    def: >
      Una guía de formato extenso utilizada para proporcionar detalles de un [paquete](#package) más allá del README.md o de la documentación de una función.

- slug: vim
  en:
    term: "Vim (editor)"
    def: >
      The default text editor on Unix. Vim is a very powerful text editor, with a steeper
      learning curve than [nano](#nano_editor), but that allows the user to execute shell
      commands and use [regular expressions](#regular_expression) to alter files programmatically.
  es:
    term: "Vim (editor)"
    def: >
      El editor de texto por defecto en Unix. Vim es un poderoso editor de texto
      que permite al usuario ejecutar comandos de shell y usar [expresiones regulares](#regular_expression) para
      editar archivos programáticamente.


- slug: virtual_environment
  en:
    term: "virtual environment"
    def: >
      In [Python](#python), the `virtualenv` [package](#package) allows you to create virtual,
      disposable, [Python](#python) software environments containing only the packages
      and versions of packages you want to use for a particular project or task, and
      to install new packages into the environment without affecting other virtual
      environments, or the system-wide default environment.
  es:
    term: "entorno virtual"
    def: >
      En [Python](#python), el [paquete](#package) `virtualenv` permite crear entornos virtuales de Python
      para contener paquetes y versiones de esos paquetes que uno quiere usar para un proyecto o tarea particular
      sin afectar otros entornos virtuales o el entorno por defecto del sistema.

- slug: virtual_machine
  en:
    term: "virtual machine"
    def: >
      A program that pretends to be a computer. This may seem a bit redundant, but VMs
      are quick to create and start up, and changes made inside the virtual machine
      are contained within that VM so we can install new [packages](#package) or run a completely
      different operating system without affecting the underlying computer.
  es:
    term: "máquina virtual"
    def: >
      Un programa que pretende ser una computadora. Aunque puede parecer redundante,
      las máquinas virtuales (MV) se crean y se inician rápidamente, y los cambios
      hechos dentro de la máquina virtual quedan contenidos dentro de esa VM, esto
      permite que podamos instalar nuevos paquetes o ejecutar un sistema operativo
      diferente sin afectar la computadora subyacente.


- slug: visitor_pattern
  ref:
    - iterator_pattern
  en:
    term: "Visitor pattern"
    def: >
      A [design pattern](#design_pattern) in which the operation to be done is taken
      to each element of a data structure in turn. It is usually implemented by having
      a generator "visitor" that knows how to reach the structure's elements,
      which is given a function or method to call for each in turn, and that carries out
      the specific operation.


- slug: walk_tree
  en:
    term: "walk (a tree)"
    def: >
      To visit each [node](#node) in a [tree](#tree) in some order, typically
      [depth-first](#depth_first) or [breadth-first](#breadth_first).


- slug: while_loop
  ref:
    - for_loop
  en:
    term: "while loop"
    def: >
      A statement in a program that repeats one or more other statements (the [loop
      body](#loop_body)) as long as a condition is [true](#true).


- slug: whitespace
  en:
    term: "whitespace"
    def: >
      The space, newline, carriage return, and horizontal and vertical tab characters
      that take up space but do not create a visible mark. The name comes from their
      appearance on a printed page in the era of typewriters.
  de:
    term: "whitespace"
    def: >
      Auch als "Leerraum" bekannt, eine Bezeichnung für Zeichen ohne sichtbares Symbol. 
      Typischerweise beinhaltet dies Leerzeichen, Tabulatorzeichen und Zeilenumbrüche. 
  pt:
    term: "espaço em branco"
    def: >
      O espaço, nova linha, quebra de linha, ou tabulação horizontal ou vertical que ocupe
      um espaço mas não crie uma marca visível. O nome vem de sua aparência em um papel impresso
      da era das das máquinas de escrever.


- slug: wildcard
  de:
    term: "Wildcard"
    def: >
      Ein Zeichenausdruck, der mit Text übereinstimmen kann, wie z.B. das `*` in `*.csv` (das
      passt auf jeden Dateinamen, der mit `.csv`) endet.
  en:
    term: "wildcard"
    def: >
      A character expression that can match text, such as the `*` in `*.csv` (which
      matches any filename whose name ends with `.csv`).
  nl:
    term: "joker"
    def: >
      Een teken dat gebruikt kan worden om een overeenkomst met een reeks van tekens
      uit te drukken. Bijvoorbeeld, de `*` in `*.csv` (welke overeenkomt met elke bestandsnaam
      die eindigt in `.csv`).
  pt:
    term: "curinga"
    def: >
      Um curinga, ou caracter curinga, é um caracter que corresponde a qualquer texto,
      como o `*` em `*.csv` (que corresponde a qualquer arquivo cujo nome termina em `*.csv`).


- slug: workflow
  en:
    term: "workflow"
    def: >
      A way of describing work to be done as a set of tasks, typically with dependencies on
      external inputs or the outputs of other tasks, which can later be executed by a program.
      An example is a Makefile which can be executed by the make Unix command.

- slug: xml
  de:
    term: "XML"
    def: >
      Eine Reihe von Regeln zur Definition von [HTML](#html)-ähnlichen Tags und deren
      Verwendung zur Formatierung von Dokumenten (typischerweise Daten). XML war in den
      frühen 2000er Jahren populär, aber seine Komplexität veranlasste
      viele Programmierer, stattdessen [JSON](#json) zu verwenden.
  en:
    term: "XML"
    def: >
      A set of rules for defining [HTML](#html)-like tags and using them to format
      documents (typically data). XML was popular in the early 2000s, but its
      complexity led many programmers to adopt [JSON](#json), instead.
  es:
    term: "XML"
    def: >
      Un conjunto de reglas para definir etiquetas similares a [HTML](#html) y usarlas
      para darle formato a documentos (normalmente datos). XML alcanzó popularidad a
      principios de la década de 2000, pero su complejidad llevó a muchos
      programadores a adoptar [JSON](#json) en su lugar.
  fr:
    term: "XML"
    def: >
      Un format de représentation de données qui définit des balises similaires à
      celles utilisées en [HTML](#html). XML était populaire au début des années 2000
      mais sa complexité a conduit de nombreux dévelopeurs à utiliser [JSON](#json) à
      la place.
  pt:
    term: "XML"
    def: >
      Um conjunto de regras para se definir etiquetas similares a [HTML](#html) e usá-las
      para formatar documentos (normalmente, dados). XML foi popular no início dos anos 2000,
      mas sua complexidade fez com que muitas pessoas programadoras adotassem [JSON](#json) em
      seu lugar.


- slug: yaml
  de:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Abkürzung für "YAML Ain't Markup Language", eine Methode zur Darstellung
      verschachtelter Daten mit Einrückung statt der Klammern und Kommas
      von [JSON](#json). YAML wird oft in Konfigurationsdateien und zur Definition
      von Parametern in verschiedenen Varianten von [Markdown](#markdown)-Dokumenten verwendet.
  en:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Short for "YAML Ain't Markup Language", a way to represent nested data using
      indentation rather than the parentheses and commas of [JSON](#json). YAML is
      often used in configuration files and to define [parameters](#parameter) for various flavours
      of [Markdown](#markdown) documents.
  fr:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Acronyme récursif de "YAML Ain't Markup Language" ("YAML n'est pas un langage de
      balisage"), YAML est un format de représentation de données hiérarchiques qui
      utilise des indentations au lieu de signes typographiques, comme les parenthèses
      et virgules en [JSON](#json). YAML est souvent utilisé dans les fichiers de
      configuration et pour définir les paramètres de documents [Markdown](#markdown).
  pt:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Acrônimo recursivo de "YAML Ain't Markup Language" (YAML não é uma linguagem de marcação),
      é uma maneira de representar dados aninhados usando recuos (também chamados de indentações)
      no lugar de parênteses e vírgulas usados em [JSON](#json). YAML é frequentemente usado em
      arquivos de configuração e na definição de [parâmetros](#parameter) para vários estilos
      de documentos em [Markdown](#markdown).
  es:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Acrónimo recursivo de "YAML Ain't Markup Language" (YAML no es un lenguaje de marcación),
      es una manera de representar datos anidados usando identación en lugar de paréntesis   
      y comillas usadas en [JSON](#json). YAML es usado frequentemente en    
      archivos de configuración y para definir [parámetros](#parameter) en varios estilos
      de documentos en [Markdown](#markdown).
  af:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Kort vir "YAML Ain't Markup Language", 'n manier om geneste data te gebruik deur middel van indentasies in plaas van
      hakkies en kommas of [JSON](#json). YAML word dikwels in konfigurasielêers gebruik en om [parameters](#parameter) vir 
      verskeie geure te definieer van [Markdown](#markdown) dokumente. 
      
  id:
    term: "YAML"
    def: >
      Kependekan dari "YAML Ain't Markup Language", adalah cara menyatakan nested data menggunakan
      indentasi alih-alih menggunakan tanda kurung dan koma pada [JSON] (#json). YAML sering kali
      digunakan pada berkas konfigurasi dan untuk mendefinisikan [parameter](#parameter)
      untuk beragam tipe dokumen [Markdown](#markdown).

- slug: parametric_statistics
  ref:
    - nonparametric_statistics
  en:
    term: "parametric (statistics)"
    def: >
      A branch of statistical tests which assume a known distribution of the population which the samples were taken from (ANOVA and Student’s t-tests are examples of parametric tests).


- slug: nonparametric_statistics
  ref:
    - parametric_statistics
  en:
    term: "non-parametric (statistics)"
    def: >
      A branch of statistical tests which do not assume a known distribution of the population which the samples were taken from (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test are examples of non-parametric tests).
- slug: artificial_intelligence
  ref:
    - nlp
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: "artificial intelligence (AI)"
    def: >
      Intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to humans or other animals. AI can be 
      exhibited through perceiving, synthesizing and inference of information. Example tasks include
      [natural language processing](#nlp), computer vision, and [machine learning]
      (#machine_learning).

- slug: cnn
  ref:
    - deep_learning
    - backpropagation
    - perceptron
    - neural_network
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: "convolutional neural network (cnn)"
    def: >
      A class of artificial neural network that is primarily used to analyze images. A CNN has layers
      that perform convolutions, where a filter is shifted over the data, instead of the general 
      matrix multiplications that we see in fully connected neural network layers.

- slug: rnn
  ref:
    - deep_learning
    - backpropagation
    - perceptron
    - neural_network
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: recurrent neural network
    def: >
      A class of [artificial neural networks](#neural_network) where connections between nodes can 
      create a cycle. This allows the network to exhibit behavior that is dynamic over time. This 
      type of network is applicable to tasks like speech and handwriting recognition.

- slug: epoch_dl
  ref:
    - deep_learning
    - backpropagation
    - perceptron
    - neural_network
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: epoch (deep learning)
    def: >
      In [deep learning](#deep_learning), an epoch is one cycle in the deep learning process where all
      the training data has been fed to the algorithm once. Training a deep neural networks usually
      consists of multiple epochs.

- slug: learning_rate
  ref:
    - deep_learning
    - backpropagation
    - perceptron
    - neural_network
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: learning rate (deep learning)
    def: >
      In [artificial neural networks](#neural_network), the learning rate is a hyper-parameter that
      determines the pace at which the network adjusts the weights to move down the loss gradient. 
      A large learning rate can speed up training, but the network might overshoot and miss the 
      minimum. A small learning rate will overshoot less, but will be slower. It can also get more 
      easily stuck in local minima.

- slug: class_imbalance
  ref:
    - machine_learning
  en:
    term: class imbalance
    def: >
      Class imbalance refers to the problem in [machine learning](machine_learning) where there is an 
      unequal distribution of classes in the dataset.

- slug: hidden_layer
  ref:
    - neural_network
    - machine_learning
    - deep_learning
    - perceptron
  en:
    term: hidden layer (deep learning)
    def: >
      A hidden layer in a [neural network](#neural_network) refers to the layers of neurons that are
      not directly connected to input or output. The layers are "hidden" because you do not directly
      observe their input and output values.

- slug: roc_curve
  ref:
    - machine_learning
    - classification
  en:
    term: "ROC Curve"
    def: >
      A ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) is a graph that displays the performance 
      of a binary classifier at different [classification](#classification) thresholds. The curve is 
      obtained by plotting the True Positive Rate (also known as Recall or [Sensitivity](#sensitivity))
      along the vertical axis and the False Positive Rate along the horizontal axis.