bibliography.bib

% TEM images of CL structures
@Article{bib:he_2005,
    Author      = {C. He and S. Desai and G. Brown and S. Bolleplli},
    Title       = {{PEM} {F}uel {C}ell {C}atalysts: {C}ost, {P}erformance, and {D}urability},
    Journal     = {Electrochem. Soc. Interface},
    Volume      = {14},
    Pages       = {41--44},
    Year        = {2005}
}

% Cantera package
@Misc{bib:cantera_2017,
	Author      = {D. G. Goodwin and H. K. Moffat and R. L. Speth},
	Title       = {{C}antera: {A}n {O}bject-oriented {S}oftware {T}oolkit for {C}hemical {K}inetics, {T}hermodynamics, and {T}ransport {P}rocesses},
	Year        = 2017
}

% Bulk Nafion sigma_io relationship
@Article{bib:yadav_2012,
    Author      = {R. Yadav and P. S. Fedkiw},
    Title       = {{A}nalysis of {EIS} {T}echnique and {N}afion 117 {C}onductivity as a {F}unction of {T}emperature and {R}elative {H}umidity},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {159},
    Pages       = {B340--B346},
    Year        = {2012}
}

% bulk Nafion membranes D_O2 measurements
@Article{bib:sethuraman_2009,
    Author      = {V. A. Sethuraman and S. Khan and J. S. Jur and A. T. Haug and J. W. Weidner},
    Title       = {{M}easuring oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide diffusion coefficient and solubility in Nafion membranes},
    Journal     = {Electrochimica Acta},
    Volume      = {54},
    Pages       = {6850--6860},
    Year        = {2009}
}

% data used in figures
@Article{bib:owejan_2013,
    Author      = {J. P. Owejan and J. E. Owejan and W. Gu},
    Title       = {{I}mpact of {P}latinum {L}oading and {C}atalyst {L}ayer {S}tructure on {PEMFC} {P}erformance},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {160},
    Pages       = {F824--F833},
    Year        = {2013}
}

% membrane ASR
@Article{bib:slade_2002,
    Author      = {S. Slade and S. A. Campbell and T. R. Ralph and F. C. Walsh},
    Title       = {{I}onic {C}onductivity of an {E}xtruded {N}afion 1100 {EW} {S}eries of {M}embranes},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {149},
    Pages       = {A1556},
    Year        = {2002}
}

% first PEMFC model paper
@Article{bib:randall_2020,
    Author      = {C. R. Randall and S. C. DeCaluwe},
    Title       = {{P}hysically {B}ased {M}odeling of {PEMFC} {C}athode {C}atalyst {L}ayers: {E}ffective {M}icrostructure and {I}onomer {S}tructure-{P}roperty {R}elationship {I}mpacts},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. En. Conv. Stor.},
    Volume      = {17},
    Pages       = {041006},
    Year        = {2020}
}

% nano-thin Nafion conductivity data
@Article{bib:paul_mccreery_2014,
    Author      = {D. K. Paul and R. McCreery and K. Karan},
    Title       = {{P}roton {T}ransport {P}roperty in {S}upported {N}afion {N}anothin {F}ilms by {E}lectrochemical {I}mpedance {S}pectroscopy},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {161},
    Pages       = {F1395--F1402},
    Year        = {2014}
}

% NR silicon-Nafion confinement and scaling factors
@Article{bib:decaluwe_2018,
    Author      = {S. C. DeCaluwe and A. M. Baker and P. Bhargava and J. E. Fischer and J. A. Dura},
    Title       = {{S}tructure-property relationships at {N}afion thin-film interfaces: {T}hickness effects on hydration and anisotropic ion transport},
    Journal     = {Nano Energy},
    Volume      = {46},
    Pages       = {91--100},
    Year        = {2018}
}

% first NR Pt/C-Nafion interfaces publication
@Article{bib:wood_2009,
    Author      = {D. L. Wood and J. Chlistunoff and J. Majewski and R. L. Borup},
    Title       = {{N}afion {S}tructural {P}henomena at {P}latinum and {C}arbon {I}nterfaces},
    Journal     = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {131},
    Pages       = {18096--18104},
    Year        = {2009}
}

% NR C-Nafion interfaces considering hydrophobic/hydrophilic carbon
@Article{bib:ito_2020,
    Author      = {K. Ito and M. Harada and N. L. Yamada and K. Kudo and H. Aoki and T. Kanaya},
    Title       = {{W}ater {D}istribution in {N}afion {T}hin {F}ilms on {H}ydrophilic and {H}ydrophobic {C}arbon {S}ubstrates},
    Journal     = {Langmuir},
    Volume      = {36},
    Pages       = {12830--12837},
    Year        = {2020}
}

% NR Pt-Nafion and Pt-PFIA interfaces
@Article{bib:shrivastava_2018,
    Author      = {U. N. Shrivastava and H. Fritzsche and K. Karan},
    Title       = {{I}nterfacial and {B}ulk Water in {U}ltrathin {F}ilms of {N}afion, {3M} {PFSA}, and {3M} {PFIA} {I}onomers on a {P}olycrystalline {P}latinum {S}urface},
    Journal     = {Macromolecules},
    Volume      = {51},
    Pages       = {9839--9849},
    Year        = {2018}
}

% NR Si-Nafion, Au-Nafion, and Pt-Nafion 
@Article{bib:dura_2009,
    Author      = {J. A. Dura and V. S. Murthi and M. Hartman and S. K. Satija and C. F. Majkrzak},
    Title       = {{M}ultilamellar {I}nterface {S}tructures in {N}afion},
    Journal     = {Macromolecules},
    Volume      = {42},
    Pages       = {4769--4774},
    Year        = {2009}
}

% Python reference
@Misc{bib:python_2022,
    Title        = {{P}ython {S}oftware {F}oundation. {P}ython language reference},
    Note         = {Version 3.6},
    Howpublished = {\url{http://www.python.org}},
}

% SciPy reference
@Article{bib:scipy_2022,
    Author      = {P. Virtanen and R. Gommers and T. E. Oliphant and M. Haberland and T. Reddy and D. Cournapeau and E. Burovski and P. Peterson and W. Weckesser and J. Bright and S. J. {van der Walt} and M. Brett and J. Wilson and K. J. Millman and N. Mayorov and A. Nelson and E. Jones and R. Kern and E. Larson and C. J. Carey and {\.I}. Polat and Y. Feng and E. W. Moore and J. {VanderPlas} and D. Laxalde, Denis and J. Perktold and R. Cimrman and I. Henriksen and E. A. Quintero and C. R. Harris and A. M. Archibald and A. H. Ribeiro and F. Pedregosa and P. {van Mulbregt}},
    Title       = {{{SciPy} 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python}},
    Journal     = {Nature Methods},
    Volume      = {17},
    Pages       = {261--272},
    Year        = {2020}
}

% capillary pressure - surface tension and contact angles
@Article{bib:vetter_2019,
    Author      = {R. Vetter and J. O. Schumacher},
    Title       = {{F}ree open reference implementation of a two-phase {PEM} fuel cell model},
    Journal     = {Comput. Phys. Commun.},
    Volume      = {234},
    Pages       = {223--234},
    Year        = {2019}
}

% capillary pressure - contact angles 
@Article{bib:sigwadi_2019,
    Author      = {R. Sigwadi and M. S. Dhlamini and T. Mokrani and F. Nemavhola},
    Title       = {{E}nhancing the mechanical properties of zirconia/{N}afion{\textregistered} nanocomposite membrane through carbon nanotubes for fuel cell application},
    Journal     = {Heliyon},
    Volume      = {5},
    Pages       = {e02112},
    Year        = {2019}
}

% capillary pressure review article
@Article{bib:si_2015,
    Author      = {C. Si and X. Wang and W. Yan and T. Wang},
    Title       = {{A} {C}omprehensive {R}eview on {M}easurement and {C}orrelation {D}evelopment of {C}apillary {P}ressure for {T}wo-{P}hase {M}odeling of {P}roton {E}xchange {M}embrane {F}uel {C}ells},
    Journal     = {J. Chem.},
    Volume      = {2015},
    Pages       = {1--17},
    Year        = {2015}
}

% relative permeability - cubic relationship
@BOOK{bib:kaviany_2012,
    Author      = {M. Kaviany},
    Title       = {{P}rinciples of {H}eat {T}ransfer in {P}orous {M}edia},
    Publisher   = {Springer New York},
    Pages       = {480--492},
    Year        = {2012},
    ISBN        = {9781461242543}
}

% github free model access
@misc{bib:randall_2021,
    Author      = {C. R. Randall and S. C. DeCaluwe},
    Title       = {{P2D} {PEMFC} {M}odel (2 {P}hase) v1.0},
    Year        = {2021},
    DOI         = {10.5281/zenodo.5823445},
    howpublished         = {\url{https://github.com/c-randall/p2d_pemfc_2phase}},
}

% github paper repo
@misc{bib:pemfc_paper_2021,
    Author      = {C. R. Randall and S. C. DeCaluwe},
    Title       = {{P}redicted {I}mpacts of {P}t and {I}onomer {D}istributions on {L}ow {P}t-loaded {PEMFC} {P}erformance - {M}anuscript {F}iles},
    Year        = {2022},
    howpublished         = {\url{https://github.com/coresresearch/2022_Randall_DeCaluwe_PEMFC_Microstructure_and_Performance.git}},
}
% SOFC - utilization thickness
@Article{bib:decaluwe_2008,
    Author      = {S. C. DeCaluwe and H. Zhu and R. J. Kee and G. S. Jackson},
    Title       = {{I}mportance of {A}node {M}icrostructure in {M}odeling {S}olid {O}xide {F}uel {C}ells},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {155},
    Pages       = {B538},
    Year        = {2008}
}

% Cost analysis - half of stack cost is CCL Pt
% also surface resistance (naf-gas and naf-Pt)
@Article{bib:kongkanand_2016,
    Author      = {A. Kongkanand and M. F. Mathias},
    Title       = {{T}he {P}riority and {C}hallenge of {H}igh-{P}ower {P}erformance of {L}ow-{P}latinum {P}roton-{E}xchange {M}embrane {F}uel {C}ells},
    Journal     = {J.Phys. Chem. Lett.},
    Volume      = {7},
    Pages       = {1127--1137},
    Year        = {2016}
}

% Lowering Pt loading
@inproceedings{bib:sakai_2009,
    Author      = {K. Sakai and K. Sato and T. Mashio and A. Ohma and K. Yamaguchi and K. Shinohara},
    Title       = {{A}nalysis of {R}eactant {G}as {T}ransport in {C}atalyst {L}ayers; {E}ffect of {Pt}-loadings},
    Booktitle   = {{Proton} {Exchange} {Membrane} {Fuel} {Cells} 9},
    Publisher   = {Electrochem. Soc. Inc.},
    Volume      = {25},
    Pages       = {1193--1201},
    Year        = {2009}
}

% Lowering Pt loading
@Article{bib:ohma_2011,
    Author      = {A. Ohma and T. Mashio and K. Sato and H. Iden and Y. Ono and K. Sakai and K. Akizuki and S. Takaichi and K. Shinohara},
    Title       = {{A}nalysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst layers for reduction of platinum loading at {Nissan}},
    Journal     = {Electrochim. Acta},
    Volume      = {56},
    Pages       = {10832--10841},
    Year        = {2011}
}

% Lowering Pt loading
@Article{bib:leimin_2009,
    Author      = {X. Leimin and L. Shijun and Y. Lijun and L. Zhenxing},
    Title       = {{I}nvestigation of a {N}ovel {C}atalyst {C}oated {M}embrane {M}ethod to {P}repare {L}ow-{P}latinum-{L}oading {M}embrane {E}lectrode {A}ssemblies for {PEMFCs}},
    Journal     = {Fuel Cells},
    Volume      = {9},
    Pages       = {101--105},
    Year        = {2009}
}

% Replacing PMG catalyst
@Article{bib:othman_2012,
    Author      = {R. Othman and A. L. Dicks and Z. Zhu},
    Title       = {{N}on precious metal catalysts for the {PEM} fuel cell cathode},
    Journal     = {Int. J. Hydrogen Energy},
    Volume      = {37},
    Pages       = {357--372},
    Year        = {2012}
}

% Replacing PMG catalyst
@Article{bib:bonham_2019,
    Author      = {D. Bonham and J. Choi and T. Kishimoto and S. Ye},
    Title       = {{I}ntegrating {PGM}-{F}ree {C}atalysts into {C}atalyst {L}ayers and {P}roton {E}xchange {M}embrane {F}uel {C}ell {D}evices},
    Journal     = {Adv. Mat.},
    Volume      = {31},
    Pages       = {e1804846},
    Year        = {2019}
}

% Nano-thin film resistance
@Article{bib:paul_2011,
    Author      = {D. K. Paul and A. Fraser and K. Karan},
    Title       = {{T}owards the understanding of proton conduction mechanism in {PEMFC} catalyst layer: {C}onductivity of adsorbed {N}afion films},
    Journal     = {Electrochem. Commun.},
    Volume      = {13},
    Pages       = {774--777},
    Year        = {2011}
}

% Nano-thin film resistance
@Article{bib:paul_2014,
    Author      = {D. K. Paul and K. Karan},
    Title       = {{C}onductivity and {W}ettability {C}hanges of {U}ltrathin {N}afion {F}ilms {S}ubjected to {T}hermal {A}nnealing and {L}iquid {W}ater {E}xposure},
    Journal     = {J. Phys. Chem. C},
    Volume      = {118},
    Pages       = {1828--1835},
    Year        = {2014}
}

% Nano-thin film resistance (Unknown cause)
@Article{bib:weber_2014,
    Author      = {A. Z. Weber and R. L. Borup and R. M. Darling and P. K. Das and T. J. Dursch and W. Gu and D. Harvey and A. Kusoglu and S. Litster and M. M. Mench and R. Mukundan and J. P. Owejan and J. G. Pharoah and M. Secanell and I. V. Zenyuk},
    Title       = {{A} {C}ritical {R}eview of {M}odeling {T}ransport {P}henomena in {P}olymer-{E}lectrolyte {F}uel {C}ells},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {161},
    Pages       = {F1254--F1299},
    Year        = {2014}
}

% Nano-thin film resistance (Unknown cause)
@Article{bib:modestino_2013,
    Author      = {M. A. Modestino and D. K. Paul and S. Dishari and S. A. Petrina and F. I. Allen and M. A. Hickner and K. Karan and R. A. Segalman and A. Z. Weber},
    Title       = {{S}elf-{A}ssembly and {T}ransport {L}imitations in {C}onfined {N}afion {F}ilms},
    Journal     = {Macromolecules},
    Volume      = {46},
    Pages       = {867--873},
    Year        = {2013}
}

% Nano-thin film resistance (Unknown cause)
@Article{bib:jung_2013,
    Author      = {C. Jung and S. Yi},
    Title       = {{I}nfluence of the water uptake in the catalyst layer for the proton exchange membrane fuel cells},
    Journal     = {Electrochem. Commun.},
    Volume      = {35},
    Pages       = {34--37},
    Year        = {2013}
}

% Bruggeman correlation
@Article{bib:bruggeman_1935,
    Author      = {G. Bruggeman},
    Title       = {{C}alculation of {V}arious {P}hysics {C}onstants in {H}eterogeneous {S}ubstances {I} {D}ielectricity {C}onstants and {C}onductivity of {M}ixed {B}odies from {I}sotropic {S}ubstances},
    Journal     = {Ann. Phys.},
    Volume      = {416},
    Pages       = {636--664},
    Year        = {1935}
}

% mixture-averaged diffusion coefficients
@BOOK{bib:kee_2018,
    Author      = {R. J. Kee and M. E. Coltrin and P. Glarborg and H. Zhu},
    Title       = {{C}hemically {R}eacting {F}low: {T}heory, {M}odeling, and {S}imulation},
    Publisher   = {John Wiley \& Sons},
    Pages       = {371--416},
    Year        = {2018},
    ISBN        = {9781119184874}
}

% NASA 7 polynomial coefficients
@BOOK{bib:mcbride_1993,
    Author      = {B. J. McBride and S. Gordon and M. A. Reno},
    Title       = {{C}oefficients for {C}alculating {T}hermodynamic and {T}ransport {P}roperties of {I}ndividual {S}pecies},
    Publisher   = {NASA, Langley Research Center},
    Year        = {1993},
}

% surface resistances (naf-gas and naf-Pt)
@Article{bib:weber_kusoglu_2014,
    Author      = {A. Z. Weber and A. Kusoglu},
    Title       = {{U}nexplained transport resistances for low-loaded fuel-cell catalyst layers},
    Journal     = {J. Mater. Chem. A},
    Volume      = {2},
    Pages       = {17207--17211},
    Year        = {2014}
}

% surface resistance (naf-Pt)
@Article{bib:nonoyama_2011,
    Author      = {N. Nonoyama and S. Okazaki and A. Z. Weber and Y. Ikogi and T. Yoshida},
    Title       = {{A}nalysis of {O}xygen-{T}ransport {D}iffusion {R}esistance in {P}roton-{E}xchange-{M}embrane {F}uel {C}ells},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {158},
    Pages       = {B416},
    Year        = {2011}
}

% no surface resistance at naf-gas interface
@Article{bib:liu_2015,
    Author      = {H. Liu and W. K. Epting and S. Litster},
    Title       = {{G}as {T}ransport {R}esistance in {P}olymer {E}lectrolyte {T}hin {F}ilms on {O}xygen {R}eduction {R}eaction {C}atalysts},
    Journal     = {Langmuir},
    Volume      = {31},
    Pages       = {9853--9858},
    Year        = {2015}
}

% modeling review
@Article{bib:weber_2004,
    Author      = {A. Z. Weber and J. Newman},
    Title       = {{M}odeling {T}ransport in {P}olymer-{E}lectrolyte {F}uel {C}ells},
    Journal     = {Chem. Rev.},
    Volume      = {104},
    Pages       = {4679--4726},
    Year        = {2004}
}

% modeling review
@Article{bib:arif_2020,
    Author      = {M. Arif and S. Cheung and J. Andrews},
    Title       = {{D}ifferent {A}pproaches {U}sed for {M}odeling and {S}imulation of {P}olymer {E}lectrolyte {M}embrane {F}uel {C}ells: {A} {R}eview},
    Journal     = {Energy \& Fuels},
    Volume      = {34},
    Pages       = {11897--11915},
    Year        = {2020}
}

% confinement and reduced water uptake
@Article{bib:kusoglu_2012,
    Author      = {A. Kusoglu and A. Kwong and K. T. Clark and H. P. Gunterman and A. Z. Weber},
    Title       = {{W}ater {U}ptake of {F}uel-{C}ell {C}atalyst {L}ayers},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {159},
    Pages       = {F530--F535},
    Year        = {2012}
}

% confinement and reduced water uptake
@Article{bib:kusoglu_2017,
    Author      = {A. Kusoglu and A. Z. Weber},
    Title       = {{N}ew {I}nsights into {P}erfluorinated {S}ulfonic-{A}cid {I}onomers},
    Journal     = {Chem. Rev.},
    Volume      = {117},
    Pages       = {987--1104},
    Year        = {2017}
}

% confinement, structure, solubility, etc.
@Article{bib:eastman_2013,
    Author      = {S. A. Eastman and S. Kim and K. A. Page and B. W. Rowe and S. Kang and S. C. DeCaluwe and J. A. Dura and C. L. Soles and K. G. Yager},
    Title       = {{E}ffect of {C}onfinement on {S}tructure,  {W}ater {S}olubility, and {W}ater {T}ransport in {N}afion {T}hin {F}ilms},
    Journal     = {Macromolecules},
    Volume      = {46},
    Pages       = {571},
    Year        = {2013}
}

% Porous carbon supports
@Article{bib:ko_2021,
    Author      = {M. Ko and E. Padgett and V. Yarlagadda and A. Kongkanand and D. A. Muller},
    Title       = {{R}evealing the {N}anostructure of {M}esoporous {F}uel {C}ell {C}atalyst {S}upports for {D}urable, {H}igh-{P}ower {P}erformance},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {168},
    Pages       = {024512},
    Year        = {2021}
}

% Porous carbon supports
@Article{bib:padgett_2019,
    Author      = {E. Padgett and V. Yarlagadda and M. E. Holtz and M. Ko and B. Levin and R. S. Kukreja and J. M. Ziegelbauer and R. N. Andrews and J. Ilavsky and A. Kongkanand and D. A. Muller},
    Title       = {{M}itigation of {PEM} {F}uel {C}ell {C}atalyst {D}egradation with {P}orous {C}arbon {S}upports},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {166},
    Pages       = {F198--F207},
    Year        = {2019}
}

% bulk conductivity formula
@Article{bib:springer_1991,
    Author      = {T. E. Springer and T. A. Zawodzinski and S. Gottesfeld},
    Title       = {{P}olymer {E}lectrolyte {F}uel {C}ell {M}odel},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {138},
    Pages       = {2334--2342},
    Year        = {1991}
}

% models with bulk conductivity
@Article{bib:ismail_2017,
    Author      = {M. S. Ismail and D. B. Ingham and L. Ma and K. J. Hughes and M. Pourkashanian},
    Title       = {{E}ffects of catalyst agglomerate shape in polymer electrolyte fuel cells investigated by a multi-scale modelling framework},
    Journal     = {Energy},
    Volume      = {122},
    Pages       = {420--430},
    Year        = {2017}
}

% models with bulk conductivity
% better performance with high porosity GDLs
@Article{bib:chu_2003,
    Author      = {H. Chu and C. Yeh and F. Chen},
    Title       = {{E}ffects of porosity change of gas diffuser on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell},
    Journal     = {J. Power Sources},
    Volume      = {123},
    Pages       = {1--9},
    Year        = {2003}
}

% models with bulk conductivity
@Article{bib:aghighi_2017,
    Author      = {M. Aghighi and J. Gostick},
    Title       = {{P}ore network modeling of phase change in {PEM} fuel cell fibrous cathode},
    Journal     = {J. Appl. Electrochem.},
    Volume      = {47},
    Pages       = {1323--1338},
    Year        = {2017}
}

% better performance with more hydrophobic GDLs
@Article{bib:abdollahzadeh_2014,
    Author      = {M. Abdollahzadeh and J. C. Pascoa and A. A. Ranjbar and Q. Esmaili},
    Title       = {Analysis of {PEM} ({P}olymer {E}lectrolyte {M}embrane) fuel cell cathode two-dimensional modeling},
    Journal     = {Energy},
    Volume      = {68},
    Pages       = {478--494},
    Year        = {2014}
}

% better performance with more hydrophobic GDLs
@Article{bib:weber_darling_2004,
    Author      = {A. Z. Weber and R. M. Darling and J. Newman},
    Title       = {{M}odeling {T}wo-{P}hase {B}ehavior in {PEFCs}},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {151},
    Pages       = {A1715},
    Year        = {2004}
}

% effective CL usage thickness
@Article{bib:marr_1999,
    Author      = {C. Marr and X. Li},
    Title       = {{C}omposition and performance modelling of catalyst layer in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell},
    Journal     = {J. Power Sources},
    Volume      = {77},
    Pages       = {17--27},
    Year        = {1999}
}

% Fundamental echem modeling aspects
@Article{bib:decaluwe_weddle_2018,
    Author      = {S. C. DeCaluwe and P. J. Weddle and H. Zhu and A. M. Colclasure and W. G. Bessler and G. S. Jackson and R. J. Kee},
    Title       = {{O}n the {F}undamental and {P}ractical {A}spects of {M}odeling {C}omplex {E}lectrochemical {K}inetics and {T}ransport},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {165},
    Pages       = {E637--E658},
    Year        = {2018}
}

% expensive catalyst is ~half stack cost
@Article{bib:xie_2021,
    Author      = {M. Xie and T. Chu and T. Wang and K. Wan and D. Yang and B. Li and P. Ming and C. Zhang},
    Title       = {{P}reparation, {P}erformance and {C}hallenges of {C}atalyst {L}ayer for {P}roton {E}xchange {M}embrane {F}uel {C}ell},
    Journal     = {Membranes},
    Volume      = {11},
    Pages       = {879},
    Year        = {2021}
}

% performance challenges with low Pt
@Article{bib:banham_2021,
    Author      = {D. Banham and J. Zou and S. Mukerjee and Z. Liu and D. Yang and Y. Zhang and Y. Peng and A. Dong},
    Title       = {{U}ltralow platinum loading proton exchange membrane fuel cells: {P}erformance losses and solutions},
    Journal     = {J. Power Sources},
    Volume      = {490},
    Pages       = {229515},
    Year        = {2021}
}

% unaccounted losses and poor low Pt performance
@Article{bib:harzer_2018,
    Author      = {G. S. Harzer and J. N. Schw\"{a}mmlein and A. M. Damjanovi{\'{c}} and S. Ghosh and H. A. Gasteiger},
    Title       = {{C}athode {L}oading {I}mpact on {V}oltage {C}ycling {I}nduced {PEMFC} {D}egradation: {A} {V}oltage {L}oss {A}nalysis},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {165},
    Pages       = {F3118--F3131},
    Year        = {2018}
}

% QCM total water uptake
@Article{bib:kongkanand_2011,
    Author      = {A. Kongkanand},
    Title       = {{I}nterfacial {W}ater {T}ransport {M}easurements in {N}afion {T}hin {F}ilms {U}sing a {Q}uartz-{C}rystal {M}icrobalance},
    Journal     = {J. Phys. Chem. C},
    Volume      = {115},
    Pages       = {11318--11325},
    Year        = {2011}
}

% QCM total water uptake
@Article{bib:bharath_2016,
    Author      = {V. J. Bharath and J. Millichamp and T. P. Neville and T. J. Mason and P. R. Shearing and R. J. C. Brown and G. Manos and D. J. L. Brett},
    Title       = {{M}easurement of water uptake in thin-film {N}afion and anion alkaline exchange membranes using the quartz crystal microbalance},
    Journal     = {J. Membr. Sci.},
    Volume      = {497},
    Pages       = {229--238},
    Year        = {2016}
}

% 3D thin-film Nafion structures
@Article{bib:peltonen_2021,
    Author      = {A. Peltonen and J. Etula and J. Seitsonen and P. Engelhardt and T. Laurila},
    Title       = {{T}hree-{D}imensional {F}ine {S}tructure of {N}anometer-{S}cale {N}afion {T}hin {F}ilms},
    Journal     = {J. Appl. Polym. Sci.},
    Volume      = {3},
    Pages       = {1078--1086},
    Year        = {2021}
}

% DO2 and sigma measurements of "thin-film" Nafion
@Article{bib:chen_2019,
    Author      = {D. Chen and A. Kongkanand and J. Jorne},
    Title       = {{P}roton {C}onduction and {O}xygen {D}iffusion in {U}ltra-{T}hin {N}afion {F}ilms in {PEM} {F}uel {C}ell: {H}ow {T}hin?},
    Journal     = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
    Volume      = {166},
    Pages       = {F24--F33},
    Year        = {2019}
}

% CL thickness variation - thinner CLs have improved performance
%   Also demonstrates a method to fabricate, with precision, thin CLs and "graded" CLs
@Article{bib:sassin_2019,
    Author      = {M. B. Sassin and Y. Garsany and R. W. Atkinson and R. M. E. Hjelm and K. E. Swider-Lyons},
    Title       = {{U}nderstanding the interplay between cathode catalyst layer porosity and thickness on transport limitations en route to high-performance {PEMFCs}},
    Journal     = {Int. J. Hydrog.},
    Volume      = {44},
    Pages       = {16944--16955},
    Year        = {2019}
}

% Dispersed Pt near PEM and GDL - supports our conclusions
%   Article can be used to argue that we are correct about both 
%   graded CLs and limiting Ohmic resistances.
@Article{bib:liu_2022,
    Author      = {S. Liu and S. Hua and R. Lin and H. Wang and X. Cai and W. Ji},
    Title       = {{I}mproving the performance and durability of low Pt-loaded {MEAs} by adjusting the distribution positions of Pt particles in cathode catalyst layer},
    Journal     = {Energy},
    Volume      = {253},
    Pages       = {124201},
    Year        = {2022}
}

% EIS study #1 - taken at 0.6V 
%   Shows increase in Ohmic resistance as Pt loading is decreased.
@Article{bib:su_2014,
    Author      = {H. Su and T. Jao and O. Barron and B. G. Pollet and S. Pasupathi},
    Title       = {{Low} platinum loading for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell developed by ultrasonic spray coating technique},
    Journal     = {J. Power Sources},
    Volume      = {267},
    Pages       = {155--159},
    Year        = {2014}
}

% EIS study #2 - taken at 0.8V
%   Shows small deviation that low Pt loadings have higher Ohmic resistance.
@Article{bib:qayyum_2016,
    Author      = {H. Qayyum and C. Tseng and T. Huang and S. Chen},
    Title       = {{Pulsed} {Laser} {Deposition} of {Platinum} {Nanoparticles} as a {Catalyst} for {High}-{Performance} {PEM} {Fuel} {Cells}},
    Journal     = {Catalysts},
    Volume      = {6},
    Pages       = {180},
    Year        = {2016}
}

@BOOK{bib:empty_book,
    Author      = {A. First and B. Second},
    Title       = {Title here},
    Publisher   = {Publisher},
    Pages       = {Pages},
    Year        = {Year},
    Address     = {Address}
}

@Article{bib:empty_article,
    Author      = {A. First and B. Second},
    Title       = {Title here},
    Journal     = {Journal},
    Volume      = {Volume},
    Pages       = {Pages},
    Year        = {Year}
}